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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Emphasis on politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emphasis_on_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emphasis on politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neglect_of_other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neglect_of_other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neglect of other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neglect_of_other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependence_on_virtue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_on_virtue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dependence on virtue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_on_virtue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vagueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vagueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vagueness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vagueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrelevance_in_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrelevance_in_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Irrelevance in modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrelevance_in_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis_on_early_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_early_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Emphasis on early Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_early_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_of_religion_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_religion_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unification of religion and state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unification_of_religion_and_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unification of religion and state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_religion_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_necessity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_necessity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Historical necessity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_necessity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Scriptural basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamist_interpretation_of_Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamist_interpretation_of_Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Islamist interpretation of Sharia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamist_interpretation_of_Sharia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamist interpretation of Sharia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamist_interpretation_of_Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ignorance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignorance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ignorance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignorance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharia_as_single_universal_set_of_laws_to_obey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharia_as_single_universal_set_of_laws_to_obey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sharia as single universal set of laws to obey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharia_as_single_universal_set_of_laws_to_obey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overly_simplistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overly_simplistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Overly simplistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overly_simplistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Historical record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quran_as_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran_as_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Quran as Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran_as_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignoring_Maslaha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignoring_Maslaha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Ignoring Maslaha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignoring_Maslaha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignoring_problems_with_the_development_of_orthodox_Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignoring_problems_with_the_development_of_orthodox_Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Ignoring problems with the development of orthodox Sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignoring_problems_with_the_development_of_orthodox_Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsion_in_Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsion_in_Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Compulsion in Sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsion_in_Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Case_of_hijab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_of_hijab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.1</span> <span>Case of hijab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_of_hijab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_of_ridda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_of_ridda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8.2</span> <span>Case of ridda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_of_ridda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Innovations to Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Innovations_to_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Innovations to Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Innovations_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tendency_towards_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendency_towards_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Tendency towards modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendency_towards_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church-like_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church-like_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Church-like structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-like_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_political_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_political_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Western political concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_political_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idea_of_historical_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idea_of_historical_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Idea of historical progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idea_of_historical_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation_in_Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation_in_Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Innovation in Sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation_in_Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Islamic economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Riba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Social justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enmity_towards_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enmity_towards_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Enmity towards the West</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Enmity_towards_the_West-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Enmity towards the West subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Enmity_towards_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verses_of_the_Quran_and_enmity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verses_of_the_Quran_and_enmity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Verses of the Quran and enmity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verses_of_the_Quran_and_enmity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunna_and_enmity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunna_and_enmity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sunna and enmity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunna_and_enmity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_conspiracies_against_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_conspiracies_against_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Alleged conspiracies against Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_conspiracies_against_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Christian Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_Muslim_world_into_many_separate_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_Muslim_world_into_many_separate_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Division of Muslim world into many separate states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_Muslim_world_into_many_separate_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_Jewish_conspiracies_against_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Jewish_conspiracies_against_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6.1</span> <span>Alleged Jewish conspiracies against Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Jewish_conspiracies_against_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Jewish_conspiracy_against_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Jewish_conspiracy_against_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6.2</span> <span>Alleged Jewish conspiracy against Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Jewish_conspiracy_against_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hopes_for_world_success_and_mass_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hopes_for_world_success_and_mass_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Hopes for world success and mass conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hopes_for_world_success_and_mass_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Failure of results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Failure_of_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Failure of results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Failure_of_Islamists_in_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_Islamists_in_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Failure of Islamists in power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_Islamists_in_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_Islamist_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_Islamist_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Failure of Islamist policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_Islamist_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separation_of_the_sexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_the_sexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.1</span> <span>Separation of the sexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_the_sexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_to_fascist_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_to_fascist_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Comparisons to fascist ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_to_fascist_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_&_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_&_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Books & organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_&_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Criticism of Islamism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نقد اسلام‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقد اسلام‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_de_l%27islamisme" title="Critique de l'islamisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critique de l'islamisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AE%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="ڕەخنەگەری لەسەر ئیسلامییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەخنەگەری لەسەر ئیسلامییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_av_islamism" title="Kritik av islamism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kritik av islamism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slamc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_ele%C5%9Ftirisi" title="İslamcılığın eleştirisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslamcılığın eleştirisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For criticism of Islam, see <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a>. For fear of or prejudice against Islam, see <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Category:Criticism of Islamism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#345d9d;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Criticism of Islamism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Muslim Critics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Husain" title="Ed Husain">Ed Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-%27Ashmawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Non-Muslim Critics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Saeed_Al_Mutar" title="Faisal Saeed Al Mutar">Faisal Saeed Al Mutar</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_Islam" title="Category:Criticism of Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a></li> <li><a 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Template:Criticism of Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Template talk:Criticism of Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:230%;"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Scholastic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Political</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> <p><b>Militant</b> </p> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Ma'alim fi al-Tariq</i> ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist"><i>Islamic Government: <br />Governance of the Jurist</i> ("Velayat-e faqih")</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism of Islamism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ideas and practices of the leaders, preachers, and movements of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> movement known as <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a>) have been criticized by non-Muslims and Muslims (often <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Islamic modernists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Muslim_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Muslim movements">liberals</a>). </p><p>Among those authors, scholars and leaders who have criticized Islamism, or some element of it, are <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-%27Ashmawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AEFGT2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEFGT2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_K%C3%BCntzel" title="Matthias Küntzel">Matthias Küntzel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._B._Lumbard" title="Joseph E. B. Lumbard">Joseph E. B. Lumbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> Islamic group <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenets of the Islamist movement that have come under criticism include: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">restrictions on freedom of expression</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> from and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemy in Islam">insults to Islam</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:39-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Islam is not only a religion but a governing system;<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:85_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:85-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that historical <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, or Islamic law, is one, universal system of law, accessible to humanity, and necessary to enforcement for Islam to be truly practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-AEFGT2005:82_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEFGT2005:82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanation">Explanation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Explanation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Explaining the development of Islamism (or at least <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadist Islamism</a>), one critic (Khaled Abu al-Fadl) describes it as not so much an expression of religious <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revival</a> and resurgence, but a phenomenon created by several factors: </p> <ul><li>the undermining of the independence and religious authority of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurists</a>, who traditionally "tolerated and even celebrated divergent opinions and schools of thought and kept extremism marginalized". The state seizure of the private religious endowments (<a href="/wiki/Awqaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Awqaf">awqaf</a>) that supported the jurists in most post-colonialist Muslim countries has relegated most jurists to salaried employees of the state, diminishing their legitimacy on matters social and political."<sup id="cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAFPTI2002:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the advance of Saudi Arabian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_conservative_Sunni_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of conservative Sunni Islam">Wahhabism</a> into this vacuum of religious authority. Financed by tens of billions of dollars of petroleum-export money and proselytizing aggressively, the doctrine billed itself not as one school among many, but as a return to the one, true, orthodox "straight path" of Islam – pristine, simple, straightforward.<sup id="cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAFPTI2002:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differed from the traditional teachings of the jurists in its "strict literalism ... extreme hostility to intellectualism, mysticism, and any sectarian divisions within Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAFPTI2002:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>added to this Wahhabi literalism and narrowness are <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> appeals to Muslim humiliation suffered in the modern age at the hands of harshly despotic governments, and interventionist non-Muslim powers."<sup id="cite_ref-ref_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits_on_freedom_of_expression">Limits on freedom of expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limits on freedom of expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Criticism of religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li>Islamism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By religious figure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By text</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Religious violence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Bibliographies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Scientology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Fuller">Graham Fuller</a>, a long-time observer of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> politics and supporter of allowing Islamists to participate in <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a>, "One of the most egregious and damaging roles" played by some Islamists has been in "ruthlessly" attacking and instituting legal proceedings "against any writings on Islam they disagree with."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:39-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the early victims of Islamist enforcement of orthodoxy include <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a>, a former cleric and important intellectual figure of 1940s Iran who was assassinated in 1946 by the <a href="/wiki/Fadayan-e_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadayan-e Islam">Fadayan-e Islam</a>, an Islamic militant group, on the charge of <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Taha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Taha">Mahmoud Mohamed Taha</a>, a 76-year-old "practicing Muslim" and theologian was hanged in a public ceremony in Khartoum, January 18, 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for among other charges "heresy" and "opposing application of Islamic law".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taha had opposed Sharia law in its historical form, as it was instituted in Sudan, because he believed the Quranic verses on which it was primarily based (known as the <a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medina verses</a>) were adapted for a specific place and purpose – namely ruling the seventh-century Islamic city-state of Medina – and were <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">abrogated</a> by verses <a href="/wiki/Meccan_sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Meccan sura">revealed in Mecca</a>, which (Taha believed) represented the Islamic "ideal religion".<sup id="cite_ref-PACKER-9-11-2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACKER-9-11-2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maybe the most famous alleged apostate in the Arab world attacked by Islamists was Egyptian Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a>, who was harassed and stabbed in the neck by assailants, almost killed and crippled for the rest of his life. Others include novelist Egyptian Salahaddin Muhsin who </p> <blockquote><p> ... was sentenced to three years hard labor for writings that `offended Islam`; [Egyptian] feminist novelist Nawal El Saadawi has been repeatedly tried in court for anti-Islamic writing and her husband ordered to divorce her as a Muslim apostate, although the charges were ultimately struck down; Islamist lawyers also charged Islamic and Arabic literature professor Nasr Abu Zayd with apostasy for his writings on the background of the Qur'an, and his wife was ordered to divorce him. ..."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:39-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Egyptian author <a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a> was assassinated on June 8, 1992 by militants of the <a href="/wiki/Gamaa_Islamiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamaa Islamiya">Gamaa Islamiya</a><sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:287_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:287-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an example to other anti-fundamentalist intellectuals. </p><p>While Islamists are often separated into "bad" <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremists</a>, and "good" moderates working within the system, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> points out that in Egypt in the 1990s "Islamist moderates and the extremists complemented one another's actions." In the case of Farag Foda's killing, "moderate" Sheik <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Mohammed al-Ghazali</a> ("one of the most revered sheiks in the Muslim world"), testified for the defense in the trial of Foda's killers. "He announced that anyone born Muslim who militated against the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (as Foda had done) was guilty of the crime of apostasy, for which the punishment was death. In the absence of an Islamic state to carry out this sentence, those who assumed that responsibility were not blameworthy."<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:287_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:287-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Takfir">Takfir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Takfir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Islamists have evolved beyond targeting liberal and secular intellectuals to more mainstream Muslims (What researchers Matteo Sisto and Samir Gurung dub "Neo-Takfirism"<sup id="cite_ref-Sisto-2-15-2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisto-2-15-2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> the insurgent/jihadist Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">GIA</a> viewed all who failed to actively support its jihad as collaborators with the government, and thus apostates from Islam and eligible military targets. The group slaughtered entire villages, murdered foreigners, and executed Algerians for "violating Islamic law," for "infractions ranging from infidelity to wearing Western clothing."<sup id="cite_ref-Nessel_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nessel-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Iraq civil war, Takfir was also defined broadly by Sunni Islamist insurgents. By mid-2006, at least two <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> venders in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were killed "because falafel did not exist in the seventh century", and was thus an unIslamic "innovation" (<i><a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">Bid‘ah</a></i>) in the eyes of the killers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussein-4-6-2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussein-4-6-2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was seen as a reflection of how far the followers of Sayyid Qutb had progressed in their willingness to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfir</a> and kill those who (they believed) were guilty of apostasy according to some (such as journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Packer" title="George Packer">George Packer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-PACKER-9-11-2006_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACKER-9-11-2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of mid-2014, the jihadi Islamist groups <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Da'ish</a> had killed "more than 300 Sunni imams and preachers", according to one "prominent Iraqi Sunni cleric" (Khaled al-Mulla).<sup id="cite_ref-Varghese-7-16-2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varghese-7-16-2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some months later Da'ish reportedly executed one of its own Sharia judges on the grounds that he had "excessive takfiri tendencies".<sup id="cite_ref-MEM-10-3-15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEM-10-3-15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khawarij">Khawarij</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Khawarij"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a></div> <p>Some Islamists have been condemned by other Muslims as <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Kharijites</a> for their willingness to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a> (declare other Muslims to be unbelievers) and kill self-professed Muslims. While Islamist often argue that they are returning to Islam unpolluted by Western Enlightenment ideas of freedom of thought and expression, early Islam also condemned extreme strictness in the form of the 7th century to the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>. From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for their readiness to takfir self-professed Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emphasis_on_politics">Emphasis on politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emphasis on politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neglect_of_other_issues">Neglect of other issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neglect of other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Islamism is a movement devoted to the preeminence of Islam in all fields<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some have suggested that belief has been neglected in favor of politics, and that "organizers, enthusiasts, and politicians," rather than those focusing on spirituality or religion, have "had the most impact" in the movement. </p><p>Other observers have remarked on the narrowness of Islamism, and its lack of interest in studying and making sense of the world in general. <a href="/wiki/Habib_Boulares" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib Boulares">Habib Boulares</a> regrets that the movement in general has "devoted little energy to constructing consistent theories"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has made 'no contribution either to Islamic thought or spirituality'.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a> complains of its intellectual stagnation in that "since the founding writings of Abul Ala Maududi, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan al-Banna">Hasan al-Banna</a>, Sayyid Qutb ... all before 1978 ... there are nothing but brochures, prayers, feeble glosses and citations of canonical authors."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:60-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ex-activist (<a href="/wiki/Ed_Husain" title="Ed Husain">Ed Husain</a>) of one of the Islamist groups active in Britain (<a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>), wrote in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Islamist" title="The Islamist">The Islamist</a> that he felt politics was crowding out his "relationship with God", and saw the same in other HT activists. Husain complained "We sermonized about the need for Muslims to return to Islam, but many of the shabab [activists] did not know how to pray."<sup id="cite_ref-Husain-spirituality_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husain-spirituality-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another observer (Olivier Roy) complained that even systematic study of human society and behavior is dismissed as un-Islamic: </p> <blockquote><p>There is neither history, since nothing new has happened except a return to the <i>jahiliyya</i> of pre-Islamic times, nor anthropology, since man is simply the exercise of virtue (there is no depth psychology in Islam: sin is not an introduction to the other within), nor sociology, since segmentation is <i>fitna</i>, splitting of the community, and thus an attack on the divine oneness the community reflects. Anything, in fact, that differentiates is seen as a menace to the unity of the community...<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:73_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:73-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependence_on_virtue">Dependence on virtue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dependence on virtue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roy also argues that the basic strategy of Islamism suffers from "a vicious circle" of "no Islamic state without virtuous Muslims, no virtuous Muslims without an Islamic state".<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60-2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:60-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because for Islamists, "Islamic society exists only through politics, but the political institutions function only a result of the virtue of those who run them, a virtue that can become widespread only if the society is Islamic beforehand."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60-2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:60-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of choosing a leader involves not issues such as the structure of elections, of checks and balances on power, but searching for "subjective" qualities:<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:62-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the amir must "abstain from sin", incarnate "sincerity, equity, justice, purity"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:43_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:43-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have "sincerity, ability and loyalty",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62b_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:62b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "moral integrity as well as ... other relevant criteria" (Hassan al-Turabi).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62c_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:62c-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vagueness">Vagueness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vagueness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author Tarek Osman has criticized Islamism as promising "everything to everyone", leading to unsustainable conflicts and contradictions: an alternative social provider to the poor masses; an angry platform for the disillusioned young; a loud trumpet-call announcing `a return to the pure religion` to those seeking an identity; a "progressive, moderate religious platform` for the affluent and liberal; ... and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals."<sup id="cite_ref-Osman.p111_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osman.p111-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irrelevance_in_modern_times">Irrelevance in modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Irrelevance in modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a> argues that, while Islamism has been wonderfully successful as a "mobilising slogan", it "just does not provide the answers to the problems of governing a modern states." Roy points to Egypt, the largest Arab Muslim country, where in the wake of the Arab Spring, the party of the oldest and largest Islamist movement (the Muslim Brotherhood) was by far the largest vote getter. It won the 2012 presidential election but within a year was overthrown and crushed by the military after massive protests by millions.<sup id="cite_ref-echec_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echec-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another critic, <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Ahmed_An-Na%27im" title="Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im">Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im</a> argues that, even in family law, where Islamic jurisprudence provides an abundance of rulings, Sharia law does not provide a clear basis for a centralised administration, because the very idea of centralised administration did not exist at the time when the various schools of Muslim family law were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-echec_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echec-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emphasis_on_early_Islam">Emphasis on early Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emphasis on early Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics (such as Tunisian-born scholar and journalist <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a>) have bemoaned the Islamist belief that in 1400 years of Muslim history, true Islam worthy of imitation was enforced for only a few decades. <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (d. 1966) preached that Islam has been extinct for "centuries" and that it is "necessary that the Muslim community be restored to its original form,"<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and follow the example of the original companions of Muhammad (<i><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></i>), who not only cut themselves off from any non-Islamic culture or learning – Greek, Roman, Persian, Christian or Jewish logic, art, poetry, etc. – but separating themselves "completely" from their "past life," of family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:16-20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:16-20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nor do Islamists agree on when true and original Islam was in existence. Abul Ala Maududi indicates it was the era of the Prophet and the 30-year reign of the four "rightly guided caliphs" (<i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qutb's brother Muhammad thought the only time "Islam was ... enforced in its true form" was for fifteen years, during the first two caliphs, plus three years from 717 to 720 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Shiite Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>, the five-year reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> was the truly Islamic era Muslims should imitate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meddeb protests that this excludes not only any non-Muslim culture, but most of Muslim history including the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age of Islam</a>: "How can one benefit from the past and the present if one comes to the conclusion that the only Islam that conforms to the sovereignty of God is that of Medina the first four caliphs? ... Can one still ... love and respond to the beauties handed down by the many peoples of Islam through the variety of their historic contribution?"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and at least one other author (Tarek Osman) have questioned how perfect an era was where three of the first four caliphs were assassinated, while "enmities" and "factional disputes"<sup id="cite_ref-meddeb-44_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meddeb-44-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "almost continuous embarrassing episodes of blood-letting and internal struggles"<sup id="cite_ref-osman-213_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osman-213-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were played out. Meddeb points out the celebration of rightly guided originated a century later with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hanbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meddeb-44_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meddeb-44-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unification_of_religion_and_state">Unification of religion and state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unification of religion and state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most commonly quoted slogans in the movement is that of the Muslim Brotherhood: `<i>al-islam dinun was dawlatun</i>` (Islam is a religion and a state). But, as one critic complains, the slogan "is neither a verse of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> nor a quote from a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> but a 19th century political slogan popularised by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:85-6_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:85-6-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an origin in 19th-century being problematic for a belief system predicated on following the scripture revealed, and the ways of those who lived, twelve centuries earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics contend that this unification is not unique to Islam but to the premodern era, or at least the era around the time of Muhammad. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>This was also an era in which religion and the state were one unified entity. ... no Jew, Christian, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#History" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a>, or Muslim of this time would have considered his or her religion to be rooted in the personal confessional experiences of individuals. ... Your religion was your ethnicity, your culture, and your social identity ... your religion was your citizenship. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">post-Julian Roman Empire</a> was Christian, with one "officially sanctioned and legally enforced version" of (Nicene) Christianity. The <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> in Persia was <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#History" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a>, again with one officially sanctioned and legally enforced version of Zoroastrianism. On the Indian subcontinent, Vaisnava kingdoms (devotees of Vishnu and his incarnations) fought with Savia kingdoms (devotees of Shiva) for territorial control. In China, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> rulers fought <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> rulers for political ascendancy. "Thus every religion was a `religion of the sword.`" <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_necessity">Historical necessity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical necessity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics also suggest that the early combination of religion and state in Muslim society may have been a product of its creation in the stateless world of Arab society where Muslims needed a state to protect themselves, rather than the timeless essence of Islam. </p><p>Christianity was based within the "massive and enduring" <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> had "ethnic bonds before becoming <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>." But unlike these other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a>, "the Muslims depended on their religion to provide them with an authority and an identity." <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> Mohammad founded a religious community <i><a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">ex nihilo</a></i>. He lived in western Arabia, a stateless region where tribal affiliations dominated all of public life. A tribe protected its members (by threatening to take revenge for them), and it provided social bonds, economic opportunities, as well as political enfranchisement. An individual lacking tribal ties had no standing: he could be robbed, raped, and killed with impunity. If Muhammad was to attract tribesmen to join his movement, he had to provide them with an affiliation no less powerful than the tribe they had left behind".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_basis">Scriptural basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scriptural basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scriptural basis of the Islamist principle that God – in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law – must govern, comes, at least in part, from the Quranic phrase that <i>`Hukm is God's alone,`</i> according to one of the founders of Islamist thought, Abul Ala Maududi. However, journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a> questions this idea on the grounds that the definition of the Arabic word <i>hukm</i> is broader then simply "to govern", and that the <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayah</a> Maududi quoted is not about governing or government. <i>Hukm</i> is usually defined as to "exercise power as governing, to pronounce a sentence, to judge between two parties, to be knowledgeable (in medicine, in philosophy), to be wise, prudent, of a considered judgment".<sup id="cite_ref-Meddeb_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meddeb-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full ayat where the phrase appears says: </p> <blockquote><p>Those who you adore outside of Him are nothing but names that you and your fathers have given them. God has granted them no authority. <i>Hukm is God's alone</i>. He has commanded that you adore none but Him. Such is the right religion, but most people do not know. <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D12%3Averse%3D40">12:40</a>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Which suggests that the Quran is talking about God's superiority over pagan <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a>, rather than His role in government. According to Meddeb, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> "commentators never forget to remind us that this verse is devoted to the powerlessness of the companion deities (pardras) that idolaters raise up next to God…"<sup id="cite_ref-Meddeb_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meddeb-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamist_interpretation_of_Sharia">Islamist interpretation of Sharia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islamist interpretation of Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticisms of Sharia law – or orthodox historical sharia law<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – are varied and not always in agreement. They include: that Islamist leaders are often ignorant of Islamic law, the Islamist definition of Sharia is in error, its implementation is impractical, and that flexible solutions have been ignored, that its scriptural basis has been corrupted, and that its enforcement is un-Islamic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignorance">Ignorance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ignorance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the great importance Islamists gave to strict adherence to Sharia, many were not trained jurists. Islamic scholar and moderate Abou el Fadl complains that "neither Qutb nor Mawdudi were trained jurists, and their knowledge of the Islamic jurisprudential tradition was minimal. Nevertheless, like `Abd al-Wahhad, Mawdudi and Qutb imagined Islamic law to be a set of clear cut, inflexible and rigid positive commands that covered and regulated every aspect of life."<sup id="cite_ref-AEFGT2005:82_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEFGT2005:82-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_C._Eikmeier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale C. Eikmeier (page does not exist)">Dale C. Eikmeier</a> points out the "questionable religious credentials" of many Islamist theorists, or "Qutbists," which can be a "means to discredit them and their message": </p> <blockquote><p>With the exception of Abul Ala Maududi and Abdullah Azzam, none of Qutbism’s main theoreticians trained at Islam’s recognized centers of learning. Although a devout Muslim, Hassan al Banna was a teacher and community activist. Sayyid Qutb was a literary critic. Muhammad Abd al-Salam Faraj was an electrician. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a physician. Osama bin Laden trained to be a businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharia_as_single_universal_set_of_laws_to_obey">Sharia as single universal set of laws to obey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sharia as single universal set of laws to obey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamists such as Sayyid Qutb and Ayatollah Khomeini have argued that true Islam and a Muslim community cannot be said to exist without the application of Sharia law. According to Qutb, "The Muslim community with these characteristics vanished at the moment the laws of God [i.e. Sharia] became suspended on earth."<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:9_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khomeini preaches that Islamic government is needed </p> <blockquote><p>if the Islamic order is to be preserved and all individuals are to pursue the just path of Islam without any deviation, if innovation and the approval of the anti-Islamic laws by sham parliaments are to be prevented,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> and in this Islamic government, (in fact "in Islam") </p><blockquote><p>the legislative power and competence to establish laws belongs exclusively to God Almighty. The Sacred Legislator of Islam is the sole legislative power. No one has the right to legislate and no law may be executed except the law of the Divine Legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Abou El Fadl replies that the Quran itself seems to deny there is one sharia for everyone to obey: </p> <blockquote><p>`To each of you God has prescribed a Law [Sharia] and a Way. If God would have willed, He would have made you a single people. But God's purpose is to test you in what he has given each of you, so strive in the pursuit of virtue, and know that you will all return to God [in the Hereafter], and He will resolve all the matters in which you disagree. <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D48">5:48</a>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to these dissenters the definition of Sharia as being the body of Muslim jurisprudence, its various commentaries and interpretations, only came later in Islamic history. Many modernists argue this jurisprudence is "entirely man-made, written by Muslim scholars according to their various schools, based on their best understanding of how the Qur'an should be translated into codes of law."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One scholar, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-%27Ashmawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi</a> a specialist in comparative and Islamic law at Cairo University, argues that the term Sharia, as used in the Qur'an, refers not to legal rules but rather to "the path of Islam consisting of three streams: 1) worship, 2) ethical code, and 3) social intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus al-`Ashmawi and many other modernists insist that the Shari'a is very different than Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and that fiqh must be reinterpreted anew by scholars in every age in accordance with their understanding." </p><p>"In Turkey, the Islamist [or <a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">post-Islamist</a>] <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> has many members who speak of Sharia as a metaphor for a moral society."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:57_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:57-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus "there is no one Sharia but rather many different, even contesting ways to build a legal structure in accordance with God's vision for mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:56-7_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:56-7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One difference between this interpretation and the orthodox Sharia is in the penalty for apostasy from Islam. According to non-Islamist Sudanese cleric <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Ahmed_An-Na%27im" title="Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im">Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im</a>, the Islamist interpretation of sharia, "is fundamentally inconsistent with the numerous provisions of the Quran and Sunna which enjoin freedom of religion and expression."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> An illustration of the lack of a single universal Sharia is the fact that its proponents do not agree on one. Legal scholar Sadakat Kadri complains that </p><blockquote><p>"the supposed purists cannot even agree on which sins to repress. Saudi Arabia forces women to be veiled and forbids them to drive, while Iran allows females to show their faces behind wheels but threatens them with jail if they expose too much hair. Sunni rigorist insist that God hates men to be clean shaven, whereas Tehran's Ministry of Culture suggests in July 2010 that He was more perturbed by ponytails and mullets. Some extremists have even attached spiritual significance to customs that mandate physical violence, such as female genital mutilation and so-called honor killings, oblivious to the pagan roots of the first practice and the unequivocal hostility of the Qur'an and hadiths to the second one.<sup id="cite_ref-kadri-_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadri--68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overly_simplistic">Overly simplistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Overly simplistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A related criticism is that Islamist "<a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">politics of identity</a> have relegated the Sharia to a level of political slogan, instead of elevating it to the level of intellectual complexity at which our jurisprudential forefather discussed it, debated it, and wrote about it. .... Superficial political chants claiming that the Qur'an is our constitution or that the Shari'a is our guide," are heard but not discussion "of what a constitution is, which parts of the Qur'an are 'constitutional,' or how the Shari'a is to guide us on any particular matter of legal relevance."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_record">Historical record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leading Islamists maintain that in addition to being divine, Sharia (or again orthodox Sharia), is easy to implement. Qutb believed that Sharia would be no problem to implement because there is "no vagueness or looseness" in its provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:85_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:85-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomeini contended </p> <blockquote><p>Islam has made the necessary provision; and if laws are needed, Islam has established them all. There is no need for you, after establishing a government, to sit down and draw up laws, or, like rulers who worship foreigners and are infatuated with the west, run after others to borrow their laws. Everything is ready and waiting.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But critics complain that strict application of orthodox Sharia law has been tried repeatedly throughout Islamic history and always found to be impractical. </p><p>Olivier Roy refers to the call to enforce <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, as a periodic cycle of Islamic history "as old as Islam itself." But one that is "still new because it has never been fulfilled. It is a tendency that is forever setting the reformer, the censor, and tribunal against the corruption of the times and of sovereigns, against foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:199_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:199-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Daniel Pipes, "the historical record shows that every effort in modern times to apply the Shari`a in its entirety – such as those made in Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, Libya, Iran, and Pakistan – ended up disappointing the fundamentalists, for realities eventually had to be accommodated. Every government devoted to full implementation finds this an impossible assignment."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran_as_Constitution">Quran as Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quran as Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is our Constitution" or "the Quran is our law,"<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is "the slogan encountered from the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood to the Afghan Islamists."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:42_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:42-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But non-Islamist criticism replies that only 245 of the 6000 verses in the Quran concern legislation. Among those only 90 concern constitutional, civil, financial or economic matter, scarcely enough to form a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a resolution in Constitution of Pakistan that no law or policy can go against "the principles of Islam".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignoring_Maslaha">Ignoring Maslaha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ignoring Maslaha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A solution to this problem embraced by modernists and usually ignored by Islamists, is the inclusion of the principle that Islamic law must serve the general common good or <a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">maslaha</a>. This open-ended requirement clashes with Qutb's idea that there is "no vagueness or looseness" in Sharia. </p> <blockquote><p>"Many modernist use as the point of departure the well-established Islamic concept of maslaha (the public interest or common good.) For those schools that place priority on the role of maslaha in Islamic thinking, Islam by definition serves the common good; therefore, if a given policy or position demonstrably does not serve the public interest it simply is "not Islam". This formulation is used by the huge <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> movement in Indonesia, among others. The pioneering Egyptian Islamic thinker Muhammad `Abdu spoke in similar terms when he criticized Muslim neglect of the concept of `common good` and rulers' emphasis on obedience above justice."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a> believed Islamic law could consider the welfare of those who broke Islamic law and go beyond what was "explicitly supported" by the Quran. </p> <blockquote><p>Islam approves of all policy which creates good and eradicates evil even when it is not based on any revelation. That is how the Companions of the Prophet understood Islam. Abu Bakr, for example, appointed Umar to succeed him without precedent. Umar suspended the Quranically mandated punishment of hand amputation during a famine, he suspended it also when he discovered that two thieves, the employees of Hatib, were under-paid. And so on.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignoring_problems_with_the_development_of_orthodox_Sharia">Ignoring problems with the development of orthodox Sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ignoring problems with the development of orthodox Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finally there is the question of accuracy of the <i>ahadith</i> or sayings of the Prophet which forms the basis of most Sharia law. The sayings were not written down for some generations but transmitted orally. An elaborate method has been developed to verify and rate hadith according to levels of authenticity, including <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnad</a> or chains of the hadith's transmission. Nonetheless these were often not essential elements "in the dissemination of a hadith ... before the 9th century, when the collections were completed. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Joseph Schacht</a>'s extensive research on the development of the Shariah has shown how quite a large number of widely acknowledged hadith had their chain of transmission added conjecturally so as to make them appear more authentic. Hence Schacht's maxim: `the more perfect the isnad, the later the tradition.`" But as a non-Muslim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orientialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orientialist (page does not exist)">Orientialist</a>, the persuasive authority of Schacht and his works are limited.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from these doubts of ahadith, orthodox and Islamist teachers ignore the history of the development of Islamic jurisprudence over centuries maintaining that "Islamic law has not come into being the way conventional law has." It did not begin "with a few rules that gradually multiplied or with rudimentary concepts refined by cultural process with the passage of time."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in fact, according to Aslan, "that is exactly how the Shariah developed: `with rudimentary concepts refined by cultural process with the passage of time.' This was a process influenced not only by local cultural practices but by both Talmudic and Roman law. ... the sources from which these [early schools of law] formed their traditions, especially ijma, allowed for the evolution of thought. For this reason, their opinions of the Ulama ... were constantly adapting to contemporary situations, and the law itself was continually reinterpreted and reapplied as necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.167_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.167-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime at madrassas in the Muslim world, thousands of "young Muslims are indoctrinated in a revival of Traditionalist orthodoxy especially with regard to the static, literalist interpretation of the Quran and the divine, infallible nature of the Shariah."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.167_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.167-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsion_in_Sharia">Compulsion in Sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Compulsion in Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamist governments such as Iran's have emphasized compulsion in personal behavior (such as the wearing of hijab) enforced with religious police. The question here is, if compelling people to obey Shariah law means they may be obeying out of fear of punishment by men rather than devotion to God's law, and whether this obedience from fear negates the merit of the act in the eyes of God. Compulsion in religious observance deprives "the observant of the credit for following God's order through personal volition. Only free acts of piety and worship have merit in God's eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:64_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:64-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_of_hijab">Case of hijab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Case of hijab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">Hijab</a>, or covering of a woman's head and body, is arguably "the most distinctive emblem of Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.65-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compulsory wearing of the hijab is also a hallmark of Islamist states such as Iran and famously the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> Afghanistan. In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, the Prosecutor-General, Abolfazl Musavi-Tabrizi has been quoted as saying: "Any one who rejects the principle of hijab in Iran is an <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a> and the punishment for an apostate under Islamic law is death" (August 15, 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taliban's Islamic Emirate requires women to cover not only their head but their face as well, because "the face of a woman is a source of corruption" for men not related to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gohari_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gohari-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> Afghan women were required to wear in public was the most drastic form of hijab with very limited vision. Both states claim they are simply enforcing Sharia law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"True terror" has reportedly been used to enforce hijab "in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>," according to a <a href="/wiki/Rand_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand Corporation">Rand Corporation</a> commentary by Cheryl Benard. "[H]undreds of women have been blinded or maimed when acid was thrown on their unveiled faces by male fanatics who considered them improperly dressed," for failure to wear hijab.<sup id="cite_ref-BenardFrench_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenardFrench-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example being use of acid against women by Islamist leader <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a> in the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Jamestown2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamestown2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2001 "<a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">acid attack</a> on four young Muslim women in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> ... by an unknown militant outfit, and the swift compliance by women of all ages on the issue of wearing the <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chadar</a> (head-dress) in public."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamists in other countries have been accused of attacking or threatening to attack the faces of women in an effort to intimidate them from wearing of makeup or allegedly immodest dress.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But according to some critics there is a real question as to the scriptural or historical basis of this basic issue of Muslim women's lives. According to Leila Ahmed, nowhere in the whole of the Quran is "the term hijab applied to any woman other than the wives of Muhammad."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.65-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such critics claim that the veil predates the revelation of the Quran as it "was introduced into Arabia long before Muhammad, primarily through Arab contacts with Syria and Iran, where the hijab was a sign of social status. After all, only a woman who need not work in the fields could afford to remain secluded and veiled. ... In the Muslim community "there was no tradition of veiling until around 627 C.E."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.65-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_of_ridda">Case of ridda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Case of ridda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a></div> <p>Traditionally <i>ridda</i>, or converting from Islam to another religion is a capital crime in Islam. Islamists have been noted for their enthusiasm in enforcing the penalty. But like hijab however, there is question over the scriptural or historical basis of the proscribed sentence of death. According to reformist author Reza Aslan, belief in the death sentence for apostates originated with early Caliph Abu Bakr's "<a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">war</a> against tribes that had annulled their oath of allegiance to the Prophet." The war was to "prevent Muhammad's community from dissolving back into the old tribal system," but was a political and not a religious war. "Still, the Riddah Wars did have the regrettable consequence of permanently associating apostasy (denying one's faith) with treason (denying the central authority of the Caliph)," which made apostasy "a capital crime in Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innovations_to_Islam">Innovations to Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Innovations to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tendency_towards_modernism">Tendency towards modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tendency towards modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics have noted that Islamists have claimed to uphold eternal religious/political principles but sometimes change with the times, for example embracing "far more modern and egalitarian" interpretations of social justice – including socialist ideas – than the rightly guided caliphs would ever have conceived of.<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:26_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:26-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamists in power in the Islamic Republic of Iran, have had to "quietly put aside" traditional Islamic divorce and inheritance law and replace them with statutes addressing "contemporary Iranian social needs," according to Graham Fuller.<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:30_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:30-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another critic, Asghar Schirazi, has followed the progress of changes in divorce law in Iran, starting with the western innovation of court divorce for women – a deviation from traditional Islamic <a href="/wiki/Divorce_(Islamic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce (Islamic)">Talaq</a> divorce introduced before the Islamic Revolution. Court divorce went from being denounced by the Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1960s as the product of orders by "agents of foreign powers for the purpose of annihilating Islam," to the law of the land in the Islamic Republic by 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other loosening of prohibitions on previously unIslamic activity in the Islamic Republic include allowing the broadcast of music,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church-like_structures">Church-like structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Church-like structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Shahrough Akhavi, church-like behavior is found in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> where the state demand for obedience to the fatawa of supreme cleric Khomeini strongly resembled the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a> of the Roman Catholic Church (despite the infallibility not having been invoked by any Pope in more than 400 years), and where the demotion of a rival of Khomeini, Ayatollah Muhammad Kazim Shari`atmadari (d. 1986), resembled "<a href="/wiki/Defrocking" title="Defrocking">defrocking</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Excommunicating" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicating">excommunicating</a>," despite the fact that "no machinery for this has ever existed in Islam." </p> <blockquote><p>Other trends, such as centralized control over budgets, appointments to the professoriate, curricula in the seminaries, the creation of religious militias, monopolizing the representation of interests, and mounting a Kulturkampf in the realm of the arts, the family, and other social issues tell of the growing tendency to create an "Islamic episcopacy" in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_political_concepts">Western political concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Western political concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One critic has compiled a list of concepts borrowed from the West and alien to the Sharia used in the constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran: 'sovereignty of the people' (hakemiyat-e melli), '<a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>' (mellat), 'the rights of the nation' (hoquq-e mellat), 'the legislature' (qovveh-e moqannaneb), 'the judiciary' (qovveh-e qaza'iyeh), '<a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>' (majles), '<a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>' (jomhuri), 'consultation of the people' (hameh-porsi), '<a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>' (entekhabat).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idea_of_historical_progress">Idea of historical progress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Idea of historical progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sayyid Qutb adopted the "<a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> notion of stages of history", with the demise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and its replacement with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, but then adding yet another stage, the ultimate Islamic triumph. Islam would replace communism after humanity realized communism could not fulfill its spiritual needs, and Islam was "the only candidate for the leadership of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminism">Feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>But in explaining Islam's or Islamism's superiority in its treatment of women, many Islamists take positions unknown to the early Muslims they seek to emulate. Founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hasan al-Banna believed "Muslim women have been free and independent for fifteen centuries. Why should we follow the example of Western women, so dependent on their husbands in material matters?"<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President of the Islamic Republic of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> boasted that "under the Islamic Republic, women have full rights to participate in social, cultural, and political activities;"<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did Islamist Hasan at-Turabi, the former leader of Sudan: "Today in Sudan, women are in the army, in the police, in the ministries, everywhere, on the same footing as men." Turabi explains that "a woman who is not veiled is not the equal of men. She is not looked on as one would look on a man. She is looked at to see if she is beautiful, if she is desirable. When she is veiled, she is considered a human being, not an object of pleasure, not an erotic image."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Islam emphasized man's relation with God and living by Sharia, but not the state "which meant almost nothing to them but trouble ... taxes, conscription, corvée labor." Islamists and revivalists embrace the state, in statements like: Islam "is rich with instructions for ruling a state, running an economy, establishing social links and relationships among the people and instructions for running a family,"<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Islam is not precepts or worship, but a system of government."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than comparing their movement against other religions, Islamists are prone to say "We are not socialist, we are not capitalist, we are Islamic."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his famous 1988 appeal to Gorbachev to replace Communism with Islam, Imam Khomeini talked about the need for a "real belief in God" and the danger of materialism, but said nothing about the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">five pillars</a>, did not mention Muhammad or monotheism. What he did say was that "nowadays Marxism in its economic and social approaches, is facing a blind alley" and that "the Islamic Republic of Iran can easily supply the solution the believing vacuum of your country". Materialism is mentioned in the context of "materialistic ideology." <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation_in_Sharia">Innovation in Sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Innovation in Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally Sharia law was elaborated by independent jurist scholars, had precedence over state interests, and was applied to people rather than territories. "[T]he caliph, though otherwise the absolute chief of the community of Muslims, had not the right to legislate but only to make administrative regulations with the limits laid down by the sacred Law."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamists in Iran and Sudan extended the purview of Sharia but gave the state, not independent jurists, authority over it. The most extreme example of this was the Ayatollah Khomeini's declaration in 1988 that "the government is authorized unilaterally to abolish its lawful accords with the people and ... to prevent any matter, be it spiritual or material, that poses a threat to its interests." Which meant that, "for Islam, the requirements of government supersede every tenet, including even those of prayer, fasting and pilgrimage to Mecca."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Something not even <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, the most committed Muslim secularist, dared to do. </p><p>Traditionally Sharia applied to people rather than territories – Muslims were to obey wherever they were, non-Muslims were exempt. The idea that law was based on jurisdictions – with towns, states, counties each having their own laws – was a European import. "Turabi declares that Islam `accepts territory as the basis of jurisdiction.`<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, national differences have emerged. The Libyan government lashes all adulterers. Pakistan lashes unmarried offenders and stones married ones. The Sudan imprisons some and hangs others. Iran has even more punishments, including head shaving and a year's banishment.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the new Islamist interpretation, the "millennium-old exclusion" of non-Muslims "from the Sharia is over." <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Umar Abd ar-Rahman</a>, the blind sheikh, "is adamant on this subject: `it is very well known that no minority in any country has its own laws.`<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_economics">Islamic economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Islamic economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamist (or Islamic) economics</a> have been particularly contemptuous, alleging that effort of "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance;" <sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> driven by "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>" rather than <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source has dismissed it as "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas," in theory and "nothing more than inefficient state control of the economy and some almost equally ineffective redistribution policies," in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:89_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:89-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In a political and regional context where Islamist and ulema claim to have an opinion about everything, it is striking how little they have to say about this most central of human activities, beyond repetitious pieties about how their model is neither capitalist nor socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:89_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:89-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riba">Riba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Riba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One complaint comes from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> were Islamization, includes banning of interest on loans or <a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a>, got underway with military ruler General <a href="/wiki/Zia_al-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia al-Haq">Zia al-Haq</a> (1977–1988), a supporter of "Islamic resurgence" who pledged to eliminate `the curse of interest.` One critic of this attempt, Kemal A. Faruki, complained that (at least in their initial attempts) Islamizers wasted much effort on "learned discussions on riba" and ... doubtful distinctions between `interest` and `guaranteed profits,` etc." in Western-style banks, "while turning a blind eye" to a far more serious problem outside of the formal, Western-style banking system: </p> <blockquote><p>usury perpetrated on the illiterate and the poor by <i>soodkhuris</i> (lit. `devourers of usury`). These officially registered moneylenders under the Moneylenders Act are permitted to lend at not more than 1% below the State Bank rate. In fact they are Mafia-like individuals who charge interest as high as 60% per annum collected ruthlessly in monthly installments and refuse to accept repayment of the principal sum indefinitely. Their tactics include intimidation and force. <sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_justice">Social justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the same note, another critic has attacked Islamist organizations in that country for silence about "any kind of genuine social or economic revolution, except to urge, appropriately, that laws, including taxation, be universally applied." In the strongly Islamic country of Pakistan for example, this despite the fact that "social injustice is rampant, extreme poverty exists, and a feudal political and social order are deeply rooted from eras preceding the country's founding."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:26_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:26-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of interest is not unique to Pakistan. "The great questions of gross maldistribution of economic benefits, huge disparities in income, and feudal systems of landholding and human control remain largely outside the Islamist critique."<sup id="cite_ref-GFFPI2003:196_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFFPI2003:196-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enmity_towards_the_West">Enmity towards the West</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Enmity towards the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_against_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Islam">War against Islam</a></div> <p>Major Islamist figures such as Sayyid Qutb and Ayatollah Khomeini emphasize antipathy towards non-Muslims and anything un-Islamic. Sayyid Qutb, for example, opposed co-existence with non-Muslims and believed the world divided into "truth and falsehood" – Islam being truth and everything else being falsehood. "Islam cannot accept or agree to a situation which is half-Islam and half-Jahiliyyah ... The mixing and co-existence of the truth and falsehood is impossible,"<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:130_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:130-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western civilization itself was "evil and corrupt," a "rubbish heap."<sup id="cite_ref-SQM1981:139_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQM1981:139-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olivier Roy explains Islamist attacks on Jews, Christians and other non-Muslims as a need for a scapegoat for failure. </p> <blockquote><p>Since Islam has an answer to everything, the troubles from which Muslim society is suffering are due to nonbelievers and to plots, whether Zionist or Christian. Attacks against Jews and Christians appear regularly in neofundamentalist articles. In Egypt, Copts are physically attacked. In Afghanistan, the presence of western humanitarians, who are associated with Christian missionaries [despite the fact that many if not most have secular often leftist backgrounds] is denounced.<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:85_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:85-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verses_of_the_Quran_and_enmity">Verses of the Quran and enmity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Verses of the Quran and enmity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Religious_text_primary plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>uses <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts from within a religion or faith system</a></b> without referring to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">secondary sources</a> that critically analyze them.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit">improve this article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>But whatever the explanation, the sentiments of Qutb and Khomeini seem to clash with <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> calls for moderation and toleration according to critics: </p> <blockquote><p>`all those who believe – the Jews, the Sabians, the Christians – anyone who believes in Allah and the Last Days, and who does good deeds, will have nothing to fear or regret.` <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D69">5:69</a>]</sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>`We believe in what has been revealed to us, just as we believe in what has been revealed to you [i.e. Jews and Christians] Our God and Your God are the same; and it is to Him we submit.` <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D29%3Averse%3D46">29:46</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another points out ayat endorsing diversity: </p> <blockquote><p>"If thy Lord had willed, He would have made humankind into a single nation, but they will not cease to be diverse ... And, for this God created them [humankind]" <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D11%3Averse%3D118">11:118</a>]</sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>"To each of you God has prescribed a Law and a Way. If God would have willed, He would have made you a single people. But God's purpose is to test you in what He has given each of you, so strive in the pursuit of virtue, and know that you will all return to God [in the Hereafter], and He will resolve all the matters in which you disagree." <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D48">5:48</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>... and ayat that seem to be at odds with <a href="/wiki/Offensive_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive jihad">offensive jihad</a> against non-Muslims Qutb and others promote: </p> <blockquote><p>"If your enemy inclines towards peace, then you should seek peace and trust in God" <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D8%3Averse%3D61">8:61</a>]</sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>"... If God would have willed, He would have given the unbelievers power over you [Muslims], and they would have fought you [Muslims], Therefore, if they [the unbelievers] withdraw from you and refuse to fight you, and instead send you guarantees of peace, know that God has not given you a license [to fight them]." <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D90">4:90</a>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>As Abu al-Fadl says, "these discussions of peace would not make sense if Muslims were in a permanent state of war with nonbelievers, and if nonbelievers were a permanent enemy and always a legitimate target."<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunna_and_enmity">Sunna and enmity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sunna and enmity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The policies of the prophet – whose behavior during the 23 years of his ministry makes up <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> or model for all Muslims – after conquering Mecca were notably light on bloodletting. While everyone was required to take an oath of allegiance to him and never again wage war against him, he "declared a general amnesty for most of his enemies, including those he had fought in battle. Despite the fact that islamic law now made the Quraysh his slaves, Muhammad declared all of Mecca's inhabitants (including its slaves) to be free. Only six men and four women were put to death for various crimes, and not one was forced to convert to Islam, though everyone had to take an oath of allegiance never again to wage war against the Prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_conspiracies_against_Islam">Alleged conspiracies against Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Alleged conspiracies against Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khomeini believed "imperialists" – British and then American – had 300-year-long "elaborate plans for assuming control of" the East, the purpose of which was "to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state so they can exploit our riches, our underground wealth, our lands and our human resources. They want us to remain afflicted and wretched, and our poor to be trapped in their misery ... "<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One complaint of this approach by critics is that these "conspiracy theor[ies]" revolving around the "ready-to-wear devil" of the West are "currently paralyzing Muslim political thought. For to say that every failure is the devil's work is the same as asking God, or the devil himself (which is to say these days the Americans), to solve one's problems."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:19-20_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:19-20-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Crusades">Christian Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Christian Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The belief of some, such as Sayyid Qutb, that the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> were an attack on Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or at least "a wanton and predatory aggression" against Muslim countries from which Muslims developed a rightful mistrust of Christians/Europeans/Westerners, has been called into question. </p><p>According to historian Bernard Lewis, the Crusades were indeed religious wars for Christians, but to </p> <blockquote><p>recover the lost lands of Christendom and in particular the holy land where Christ had lived, taught and died. In this connection, it may be recalled that when the Crusaders arrived in the Levant not much more than four centuries had passed since the Arab Muslim conquerors had wrested theses lands from Christendom – less than half the time from the Crusades to the present day – and that a substantial proportion of the population of these lands, perhaps even a majority, was still Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Arab Muslim contemporaries of the Crusaders did not refer to them as "Crusaders or Christians but as Franks or Infidels". Rather than raging at their aggression, "with few exceptions, the Muslim historians show little interest in whence or why the Franks had come, and report their arrival and their departure with equal lack of curiosity."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis,_1993_p.13_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_1993_p.13-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crusaders and Muslims allied with each other against other alliances of Crusaders and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than being event of such trauma that Muslims developed an old and deep fear of Christians/Europeans/Westerners from it, the crusaders' invasion was just one of many such by barbarians coming from "East and West alike" during this time of "Muslim weakness and division."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis,_1993_p.13_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis,_1993_p.13-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis argues that any traumatization from the Crusades felt by Muslims surely would pale in comparison to what European Christendom felt from Islam. The Crusades started in 1096 and the Crusaders lost their last toe-hold when the city of Acre, was taken less than two hundred years later in 1291, whereas Europe felt under constant threat from Islam, "from the first Moorish landing in Spain [711] to the second Turkish siege of Vienna [1683]." </p> <blockquote><p> All but the easternmost provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity. North Africa, Egypt, Syria, even Persian-ruled Iraq had been Christian countries, in which Christianity was older and more deeply rooted than in most of Europe. Their loss was sorely felt and heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe. In Spain and in Sicily, Muslim faith and Arab culture exercised a powerful attraction, and even those who remained faithful to the Christian religion often adopted the Arabic language."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>William Cantwell Smith observes that </p> <blockquote><p>until Karl Marx and the rise of communism, the Prophet organized and launched the only serious challenge to Western civilization that it has faced in the whole course of its history ... Islam is the only positive force that has won converts away from Christianity – by the tens of millions ...<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_Muslim_world_into_many_separate_states">Division of Muslim world into many separate states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Division of Muslim world into many separate states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Ayatollah Khomeini and other Islamists, one glaring example of an attempt by the West to weaken the Muslim world was the division of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a>, the largest Muslim state and home of the Caliph, into 20 or so "artificially created separate nations," when that empire fell in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western powers did partition the Arab world (which made up most of the Ottoman empire) after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, while the general Arab Muslim sentiment in much of the 20th Century was for <i>wahda</i> (unity).<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:100_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:100-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In exampling the question of whether this was a case of "<a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a>" policy by Western imperialists, international relations scholar <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a> points out there were plenty of other explanations for the continued division: rivalries between different Arab rulers and the reluctance of distinct regional populations to share statehood or power with other Arabs, rivalries between Saudi Arabia and Yemen in the Peninsula or between Egypt and Syria. Anger in Syria over Egyptian dominance in the United Arab Republic that led to its division in 1961. The difficulty of unifying a large group of states even though they share much the desire, the same language, culture and religion is mirrored in the failure of Latin America to merge in the first decades of the 19th century after the Spanish withdrawal, when "broad aspirations, inspired by Simon Bolivar, for Latin American unity foundered on regional, elite and popular resistance, which ended up yielding, as in the Arab world, around twenty distinct states."<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:100_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:100-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The more general claim that imperialism and colonialism divide in order to rule is, in broad terms, simplistic: the overall record of colonialism has been to merge and unite previously disparate entities, be this in 16th century Ireland, 19th-century India and Sudan or 20th century Libya and Southern Arabia. The British supported the formation of the League of Arab states in 1945 and tried, in the event unsuccessfully, to create united federations first in Southern Arabia (1962–67) and then in the Gulf states (1968–71). As <a href="/wiki/Sami_Zubaida" title="Sami Zubaida">Sami Zubaida</a> has pointed out in his talks, imperialism in fact tends to unite and rule. It is independent states such as India and Pakistan (later Pakistan and Bangladesh), as well as Ireland, Cyprus and indeed, the USSR and Yugoslavia, that promote fragmentation."<sup id="cite_ref-FH100M2005:102_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH100M2005:102-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamists, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Robert S. Wistrich</a>, are the primary force behind <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism#Twenty-first_century" title="History of antisemitism">21st century antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_Jewish_conspiracies_against_Islam">Alleged Jewish conspiracies against Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Alleged Jewish conspiracies against Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamists from the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood on the moderate end ("Such are the Jews, my brother, Muslim lion cub, your enemies and the enemies of God"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), to the bin Laden at the extreme ("Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery"<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), have issued powerful and categorical <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Jewish</a> statements. </p><p>Among Islamist opinion makers, both Qutb and Khomeini talked about Jews as both early and innate enemies of Islam. Qutb believed that </p> <blockquote><p>At the beginning the enemies of the Muslim community did not fight openly with arms but tried to fight the community in its belief through intrigue, spreading ambiguities, creating suspicions.</p></blockquote> <p>And goes on to say, "the Jews are behind materialism, animal sexuality, the destruction of the family and the dissolution of society."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khomeini mentions the "Jews of Banu Qurayza", who were eliminated by Muhammad, as an example of the sort of "troublesome group" that Islam and the Islamic state must "eliminate."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explains that "from the very beginning, the historical movement of Islam has had to contend with the Jews, for it was they who first established anti-Islamic propaganda and engaged in various stratagems."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Qutb's anti-Judaism has been criticized as obsessive and irrational by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon who quote him saying </p><blockquote><p>that `anyone who leads this community away from its religion and its Quran can only be Jewish agent` – in other words, any source of division, anyone who undermines the relationship between Muslims and their faith is by definition a Jew. The Jews thus become the incarnation of all that is anti-Islamic, and such is their supposed animosity that they will never relent `because the Jews will be satisfied only with destruction of this religion [Islam].` The struggle with the Jews will be a war without rules, since `from such creatures who kill, massacre and defame prophets one can only expect the spilling of human blood and dirty means which would further their machinations and evilness.` <sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_Jewish_conspiracy_against_Muhammad">Alleged Jewish conspiracy against Muhammad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Alleged Jewish conspiracy against Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>But specifically there is the legend of Jews conspired against Muhammad, those Jews being the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> mentioned by Khomeini, a tribe that collaborated with the Quraysh, the Muslims' powerful enemy, and whose men were executed and women and children sold into slavery in 627 AD as punishment. </p><p>That this event was the beginning of a Jewish-Muslim struggle is disputed by religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>The execution of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> was not, as it has so often been presented, reflective of an intrinsic religious conflict between Muhammad and the Jews. This theory, which is sometimes presented as an incontestable doctrine... is founded on the belief that Muhammad ... came to Medina fully expecting the Jews to confirm his identity as a prophet ... To his surprise, however the Jews not only rejected him but strenuously argued against the authenticity of the Qur’an as divine revelation. Worried that the rejection of the Jews would somehow discredit his prophetic claims, Muhammad had not choice but to turn violently against them, separate his community from theirs ...<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Aslan believes this theory is refuted by historical evidence: </p> <ul><li>The Banu Qurayza were not executed for being Jews. Non-Jews were also executed following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>. "As Michael Lecker has demonstrated, a significant number of the Banu Kilab – Arab clients of the Qurayza who allied with them as an auxiliary force outside Medina – were also executed for treason."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Jews did not protest or side with the Banu Qurayza, and these Jews were left alone.</li> <li>Most Jews were untouched. The 400 to 700 Banu Qurayza men killed were "no more than a tiny fraction of the total population of Jews who resided in Medina" who are estimated to have been between 24,000 and 28,000<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "remained in the oasis living amicably alongside their Muslim neighbors for many years" until they were expelled "under the leadership of Umar near the end of the seventh century C.E." along with all the other non-Muslims "as part of a larger Islamization process throughout the Arabian Peninsula."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.94_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.94-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Scholars almost unanimously agree, the execution of the Banu Qurayza did not in any way set a precedent for future treatment of Jews in Islamic territories. On the contrary, Jews throve under Muslim rule, especially after Islam expanded into Byzantine lands, where Orthodox rulers routinely persecuted both Jews and non-Orthodox Christians for their religious beliefs, often forcing them to convert to Imperial Christianity under penalty of death. In contrast, Muslim law, which provided Jews and Christians `protected peoples` <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> status, neither required nor encouraged their conversion to Islam. ... In return for a special `protection tax` called jizyah, Muslim law allowed Jews and Christians both religious autonomy and the opportunity to share in the social and economic institutions ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.94_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.94-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>"Finally and most importantly, ... Jewish clans in Medina – themselves Arab converts – were barely distinguishable from their pagan counterparts either culturally or, for that matter, religiously." </p> <ul><li>They spoke a language called ratan, and "[t]here is no evidence that they either spoke or understood <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. Indeed, their knowledge of the Hebrew Scripture was likely limited to just a few scrolls of law, some prayer books, and a handful of fragmentary Arabic translations of the Torah – What S. W. Baron refers to as a `garbled, oral tradition.`"<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They "neither strictly observed <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Mosaic law</a>, nor seemed to have any real knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>," nor were Israelites, which, according to J.G. Reissener, precluded them from being considered Jews. A non-Israelites Jew being required to be `a follower of the Mosaic Law ... in accordance with the principles laid down in the Talmud,` according to the strong consensus of opinion among Diaspora Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In "their culture, ethnics, and even their religion, Medina's Jews ... were practically identical to Medina's pagan community, with whom they freely interacted and (against Mosaic law) frequently intermarried."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archeologists haven't found any "easily identifiable archeological evidence of a significant Jewish presence" at Medina. The usual "indicators – such as the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone vessels (Judaism)">stone vessels</a>, the ruins of immersion pools (<a href="/wiki/Miqva%27ot" class="mw-redirect" title="Miqva'ot">miqva'ot</a>), and the interment of ossuaries – must be present at a site in order to confirm the existence there of an established Jewish religious identity."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hopes_for_world_success_and_mass_conversion">Hopes for world success and mass conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Hopes for world success and mass conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The worldwide ambition for both Islam and Islamist systems by Islamist leaders is indicated by Maududi who describes Islam in one of his books as </p> <blockquote><p>a comprehensive system which envisages to annihilate all tyrannical and evil systems in the world and enforces its own programme of reform which it deems best for the well-being of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mass conversion around the world of non-Muslims to Islam would greatly facilitate enforcing an Islamist program, and according to Olivier Roy, "today's Islamist activists are obsessed with conversion: rumors that Western celebrities or entire groups are converting are hailed enthusiastically by the core militants."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:6-7_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:6-7-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from the complaint that pushing for mass conversion of non-Muslims to a different religion and culture is intolerant of their beliefs and aggressive, Olivier Roy argues "the age of converting entire peoples is past," and it is simply unrealistic in an era where religious belief is considered a personal matter. Likewise, a strategy to gradually convert non-Muslims "until the number of conversions shifts the balance of the society," is also problematic. Converts to Islam "in a Christian environment" are generally "marginalized", "fanatics" or a "true mystics," in any case people who seldom have any desire or ability to join or build "a mass movement."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:6-7_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:6-7-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_of_results">Failure of results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Failure of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_Islamists_in_power">Failure of Islamists in power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Failure of Islamists in power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of the failure of personal virtue and disinterest in "building institutions" capable of handling the corruption of power and human frailty is manifest, (Roy believes), in the Islamic Republic of Iran and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Afghanistan_(1992-1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Afghanistan (1992-1996)">mujahideen Afghanistan</a>. In both cases the heroic Islamic self-sacrifice that brought Islamist insurgents to power was followed by notably un-heroic and un-virtuous governance of the victorious warriors "demanding their due" in spoils and corruption,<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:66-7_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:66-7-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or abandon politics to "climbers, careerists, and unscrupulous businessmen."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:195_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:195-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamists were no more successful than "other ideologies", in proving immune to the corruption of power. </p><p>In Iran the failure is seen not just in lack of support for Islamist government, but in the decline of the Islamic revival. "Mosques are packed" where Islamists are out of power, but "they empty out when Islamism takes power." In "Islamist Iran ... one almost never sees a person praying in the street."<sup id="cite_ref-ORFPI1994:199_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORFPI1994:199-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic jurists, which form a politically privileged class in Iran "were generally treated with elaborate courtesy" in the early years of the revolution. "'Nowadays, clerics are sometimes insulted by schoolchildren and taxi drivers and they quite often put on normal clothes when venturing outside Qom."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disillusionment with what he calls the "faltering ideology" can also be found in Sudan, with Erbakan in Turkey, or in the Algerian guerilla war.<sup id="cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:13-4_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GKJTPI2002:13-4-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 2020, Mustafa Akyol suggests a "Post-Islamist" backlash against Islamism among Muslim youth has come from all the "terrible things" that have happened in the Arab world recently "in the name of Islam" – such as the "sectarian civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Turkey, the "moderate Islamist" AKP (<a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a>) government of President <a href="/wiki/Tayyip_Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayyip Erdogan">Tayyip Erdogan</a> has been in power for nearly twenty years and worked assiduously to cultivate a new "pious generation." Yet a report by a local branch Turkey's Ministry of Education recently warned of a "spread of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a> among the youth" even in state sponsored religious schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Akyol does not include Erdogan or his AKP party in any post-Islamist configuration.) Akyol quotes religious conservative (Temel Karamollaoglu) who broke with Erdogan government and warns of "an empire of fear, a dictatorship in Turkey by those who claim to represent religion," which is "pushing people away from the religion." Sociologist Mucahit Bilici describes Turkey having undergone an "organic secularization, entirely civic and happening not at the behest of, but in spite of, the state. It is the consequence of a local, indigenous enlightenment, a flowering of post-Islamist sentiment."<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, Akyol quotes Nicolas Pelham saying that from all visible signs in the capital Tehran, the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Islamic Revolution</a> has not re-Islamized Iranian society as much as the de-Islamized it. Islamic laws to enforce <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> and forbid alcohol all but openly flouted.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sudan, following the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Revolution</a> toppling Islamist dictator <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> "security forces found over $350 million dollars in cash" in his residence alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Abdelwahab El-Affendi, Islamism has come "to signify corruption, hypocrisy, cruelty and bad faith" in that country. "Sudan is perhaps the first genuinely anti-Islamist country in popular terms."<sup id="cite_ref-El-Affendi-Sudan-2018_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El-Affendi-Sudan-2018-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls taken by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Barometer" title="Arab Barometer">Arab Barometer</a> in six Arab countries – Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Iraq and Libya – found "Arabs are losing faith in religious parties and leaders." In 2018–19, in all six countries, fewer than 20% of those asked whether they trusted Islamist parties answered in the affirmative. That percentage had fallen (in all six countries) from when the same question was asked in 2012–14. Mosque attendance also declined more than 10 points on average, and the share of those Arabs describing themselves as "not religious" went from 8% in 2013 to 13% in 2018–19.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Syria, Sham al-Ali reports "Rising apostasy among Syrian youths".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_Islamist_policies">Failure of Islamist policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Failure of Islamist policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Separation_of_the_sexes">Separation of the sexes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Separation of the sexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorough <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> covering for women and separation of the sexes has been advocated by Islamists such as Abul A'la Maududi who argue it prevents men from "being distracted by women" and allow them "to successfully carry out their jobs in society",<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqui_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqui-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but critics have complained of the lack of correlation between separation and respect for women. In the country with perhaps the strictest policy of separation of the sexes (Saudi Arabia) one disillusioned Islamist (Ed Husain), who worked as an English teacher was startled at the attitude of Saudi Arabian men towards women. Husain complained that despite the strict Saudi policy separation of the sexes that he wished to emulate as an Islamist, he heard harrowing stories of kidnapping of women and encountered downloading of hard core pornography by his students that he never encountered in Britain or the more "secular" Syrian Republic where he also taught. Despite his wife's modest dress </p> <blockquote> <p>out of respect for local custom, she wore the long black abaya and covered her hair in a black scarf. In all the years I had known my wife, never had I seen her appear so dull ... Yet on two occasions she was accosted by passing Saudi youths from their cars. ... In supermarkets I only had to be away from Faye for five minutes and Saudi men would hiss or whisper obscenities as they walked past. When Faye discussed their experiences with local women at the British Council they said, `Welcome to Saudi Arabia` </p><p>Had I not reached Saudi Arabia utterly convinced of my own faith and identity, then I might well have lost both. Wahhabism and its rigidity could easily have repelled me from Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Husain-women_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husain-women-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_to_fascist_ideology">Comparisons to fascist ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Comparisons to fascist ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park,_Sydney_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG/220px-Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG/330px-Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG/440px-Islamic_Protest_in_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Islamist protest in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Suleyman_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Suleyman Schwartz">Stephen Suleyman Schwartz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CH1022_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH1022-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> find some elements of Islamism <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascistic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Malise Ruthven</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> writer and historian who writes on religion and Islamic affairs, opposes redefining Islamism as "<a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a>", but also finds the resemblances between the two ideologies "compelling".<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_del_Valle" title="Alexandre del Valle">Alexandre del Valle</a> compared Islamism with fascism and communism in his <i><a href="/wiki/Red-green-brown_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-green-brown alliance">Red-green-brown alliance</a></i> theory.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Reds,_The_Browns_and_the_Greens_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Reds,_The_Browns_and_the_Greens-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorism">Islamist terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_movements_within_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal movements within Islam">Liberal movements within Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Islam">War against Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_&_organisations"><span id="Books_.26_organisations"></span>Books & organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Books & organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Islamist" title="The Islamist">The Islamist</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="AEFGT2005" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIrLjWF98FIC&q=Abou+El+Fadl+great+theft"><i>Great Theft: wrestling Islam from the extremists</i></a>. New York: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061744754" title="Special:BookSources/9780061744754"><bdi>9780061744754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Theft%3A+wrestling+Islam+from+the+extremists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780061744754&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIrLjWF98FIC%26q%3DAbou%2BEl%2BFadl%2Bgreat%2Btheft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abu al-Fadl, Khaled, <i>The Place of Tolerance in Islam</i>, Beacon Press, 2002</li> <li>Ankerl, Guy, <i>Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati,</i> Chinese, and Western. INUPress, Geneva, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2881550045" title="Special:BookSources/2881550045">2881550045</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RANGBG2005" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC&q=No+god+but+God:+The+Origins,+Evolution,+and+Future+of+Islam"><i>No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679643777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679643777"><bdi>978-0679643777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+god+but+God%3A+The+Origins%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Future+of+Islam&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0679643777&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRmSGOjiE2oC%26q%3DNo%2Bgod%2Bbut%2BGod%3A%2BThe%2BOrigins%2C%2BEvolution%2C%2Band%2BFuture%2Bof%2BIslam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boulares, Habib, <i>Islam, The Fear And The Hope</i>, Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1990</li> <li>Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn ed., <i>Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy,</i> Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GFFPI2003" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Graham E. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofpolitica00full"><i>The Future of Political Islam</i></a></span>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403965561" title="Special:BookSources/9781403965561"><bdi>9781403965561</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Future of Political Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781403965561&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofpolitica00full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FH100M2005" class="citation book cs1">Halliday, Fred (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onehundredmythsa0000hall"><i>100 Myths about the Middle East</i></a></span>. Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520247215" title="Special:BookSources/9780520247215"><bdi>9780520247215</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>100 Myths about the Middle East,.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Myths+about+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520247215&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonehundredmythsa0000hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GKJTPI2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0"><i>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010901" title="Special:BookSources/9780674010901"><bdi>9780674010901</bdi></a>. <q>Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674010901&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihad00gill_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="KAFPTI2002" class="citation book cs1">Abou el-Fadl, Khaled (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou"><i>The Place of Tolerance in Islam</i></a></span>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807002292" title="Special:BookSources/9780807002292"><bdi>9780807002292</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Place of Tolerance in Islam by Khaled Abou El Fadl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Tolerance+in+Islam&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780807002292&rft.aulast=Abou+el-Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaceoftolerance0000abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Khomeini, Ruhollah. Algar, Hamid (translator and editor). <i>Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini</i>. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981</li> <li>Lewis, Bernard, <i>Islam and the West</i> by Bernard Lewis, Oxford University Press, 1993</li> <li>Maalouf, Amin, <i>The Crusades Through Arab Eyes</i> (1985)</li> <li>Mawdudi, S. Abul A'la, <i>Islamic Law and Constitution</i>, edited and translated into English by Khursid Ahmad, Jamaat-e-Islami Publications, 1955</li> <li>Meddeb, Abelwahab (2003). <i>The Malady of Islam</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465044352" title="Special:BookSources/0465044352">0465044352</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SQM1981" class="citation book cs1">Qutb, Sayyid (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holybooks.com/milestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed/"><i>Milestones</i></a>. The Mother Mosque Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones&rft.pub=The+Mother+Mosque+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Qutb&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holybooks.com%2Fmilestones-by-syed-qutb-shaheed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ORFPI1994" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo"><i>The Failure of Political Islam</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674291416" title="Special:BookSources/9780674291416"><bdi>9780674291416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780674291416&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffailureofpolitic00royo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schirazi, Asghar, <i>The Constitution of Iran : politics and the state in the Islamic Republic / by Asghar Schirazi, London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 1997</i></li> <li>Taheri, Amir, <i>Holy Terror, the Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism</i>, Sphere Books, 1987</li> <li>Taheri, Amir, <i>The Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution</i> by Amir Taheri, Adler and Adler, 1985</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Islamism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, Reza, <i><a href="/wiki/No_God_but_God:_The_Origins,_Evolution,_and_Future_of_Islam" title="No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam">No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a></i>, Random House, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400062136" title="Special:BookSources/1400062136">1400062136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meddeb, Abelwahab (2003). The Malady of Islam. Basic Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn ed., <i>Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy</i>, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEFGT2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEFGT2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AEFGT2005">Abou El Fadl, <i>Great Theft</i>, 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GKJTPI2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GKJTPI2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GKJTPI2002">Kepel, <i>Jihad</i>, 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jihad and Jew Hatred." <i>Voices on Antisemitism</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 17 July 2008. Web. 19 August 2013. Transcript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid_Ali,_As'ad2015" class="citation web cs1">Said Ali, As'ad (25 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nu.or.id/amp/opini/peran-nu-dalam-menangkal-radikalisme-51drR">"The Role of Nahdlatul Ulama in Combating (Islamic) Radicalism (in Indonesian)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Nahdlatul+Ulama+in+Combating+%28Islamic%29+Radicalism+%28in+Indonesian%29&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.au=Said+Ali%2C+As%27ad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nu.or.id%2Famp%2Fopini%2Fperan-nu-dalam-menangkal-radikalisme-51drR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:39-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:39_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH100M2005:85-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:85_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FH100M2005">Halliday, <i>100 Myths</i>, 2005</a>: p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEFGT2005:82-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEFGT2005:82_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEFGT2005:82_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#AEFGT2005">Abou El Fadl, <i>Great Theft</i>, 2005</a>: p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAFPTI2002:8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:8_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:8_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KAFPTI2002">Abou el-Fadl, <i>Place of tolerance in Islam</i>, 2002</a>: p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAFPTI2002:9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAFPTI2002:9_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KAFPTI2002">Abou el-Fadl, <i>Place of tolerance in Islam</i>, 2002</a>: p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#KAFPTI2002">Abou el-Fadl, <i>Place of tolerance in Islam</i>, 2002</a>: p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Clarification of Questions, An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Masael</i> by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini), Translated by J. 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Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Westview Press/ Boulder and London 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Pipes <i>The Rushdie Affair</i> p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robin. <i>Sacred Rage</i>. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Rage&rft.pages=203&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PACKER-9-11-2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PACKER-9-11-2006_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PACKER-9-11-2006_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Packer, George (September 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-moderate-martyr">"Letter from Sudan. 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Middle East Monitor. 10 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/17435-isis-executes-one-of-its-sharia-judges">the original</a> on 30 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIS+executes+one+of+its+Sharia+judges&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F17435-isis-executes-one-of-its-sharia-judges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/">"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Another+battle+with+Islam%27s+%27true+believers%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-debate%2Fanother-battle-with-islams-true-believers%2Farticle20802390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilliamfoundation.org%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Ffree%2Fthe-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamad_Jebara_More_Mohamad_Jebara2015" class="citation web cs1">Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara (2015-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism">"Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Imam+Mohamad+Jebara%3A+Fruits+of+the+tree+of+extremism&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.au=Mohamad+Jebara+More+Mohamad+Jebara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ffruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal2005" class="citation book cs1">Tal, Nahman (April 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgM0N0yMat4C&q=Radical+Islam+in+Egypt+and+Jordan+By+Tal,+Nachman&pg=PP1"><i>Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press/Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845190521" title="Special:BookSources/9781845190521"><bdi>9781845190521</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Islam+in+Egypt+and+Jordan&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press%2FJaffee+Center+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2005-04-16&rft.isbn=9781845190521&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=Nahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgM0N0yMat4C%26q%3DRadical%2BIslam%2Bin%2BEgypt%2Band%2BJordan%2BBy%2BTal%2C%2BNachman%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At least up to the 1970s. from Pipes, Daniel, <i>In the Path of God</i> 1983, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boulares, Habib, Islam, <i>The Fear And The Hope</i>, p. ?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:60-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Husain-spirituality-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Husain-spirituality_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain2007" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Ed (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa"><i>The Islamist</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141030432" title="Special:BookSources/9780141030432"><bdi>9780141030432</bdi></a>. <q>On a personal level, my relationship with God had deteriorated. ... as I had become more active in the Hizb, my inner consciousness of God had hit an all-time low. "We sermonized about the need for Muslims to return to Islam, but many of the shabab [activists] did not know how to pray. I witnessed at least four new converts to Islam at different university campuses, convinced of the superiority of the `Islamic political ideology` ... but lacking basic knowledge of worship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamist&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780141030432&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamistwhyijoin00husa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:73-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:73_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:60-2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60-2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:60-2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 60–62, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this criticism is seconded by <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Malise Ruthven</a>, an author on Middle Eastern affairs, in his book <i>A fury for God</i>, New York: Granta, 2002. p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:62-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994, p. 62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the program of the Hizb-i Islami party of Afghanistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:43-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:43_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 43, note 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoting Maududi, A. <i>The Islamic Law and Constitution</i>, pp. 238 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:62b-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62b_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 62, note 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassan al-Turabi writing in <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i>, ed. John Esposito, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:62c-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:62c_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 62, note 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osman.p111-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osman.p111_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osman, Tarek, <i>Egypt on the brink</i>, 2010, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-echec-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-echec_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-echec_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2013/07/islam-egypt-and-political-theory">"Islam, Egypt and political theory: Échec mate"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2013-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Egypt+and+political+theory%3A+%C3%89chec+mate&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Ferasmus%2F2013%2F07%2Fislam-egypt-and-political-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQM1981:9-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:9_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:9_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, 1981</a>: p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQM1981:16-20-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:16-20_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, 1981</a>: pp. 16–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mawdudi, <i>Islamic Law and Constitution</i>, (1955), p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qutb, Muhammad, <i>Islam the Misunderstood Religion</i>, pp. 176–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini, <i>Islam and Revolution</i>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meddeb, <i>The Malady of Islam,</i> (2003), p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meddeb-44-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meddeb-44_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meddeb-44_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meddeb, <i>The Malady of Islam,</i> (2003), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osman-213-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osman-213_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Egypt on the Brink</i> by Tarek Osman, Yale University Press, 2010, (p. 213)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH100M2005:85-6-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:85-6_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FH100M2005">Halliday, <i>100 Myths</i>, 2005</a>: pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, <i>No God But God</i>, 2005, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, <i>In the Path of God</i>, (1983), p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, <i>In the Path of God,</i> (1983), p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meddeb-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meddeb_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meddeb_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeddeb2003" class="citation book cs1">Meddeb, Abdelwahab (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maladyofislam0000medd/page/102"><i>The malady of Islam</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maladyofislam0000medd/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465044351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465044351"><bdi>978-0465044351</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51944373">51944373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+malady+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51944373&rft.isbn=978-0465044351&rft.aulast=Meddeb&rft.aufirst=Abdelwahab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaladyofislam0000medd%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this context "Sharia" is defined as God's law, full stop. "Orthodox historical Sharia law" is defined as the traditional interpretation of it which some Muslims may not agree is God's law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism Dale C. Eikmeier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From <i>Parameters</i>, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islamic Government</i> by Ayatollah Khomeini, 1970; p. 54 of <i>Islam and Revolution : Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini</i>, (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islamic Government</i> by Ayatollah Khomeini, 1970; p. 55 of <i>Islam and Revolution : Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini</i>, (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Abou El Fadl, Khaled, <i>The Place of Tolerance in Islam</i>, Abou el Fadl, Boston : Beacon Press, 2002. p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Muhammad Sa`id `Ashmawi; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, <i>Against Islamic Extremism: The Writings of Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawy,</i> Gainesville: University Press of Florida, (1998) for "one incisive, yet controversial discussion of this issue."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">`Ashmawi, <i>Against Islamic Extremism,</i> (1998), p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:57-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:57_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:56-7-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:56-7_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah Ahmad an-Na'im, "Shari'a and Basic Human Rights Concerns", in Kurzman, Charles, <i>Liberal Islam</i>, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadri--68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kadri-_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law"><i>Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...</i></a> Macmillan. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099523277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099523277"><bdi>978-0099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+...&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bon%2BEarth%3A%2BA%2BJourney%2BThrough%2BShari%2527a%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Authoritative and Authoritarian In Islamic Discourses: A Contemporary Case Study</i> by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Austin, TX : Dar Taiba, 1997. p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQM1981:85-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:85_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, 1981</a>: p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini, <i>Islam and Revolution</i>, pp. 137–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:199-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:199_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:199_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:4-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:4_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, Daniel, <i>In the Path of God</i>, (1983) p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/para/mb.htm">"Muslim Brotherhood"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Muslim+Brotherhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fmb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1520527">Constitution of Saudi Arabia</a> "The Quran is supposed to be the supreme law of the land ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King Faisal of Saudi Arabia speaking in 1966 about whether the KSA would adopt a constitution: "Constitution? What for? The Koran is the oldest and most efficient constitution in the world." from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3010946">Political Power and the Saudi State by Ghassane Salameh</a> footnote p. 7, which in turn is from <i>Le Monde,</i> June 24, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:42-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:42_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Islam – Society and Change" by al-Sadiq al-Mahdi from <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i>, ed. John L. Esposito, (1983), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale Eickelman and James Piscatori, <i>Muslim Politics,</i> Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Islam – Society and Change" by al-Sadiq al-Mahdi, from <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i>, ed. John L. Esposito, 1983 p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacht, Joseph, 1902–1969. <i>The origins of Muhammadan jurisprudence,</i>Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1950. quoted in Aslan, (2005), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">unnamed teacher quoted by Aslan (2005), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.167-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.167_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.167_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:64-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:64_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.65-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.65_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go-stuttgart-hotels.com/en/homa.html">"Dr. Homa Darabi Foundation (Amsterdam)"</a>. <i>www.go-stuttgart-hotels.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.go-stuttgart-hotels.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Homa+Darabi+Foundation+%28Amsterdam%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go-stuttgart-hotels.com%2Fen%2Fhoma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gohari-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gohari_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. Gohari (2000). <i>The Taliban: Ascent to Power</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 108–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/afghanistans-taliban-order-head-to-toe-covering-of-women">"Afghanistan's Taliban order head-to-toe covering of women"</a>. <i>pbs.org</i>. 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Taliban+order+head-to-toe+covering+of+women&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fafghanistans-taliban-order-head-to-toe-covering-of-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BenardFrench-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BenardFrench_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081130151505/http://www.rand.org/commentary/010504CSM.html">"Commentary. "French Tussle Over Muslim Head Scarf is Positive Push for Women's Rights" by Cheryl Benard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/commentary/010504CSM.html">the original</a> on 2008-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commentary.+%22French+Tussle+Over+Muslim+Head+Scarf+is+Positive+Push+for+Women%27s+Rights%22+by+Cheryl+Benard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcommentary%2F010504CSM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamestown2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jamestown2_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarzban2006" class="citation web cs1">Marzban, Omid (September 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144543/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews">"Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: From Holy Warrior to Wanted Terrorist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamestown Foundation">The Jamestown Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=909&tx_ttnews%5bbackPid%5d=181&no_cache=1">the original</a> on 2014-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulbuddin+Hekmatyar%3A+From+Holy+Warrior+to+Wanted+Terrorist&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.aulast=Marzban&rft.aufirst=Omid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fprograms%2Ftm%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D%3D909%26tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D%3D181%26no_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavis,_Melody_Ermachild2003" class="citation book cs1">Chavis, Melody Ermachild (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPVuxclJ4N0C&q=Meena,+heroine+of+Afghanistan"><i>Meena, heroine of Afghanistan: the martyr who founded RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312306892" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312306892"><bdi>978-0312306892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meena%2C+heroine+of+Afghanistan%3A+the+martyr+who+founded+RAWA%2C+the+Revolutionary+Association+of+the+Women+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0312306892&rft.au=Chavis%2C+Melody+Ermachild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPVuxclJ4N0C%26q%3DMeena%2C%2Bheroine%2Bof%2BAfghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115144928/http://meaindia.nic.in/opinion/2001/08/14pio.htm">"The Pioneer, August 14, 2001, "Acid test in the face of acid attacks" Sandhya Jain"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meaindia.nic.in/opinion/2001/08/14pio.htm">the original</a> on January 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pioneer%2C+August+14%2C+2001%2C+%22Acid+test+in+the+face+of+acid+attacks%22+Sandhya+Jain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeaindia.nic.in%2Fopinion%2F2001%2F08%2F14pio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010830/ai_n14405127">"Kashmir women face threat of acid attacks from militants, <i>Independent</i>, (London), Aug 30, 2001 by Peter Popham in Delhi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashmir+women+face+threat+of+acid+attacks+from+militants%2C+Independent%2C+%28London%29%2C+Aug+30%2C+2001+by+Peter+Popham+in+Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4158%2Fis_20010830%2Fai_n14405127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1484145.stm">"Kashmir women face acid attacks"</a>. August 10, 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kashmir+women+face+acid+attacks&rft.date=2001-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1484145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshini <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton, (2005), p. 152: Following the mandating of the covering of hair by women in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a hijab-less woman `was shopping. A bearded young man approached me. He said he would throw acid on my face if I did not comply with the rules."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2006, a group in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> calling itself "Just Swords of Islam" is reported to have claimed it threw acid at the face of a young woman who was dressed "immodestly," and warned other women in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> that they must wear hijab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881802888&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">Dec 2, 2006 Gaza women warned of immodesty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624100151/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881802888&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">Archived</a> June 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iranian journalist Amir Taheri tells of an 18-year-old college student at the <a href="/wiki/American_University_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="American University in Beirut">American University in Beirut</a> who on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">`Ashura</a> in 1985 "was surrounded and attacked by a group of youths – all members of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezb-Allah</a>, the Party of Allah. They objected to the `lax way` in which they thought she was dressed, and accused her of `insulting the blood of the martyrs` by not having her hair fully covered. Then one of the youths threw `a burning liquid` on her face." According to Taheri, "scores – some say hundreds – of women ... in Baalbek, in Beirut, in southern Lebanon and in many other Muslim cities from Tunis to Kuala Lumpur," were attacked in a similar manner from 1980 to 1986. Taheri, Amir, <i>Holy Terror : the Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism</i>, Adler & Adler, 1987, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:26-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:26_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:26_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:30-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:30_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schirazi, Asghar, <i>Constitution of Iran,</i> I. B. Tauris (1998) p. 219 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Divorce">Banning Women's Right to Divorce in Court</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Music">"Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises"</a>. <i>gemsofislamism.tripod.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Khomeini%27s+REVERSALS+of+Promises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Fkhomeini_promises_kept.html%23Music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#family_planning">"Khomeini's REVERSALS of Promises"</a>. <i>gemsofislamism.tripod.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gemsofislamism.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Khomeini%27s+REVERSALS+of+Promises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemsofislamism.tripod.com%2Fkhomeini_promises_kept.html%23family_planning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahrough Akhavi, "`Ulama': Shi`i `Ulama'," in John L. Esposito, ed., <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), vol. 4, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schirazi, <i>The Constitution of Iran</i>, (1997) p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walid Mahmoud Abdelnasser, <i>The Islamic Movement in Egypt: Perceptions of International Relations, 1967–81</i>, London: Kegan Paul International, 1994, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Corriere della Sera</i>, 29 August 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Interview with Iranian President Khatami," <i>Middle East Insight</i>, November–December 1997, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Figaro</i>, 15 April 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IRI Supreme Leader Khamene'i on Iran Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 7 June 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usama al-Baz, <i>The Washington Times National Weekly Edition</i>, 24–30 April 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anwar Ibrahim of Malaysia in <i>The New York Times</i>, 28 March 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114144528/http://www.irib.ir/occasions/gorbachof/gorbachofEn.HTM">"Imam Khomeini's message to Gorbachev"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.irib.ir/occasions/gorbachof/gorbachofEn.HTM">the original</a> on 2007-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imam+Khomeini%27s+message+to+Gorbachev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.irib.ir%2Foccasions%2Fgorbachof%2FgorbachofEn.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Schacht, <i>An Introduction to Islamic Law,</i> Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1964, p. 53. Those "administrative regulations" in fact amounted to a great deal of law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Keyhan</i> [Newspaper], January 8, 1988. Nor was this Khomeini's only pronouncement along these lines. For example, shortly after coming to power, he announced that "to serve the nation is to serve God" (Radio Tehran, 3 November 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Judith Miller, "Faces of Fundamentalism: Hassan al-Turabi and Muhammed Fadlallah," <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, November/December 1994, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Mayer, "The Shari`ah: A Methodology or a Body of Substantive Rules?" in Nicholas Heer, ed., Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Yorker</i>, 12 April 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sohrab Behada, "Property Rights in Contemporary Islamic Economic Thought, <i>Review of Social Economy</i>, Summer 1989 v. 47, (pp. 185–211)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuran, "The Economic Impact of Islamic Fundamentalism," in Marty and Appleby <i>Fundamentalisms and the State</i>, U of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 302–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Discontents of Islamic Economic Mortality" by Timur Kuran, <i>American Economic Review</i>, 1996, pp. 438–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH100M2005:89-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:89_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:89_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FH100M2005">Halliday, <i>100 Myths</i>, 2005</a>: p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from <i>Voices of Resurgent Islam</i>, ed. by John L. Esposito, 1983, p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFFPI2003:196-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFFPI2003:196_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Fuller, <i>The Future of Political Islam</i>, 2003</a>: p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQM1981:130-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:130_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, 1981</a>: p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQM1981:139-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQM1981:139_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GFFPI2003">Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, 1981</a>: p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:85-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:85_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasan-balance-2012-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hasan-balance-2012_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-08-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Dr. Usama Hasan| 2012| quilliam foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abou el-Fadl, <i>Place of Tolerance in Islam</i>, (2002) p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu al-Fadl, <i>Place of Tolerance in Islam</i>, (2002) pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islam and Revolution</i>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:19-20-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:19-20_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example, Sayyid Qutb who believed the motivation of European imperialism was not "economic or political" but the same anti-Islamic hatred that drove the medieval crusades, or as he put it a "mask" to cover "the crusading spirit, since it is not possible for it to appear in its true form, as it was possible in the Middle Ages." from Qutb, <i>Milestones</i>, pp. 159–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Islam and the West,</i> (1993), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis,_1993_p.13-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis,_1993_p.13_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis,_1993_p.13_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Islam and the West,</i> (1993), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maalouf, Amin, <i>The Crusade Through Arab Eyes</i> (1985) p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Islam and the West</i> (1993), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, <i>In the Path of God,</i> (1983) p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini, <i>Islamic Government</i> in <i>Islam and Revolution</i> Translated and annotated by Hamid Algar, (1981), pp. 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH100M2005:100-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:100_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:100_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FH100M2005">Halliday, <i>100 Myths</i>, 2005</a>: p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH100M2005:102-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FH100M2005:102_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FH100M2005">Halliday, <i>100 Myths</i>, 2005</a>: pp. 102–03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wistrich, Robert S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Anti-Semitism-and-Jewish-destiny-403703">"Anti-Semitism and Jewish destiny."</a> <i>Jpost.com</i>. 20 May 2015. 26 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">column `Recognize the Enemies of Your Religion` from October 1980 children's supplement of <i>al-Da'wa</i> magazine entitled `The lion Cubs of al-Da'wa` quoted in Kepel, <i>Le Prophete et Pharaon,</i> p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from 53-minute audiotape that "was circulated on various websites." dated Feb. 14, 2003. "Among a Band of Knights." quoted in Messages to the World, (2005) p. 190,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayyid Qutb, "Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud," [essay] 1951. Published in book of the same name <i>Ma'rakatuna ma'a al-Yahud</i> (Our battle with the Jews), Jedda, Saudi Arabia, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini, <i>Islam and Revolution</i>, (1981), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khomeini, <i>Islam and Revolution</i>, (1981), pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age of Sacred Terror</i> by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, p. 68) (quotes from David Zeidan, `The Islamic Fundamentalist View of Life as Perennial Battle, <i>Middle East Review of International Affairs</i>, v. 5, n. 4 (Dec. 2001), accessed at meria.idc.aci.il/journal/2001/issue4/jv5n4a2.htm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan, Reza</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRmSGOjiE2oC&pg=PA96"><i>No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</i></a> (Updated ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679643777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679643777"><bdi>978-0679643777</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+god+but+God%3A+The+Origins%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Future+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0679643777&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRmSGOjiE2oC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lecker, Michael, <i>Muslims, Jews, and Pagans: Studies on Early Islamic Medina</i>, Leiden, 1995. Quoted in Aslan, (2005), pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad, Barakat, <i>Muhammad and the Jews: A Re-Examination</i>, New Delhi, 1979, pp. 76–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslan,_2005,_p.94-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.94_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslan,_2005,_p.94_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aslan, (2005), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baron, Salo Wittmayer, <i>A Social and Religious History of the Jews,</i> v. 3, New York, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reissener, H.G. "The Ummi Prophet and the Banu Israil," <i>The Muslim World</i>, 39, (1949)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newby, Gordon, <i>A History of the Jews in Arabia</i>, South Carolina, (1988), pp. 75–79, 84–85, quoted in Aslan, (2005), p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, Jonathan, <i>Archeology and the Galilean Jesus, A Re-Examination of the Evidence</i>, Trinity Press International, (2000). Quoted in Aslan, (2005), p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814085546/http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/maududi/maududi.html">"Sayeed Abdul A'la Maududi Jihad in Islam p. 19"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/maududi/maududi.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sayeed+Abdul+A%27la+Maududi+Jihad+in+Islam+p.+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamistwatch.org%2Ftexts%2Fmaududi%2Fmaududi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:6-7-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:6-7_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:6-7_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:66-7-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:66-7_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORFPI1994:195-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORFPI1994:195_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ORFPI1994">Roy, <i>Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994</a>: p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iran has "the lowest mosque attendance of any Islamic country," according to Zohreh Soleimani of the BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2008/09/080925_children_of_revolution_one.shtml">children of the revolution</a> <br />* Iranian clergy have complained that more than 70% of the population do not perform their daily prayers and that less than 2% attend Friday mosques, according to <i>The Economist</i> magazine. 16, January 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15523">Who Rules Iran?</a>, <i>New York Review of Books</i> June 27, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GKJTPI2002:13-4-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GKJTPI2002:13-4_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GKJTPI2002">Kepel, <i>Jihad</i>, 2002</a>: pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akyol-ruining-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_167-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2020" class="citation web cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam">"How Islamists are Ruining Islam"</a>. <i>Hudson Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Islamists+are+Ruining+Islam&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Pelham, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1843magazine.com/features/trapped-in-iran">Trapped in Iran</a>", The Economist 1843, Feb/March 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El-Affendi-Sudan-2018-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-El-Affendi-Sudan-2018_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Affendi2018" class="citation news cs1">El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/28/sudan-protests-how-did-we-get-here/">"Sudan protests: How did we get here?"</a>. Al Jazeera<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sudan+protests%3A+How+did+we+get+here%3F&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.aulast=El-Affendi&rft.aufirst=Abdelwahab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2018%2F12%2F28%2Fsudan-protests-how-did-we-get-here%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabbarometer.org/2019/12/arabs-are-losing-faith-in-religious-parties-and-leaders/">Arabs are Losing Faith in Religious Parties and Leaders</a>", <i>The Economist</i>, 5 December 2019; quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2020" class="citation web cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (12 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam">"How Islamists are Ruining Islam"</a>. <i>Hudson Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Islamists+are+Ruining+Islam&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sham al-Ali, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/al-jumhuriya-fellowship/on-rising-apostasy">On Rising Apostasy Among Syrian Youths</a>", <i>Al-Jumhuriya</i>, 22 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqui-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqui_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2010" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Niloufer (17 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/research/9797-gender-ideology-and-the-jamaat-e-islami">"Gender Ideology and the Jamaat-e-Islami"</a>. Hudson Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+Ideology+and+the+Jamaat-e-Islami&rft.pub=Hudson+Institute&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Niloufer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9797-gender-ideology-and-the-jamaat-e-islami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Husain-women-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Husain-women_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain2007" class="citation book cs1">Husain, Ed (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa"><i>The Islamist</i></a></span>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamistwhyijoin00husa/page/242">242</a>, 244, 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141030432" title="Special:BookSources/9780141030432"><bdi>9780141030432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamist&rft.pages=242%2C+244%2C+246&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780141030432&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamistwhyijoin00husa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060924154023/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=081606C">"What Is 'Islamofascism'?"</a>. TCS Daily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=081606C">the original</a> on 24 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+%27Islamofascism%27%3F&rft.pub=TCS+Daily&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcsdaily.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D081606C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH1022-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CH1022_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchens, Christopher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2176389/">Defending Islamofascism: It's a valid term. Here's why</a>, Slate, 22 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Fury For God</i>, Malise Ruthven, Granta, 2002, pp. 207–08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Reds,_The_Browns_and_the_Greens-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Reds,_The_Browns_and_the_Greens_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandre_del_Valle" class="citation web cs1">Alexandre del Valle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707104614/http://www.alexandredelvalle.com/publications.php?id_art=131">"The Reds, The Browns and the Greens"</a>. alexandredelvalle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandredelvalle.com/publications.php?id_art=131">the original</a> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reds%2C+The+Browns+and+the+Greens&rft.pub=alexandredelvalle.com&rft.au=Alexandre+del+Valle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandredelvalle.com%2Fpublications.php%3Fid_art%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+Islamism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatmiyya" title="Khatmiyya">Khatmiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"><i>Reconstruction</i> (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini"><i>Forty Hadith</i> (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> <i>Principles</i> (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Milestones</i> (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government"><i>Islamic Government</i> (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration"><i>Islamic Declaration</i> (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> <i>The Green Book</i> (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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