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class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kasakstan&returntoquery=oldid%3D2623977" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kasakstan&returntoquery=oldid%3D2623977" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Kasakstan&returntoquery=oldid%3D2623977" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Kasakstan&returntoquery=oldid%3D2623977" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasakse_Khanaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasakse_Khanaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kasakse Khanaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasakse_Khanaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Russiese_Ryk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Russiese_Ryk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Die Russiese Ryk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Russiese_Ryk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Sowjetunie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Sowjetunie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Die Sowjetunie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Sowjetunie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onafhanklikheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onafhanklikheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Onafhanklikheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onafhanklikheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administratiewe_afdelings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administratiewe_afdelings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administratiewe afdelings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administratiewe_afdelings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Godsdiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opvoeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opvoeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opvoeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opvoeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kultuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kultuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Politiek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politieke_stelsel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_stelsel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Politieke stelsel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politieke_stelsel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kernsperverdrag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernsperverdrag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kernsperverdrag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernsperverdrag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verkiesings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verkiesings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Verkiesings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verkiesings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buitelandse_betrekkinge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buitelandse_betrekkinge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Buitelandse betrekkinge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buitelandse_betrekkinge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weermag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weermag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Weermag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weermag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kasakstan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 277 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-277" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">277 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9E%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҟазахсҭан – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҟазахсҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Suid-Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Suid-Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ካዛክስታን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካዛክስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquist%C3%A1n" title="Cazaquistán – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cazaquistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casahstan" title="Casahstan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Casahstan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कजाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%99%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܩܙܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܙܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখাস্তান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাজাখাস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A1n" title="Kazakstán – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kazakstán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъазахъистан – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъазахъистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaq_suyu" title="Qasaq suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qasaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1stan" title="Qazaxıstan – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازاخیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازاخیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡаҙағстан – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙағстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstans" title="Kazakstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kazakstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahistan" title="Kasahistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kasahistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कजाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখস্তান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজাখস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀཟ་ཀ་སྟན། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀཟ་ཀ་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কাজাখস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨀᨍᨀᨔᨈᨊ – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨍᨀᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazajist%C3%A1n" title="Kazajistán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kazajistán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кхазакхстан – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхазакхстан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasakstan" title="Khasakstan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Khasakstan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%8E%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%82" title="ᎧᏎᎧᏍᏕᏂ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏎᎧᏍᏕᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازاخستان – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کازاخستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacchistanu" title="Cazacchistanu – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cazacchistanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazahistan" title="Qazahistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qazahistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachst%C3%A1n" title="Kazachstán – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kazachstán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Каꙁахстанъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Каꙁахстанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casachstan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1stan" title="Qazaxıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qazaxıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކަޒަކިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަޒަކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Καζακστάν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C4%A5io" title="Kazaĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazaĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazajist%C3%A1n" title="Kazajistán – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazajistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahstan" title="Kasahstan – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasahstan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazast%C3%A1n" title="Cazastán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cazastán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasastan" title="Kasastan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kasastan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstaan" title="Kasachstaan – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kasachstaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazachie" title="Cazachie – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cazachie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chasacst%C3%A1in" title="An Chasacstáin – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chasacstáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachst%C3%A0n" title="Casachstàn – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Casachstàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casaquist%C3%A1n" title="Casaquistán – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casaquistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahit%C3%A3" title="Kasahitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kasahitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कझाकस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कझाकस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="કઝાકિસ્તાન – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કઝાકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chassaghstaan" title="Yn Chassaghstaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chassaghstaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakana" title="Kasakana – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kasakana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="קזחסטן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קזחסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कज़ाख़िस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कज़ाख़िस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahszt%C3%A1n" title="Kazahsztán – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazahsztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղազախստան – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղազախստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղազախիստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ղազախիստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaqstan" title="Qazaqstan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Qazaqstan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="ГӀазакхстане – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀазакхстане" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%93%B4%E1%92%83%E1%96%A2%E1%93%87_%E1%93%84%E1%93%87" title="ᑲᓴᒃᖢᓇ ᓄᓇ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᓴᒃᖢᓇ ᓄᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="カザフスタン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaxtan" title="Kazaxtan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kazaxtan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kazaksTAN" title="kazaksTAN – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kazaksTAN" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახეთი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაზახეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaqstan" title="Qazaqstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qazaqstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaxestan" title="Kazaxestan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kazaxestan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Къазахъстэн – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къазахъстэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakisitan%C9%A9" title="Kazakisitanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kazakisitanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қазақстан – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="កាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ಥಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ಥಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="카자흐스탄 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазакъстан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къазакъстан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaxistan" title="Qazaxistan – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qazaxistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Kazagh" title="Pow Kazagh – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Kazagh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казакстан – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казакстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstania" title="Kazachstania – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kazachstania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазахсттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къазахсттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазакъстан – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къазакъстан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Casachstan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A1ni" title="Kazakstáni – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kazakstáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາຊັກສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາຊັກສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstanas" title="Kazachstanas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazachstanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaheja" title="Kazaheja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kazaheja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahst%C4%81na" title="Kazahstāna – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazahstāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A0na" title="Kazakstàna – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kazakstàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katat%C4%81nga" title="Katatānga – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Katatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="കസാഖ്സ്ഥാൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസാഖ്സ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯓꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯓꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कझाकस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कझाकस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%BCakistan" title="Każakistan – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Każakistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquiston" title="Cazaquiston – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cazaquiston" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကာဇက်စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဇက်စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Казахстан Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Казахстан Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="قزاقستون – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قزاقستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC_%C5%83deiltihii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bilį́į́ʼ Ńdeiltihii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilį́į́ʼ Ńdeiltihii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaazaakistaan" title="Kaazaakistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaazaakistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="କାଜାଖସ୍ତାନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଜାଖସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъазахстан – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъазахстан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕ਼ਜ਼ਾਕ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ਼ਜ਼ਾਕ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazastan" title="Kazastan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kazastan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कजाकस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstaan" title="Kazakstaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kazakstaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Καζακστάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquist%C3%A3o" title="Cazaquistão – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cazaquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaqsuyu" title="Qasaqsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qasaqsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakisitani" title="Kazakisitani – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kazakisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कजाखस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कजाखस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстаан – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Казахстаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachist%C3%A0n" title="Kazachistàn – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kazachistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="කසක්ස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කසක්ස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakisitana" title="Kasakisitana – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kasakisitana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhistani" title="Kazakhistani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kazakhistani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistani" title="Kazakistani – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kazakistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhazakhi" title="IKhazakhi – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhazakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachst%C5%AFn" title="Kazachstůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kazachstůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கசக்கஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசக்கஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ತಾನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కజకస్తాన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కజకస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistaun" title="Kazakistaun – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kazakistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Қазоқистон – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қазоқистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศคาซัคสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศคาซัคสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazagystan" title="Gazagystan – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gazagystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakistan" title="Kasakistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasakistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazaxyston" title="Gazaxyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Gazaxyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakisitani" title="Kasakisitani – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kasakisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казакъстан – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казакъстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازاقىستان – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قازاقىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozog%CA%BBiston" title="Qozogʻiston – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozogʻiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A0kistan" title="Kazàkistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kazàkistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasak%C3%A4n" title="Kasakän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kasakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaxhistan" title="Cazaxhistan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cazaxhistan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahistan" title="Kasahistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasahistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakistaan" title="Kasakistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kasakistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈萨克斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაზახეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קאזאכסטאן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאזאכסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0s%C3%A0kst%C3%A1n" title="Kàsàkstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kàsàkstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈萨克斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈薩克斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哈薩克斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="哈薩克 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈薩克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q232#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Kasakstan" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kasakstan"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&oldid=2623977&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&action=edit&oldid=2623977" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Kasakstan" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Kasakstan" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&oldid=2623977" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Kasakstan&id=2623977&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKasakstan%26oldid%3D2623977"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKasakstan%26oldid%3D2623977"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kasakstan"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q232" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info">Weergawe deur <a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:SpesBona" class="mw-userlink" title="Gebruiker:SpesBona" data-mw-revid="2623977"><bdi>SpesBona</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Gebruikerbespreking:SpesBona" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Gebruikerbespreking:SpesBona">besprekings</a> | <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Bydraes/SpesBona" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Spesiaal:Bydraes/SpesBona">bydraes</a>)</span> op 21:20, 20 Oktober 2023 <span class="comment">(Nuwe embleem)</span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&diff=prev&oldid=2623977" title="Kasakstan">verskil</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&direction=prev&oldid=2623977" title="Kasakstan">← Ouer weergawe</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">bekyk huidige weergawe</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&diff=cur&oldid=2623977" title="Kasakstan">verskil</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&direction=next&oldid=2623977" title="Kasakstan">Nuwer weergawe →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakstan&diff=next&oldid=2623977" title="Kasakstan">verskil</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;">Republiek Kasakstan<br /><small>Қазақстан Республикасы (<a href="/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks">Kasaks</a>)<br />Республика Казахстан (<a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Kasakstan"><img alt="Vlag van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Kasakstan"><img alt="Wapen van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vlag_van_Kasakstan" title="Vlag van Kasakstan">Vlag</a> </td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Kasakstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wapen van Kasakstan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wapen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Kasakstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Kasakstan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Менің Қазақстаным</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Transliterasie" title="Transliterasie">tr.</a>: <i>Meniñ Qazaqstanım</i>)</small><br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="93" data-mwtitle="Kazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Kazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Kazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg/Kazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg&lang=be-tarask&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be-tarask" label="беларуская (тарашкевіца) ‪(be-tarask)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg&lang=be&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be" label="беларуская ‪(be)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKazakhstan_National_Anthem_2012.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Kasakstan"><img alt="Ligging van Kasakstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> <p><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasakstan&language=af&params=51_10_N_71_25_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">51°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">71°25′O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">51.167°N 71.417°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.167; 71.417</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grootste stad</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks">Kasaks</a> ("nasionaltaal")<br /><a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a> ("amptelike taal") </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;"><br />• <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">President</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">Unitêre dominante-party<br />presidensiële <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kasim-Zjomart_Tokajef" title="Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef">Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alihan_Smaijlof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alihan Smaijlof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alihan Smaijlof</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;">• Kasakse Khanaat<br />• Alasj-outonomie<br />• Kirgisiese ASSR<br />• Kasakse ASSR<br />• <a href="/wiki/Kazachstanse_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Kazachstanse Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek">Kasakse SSR</a><br />• Soewereiniteit verklaar<br />• Republiek Kasakstan<br />• Onafhanklikheid verklaar<br />• Erken<br />• Huidige grondwet<br /></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><br /><a href="/wiki/1465" title="1465">1465</a><br /><a href="/wiki/13_Desember" title="13 Desember">13 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a><br /><a href="/wiki/26_Augustus" title="26 Augustus">26 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a><br /><a href="/wiki/19_Junie" title="19 Junie">19 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a><br /><a href="/wiki/5_Desember" title="5 Desember">5 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a><br /><a href="/wiki/25_Oktober" title="25 Oktober">25 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a><br /><a href="/wiki/10_Desember" title="10 Desember">10 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/16_Desember" title="16 Desember">16 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/26_Desember" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/30_Augustus" title="30 Augustus">30 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a></b><br /> - Totaal<br /> <br /> - Water (%) </td> <td> <br /> 2 724 900 km<sup>2</sup>  (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">9<sup>de</sup></a>)<br />1 052 100 myl<sup>2</sup><br />1,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a></b><br /> - 2022-skatting<br /> - <a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a> </td> <td> <br />19 122 423<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">64<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />7 / km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">236<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />18,1 / myl<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$590,370 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">41<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />$30 502<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(53<sup>ste</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a></b> (nominaal)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$193,611 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">55<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />$10 003<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(69<sup>ste</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> 0,811<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">56<sup>ste</sup></a>)  –  <span style="color:#090">baie hoog</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a>) </td> <td>27,8<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  <span style="color:#090">laag</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasakse_tenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasakse tenge (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tenge</a> (₸) (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KZT</a></code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tydsone" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a></b><br /> - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">+5</a> en <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">+6</a>)<br />nie toegepas nie (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">+5</a> en <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">+6</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a>, .қаз </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a></b> </td> <td>+7-6xx, +7-7xx </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kasakstan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks">Kasaks</a>: Қазақстан, <i>Kazakstan</i>, [qɑzɑqˈstɑn], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Kk-kazakhstan.ogg" class="internal" title="Kk-kazakhstan.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kk-kazakhstan.ogg" title="Lêer:Kk-kazakhstan.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>: Казахстан, <i>Kazachstan</i>), amptelik die <b>Republiek Kasakstan</b> (Kasaks: Қазақстан Республикасы, <i>Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy</i>; Russies: Республика Казахстан, <i>Respublika Kazakhstan</i>), is ’n <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">transkontinentale</a>, maar <a href="/wiki/Landingeslote_land" title="Landingeslote land">landingeslote land</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Asi%C3%AB" title="Sentraal-Asië">Sentraal-Asië</a>, met ’n klein deel wes van die <a href="/wiki/Oeral-rivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeral-rivier">Oeral-rivier</a> wat in <a href="/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a> val.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit word in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> ook <b>Kazakstan</b> of <b>Kazachstan</b> gespel. Dit grens aan die <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese Federasie</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Oesbekistan">Oesbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a>. Die hoofstad is <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>; tot in 1997 was dit <a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a> (voorheen Alma-Ata genoem). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/220px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/330px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/440px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-Satellietbeeld van Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png/220px-Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png/330px-Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png/440px-Kazakhstan-CIA_WFB_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>’n Kaart van Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan is die wêreld se negende grootste staat en die grootste <a href="/wiki/Landingeslote_land" title="Landingeslote land">wat deur land omring</a> is. Sy oppervlakte van 2 724 900 km² is groter as dié van <a href="/wiki/Wes-Europa" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die gebied sluit in vlaktes, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyon">canyons</a>, heuwels, deltas, sneeubedekte <a href="/wiki/Berg" title="Berg">bergpieke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Woestyn" title="Woestyn">woestyne</a>. Sy bevolkingsdigtheid is minder as ses mense per vierkante kilometer. </p><p>Die gebied is histories bewoon deur <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomadiese</a> stamme. Dit het in die 13de eeu verander toe <a href="/wiki/Djengis_Khan" title="Djengis Khan">Djengis Khan</a> die land beset het. Teen die 16de eeu het die <a href="/wiki/Kasakke" title="Kasakke">Kasakke</a> as ’n afsonderlike groep ontstaan. Die <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> het in die 18de eeu die Kasakse steppe begin beset en teen die middel van die 19de eeu was die hele Kasakstan deel van die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Ryk" title="Russiese Ryk">Russiese Ryk</a>. Ná die <a href="/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1917)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1917)">Russiese Rewolusie van 1917</a> en die daaropvolgende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russiese_Burgeroorlog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russiese Burgeroorlog (bladsy bestaan nie)">burgeroorlog</a> is Kasakstan verskeie kere herorganiseer voordat dit in 1936 die <a href="/wiki/Kazachstanse_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Kazachstanse Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek">Kazachstanse Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek</a> geword het as deel van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a>. </p><p>Kasakstan was die laaste van die voormalige Sowjetrepublieke wat hom onafhanklik verklaar het ná die verbrokkeling van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> in 1991; die huidige president, <a href="/wiki/Kasim-Zjomart_Tokajef" title="Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef">Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef</a>, is sedert 2019 die land se leier. Vandat die land onafhanklik geword het, handhaaf dit ’n gebalanseerde buitelandse beleid en probeer dit sy ekonomie ontwikkel, veral sy <a href="/wiki/Koolwaterstof" title="Koolwaterstof">koolwaterstofnywerheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die land is etnies en kultureel uiteenlopend, deels vanweë die gedwonge migrasie van ander volke na dié republiek tydens die bewind van <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a>. Kasakstan het ’n bevolking van 16,6 miljoen wat uit 131 etnisiteite bestaan, onder andere Kasakke (sowat 63%<sup id="cite_ref-Census2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Russe, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners">Oekraïners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartare" title="Tartare">Tartare</a> en <a href="/wiki/Oeigoere" title="Oeigoere">Oeigoere</a>. </p><p>Godsdiensvryheid bestaan in Kasakstan, maar die land het onlangs onder skoot gekom oor ’n gebrek daaraan. Robert George, voorsitter van die Amerikaanse kommissie vir internasionale godsdiensvryheid, het in 2013 gesê "die streng toepassing van hoogs beperkende wette wat twee jaar gelede aanvaar is, het Kasakstan se internasionale aansien skade berokken en daartoe gelei dat baie Kasakse burgers se godsdiensvryheid aangetas is".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowat 70% van die bevolking behoort tot die <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> en 26% is <a href="/wiki/Christen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen">Christene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2009_Census_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009_Census-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasaks is die <a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">amptelike taal</a>, terwyl Russies gelyke status het in staats- en administratiewe liggame.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2></div> <p>Die woord "Kasak" word in Kasakstan gewoonlik gebruik om na die etniese groep te verwys, ook die lede wat in die Volksrepubliek China, Rusland, <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>, Oesbekistan en ander lande woon, terwyl die woord "Kasakstanner" (Kasaks: қазақстандық, <i>kazakstandik</i>; Russies: казахстанец, <i>kazachstanets</i>) geskep is vir die inwoners van die land, insluitende nie-Kasakke.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Kasak" of "Kazak" kom van ’n <a href="/wiki/Turkse_tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkse tale">Ou Turkse</a> woord wat "onafhanklik" en ’n "vrye gees" beteken; dit verwys na die Kasakke se kultuur as ’n nomadiese volk wat op perde rondgetrek het. Die <a href="/wiki/Persies" title="Persies">Persiese</a> agtervoegsel <span style="white-space:nowrap">"-stan"</span> beteken "land" of "plek", en Kasakstan beteken dus "land van die Kasakke". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasakse_Khanaat">Kasakse Khanaat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg/170px-2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg/255px-2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg/340px-2000_Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_-_Abylai_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Ablai Khan het vanaf 1771 tot 1781 as khan van die sentrale Jüz gedien.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/170px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/255px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg/340px-Bactrian_camel_in_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>Kasakse simbole: ’n <a href="/wiki/Kameel" title="Kameel">kameel</a> voor die mausoleum van Kwaja Ahmed Jasawi in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkistan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Turkistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg/220px-SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg/330px-SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg/440px-SB_-_Inside_a_Kazakh_yurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>In ’n Kasakse <i>joert</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan word al sedert die <a href="/wiki/Steentydperk" title="Steentydperk">Nuwe Steentydperk</a> bewoon; die streek se klimaat en terrein is die beste geskik vir nomades wat met diere rondtrek. Argeoloë glo mense het <a href="/wiki/Perd" title="Perd">perde</a> die eerste keer hier in die uitgestrekte steppe <a href="/wiki/Mak_maak" title="Mak maak">mak gemaak</a>. </p><p>Sentraal-Asië is oorspronklik bewoon deur <a href="/wiki/Indo-Irannese_tale" title="Indo-Irannese tale">Indo-Iraniërs</a>. Die bekendste van dié groepe was die nomadiese <a href="/wiki/Skiti%C3%ABrs" title="Skitiërs">Skitiërs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Turkse_volke" title="Turkse volke">Turkse volk</a> het op die laatste in die 5de eeu, moontlik vroeër, die Iraniërs se gebied begin betree en die oorheersende etniese groep van Sentraal-Asië geword. Terwyl die antieke stede <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> en Hazrat-e Turkestan lank gedien het as halfwegstasies aan die <a href="/wiki/Syroete" title="Syroete">Syroete</a> wat die Ooste en die Weste verbind het, het ware politieke vereniging eers met die <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Ryk" title="Mongoolse Ryk">Mongoolse inval</a> in die vroeë 13de eeu begin. Onder die <a href="/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole">Mongole</a> is administratiewe distrikte gestig, wat eindelik onder beheer gekom van die opkomende <b>Kasakse Khanaat</b>. </p><p>Gedurende dié tydperk het die tradisionele nomadiese leefwyse en ’n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veeteelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veeteelt (bladsy bestaan nie)">veeteelt</a>-gebaseerde ekonomie in die steppe voortgeduur. In die 15de eeu het ’n afsonderlike Kasakse identiteit begin ontwikkel onder die Turkse stamme – ’n proses wat aangehelp is met die ontstaan in die middel van die 16de eeu van die Kasakse taal, kultuur en ekonomie. </p><p>Die streek was egter al hoe meer die fokus van ’n stryd tussen die Kasakke en die naburige Persiessprekende volke in die suide. Teen die 17de eeu het die Kasakse Khanaat gebuk gegaan onder onderlinge struwelinge, wat die bevolking verdeel het in die Groot, die Middel- en die Klein Horde (<i>jüz</i>). Dit, tesame met politieke verdeeldheid en ’n afname in die belangrikheid van die landhandelsroetes tussen die Ooste en die Weste, het die khanaat verswak. Die Oesbeekse Chiva-khanaat het dié situasie uitgebuit en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangisjlak-skiereiland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangisjlak-skiereiland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mangisjlak-skiereiland</a> geannekseer. Die Oesbeekse bewind oor die skiereiland het twee eeue geduur tot met die aankoms van die Russe. </p><p>In die 17de eeu het die Kasakke geveg teen die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oeirats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oeirats (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oeirats</a>, ’n federasie van Wes-Mongoolse stamme, insluitend die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzoengars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzoengars (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dzoengars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aan die begin van die 18de eeu het die Kasakse Khanaat sy hoogtepunt bereik. In dié tyd (1723–1730) was die Klein Horde in ’n oorlog gewikkel met Dzoengars nadat dié die Kasakse grondgebied binnegeval het. Die Dzoengars het die Kasakke verslaan, hul weivelde oorgeneem, baie Kasakke gevange geneem en hele clans uitgewis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onder die leierskap van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboel_Chair_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboel Chair Khan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aboel Chair Khan</a> het die Kasakke in 1726 en 1729 oorwinnings oor die Dzoengars behaal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ablai_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ablai Khan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ablai Khan</a> het van die 1720's tot die 1750's belangrike oorloë teen die Dzoengars gevoer en daarvoor is hy as <i>batir</i> (held) van die volk verklaar. Intussen het die Wolga-Kalmieke voortdurend strooptogte in die Kasakse grondgebied uitgevoer. Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokand-khanaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokand-khanaat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kokand-khanaat</a> het die swakheid van die Kasakke ná die oorloë teen die Dzoengars en Kalmieke uitgebuit en die huidige Suidoos-Kasakstan, onder meer die voormalige hoofstad Almati, in die eerste kwart van die 19de eeu beset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Russiese_Ryk">Die Russiese Ryk</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/220px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/330px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg/440px-SB_-_Kazakh_woman_on_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>’n Tradisionele Kasakse trourok.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg/440px-Prokudin-Gorskii_Russians_in_Central_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Russiese setlaars naby Petropawlofsk.</figcaption></figure> <p>In die 19de eeu het ook die Russiese Ryk begin uitbrei na Sentraal-Asië en van 1813 tot 1907 met die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Ryk" title="Britse Ryk">Britse Ryk</a> meegeding om heerskappy oor die gebied. Teen dié tyd het die <a href="/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar">tsaars</a> geheers oor die grootste deel van wat vandag as Kasakstan bekend is. </p><p>Die Russiese Ryk het ’n administratiewe stelsel ingestel en kasernes en garnisoene opgerig in sy stryd teen die Britse Ryk. Rusland het Russies as taal in alle skole en regereingsinstellings afgedwing. Dit het die Kasakke in opstand laat kom en teen die 1860's het hulle hulle begin verset, hoofsaaklik oor die invloed wat die Russiese besetting gehad het op die tradisionele nomadiese leefstyl en wat gelei het tot die uitwissing van ’n groot deel van die bevolking. In die laat 19de eeu het die Kasakse nasionale beweging ontstaan om die Russiese onderdrukking teen te staan en die Kasakse taal en identiteit te beskerm. </p><p>Van die 1890's af het al hoe groter groepe setlaars die huidige Kasakstan gekoloniseer. Die getal setlaars het verder toegeneem nadat ’n spoorlyn tussen <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tasjkent" title="Tasjkent">Tasjkent</a> in 1906 voltooi is. Gedurende die 19de eeu het sowat 400 000 Russe na Kasakstan geïmmigreer, en in die eerste derde van die 20ste eeu ’n verdere miljoen <a href="/wiki/Slawi%C3%ABrs" title="Slawiërs">Slawiërs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a>, Duitsers en ander groepe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die mededinging om land en water wat tussen die Kasakke en die immigrante ontstaan het, het in die laaste jare van die tsaars se bewind groot teenkanting teen die koloniale regering veroorsaak. In 1916 het die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentraal-Asiatiese_Opstand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentraal-Asiatiese Opstand (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sentraal-Asiatiese Opstand</a> plaasgevind; die Kasakke het die Russe en <a href="/wiki/Kosakke" title="Kosakke">Kosakke</a> aangeval. Die gevolg was ’n paar wrede aanvalle en bloedbaddens aan albei kante.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intussen het albei kante ook die <a href="/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme">kommunistiese</a> regering teengestaan tot laat in 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Sowjetunie">Die Sowjetunie</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/220px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/330px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/440px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Jong Pioniers van die Sowjetunie op ’n kamp in Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoewel daar ’n kort periode van outonomiteit was ná die wanorde tydens die val van die Russiese Ryk, het die Kasakke hulle eindelik onderwerp aan die Sowjetregering. In 1920 het hulle die <b>Kazachstanse Outonome Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek</b> geword. </p><p>Die Sowjetunie se onderdrukking van die tradisionele elite en die gedwonge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollektivisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollektivisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">kollektivisme</a> van die laat 1920's tot die 1930's, het hongersnood en onrus tot gevolg gehad.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tussen 1926 en 1939 het die Kasakse bevolking met 22% afgeneem weens honger en massa-emigrasie. </p><p>In die 1930's is baie bekende Kasakse skrywers, denkers, digters, politici en historici in opdrag van Stalin vermoor as deel van die onderdrukking van die Kasakse kultuur en identiteit. In 1936 het die outonome republiek die <b>Kazachstanse Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek</b> geword. Miljoene mense wat in die 1930's en 1940's uit ander dele van die Sowjetunie verban is, is na Kasakstan gestuur. Sowat 400 000 Wolga-Duitsers is byvoorbeeld uit die <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> na Kasakstan verban ná die <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitse</a> inval van die Sowjetunie in Junie 1941 tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a>. </p><p>Mense is gevange gehou in party van die grootste <a href="/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag">Goelag</a>-kampe in die land.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, twee jaar ná die einde van die oorlog, is ’n toetsterrein vir <a href="/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen">kernwapens</a> naby die stad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semei (bladsy bestaan nie)">Semei</a> opgerig. </p><p>Met Stalin se dood in 1953 het Kasakstan steeds ’n oorwegend landbougebaseerde ekonomie gehad. In dié jaar het die nuwe Sowjetleier, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjof" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof">Nikita Chroesjtsjof</a>, die "Ongerepte Land"-projek begin om die tradisionele weivelde van Kasakstan te omskep in ’n groot graanproduserende streek vir die Sowjetunie. Dit het gemengde gevolge ingehou, maar dit het tesame met latere moderniserings deur <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezjnef" title="Leonid Brezjnef">Leonid Brezjnef</a> die ontwikkeling van die landbousektor bespoedig. Landbou is steeds ’n bron van inkomste vir ’n groot deel van die bevolking. Teen 1959 het Kasakke 30% van die bevolking uitgemaak en etniese Russe 43%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groeiende spanning in die Sowjetgemeenskap het gelei tot ’n behoefte aan politieke en ekonomiese hervormings, wat in die 1980's vorm aangeneem het. Een van die grootste bydraende faktore was die besluit van <a href="/wiki/Lawrenti_Beria" title="Lawrenti Beria">Lawrenti Beria</a> om ’n kernbom in 1949 in Kasakstan te toets. Dit het ’n <a href="/wiki/Biologie" title="Biologie">biologiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">ekologiese</a> katastrofe tot gevolg gehad wat vir geslagte voortgeduur het, en die Kasakke se woede teenoor die Sowjetstelsel het geweldig toeneem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onafhanklikheid">Onafhanklikheid</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg/220px-Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg/330px-Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg/440px-Kazakhstan_stamp_N.Nazarbaev_1993_50t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Noersoeltan Nazarbajef op 'n <a href="/wiki/Posse%C3%ABl" title="Posseël">posseël</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan was op 16 Desember 1991 die laaste republiek wat onafhanklik geword het. Sy leier uit die kommunistiese tydperk, <a href="/wiki/Noersoeltan_Nazarbajef" title="Noersoeltan Nazarbajef">Noersoeltan Nazarbajef</a>, het die land se eerste president geword en tot 2019 dié amp beklee. </p><p>In die jare sedert onafhanklikwording het groot hervormings plaasgevind van die Sowjet-styl-ekonomie en politieke magsmonopolie. Onder Nazarbajef is ver gevorder op die pad na ’n markekonomie. In 1998 is die hoofstad van Almati (die grootste stad en voorheen bekend as Alma-Ata) geskuif na <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>. </p><p>Op 20 Maart 2019 het president Noersoeltan Nazarbajef bedank en is deur sy partygenoot <a href="/wiki/Kasim-Zjomart_Tokajef" title="Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef">Kasim-Zjomart Tokajef</a> opgevolg. Gelyktydig is die land se hoofstad Astana na Noersoeltan hernoem.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 is dié naamverandering teruggerol en die ou naam Astana heringestel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kazakhs.jpg/220px-Kazakhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kazakhs.jpg/330px-Kazakhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kazakhs.jpg/440px-Kazakhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Die Markakol-reservaat in die Altai-gebergte, Oos-Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Syr_Darya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syr_Darya.jpg/220px-Syr_Darya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syr_Darya.jpg/330px-Syr_Darya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Syr_Darya.jpg/440px-Syr_Darya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sirdarja" title="Sirdarja">Sirdarja</a>, een van die groot riviere van Sentraal-Asië wat deur Kasakstan vloei.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg/220px-IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg/330px-IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg/440px-IMG_7431-Sharyn_canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Die Tsjarin-canyon in Noord-<a href="/wiki/Tiensjan" title="Tiensjan">Tiensjan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan lê aan weerskante van die <a href="/wiki/Oeral-rivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeral-rivier">Oeral-rivier</a> en is een van net twee lande wat deur land omring word wat op twee <a href="/wiki/Kontinent" title="Kontinent">kontinente</a> geleë is; die ander is <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a>. Met sy oppervlakte van 2 700 000 km² is Kasakstan die negende grootste land in die wêreld (groter as Wes-Europa) en die grootste land sonder ’n seehawe. Terwyl dit deel van die Sowjetunie was, het dit ’n deel van sy grondgebied aan die Volksrepubliek China en ’n deel aan Oesbekistan afgestaan. Dit deel ’n grens met die Russiese Federasie, die Volksrepubliek China, Kirgisië, Oesbekistan en Turkmenistan. Groot stede sluit in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karagandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karagandi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karagandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sjimkent" title="Sjimkent">Sjimkent</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atiraoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atiraoe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Atiraoe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a>. Dit lê tussen die breedtegrade 40° en 56° N, en tussen die lengtegrade 46° en 88° O. Hoewel die grootste deel in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a> lê, val ’n klein deel wes van die Oeral in Oos-Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die terrein wissel van die Kaspiese See in die weste tot die Altai-gebergte in die ooste, en die vlaktes van Wes-Siberië in die noorde tot die woestyne en oases van Sentraal-Asië. Die Kasakse <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, met sy oppervlakte van sowat 804 500 km², beslaan ’n derde van die land en is die wêreld se grootste droë steppestreek. Dit word gekenmerk deur groot gebiede grasveld en sand. Belangrike riviere en mere sluit in die <a href="/wiki/Aralmeer" title="Aralmeer">Aralmeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ili" title="Ili">Ili</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Irtisj" title="Irtisj">Irtisj</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Isjim" title="Isjim">Isjim</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Sirdarja" title="Sirdarja">Sirdarja</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Oeral-rivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeral-rivier">Oeral-rivier</a>, die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjarin-rivier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjarin-rivier (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsjarin-rivier</a> en -ravyn, en die <a href="/wiki/Balchasj-meer" title="Balchasj-meer">Balchasj</a>- en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaisan-meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaisan-meer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zaisan-meer</a>. </p><p>Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsjarin-canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsjarin-canyon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsjarin-canyon</a> is 150–300 m diep en 80 km lank, en loop deur die rooi <a href="/wiki/Sandsteen" title="Sandsteen">sandsteenplato</a> aan die Tsjarin-ravyn in Noord-<a href="/wiki/Tiensjan" title="Tiensjan">Tiensjan</a> ("Hemelse Berge", 200 km oos van Almati). Omdat die canyon ontoeganklik is, het skaars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esdoringboom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esdoringboom (bladsy bestaan nie)">esdoringbome</a> uit die <a href="/wiki/Ystydperk" title="Ystydperk">Ystydperk</a> hier behoue gebly en dit word nou ook in ander dele geplant. Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigatsj-krater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigatsj-krater (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bigatsj-krater</a> is in die <a href="/wiki/Plioseen" title="Plioseen">Plioseen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mioseen" title="Mioseen">Mioseen</a> deur ’n <a href="/wiki/Astero%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroïde">asteroïde</a> veroorsaak; dit het ’n deursnee van 8 km en is sowat 5±3 miljoen jaar oud. </p><p>Die klimaat is kontinentaal, met warm <a href="/wiki/Somer" title="Somer">somers</a> en kouer <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winters</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Re%C3%ABn" title="Reën">reënval</a> wissel tussen droë en halfdroë streke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administratiewe_afdelings">Administratiewe afdelings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png/220px-Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png/330px-Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png/440px-Kazakhstan_provinces_and_province_capitals_en_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Kasakstan se provinsies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan is in 14 provinsies (Kasaks: облыстар, <i>oblistar</i>) verdeel, wat onderverdeel is in distrikte (аудандар, <i>aoedandar</i>). Almati en Astana het die status "staatsbelang" en val nie in enige provinsie nie. Die stad Baikonoer het ook ’n spesiale status omdat dit en die <a href="/wiki/Baikonoer" title="Baikonoer">Baikonoer-lanseersentrum</a> tot in 2050 aan Rusland verhuur word.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elke provinsie het ’n goewerneur (<i>akim</i>) aan die hoof wat deur die president aangestel word. Munisipale <i>akims</i> word deur provinsiale <i>akims</i> aangestel. Die hoofstad is op 10 Desember 1997 van Almati tot Astana geskuif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG/220px-Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG/330px-Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG/440px-Pyramide_Kazakhstan.PNG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Bevolkingspiramide, 2005.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/220px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/330px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/440px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>’n Etniese kaart van <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Asi%C3%AB" title="Sentraal-Asië">Sentraal-Asië</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens ’n amptelike raming is die bevolking 16,455 miljoen in Februarie 2011, van wie 46% plattelanders en 54% stedelinge is.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 het die bevolking gestyg tot 17,28 miljoen, volgens die statistiekagentskap van Kasakstan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etniese <a href="/wiki/Kasakke" title="Kasakke">Kasakke</a> maak sowat 63,1% van die bevolking uit en etniese <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> 23,7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ander etniese groepe sluit in <a href="/wiki/Tartare" title="Tartare">Tartare</a> (1,3%), <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners">Oekraïners</a> (2,1%), <a href="/wiki/Oesbeke" title="Oesbeke">Oesbeke</a> (2,8%), <a href="/wiki/Wit-Russe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wit-Russe">Wit-Russe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oeigoere" title="Oeigoere">Oeigoere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjanners" title="Azerbeidjanners">Azerbeidjanners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk)">Pole</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en <a href="/wiki/Litauers" title="Litauers">Litauers</a>. Groepe wat sowat 1% of minder van die bevolking uitmaak, is <a href="/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreane" title="Koreane">Koreane</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tsjetsjni%C3%ABrs" title="Tsjetsjniërs">Tsjetsjniërs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kasakstan is baie Russe wat in die 1930's en 1940's deur Stalin na die Goelag gestuur is; van die grootste Sowjet-arbeidskampe was in Kasakstan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baie Russe was ook by die Sowjet-ruimteprogram betrokke tydens Chroesjtsjof se bewind.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voor 1991 was daar ’n miljoen Duitsers in Kasakstan, maar die meeste het na Duitsland geëmigreer ná die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook die grootste deel van die kleiner Griekse bevolking het na <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> geëmigreer. Sedert die 1970's het talle Russe ook Kasakstan verlaat. Die gevolg van dié migrasie was dat Kasakke nou die grootste deel van die bevolking uitmaak. Verdere faktore wat hiertoe bydra, is n hoër geboortesyfer onder Kasakke en die immigrasie van Kasakke uit lande soos die Volksrepubliek China, <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> en Rusland. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small; float: left; margin-left: 0.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Grootste_stede_van_Kasakstan" title="Sjabloon:Grootste stede van Kasakstan"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Grootste_stede_van_Kasakstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Grootste stede van Kasakstan (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Grootste_stede_van_Kasakstan&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div> <span style="font-size:120%;">Grootste stede en dorpe van <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kasakstan</a></span><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/KZ/largest-cities-in-kazakhstan.html">Bron: Geonames</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Ranglys </th> <th>Stadnaam </th> <th>Provinsie </th> <th>Bevolking </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Almaty,_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almati"><img alt="Almati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/120px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/180px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/240px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a><br /> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astana"><img alt="Astana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg/120px-Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg/180px-Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg/240px-Central_Downtown_Astana_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="887" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </p> </td> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Almati" title="Almati">Almati</a></td> <td align="left">1 328 362 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ordabasy_Plaza_(Shymkent).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sjimkent"><img alt="Sjimkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg/120px-Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg/180px-Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg/240px-Ordabasy_Plaza_%28Shymkent%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sjimkent" title="Sjimkent">Sjimkent</a><br /> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%93._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karaganda"><img alt="Karaganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%93._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%28%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%93._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%28%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%93._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0._%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%28%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB.%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Karaganda" title="Karaganda">Karaganda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td align="left">775 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Sjimkent" title="Sjimkent">Sjimkent</a></b></td> <td align="left">Turkistan</td> <td align="left">629 800 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Karaganda" title="Karaganda">Karaganda</a></b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Karaganda" title="Karaganda">Karaganda</a></td> <td align="left">496 173 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a></b></td> <td align="left">Jambil</td> <td align="left">398 233 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><b>Pawlodar</b></td> <td align="left">Pawlodar</td> <td align="left">354 809 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Oskemen" title="Oskemen">Oskemen</a></b></td> <td align="left">Oos-Kasakstan</td> <td align="left">344 421 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><b>Semei</b></td> <td align="left">Oos-Kasakstan</td> <td align="left">312 136 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><b>Aktobe</b></td> <td align="left">Aktobe</td> <td align="left">285 507 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><b>Oral</b></td> <td align="left">Wes-Kasakstan</td> <td align="left">255 489 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taal">Taal</h3></div> <p>Kasakstan is amptelik ’n tweetalige land: <a href="/wiki/Kasaks" title="Kasaks">Kasaks</a>, ’n <a href="/wiki/Turkse_tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkse tale">Turkse taal</a> wat sowat 64,4% van die inwoners se <a href="/wiki/Moedertaal" title="Moedertaal">moedertaal</a> is, is die "staatstaal". <a href="/wiki/Russies" title="Russies">Russies</a>, wat deur die meeste inwoners gepraat word, is die "amptelike taal" wat gebruik word in sake, die regering en interetniese kommunikasie; dit word egter al hoe meer deur Kasaks vervang. Minderheidstale sluit in <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oeigoers" title="Oeigoers">Oeigoers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirgisies" title="Kirgisies">Kirgisies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartaars" title="Tartaars">Tartaars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesbekies" title="Oesbekies">Oesbekies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mongools" title="Mongools">Mongools</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a> word al hoe gewilder onder jong mense sedert die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie. Opvoeding regdeur Kasakstan vind in óf Kasaks óf Russies óf albei plaas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h3></div> <div class="staafgrafiek tleft" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px;"> </td><td style="padding:0 4px; width:5em; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:70%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">70%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk">Ortodoks</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:20%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Geen</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.15%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">0.15%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Katoliek</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestants</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Ander</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">1%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px">Godsdiens in Kasakstan</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Zenkov_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zenkov_cathedral.jpg/170px-Zenkov_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zenkov_cathedral.jpg/255px-Zenkov_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Zenkov_cathedral.jpg/340px-Zenkov_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="3869" /></a><figcaption>Oosters-Ortodoks is die tweede grootste godsdiens in Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Volgens die 2009-sensus is 70% van die bevolking <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslems</a>, 26% <a href="/wiki/Christene" title="Christene">Christene</a>, 0,1% <a href="/wiki/Boeddhisme" title="Boeddhisme">Boeddhiste</a>, 0,2% behoort tot ander gelowe en 3% is niegelowig. Altesaam 0,5% het nie hul geloof aangedui nie.<sup id="cite_ref-2009_Census_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009_Census-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volgens die grondwet is Kasakstan ’n sekulêre staat en word godsdiensvryheid gewaarborg. Diskriminasie op politieke of godsdienstige gronde word verbied. </p><p>Sedert onafhanklikheid was daar ’n groot opbloei in godsdiens, veral <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Honderde <a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">moskees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerk" class="mw-disambig" title="Kerk">kerke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge">sinagoges</a> en ander godsdienstige geboue het binne ’n paar jaar hul verskyning gemaak, en godsdiensinstellings het toegeneem van 670 in 1990 tot 4 170 vandag.<sup id="cite_ref-kazakhrel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>’n Vyfde van die bevolking, meestal lede van die Slawiese en die Germaanse bevolkingsgroepe, behoort tot die <a href="/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk">Russies-Ortodokse Kerk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USCOIRFk2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCOIRFk2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ander Christelike denominasies sluit in <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolisisme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestantisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usstate_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usstate-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Russiese Ortodokse <a href="/wiki/Kersfees" title="Kersfees">Kersfees</a> is ’n openbare vakansiedag.<sup id="cite_ref-kazakhrel_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opvoeding">Opvoeding</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG/220px-L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG/330px-L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG/440px-L.N.Gumilyov_Eurasian_National_University.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>L.N.Gumilyov Eurasiese Nasionale Universiteit in Astana is een van Kasakstan se top-universiteite.</figcaption></figure> <p>Opvoeding in Kasakstan is verpligtend tot op sekondêre vlak en volwasse geletterdheid is 99,5%. Opvoeding bestaan uit drie fases: primêr (graad 1-4), algemeen (graad 5-9) en sekondêr (graad 10-11 of 12). Primêre skoolopleiding word voorafgegaan deur ’n jaar van pre-primêre onderwys. </p><p>Naskoolse opvoeding bestaan ook uit drie vlakke: basies (wat die grondslag vorm vir die studieveld en lei tot ’n B-graad), gespesialiseerd (waarna studente ’n spesialisdiploma kry) en hoër opvoeding (vir ’n M-graad). Nagraadse studie lei tot ’n wetenskapkandidaat- of doktorsgraad. </p><p>Die departement van opvoeding het ’n suksesvolle <i>Bolasjak</i>-beurs ingestel wat jaarliks toegeken word aan sowat 5 000 studente wat burgers van die land is. Studente kan aan ’n verskeidenheid oorsese instelling studeer, onder meer die Universiteite van <a href="/wiki/Edinburg" title="Edinburg">Edinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit">Harvard-universiteit</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=King%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King's College (bladsy bestaan nie)">King's College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a>. Die beurs dek hul opvoeding, oorsese akkommodasie en jaarlikse reisgeld na Kaskastan. Ná hul studie moet gegradueerdes vir minstens vyf jaar in Kasakstan werk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Catchthegirl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Catchthegirl.JPG/220px-Catchthegirl.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Catchthegirl.JPG/330px-Catchthegirl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Catchthegirl.JPG/440px-Catchthegirl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Ruiters in tradisionele drag demonstreer die <i>kiz koe</i> ("jaag die meisie"), een van verskeie tradisionele speletjies op ’n perd se rug.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg/170px-Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg/255px-Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg/340px-Abai_Kunanbaev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Abai Koenanbajoeli, ’n bekende digter, komponis en filosoof.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die tradisionele kultuur van Kaskastan stam uit die tyd toe hulle ’n nomadiese volk was. Hoewel <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in die 15de eeu in die land ingevoer is, het dit lank saam met vroeëre godsdienselemente van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengriisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengriisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tengriisme</a> voortbestaan. </p><p>Omdat veeteelt ’n belangrike deel van die kultuur uitgemaak het, is die meeste van die moderne gebruike en gewoontes daarom gesentreer. Die Kasakke is veral geesdriftige ruiters. </p><p>Van die grootste bydrars tot die land se letterkunde, wetenskap en filosofie is Abai Koenanbajoeli, Moechtar Aoezof, Gabit Moesirepof, Kanisj Satpajef, Moectar Sjachanof, Saken Seifoellin en Djambil Jabajef. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">Musiek</a> maak ook ’n groot deel van kulturele gebeure uit. Almati word beskou as die musiekhoofstad van Sentraal-Asië en hou gereeld konserte van bekende internasionale sterre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kos">Kos</h3></div> <p>In die tradisionele kookkuns word vleis op verskeie manier gaargemaak en gewoonlik saam met ’n verskeidenheid soorte tradisionele brood voorgesit. Verversings sluit dikwels swart <a href="/wiki/Tee" title="Tee">tee</a> en tradisionele melkprodukte soos <i>airan</i>, <i>sjoebat</i> en <i>kimiz</i> in. ’n Tradisionele Kasakse ete bestaan gewoonlik uit verskeie aptytwekkers, gevolg deur sop en een of twee hoofgeregte soos <i>pilaf</i> en <i>besjbarmak</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG/170px-Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG/255px-Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG/340px-Yaroslava_Shvedova.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Yaroslava Shvedova, ’n dubbelspelwenner op <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon-kampioenskap" title="Wimbledon-kampioenskap">Wimbledon</a> in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/170px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/255px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/340px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Die yshokkiespeler Nikolai Antropov.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die land het ’n reputasie opgebou as ’n sportland op internasionale gebied, onder meer in <a href="/wiki/Boks" title="Boks">boks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skaak" title="Skaak">skaak</a>, skopboks, ski, <a href="/wiki/Gimnastiek" title="Gimnastiek">gimnastiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterpolo" title="Waterpolo">waterpolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fietsry" title="Fietsry">fietsry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruitersport" title="Ruitersport">ruitersport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambo" title="Sambo">sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoei" title="Stoei">stoei</a> en biljart. Die Asiatiese Winterspele van 2010 is in Kasakstan gehou. </p><p>Die gewildste sportsoort is <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">sokker</a> en daar is nasionale spanne vir mans en vroue. Die nasionale <a href="/wiki/Yshokkie" title="Yshokkie">yshokkiespan</a> vir mans het in 1998 en 2006 aan die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Winterspele" title="Olimpiese Winterspele">Olimpiese Winterspele</a> deelgeneem sowel as aan die wêreldkampioenskap in 2006. Van die land se bekendste yshokkiespelers is Nikolai Antropov en Evgeni Nabokov. </p><p>Ook verskeie boksers het al internasionale medaljes gewen en vaar goed by <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Spele" title="Olimpiese Spele">Olimpiese Speles</a>. Drie boksers, Bakhtiyar Artayev, Vassiliy Jirov en Serik Sapiyev, het die Val Barker-trofee gewen, die meeste naas die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>. Die swaargewigkampioen Vladimir Klitschko en middelgewigkampioen Gennady Golovkin is in Kasakstan gebore. </p><p>Ruitersport is ook baie gewild en sedert 1993 het die land se perdryfederasie al verskeie nasionale en internasionale byeenkomste gereël. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politieke_stelsel">Politieke stelsel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Alihan_Smayilov_(26074)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Alihan_Smayilov_%2826074%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Alihan Smaijlof, Kasakstan se huidige premier.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan is amptelik ’n eenheidstaat. Die eerste en enigste president tot dusver was <a href="/wiki/Noersoeltan_Nazarbajef" title="Noersoeltan Nazarbajef">Noersoeltan Nazarbajef</a>, maar het op 20 Maart 2019 bedank. Die president is ook die hoofbevelvoerder van die weermag en kan wetgewing veto wat deur die parlement deurgevoer is. Die premier lei die kabinet van ministers en is die regeringshoof. In die kabinet is drie onderpremiers en 16 ministers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alihan_Smaijlof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alihan Smaijlof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alihan Smaijlof</a> is sedert 11 Januarie 2022 die premier. </p><p>Die parlement het twee kamers: die laer huis (<i>madjilis</i>) en hoër huis (senaat).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die senaat het 47 lede. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernsperverdrag">Kernsperverdrag</h3></div> <p>Toe die Sowjetunie in 1991 verbrokkel, het Kasakstan die 1 410 kernplofkoppe en die Semipalatinsk-kernwapentoetsterrein oorgeërf. Teen April 1995 het Kasakstan sy kernplofkoppe aan Rusland teruggegee en teen Julie 2000 het dit die toetsterrein vernietig.<sup id="cite_ref-NTI1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTI1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 2 Desember 2009 het die sekretaris-generaal van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, en die Republiek van Kasakstan 29 Augustus aangewys as Internasionale Dag teen Kerntoetse – dit was op dié dag in 1991 dat die Semipalatinsk-toetsterrein gesluit is.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verkiesings">Verkiesings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Laai&wpDestFile=Kazakh_Parliament_Astana.jpg" class="new" title="Lêer:Kazakh Parliament Astana.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">Lêer:Kazakh Parliament Astana.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Die parlement van Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ná die verkiesing in September 2004 is die laer huis oorheers deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noer-Otan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noer-Otan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Otan-party</a> van pres. Nazarbajef. Die meeste ander setels is gewen deur partye wat die president goedgesind is, onder meer die landbou-nywerheidsblok AIST en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asar-party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asar-party (bladsy bestaan nie)">Asar-party</a>, wat deur die president se dogter gestig is. </p><p>Op 4 Desember 2005 het Nazarbajef weer ’n groot oorwinning by die stembus behaal met meer as 90% van die stemme. Die <a href="/wiki/Organisasie_vir_Veiligheid_en_Samewerking_in_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisasie vir Veiligheid en Samewerking in Europa">Organisasie vir Veiligheid en Samewerking in Europa</a> (OVSE) het gesê die verkiesing voldoen nie aan internasionale standaarde nie, hoewel sekere verbeterings aan die administrasie daarvan aangebring sedert die vorige verkiesing. Waarnemers van die Volksrepubliek China het egter gemeen die verkiesing by die 25 stembusse in Astana, waaroor hulle toesig gehou het, was "deursigtig en regverdig".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 17 Augustus 2007 het ’n koalisie van die regerende Otan-party, insluitende die Asar-, die Burger- en die Landbouparty, al die setels gewen met 88% van die stemme. Nie een van die opposisiepartye het die vereiste hoeveelheid setels van 7% gewen nie en dit het gelei tot die bevraagtekening in die plaaslike media van die opposisieleiers se bevoegdheid en charisma. Opposisieleiers het beweer daar was ernstige onreëlmatighede in die verkiesing.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 het Nazarbajef ’n oproep verwerp dat ’n referendum gehou word om te besluit of hy tot 2020 in sy amp moet bly, en aangedring op ’n presidentsverkiesing vir ’n termyn van vyf jaar. In ’n verkiesing op 3 April 2011 het hy 95,54% van die stemme gekry, met 89,9% van geregistreerde kiesers wat gestem het.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Oktober 2013 het die OVSE ’n reeks seminare gehou met die doel om politieke partye in Kasakstan te verbeter.<sup id="cite_ref-OSCEoct2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCEoct2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meer as 120 partyverteenwoordigers het dit bygewoon. Van die sake wat bespreek is, is organisatoriese, wetgewende, finansiële en openbare-betrekkinge-aspekte van partyvorming sowel as die verteenwoordiging van partye in die parlement en plaaslike regeringsliggame.<sup id="cite_ref-OSCEoct2013_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCEoct2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buitelandse_betrekkinge">Buitelandse betrekkinge</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea,_March_2012-15.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Nazarbajef en presidente <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medwedef" title="Dmitri Medwedef">Dmitri Medwedef</a> in 2012.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:CIS_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Lidlande van die <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Conseilturcique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Conseilturcique.svg/220px-Conseilturcique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Conseilturcique.svg/330px-Conseilturcique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Conseilturcique.svg/440px-Conseilturcique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Lidlande van die Turkse Raad: <p style="border:none;background:none;color:inherit;text-align:left;font-size:90%!important;margin:0px!important"><span style="border:solid 1px silver; background-color:#00afca;font-size:80%!important;vertical-align:middle;">  </span> Huidige lidlande</p> <p style="border:none;background:none;color:inherit;text-align:left;font-size:90%!important;margin:0px!important"><span style="border:solid 1px silver; background-color:#add8e6;font-size:80%!important;vertical-align:middle;">  </span> Moontlike toekomstige lidlande</p> </figcaption></figure> <p>Kaskastan het goeie betrekkinge met al sy bure. Dit is ook lid van die Verenigde Nasies, Organisasie vir Veiligheid en Samewerking in Europa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euro-Atlantiese_Vennootskapsraad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euro-Atlantiese Vennootskapsraad (bladsy bestaan nie)">Euro-Atlantiese Vennootskapsraad</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisasie_vir_Islamitiese_Samewerking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisasie vir Islamitiese Samewerking (bladsy bestaan nie)">Organisasie vir Islamitiese Samewerking</a>. Dit is ’n aktiewe deelnemer aan die Vennootskap vir Vrede-program van die <a href="/wiki/Noord-Atlantiese_Verdragsorganisasie" class="mw-redirect" title="Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie">Noord-Atlantiese Verdragsorganisasie</a>. </p><p>Op 11 April 2010 het Nazarbajef en president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> van die VSA by ’n kernberaad in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> ontmoet en die versterking van bande tussen die twee lande bespreek, asook groter samewerking om kernveiligheid te bevorder, streekstabiliteit in Sentraal-Asië, ekonomiese vooruitgang en universele waardes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasakstan is ook lid van die <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomiese_Samewerkingsorganisasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomiese Samewerkingsorganisasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ekonomiese Samewerkingsorganisasie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sjanghai-samewerkingsorganisasie" title="Sjanghai-samewerkingsorganisasie">Sjanghai-samewerkingsorganisasie</a>. Saam met <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wit-Rusland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wit-Rusland">Wit-Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan">Tadjikistan</a> het dit die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasiese_Ekonomiese_Gemeenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurasiese Ekonomiese Gemeenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eurasiese Ekonomiese Gemeenskap</a> in 2000 gestig om handelsverkeer in ooreenstemming te bring en ’n vryehandelsone te skep. </p><p>Sedert onafhanklikwording in 1991 volg Kasakstan ’n beleid om gelyke betrekkinge met sy bure Rusland en die Volksrepubliek China te handhaaf, asook met die VSA en die Weste in die algemeen.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rusland huur tans ’n gebied van sowat 6 000 km² van Kasakstan wat die <a href="/wiki/Baikonoer" title="Baikonoer">Baikonoer-lanseringsterrein</a> insluit van waar die eerste ruimtetuig, <a href="/wiki/Spoetnik_1" title="Spoetnik 1">Spoetnik 1</a>, die eerste mens in die ruimte, <a href="/wiki/Joeri_Gagarin" title="Joeri Gagarin">Joeri Gagarin</a>, asook die internasionale ruimtestasie <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> gelanseer is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weermag">Weermag</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/220px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/330px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/440px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Die Republikeinse Wag van Kasakstan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die grootste deel van die weermag van Kasakstan is oorgeërf van die Sowjet-weermag se Militêre Distrik Toerkestan. Dié eenhede het die kern van die nuwe weermag geword. Uitbreidings in die afgelope jare was veral met betrekking tot gepantserde eenhede. </p><p>Die lugmag bestaan hoofsaaklik uit vliegtuie uit die Sowjet-era soos 41 <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>'s, 44 <a href="/wiki/MiG-31" title="MiG-31">MiG-31</a>'s, 37 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Su-24 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Su-24</a>'s en 60 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Su-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Su-27 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Su-27</a>'s. Daar is ’n klein vloot met die <a href="/wiki/Kaspiese_See" title="Kaspiese See">Kaspiese See</a> as basis. </p><p>Kasakstan se Nasionale Veiligheidskomitee (KNB) is op 13 Junie 1992 gestig. Dit sluit in die Diens vir Internasionale Veiligheid, Militêre Teenintelligensie, Grenswag en Buitelandse Intelligensie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Laai&wpDestFile=Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg" class="new" title="Lêer:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">Lêer:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg</span></a><figcaption>Kasakstan se hoofstad <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:KazMunayGas_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KazMunayGas_03.jpg/220px-KazMunayGas_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KazMunayGas_03.jpg/330px-KazMunayGas_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KazMunayGas_03.jpg/440px-KazMunayGas_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5786" data-file-height="3858" /></a><figcaption>Hoofkantoor van KazMunayGas, Kasakstan se nasionale olie- en gas-maatskappy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kasakstan is ’n groot olieuitvoerland. Danksy die hoë prys van <a href="/wiki/Ru-olie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ru-olie">ru-olie</a> wêreldwyd het die land se <a href="/wiki/BBP" class="mw-redirect" title="BBP">BBP</a> van 2000 tot 2007 tussen 8,9% en 13,5% gestyg. In 2008 en 2009 het dit tussen 1 en 3% gedaal voordat dit weer van 2010 af gestyg het.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ander belangrike uitvoerprodukte is graan, tekstiel en lewende hawe. Die land wou teen 2010 ’n belangrike uitvoerder van <a href="/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan">uraan</a> wees en het dit ook reggekry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000 was Kaskastan die eerste oudrepubliek van die Sowjetunie wat al sy skuld aan die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a> (IMF) afbetaal het, sewe jaar voor die vasgestelde tyd. Ekonomiese groei, tesame met drastiese hervormings aan die belastingstelsel en finansiële sektor, het die regering se geldsake aansienlik verbeter – van ’n begrotingstekort van 3,5% van die BBP in 1999 tot ’n tekort van 1,2% van die BBP in 2003. </p><p>Op 29 November 2003 is ’n wet aanvaar wat die belastingkoers verminder het. Die <a href="/wiki/BTW" title="BTW">BTW</a> het van 16% tot 15% afgeneem en persoonlike belasting 30% tot 20%. Op 7 Julie 2006 is persoonlike belasting nog verder verminder tot 5% vir persoonlike inkomste in die vorm van dividende en 10% vir ander persoonlike inkomste. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> is die grootste ekonomiese sektor. Die vervaardiging van ru-olie en natuurlike gas beloop tot 79,2 miljoen ton in 2012 (op van 51,2 miljoen ton in 2003). Volgens nywerheidsontleders kan die verhoging van olievervaardiging en die ontwikkeling van nuwe olievelde die land se produksie opstoot tot 480 000 m³ per dag teen 2015, en Kasakstan sal dan een van die tien grootste olievervaardigende lande in die wêreld wees. Groot olievelde en -reserwes is by Tengiz, Karatsjaganak en Kasjagan. </p><p>Ondanks die sterk ekonomie vir die grootste deel van die eerste dekade van die 21ste eeu het die wêreldwye finansiële krisis van 2008 tot 2009 swakhede in die ekonomie uitgelig. Die jaar-tot-jaar-groei van die land se BBP het in 2008 met 19,81% afgeneem. Vier van die groot banke is aan die einde van dié jaar deur die regering gered en eiendomspryse het skerp gedaal. </p><p>Volgens die Ekonomiese Wêreldforum se 2010-2011-verslag was Kasakstan 72ste in die wêreld wat betref ekonomiese mededinging.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die eerste helfte van 2013 het Kasakstan se vaste beleggings met 7,1% toegeneem in vergelyking met dieselfde tyd in 2012 tot $18 miljard.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 6 September 2013 was Kasakstan volgens die Globale Mededingingsverslag 50ste onder die mededingendste markte.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Kasaks">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">kk</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727033016/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT453226&lang=kk">"2022 жыл басына Қазақстан Республикасы халқының жекелеген этностары бойынша саны"</a>. Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT453226&lang=kk">die oorspronklike</a> op 27 Julie 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Julie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2022+%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.pub=Agency+of+Strategic+Planning+and+Reforms+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2FgetFile%2F%3FdocId%3DESTAT453226%26lang%3Dkk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2-3">2,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=916,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D916%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2027%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=KZ">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DKZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_5-3">5,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Januarie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz">"Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators"</a>. Stat.kz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060242/http://www.stat.kz/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agency+of+Statistics+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+%28ASRK%29.+2005.+Main+Demographic+Indicators&rft.pub=Stat.kz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html">"Kazakhstan Comes on Strong"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903191013/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html">Geargiveer</a> 3 September 2010 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Census2009_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Census2009_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084204/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf">"Перепись населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года. Краткие итоги. (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical Agency. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 23 Julie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">10 Desember</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8.+%28Census+for+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+2009.+Short+Summary%29&rft.pub=Republic+of+Kazakhstan+Statistical+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz%2Fp_perepis%2FDocuments%2F%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%2520%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan-religious-freedom-criticism/25057279.html">http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan-religious-freedom-criticism/25057279.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009_Census-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2009_Census_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-2009_Census_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx">"The results of the national population census in 2009"</a>. Statistiekagentskap van Kasakstan. 12 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502080602/http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Mei 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">21 Januarie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+results+of+the+national+population+census+in+2009&rft.pub=Statistiekagentskap+van+Kasakstan&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.stat.kz%2Fnews%2FPages%2Fn1_12_11_10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_constitution.shtml">The constitution of Kazakhstan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/">CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020060732/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/">Geargiveer</a> 20 Oktober 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Die grondwet van Kasakstan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCengiz_Surucu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cengiz Surucu (Desember 2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 385–402. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0263493032000053208">10.1080/0263493032000053208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Modernity%2C+Nationalism%2C+Resistance%3A+Identity+Politics+in+Post-Soviet+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=385-402&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0263493032000053208&rft.au=Cengiz+Surucu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <cite style="font-style:normal"> "Scythian". <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia</i> (15de) <b>Volume 10</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Scythian&rft.source=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Microp%C3%A6dia&rft.edition=15de&rft.volume=Volume+10"> </span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123040022/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-73648">"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-73648">die oorspronklike</a> op 23 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+to+c.+AD+1700&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-73648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Ahmad Hasan Dani, Chahryar Adle, Irfan Habib, Karl M. Baipakov (2003). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA97">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. b. 97. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9231038761" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 92-3-103876-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Kazakhstan/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief">"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan"</a>. Economist.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722000113/http://www.economist.com/countries/Kazakhstan/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Julie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Country+Briefings%3A+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fcountries%2FKazakhstan%2Fprofile.cfm%3Ffolder%3DHistory%2520in%2520brief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 16 Desember 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508121055/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1991-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F313790%2FKazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412064258/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html">Kazakhstan</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029012700/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html">Archived</a> 31 Oktober 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ertz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Simon Ertz (Lente 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004800/http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf">"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: 1–12. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 4 Maart 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford%27s+Student+Journal+of+Russian%2C+East+European%2C+and+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kazakh+Catastrophe+and+Stalin%E2%80%99s+Order+of+Priorities%2C+1929%E2%80%931933%3A+Evidence+from+the+Soviet+Secret+Archives&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Simon+Ertz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzhe.stanford.edu%2Fspring05%2FKazakhstan2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPianciola,_Niccolò2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pianciola, Niccolò (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202904/http://monderusse.revues.org/index2623.html?file=1">"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934"</a>. <i>Cahiers du monde russe</i>. <b>45</b>: 137–192. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monderusse.revues.org/index2623.html?file=1">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 Mei 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.atitle=Famine+in+the+Steppe.+The+collectivization+of+agriculture+and+the+Kazak+herdsmen%2C+1928%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=137-192&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pianciola%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonderusse.revues.org%2Findex2623.html%3Ffile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918">Children of the gulag live with amnesia</a>, Taipei Times, 1 Januarie 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Moya Flynn. (1994). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15">Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'</a></i>". bl. 15. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1843311178" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-84331-117-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47638619">"Nursultan: Kazakhstan renames capital Astana after ex-president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 20 Maart 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nursultan%3A+Kazakhstan+renames+capital+Astana+after+ex-president&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-47638619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/14/kazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana">"Kazakhstan to change name of capital from Nur-sultan back to Astana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+to+change+name+of+capital+from+Nur-sultan+back+to+Astana&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fsep%2F14%2Fkazakhstan-to-change-name-of-capital-from-nur-sultan-back-to-astana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <cite style="font-style:normal"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451">Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta</a>"..</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Kazakhstan+%E2%80%93+MSN+Encarta&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencnet%2Frefpages%2FRefArticle.aspx%3Frefid%3D761566451"> </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601203047/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451">Geargiveer</a> 1 Junie 2008 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Kasaks">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">kk</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx">"Итоги переписи населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года"</a>. Stat.kz. 4 Februarie 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145534/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=Stat.kz&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz%2Fp_perepis%2FPages%2Fn_04_02_10.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Kazakhstan’s population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/153895/">http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/153895/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Cheryl2003" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Cheryl (2 Januarie 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm">"Kazakhstan's `forgotten Poles' long to return"</a>. Cdi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127000902/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 27 Januarie 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%27s+%60forgotten+Poles%27+long+to+return&rft.pub=Cdi.org&rft.date=2003-01-02&rft.au=Collins%2C+Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.org%2Frussia%2Fjohnson%2F7002-15.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509933.stm">Remembering Stalin's deportations</a>, BBC News, 23 Februarie 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFClarey" class="citation web cs1">Clarey, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php">"Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag"</a>. International Herald Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084902/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Januarie 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+economics+and+time+bury+memories+of+the+Kazakh+gulag&rft.pub=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.aulast=Clarey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F01%2Fnews%2Fkazakh.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGreenall2005" class="citation web cs1">Greenall, Robert (23 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">"Russians left behind in Central Asia"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russians+left+behind+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2005-11-23&rft.aulast=Greenall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4420922.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28051">Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans</a>, IRIN Asia, 1 Februarie 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kazakhrel-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kazakhrel_34-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kazakhrel_34-1">34,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/">Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084114/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/">Geargiveer</a> 14 Oktober 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Congress of World Religions. Besoek op 7 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCOIRFk2009-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USCOIRFk2009_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</i>. United States Department of State. 26 Oktober 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120050033/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Januarie 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">3 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Commission+on+International+Religious+Freedom&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2009%2F127366.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usstate-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-usstate_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm">Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008</a> U.S. Department of State. Besoek op 7 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWagenhauser,_Betsy" class="citation web cs1">Wagenhauser, Betsy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.globescope.com/kazakhstan/index.php?page=culture">"The Customs and Traditions of the Kazakh"</a>. <i>Ambassade van Kasakstan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023092822/http://search.globescope.com/kazakhstan/index.php?page=culture">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ambassade+van+Kasakstan&rft.atitle=The+Customs+and+Traditions+of+the+Kazakh&rft.au=Wagenhauser%2C+Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.globescope.com%2Fkazakhstan%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526082608/http://www.akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan">"Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan"</a>. Akorda.kz. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 Mei 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">26 Maart</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+site+of+the+President+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+%E2%80%93+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Akorda.kz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fen%2Fcategory%2Fkazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTI1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NTI1_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/kazakhstan/">"NTI Kazakhstan Profile"</a>. Nuclear Threat Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224065903/http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/kazakhstan/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Februarie 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTI+Kazakhstan+Profile&rft.pub=Nuclear+Threat+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/events/againstnucleartestsday/">"International Day against Nuclear Tests (29 August)"</a>. Un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418100258/https://www.un.org/en/events/againstnucleartestsday/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Day+against+Nuclear+Tests+%2829+August%29&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fagainstnucleartestsday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172541/https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/un-calls-global-efforts-ban-n-tests-023921015.html">"UN calls for global efforts to ban n-tests"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News Maktoob</i>. 30 Augustus 2013. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/un-calls-global-efforts-ban-n-tests-023921015.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 5 Maart 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News+Maktoob&rft.atitle=UN+calls+for+global+efforts+to+ban+n-tests&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen-maktoob.news.yahoo.com%2Fun-calls-global-efforts-ban-n-tests-023921015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=a2ml5vt5j2_M&refer=top_world_news">"Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 5 Desember 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050921152916/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%27s+Nazarbayev+Wins+Re-election+With+91%25+of+Vote&rft.pub=Bloomberg.com&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D10000087%26sid%3Da2ml5vt5j2_M%26refer%3Dtop_world_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6952452.stm">"Kazakh poll fairness questioned"</a>. BBC News. 19 Augustus 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakh+poll+fairness+questioned&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F6952452.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6949764.stm">"Kazakhstan parliamentary election Kazakh poll fairness questioned"</a>. BBC News. 17 Augustus 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+parliamentary+election+Kazakh+poll+fairness+questioned&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F6949764.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Stewart2011" class="citation web cs1">Will Stewart (4 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1373307/Election-monitors-slam-Kazakh-vote-returned-president-power-95-ballot-sham.html#ixzz2QpqJadyF">"Election monitors slam Kazakh vote which returned president to power with 95% of ballot as 'sham' | Mail Online"</a>. Dailymail.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309165522/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1373307/Election-monitors-slam-Kazakh-vote-returned-president-power-95-ballot-sham.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Maart 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Mei</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+monitors+slam+Kazakh+vote+which+returned+president+to+power+with+95%25+of+ballot+as+%27sham%27+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.au=Will+Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-1373307%2FElection-monitors-slam-Kazakh-vote-returned-president-power-95-ballot-sham.html%23ixzz2QpqJadyF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-witt/kazakhstans-presidential-_b_847612.html">"Daniel Witt: Kazakhstan's Presidential Election Shows Progress"</a>. Huffingtonpost.com. 4 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 Augustus</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Witt%3A+Kazakhstan%27s+Presidential+Election+Shows+Progress&rft.pub=Huffingtonpost.com&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdaniel-witt%2Fkazakhstans-presidential-_b_847612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSCEoct2013-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSCEoct2013_47-0">47,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OSCEoct2013_47-1">47,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/astana/106997">"OSCE Centre helps enhance political parties' work in Kazakhstan"</a>. OSCE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220190049/https://www.osce.org/astana/106997">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Februarie 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+Centre+helps+enhance+political+parties%E2%80%99+work+in+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=OSCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fastana%2F106997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev">Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev | The White House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014164551/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev">Geargiveer</a> 14 Oktober 2015 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Besoek op 14 Januarie 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2005" class="citation news cs1">Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045839/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml">"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil"</a>. EurasiaNet. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml">die oorspronklike</a> op 4 Maart 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%27s+Foreign+Policy+in+a+Time+of+Turmoil&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Finsight%2Farticles%2Feav042705.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Ariel (7 Oktober 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817020006/http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291">"Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact"</a>. Business News Europe. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291">die oorspronklike</a> op 17 Augustus 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kazakh+foreign+minister+insists+balanced+foreign+policy+remains+intact&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessneweurope.eu%2Fstory1291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG">"GDP growth (annual %)"</a>. <i>The World Bank. Datafinder.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511170354/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank.+Datafinder.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GDP+growth+%28annual+%25%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world">"№ 1 in the world"</a>. <i>The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz</i>. 30 Desember 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142342/http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Julie 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">1 Junie</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atomic+Company+Kazatomprom%2C+Kazatomprom.kz&rft.atitle=%E2%84%96+1+in+the+world&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazatomprom.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2%2F%25E2%2584%2596_1_in_the_world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf89.html">"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan"</a>. world-nuclear.org. 17 Februarie 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223140352/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf89.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Februarie 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Maart</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium+and+Nuclear+Power+in+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=world-nuclear.org&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2Finf89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf">"The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516194027/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf">Geargiveer</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Mei 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Julie</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2010%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Kazakhstan's fixed investment increased by 7.1% in Jan-July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries">"Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries"</a>. Kazakh-tv.kz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220035746/http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Februarie 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakh+TV+%E2%80%93+Kazakhstan+enters+top+50+most+competitive+countries&rft.pub=Kazakh-tv.kz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazakh-tv.kz%2Fen%2Fview%2Fnews_kazakhstan%2Fpage_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2></div> <dl><dt>Algemeen</dt></dl> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">"Kazakhstan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKasakstan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kazakhstan">Kasakstan</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/24px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiwoordeboek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiwoordeboek">Wikiwoordeboek</a> het 'n inskrywing vir <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kasakstan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Asië" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Asië"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Asië" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahrein" title="Bahrein">Bahrein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bangladesj" title="Bangladesj">Bangladesj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bhoetan" title="Bhoetan">Bhoetan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Broenei" title="Broenei">Broenei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> • <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen">Jemen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordani%C3%AB" title="Jordanië">Jordanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kambodja" title="Kambodja">Kambodja</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kasakstan</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Katar" title="Katar">Katar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirgisi%C3%AB" title="Kirgisië">Kirgisië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Koeweit" title="Koeweit">Koeweit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maledive" title="Maledive">Maledive</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maleisi%C3%AB" title="Maleisië">Maleisië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar">Mianmar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië">Mongolië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea">Noord-Korea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oesbekistan" title="Oesbekistan">Oesbekistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oos-Timor" title="Oos-Timor">Oos-Timor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Saoedi-Arabi%C3%AB" title="Saoedi-Arabië">Saoedi-Arabië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Singapoer" title="Singapoer">Singapoer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea">Suid-Korea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan">Tadjikistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Arabiese_Emirate" title="Verenigde Arabiese Emirate">Verenigde Arabiese Emirate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Viëtnam">Viëtnam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Staat_Palestina" title="Staat Palestina">Palestina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_China" title="Republiek China">Republiek China (Taiwan)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a><sup>2</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kerseiland" title="Kerseiland">Kerseiland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kokoseilande" title="Kokoseilande">Kokoseilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Britse_Indiese_Oseaangebied" title="Britse Indiese Oseaangebied">Britse Indiese Oseaangebied</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> • <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa">Europa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. 2. Land deels in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. 3. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegowina" title="Bosnië en Herzegowina">Bosnië en Herzegowina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye">Bulgarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kasakstan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië">Noord-Masedonië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serwi%C3%AB" title="Serwië">Serwië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> • <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland">Ysland</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Denemarke" title="Koninkryk van Denemarke">Koninkryk van Denemarke</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Asore" title="Asore">Asore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Man_(eiland)" title="Man (eiland)">Man</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>. 2. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings. 3. Aangedui as die <a href="/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande">Kanaaleilande</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452764">XX452764</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411873">cb119411873</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411873">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12636192?l=en">DA12636192</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029839-5">4029839-5</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044997">044997</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000121884309">0000 0001 2188 4309</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KulturNav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KulturNav (bladsy bestaan nie)">KulturNav</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/59a47a41-7971-4be7-8eb0-9729706b1a3a">59a47a41-7971-4be7-8eb0-9729706b1a3a</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n92000005">n92000005</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/92d52542-3363-351c-a8b6-d991e0bccb8f">92d52542-3363-351c-a8b6-d991e0bccb8f</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046437">10046437</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577505">00577505</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129556&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129556</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=001029670&local_base=nlx10">001029670</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RERO_(Library_Network_of_Western_Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland)">RERO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000097519">02-A000097519</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085464457">085464457</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21527102" class="extiw" title="d:Q21527102">TDVİA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kazakistan">kazakistan</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124906451">124906451</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/124906451">124906451</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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