CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: liquid fuel</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: liquid fuel"> <meta name="keywords" content="liquid fuel"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="liquid fuel" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="liquid fuel"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3398</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: liquid fuel</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3398</span> Ultra-Low NOx Combustion Technology of Liquid Fuel Burner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee"> Changyeop Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new concept of in-furnace partial oxidation combustion is successfully applied in this research. The burner is designed such that liquid fuel is prevaporized in the furnace then injected into a fuel rich combustion zone so that a partial oxidation reaction occurs. The effects of equivalence ratio, thermal load, injection distance and fuel distribution ratio on the NOx and CO are experimentally investigated. This newly developed burner showed very low NOx emission level, about 15 ppm when light oil is used as a fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burner" title="burner">burner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx" title=" low NOx"> low NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20oxidation" title=" partial oxidation"> partial oxidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603/ultra-low-nox-combustion-technology-of-liquid-fuel-burner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3397</span> Liquid Fuel Production via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malee%20Santikunaporn">Malee Santikunaporn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neera%20Wongtyanuwat"> Neera Wongtyanuwat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Channarong%20Asavatesanupap"> Channarong Asavatesanupap</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pyrolysis of waste oil is an effective process to produce high quality liquid fuels. In this work, pyrolysis experiments of waste oil over Y zeolite were carried out in a semi-batch reactor under a flow of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and at different reaction temperatures (350-450 <sup>o</sup>C). The products were gas, liquid fuel, and residue. Only liquid fuel was further characterized for its composition and properties by using gas chromatography, thermogravimetric analyzer, and bomb calorimeter. Experimental results indicated that the pyrolysis reaction temperature significantly affected both yield and composition distribution of pyrolysis oil. An increase in reaction temperature resulted in increased fuel yield, especially gasoline fraction. To obtain high amount of fuel, the optimal reaction temperature should be higher than 350 <sup>o</sup>C. A presence of Y zeolite in the system enhanced the cracking activity. In addition, the pyrolysis oil yield is proportional to the catalyst quantity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasoline" title="gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20oil" title=" waste oil"> waste oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y%20zeolite" title=" Y zeolite"> Y zeolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93363/liquid-fuel-production-via-catalytic-pyrolysis-of-waste-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3396</span> Electricity Production from Vermicompost Liquid Using Microbial Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratthana%20Ammaraphitak">Pratthana Ammaraphitak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyachon%20Ketsuwan"> Piyachon Ketsuwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rattapoom%20Prommana"> Rattapoom Prommana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electricity production from vermicompost liquid was investigated in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The aim of this study was to determine the performance of vermicompost liquid as a biocatalyst for electricity production by MFCs. Chemical and physical parameters of vermicompost liquid as total nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, C:N ratio, pH, and electrical conductivity in MFCs were studied. The performance of MFCs was operated in open circuit mode for 7 days. The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) was 0.45 V. The maximum power density of 5.29 ± 0.75 W/m² corresponding to a current density of 0.024 2 ± 0.0017 A/m² was achieved by the 1000 Ω on day 2. Vermicompost liquid has efficiency to generate electricity from organic waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vermicompost%20liquid" title="vermicompost liquid">vermicompost liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20fuel%20cell" title=" microbial fuel cell"> microbial fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrient" title=" nutrient"> nutrient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20production" title=" electricity production"> electricity production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82720/electricity-production-from-vermicompost-liquid-using-microbial-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82720.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3395</span> Assessing Transition to Renewable Energy for Transportation in Indonesia through Drop-in Biofuel Utilization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maslan%20Lamria">Maslan Lamria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralph%20E.%20H.%20Sims"> Ralph E. H. Sims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatang%20H.%20Soerawidjaja"> Tatang H. Soerawidjaja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In increasing its self-sufficiency on transportation fuel, Indonesia is currently developing commercial production and use of drop-in biofuel (DBF) from vegetable oil. To maximize the level of success, it is necessary to get insights on how the implementation would develop as well as any important factors. This study assessed the dynamics of transition from existing fossil fuel system to a renewable fuel system, which involves the transition from existing biodiesel to projected DBF. A systems dynamics approach was applied and a model developed to simulate the dynamics of liquid biofuel transition. The use of palm oil feedstock was taken as a case study to assess the projected DBF implementation by 2045. The set of model indicators include liquid fuel self-sufficiency, liquid biofuel share, foreign exchange savings and green-house gas emissions reduction. The model outputs showed that supports on DBF investment and use play an important role in the transition progress. Given assumptions which include application of a maximum level of supports over time, liquid fuel self-sufficiency would be still unfulfilled in which palm biofuel contribution is 0.2. Thus, other types of feedstock such as algae and oil feedstock from marginal lands need to be developed synergically. Regarding support on DBF use, this study recommended that removal of fossil subsidy would be necessary prior to applying a carbon tax policy effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel" title="biofuel">biofuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop-in%20biofuel" title=" drop-in biofuel"> drop-in biofuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20transition" title=" energy transition"> energy transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135533/assessing-transition-to-renewable-energy-for-transportation-in-indonesia-through-drop-in-biofuel-utilization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3394</span> Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel Trihexyltetradecyl Phosphonium Chloride for Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swapnil%20A.%20Dharaskar">Swapnil A. Dharaskar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kailas%20L.%20Wasewar"> Kailas L. Wasewar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahesh%20N.%20Varma"> Mahesh N. Varma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diwakar%20Z.%20Shende"> Diwakar Z. Shende</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Owing to the stringent environmental regulations in many countries for production of ultra low sulfur petroleum fractions intending to reduce sulfur emissions results in enormous interest in this area among the scientific community. The requirement of zero sulfur emissions enhances the prominence for more advanced techniques in desulfurization. Desulfurization by extraction is a promising approach having several advantages over conventional hydrodesulphurization. Present work is dealt with various new approaches for desulfurization of ultra clean gasoline, diesel and other liquid fuels by extraction with ionic liquids. In present paper experimental data on extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel using trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride has been presented. The FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR have been discussed for the molecular confirmation of synthesized ionic liquid. Further, conductivity, solubility, and viscosity analysis of ionic liquids were carried out. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, sulfur compounds, ultrasonication, and recycling of ionic liquid without regeneration on removal of dibenzothiphene from liquid fuel were also investigated. In extractive desulfurization process, the removal of dibenzothiophene in n-dodecane was 84.5% for mass ratio of 1:1 in 30 min at 30OC under the mild reaction conditions. Phosphonium ionic liquids could be reused five times without a significant decrease in activity. Also, the desulfurization of real fuels, multistage extraction was examined. The data and results provided in present paper explore the significant insights of phosphonium based ionic liquids as novel extractant for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquid" title="ionic liquid">ionic liquid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPIL" title=" PPIL"> PPIL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desulfurization" title=" desulfurization"> desulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15849/synthesis-characterization-and-application-of-novel-trihexyltetradecyl-phosphonium-chloride-for-extractive-desulfurization-of-liquid-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">609</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3393</span> Impact of Zeolite NaY Synthesized from Kaolin on the Properties of Pyrolytic Oil Derived from Used Tire</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julius%20Ilawe%20Osayi">Julius Ilawe Osayi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Osifo"> Peter Osifo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid waste disposal, such as used tires is a global challenge as well as energy crisis due to rising energy demand amidst price uncertainty and depleting fossil fuel reserves. Therefore, the effectiveness of pyrolysis as a disposal method that can transform used tires into liquid fuel and other end-products has made the process attractive to researchers. Although used tires have been converted to liquid fuel using pyrolysis, there is the need to improve on the liquid fuel properties. Hence, this paper reports the investigation of zeolite NaY synthesized from kaolin, a locally abundant soil material in the Benin metropolis as a suitable catalyst and its effect on the properties of pyrolytic oil produced from used tires. The pyrolysis process was conducted for a range of 1 to 10 wt.% of catalyst concentration to used tire at a temperature of 600 oC, a heating rate of 15oC/min and particle size of 6mm. Although no significant increase in pyrolytic oil yield was observed compared to the previously investigated non-catalytic pyrolysis of a used tire. However, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization results revealed the pyrolytic oil to possess an improved physicochemical and fuel properties alongside valuable industrial chemical species. This confirms the possibility of transforming kaolin into a catalyst suitable for improved fuel properties of the liquid fraction obtainable from thermal cracking of hydrocarbon materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20pyrolysis" title="catalytic pyrolysis">catalytic pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fossil%20fuel" title=" fossil fuel"> fossil fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolin" title=" kaolin"> kaolin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolytic%20oil" title=" pyrolytic oil"> pyrolytic oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=used%20tyres" title=" used tyres"> used tyres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeolite%20NaY" title=" Zeolite NaY"> Zeolite NaY</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91561/impact-of-zeolite-nay-synthesized-from-kaolin-on-the-properties-of-pyrolytic-oil-derived-from-used-tire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3392</span> Effects of Diluent Gas Velocity on Formation of Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion with Fuel Spray for Gas Turbine </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ChunLoon%20Cha">ChunLoon Cha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HoYeon%20Lee"> HoYeon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SangSoon%20Hwang"> SangSoon Hwang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mild combustion is characterized with its distinguished features, such as suppressed pollutant emission, homogeneous temperature distribution, reduced noise and thermal stress. However, most studies for MILD combustion have been focused on gas phase fuel. Therefore further study on MILD combustion using liquid fuel is needed for the application to liquid fueled gas turbine especially. In this work, we will focus on numerical simulation of the effects of diluent gas velocity on the formation of liquid fuel MILD combustion used in gas turbine area. A series of numerical simulations using Ansys fluent 18.2 have been carried out in order to investigate the detail effect of the flow field in the furnace on the formation of MILD combustion. The operating conditions were fixed at relatively lower heat intensity of 1.28 MW/m³ atm and various global equivalence ratios were changed. The results show that the local high temperature region was decreased and the flame temperature was uniformly distributed due to high velocity of diluted burnt gas. The increasing of diluted burnt gas velocity can be controlled by open ratio of adapter size. It was found that the maximum temperature became lower than 1800K and the average temperature was lower than 1500K that thermal NO formation was suppressed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MILD%20combustion" title="MILD combustion">MILD combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20combustion" title=" spray combustion"> spray combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diluent%20gas%20velocity" title=" diluent gas velocity"> diluent gas velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx%20emission" title=" low NOx emission"> low NOx emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88047/effects-of-diluent-gas-velocity-on-formation-of-moderate-or-intense-low-oxygen-dilution-combustion-with-fuel-spray-for-gas-turbine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3391</span> Measurement of Liquid Film Thickness in a Vertical Annular Two Phase Flow Changing the Gas-Liquid Density Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoji%20Mori">Shoji Mori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunito%20Okuyama"> Kunito Okuyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Annular two phase flow is encountered in many industrial equipments, including flow near nuclear fuel rods in boiling water reactor (BWR). Especially, disturbance waves play important roles in the pressure drop, the generation of entrainments, and the dryout of the liquid film. Therefore, it is important to clarify the behavior of disturbance waves and base film. However, most of the previous studies have been performed under atmospheric pressure conditions that provides the properties of liquid and gas which are significantly different from those of a BWR. Therefore, the effect of properties in gas and liquid on liquid film characteristics should be clarified. In this paper we focus on the effect of gas-liquid density ratio on liquid film thickness characteristics. The experiments have been conducted at four density ratio conditions (ρL/ρG =763, 451, 231, and 31). As a result, it is found that and interfacial shear stress collapse not only tF ave but also tF max and tF min successfully under the same liquid mass flow rate conditions irrespective of ρL/ρG, and moreover a non-dimensional parameter tends to collapse tF max，tF ave，and tF min in the wide range of experimental conditions (ρL/ρG：31～763，We：10～1800，ReL:500 ～ 2200). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flow" title="two phase flow">two phase flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20film" title=" liquid film"> liquid film</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annular%20flow" title=" annular flow"> annular flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disturbance%20wave" title=" disturbance wave"> disturbance wave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34514/measurement-of-liquid-film-thickness-in-a-vertical-annular-two-phase-flow-changing-the-gas-liquid-density-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3390</span> Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Aluminium Nanoparticles on Characteristic Velocity of Kerosene-Oxygen Combustion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Ameen%20H.">Al Ameen H.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rakesh%20P."> Rakesh P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To improve the combustion efficiency of fuels and to reduce the emissions of pollutants as well as to improve heat transfer characteristics of fuels, both non-metallic and metallic nanoparticles can be added into it. By varying the concentration and size of nano particles added into the fuels, behaviour of droplet combustion and hence heat generated can be altered. In case of solid or liquid fuels, surface area of the fuel in contact with oxidizer(gaseous) is small because of higher density compared to gases. If the surface area of fuel exposed to the oxidizer is very small, then the combustion will not occur, because the combustion rate is proportional to the surface area of fuel droplet. To avoid such instance there is a way to increase the exposed surface area. To increase the specific surface area available for reaction, the particle size can be reduced. If the additives are solid then by reducing the particles size the specific surface area of liquid fuel can be increased. For the liquid fuels the exposed surface area available for combustion can be increased by suspending nanoparticles. Addition of non-metallic and metallic nanoparticles in fuels improves its combustion efficiency by enhancing the thermo-physical properties. The burn rate constants and temperatures of Kerosene-Oxygen combustion for fuel droplet sizes of 50μm, 75μm, 100μm and 125μm under varying concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% are studied numerically and its characteristic velocities are determined. Later the burn rate constants of fuel with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% by weight of aluminium nanoparticles are added. The spray combustion characteristics of such nano-fuel has improved the combustion temperature by the addition of aluminium nanoparticles. Thus, aluminium nanoparticles have improved burn rate and characteristic velocity of Kerosene-Oxygen combustion. An increase of 40% in characteristic velocity is observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burn%20rate" title="burn rate">burn rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20velocity" title=" characteristic velocity"> characteristic velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermo-physical%20properties" title=" thermo-physical properties"> thermo-physical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129405/numerical-investigation-on-the-effect-of-aluminium-nanoparticles-on-characteristic-velocity-of-kerosene-oxygen-combustion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3389</span> A Green Process for Drop-In Liquid Fuels from Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Solar Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian%20Yu">Jian Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbo dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion is a prime green-house gas emission. It can be mitigated by microalgae through conventional photosynthesis. The algal oil is a feedstock of biodiesel, a carbon neutral liquid fuel for transportation. The conventional CO2 fixation, however, is quite slow and affected by the intermittent solar irradiation. It is also a technical challenge to reform the bio-oil into a drop-in liquid fuel that can be directly used in the modern combustion engines with expected performance. Here, an artificial photosynthesis system is presented to produce a biopolyester and liquid fuels from CO2, water, and solar power. In this green process, solar energy is captured using photovoltaic modules and converted into hydrogen as a stable energy source via water electrolysis. The solar hydrogen is then used to fix CO2 by Cupriavidus necator, a hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. Under the autotrophic conditions, CO2 was reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) that is further utilized for cell growth and biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The maximum cell growth rate reached 10.1 g L-1 day-1, about 25 times faster than that of a typical bio-oil-producing microalga (Neochloris Oleoabundans) under stable indoor conditions. With nitrogen nutrient limitation, a large portion of the reduced carbon is stored in PHB (C4H6O2)n, accounting for 50-60% of dry cell mass. PHB is a biodegradable thermoplastic that can find a variety of environmentally friendly applications. It is also a platform material from which small chemicals can be derived. At a high temperature (240 - 290 oC), the biopolyester is degraded into crotonic acid (C4H6O2). On a solid phosphoric acid catalyst, PHB is deoxygenated via decarboxylation into a hydrocarbon oil (C6-C18) at 240 oC or so. Aromatics and alkenes are the major compounds, depending on the reaction conditions. A gasoline-grade liquid fuel (77 wt% oil) and a biodiesel-grade fuel (23 wt% oil) were obtained from the hydrocarbon oil via distillation. The formation routes of hydrocarbon oil from crotonic acid, the major PHB degradation intermediate, are revealed and discussed. This work shows a novel green process from which biodegradable plastics and high-grade liquid fuels can be directly produced from carbon dioxide, water and solar power. The productivity of the green polyester (5.3 g L-1 d-1) is much higher than that of microalgal oil (0.13 g L-1 d-1). Other technical merits of the new green process may include continuous operation under intermittent solar irradiation and convenient scale up in outdoor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioplastics" title="bioplastics">bioplastics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20fixation" title=" carbon dioxide fixation"> carbon dioxide fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop-in%20liquid%20fuels" title=" drop-in liquid fuels"> drop-in liquid fuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20process" title=" green process"> green process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76018/a-green-process-for-drop-in-liquid-fuels-from-carbon-dioxide-water-and-solar-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3388</span> Design, Modeling, Fabrication, and Testing of a Scaled down Hybrid Rocket Engine </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawthawala%20Nancy%20Manish">Pawthawala Nancy Manish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Alay%20Hashim"> Syed Alay Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A hybrid rocket is a rocket engine which uses propellants in two different states of matter- one is in solid and the other either gas or liquid. A hybrid rocket exhibit advantages over both liquid rockets and solid rockets especially in terms of simplicity, stop-start-restart capabilities, safety and cost. This paper deals the design and development of a hybrid rocket having paraffin wax as solid fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. Due to variation of pressure in combustion chamber there is significantly change in mass flow rate, burning rate and uneven regression along the length of the grain. This project describes the working model of a hybrid propellant rocket motor. We have designed a hybrid rocket thrust chamber based on the predetermined combustion chamber pressure and the properties of hybrid propellant. This project is all ready in working condition with normal oxygen injector. Now we have planned to modify the injector design to improve the combustion property. We will use spray type injector for injecting the oxidizer. This idea will increase the performance followed by the regression rate of the solid fuel. By employing mass conservation law, oxygen mass flux, oxidizer/fuel ratio and regression rate the thrust coefficient can be obtained for our current design. CATIA V5 R20 is our design software for the complete setup. This project is fully based on experimental evaluation and the collection of combustion and flow parameters. The thrust chamber is made of stainless steel and the duration of test is around 15-20 seconds (Maximum). These experiments indicates that paraffin based fuel provides the opportunity to satisfy a broad range of mission requirements for the next generation of the hybrid rocket system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burning%20rate" title="burning rate">burning rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20oxygen" title=" liquid oxygen"> liquid oxygen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20flow%20rate" title=" mass flow rate"> mass flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paraffin%20wax%20and%20%20sugar" title=" paraffin wax and sugar"> paraffin wax and sugar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45401/design-modeling-fabrication-and-testing-of-a-scaled-down-hybrid-rocket-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3387</span> Experimental Investigation of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow Pattern in T-Junction Microchannel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Rassoul-ibrahim">N. Rassoul-ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Siahmed"> E. Siahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Tadrist"> L. Tadrist</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water management plays a crucial role in the performance and durability of PEM fuel cells. Whereas the membrane must be hydrated enough, liquid droplets formed by water in excess can block the flow in the gas distribution channels and hinder the fuel cell performance. The main purpose of this work is to increase the understanding of liquid transport and mixing through mini- or micro-channels for various engineering or medical process applications including cool-ing of equipment according to the operations considered. For that purpose and as a first step, a technique was devel-oped to automatically detect and characterize two-phase flow patterns that may appear in such. The investigation, mainly experimental, was conducted on transparent channel with a 1mm x 1mm square cross section and a 0.3mm x 0.3 mm water injection normal to the gas channel. Three main flow patterns were identified liquid slug, bubble flow and annular flow. A flow map has been built accord-ing to the flow rate of both phases. As a sample the follow-ing figures show representative images of the flow struc-tures observed. An analysis and discussion of the flow pattern, in mini-channel, will be provided and compared to the case old micro-channel. . Keywords: Two phase flow, Clean Energy, Minichannels, Fuel Cells. Flow patterns, Maps. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flox" title="two phase flox">two phase flox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T-juncion" title=" T-juncion"> T-juncion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Micro%20%20and%20minichannels" title=" Micro and minichannels"> Micro and minichannels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clean%20energy" title=" clean energy"> clean energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20patterns" title=" flow patterns"> flow patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maps" title=" maps"> maps</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164759/experimental-investigation-of-air-water-two-phase-flow-pattern-in-t-junction-microchannel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3386</span> Motorist Driving Strategy-Related Factors Affecting Vehicle Fuel Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aydin%20Azizi">Aydin Azizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdurrahman%20Tanira"> Abdurrahman Tanira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the onset of climate change and limited fuel resources, improving fuel efficiency has become an important part of the motor industry. To maximize fuel efficiency, development of technologies must come hand-in-hand with awareness of efficient driving strategies. This study aims to explore the various driving habits that can impact fuel efficiency by reviewing available literature. Such habits include sudden and unnecessary acceleration or deceleration, improper hardware maintenance, driving above or below optimum speed and idling. By studying such habits and ultimately applying it to driving techniques, in combination with improved mechanics of the car, will optimize the use of fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20efficiency" title="fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driving%20techniques" title=" driving techniques"> driving techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20speed" title=" optimum speed"> optimum speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimizing%20fuel%20consumption" title=" optimizing fuel consumption"> optimizing fuel consumption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44070/motorist-driving-strategy-related-factors-affecting-vehicle-fuel-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3385</span> Ionic Liquid Effects on Metal Ion-Based Extractions of Olefin/Paraffin Hydrocarbon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ellen%20M.%20Lukasik">Ellen M. Lukasik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In coordination and support of the Center for Innovative and Strategic Transformation of Alkane Resources (CISTAR) Research Experience for Teachers (RET) at the University of Texas at Austin and under the guidance and direction of Professor Joan Brennecke, this study examined the addition of silver in an ionic liquid used to separate cyclohexane from cyclohexene. We recreated the liquid-liquid separation experimental results from the literature on cyclohexene, cyclohexane, and [allylmim][Tf2N] to verify our method, then evaluated the separation performance of silver - ionic liquid (IL) mixtures by various characterization techniques. To introduce the concepts of this research in high school education, a lesson plan was developed to instruct students on the principles of liquid-liquid separation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title="ionic liquids">ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-liquid%20separation" title=" liquid-liquid separation"> liquid-liquid separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocarbon" title=" hydrocarbon"> hydrocarbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20experience%20for%20teachers" title=" research experience for teachers"> research experience for teachers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153896/ionic-liquid-effects-on-metal-ion-based-extractions-of-olefinparaffin-hydrocarbon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3384</span> Implications of Fuel Reloading in Heterogeneous Thorium-Based Fuel Designs for Improved Fuel Cycle Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hendrik%20Bernard%20Van%20Der%20Walt">Hendrik Bernard Van Der Walt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frik%20Van%20Niekerk"> Frik Van Niekerk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel models render a reduction in BOL when thorium is added to a reactor core. Thorium emulates the role of a fertile poison, and is beneficial for reducing beginning of cycle (BOC) excess reactivity. In spite of the build-up of 233U over the duration of a fuel cycle, the effects of fuel reloading have a significant impact on fuel viability, especially in the case of heterogeneous thorium-based fuels. The most common practice of compensating for the reduction of BOC reactivity is the addition of fissile isotopes (uranium fuel with increased enrichment or plutonium). This study introduces a heterogeneous thorium-based fuel with minimal fissile isotope additions. A pseudo reloading scheme was developed for numerical simulations of an infinite reactor based on the North-Anna 1 reactor operating in Virginia, USA. Use of this reloading pattern allows new thorium-based fuel to be loaded into the reactor model as part of a phasing in strategy at the end of any conventional reactor cycle. Results demonstrate the effects of thorium-based fuel on fuel cycle characteristics such as fuel cycle length, neutron economy and material matrix. Application of the above mentioned approach delivered promising results and presents a heterogeneous thorium-based fuel which could replace conventional fuel of typical, currently operating (or future) reactors without the need for expensive reactor redesign or fuel recycling strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel" title="nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20characteristics" title=" nuclear characteristics"> nuclear characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel%20cycle" title=" nuclear fuel cycle"> nuclear fuel cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thorium-based%20fuel" title=" thorium-based fuel"> thorium-based fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20design" title=" heterogeneous design"> heterogeneous design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20reloading" title=" fuel reloading"> fuel reloading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122557/implications-of-fuel-reloading-in-heterogeneous-thorium-based-fuel-designs-for-improved-fuel-cycle-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3383</span> Synergistic Effects of the Substrate-Ligand Interaction in Metal-Organic Complexes on the De-electronation Kinetics of a Vitamin C Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muskan%20Parmar">Muskan Parmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musthafa%20Ottakam%20Thotiyl"> Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rising need for portable energy sources has led to advancements in direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) using various fuels like alcohol, ammonia, hydrazine, and vitamin C. Traditional precious metal catalysts improve reaction speeds but are expensive and prone to poisoning. Our study reveals how non-precious metal organometallic complexes, combined with smartly designed ligands, can significantly boost performance. The key is a unique interaction between the substrate (fuel) and the ligand, which creates a "dragging" effect that enhances reaction rates. By using this approach with a ferricyanide/ferrocyanide half-cell reaction, we developed a vitamin C fuel cell without precious metals. This fuel cell achieves an open circuit voltage of ∼950 mV, a peak power density of ∼97 mW cm⁻², and a peak current density of ∼215 mA cm⁻². Impressively, its performance is about 1.7 times better than traditional precious metal-based DLFCs. This highlights the potential of substrate ligand chemistry in the creation of sustainable DLFCs for efficient energy conversion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20electrocatalysts" title="molecular electrocatalysts">molecular electrocatalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20C%20fuel%20cell" title=" vitamin C fuel cell"> vitamin C fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20charge%20assembly" title=" proton charge assembly"> proton charge assembly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferricyanide%20half-cell%20chemistry" title=" ferricyanide half-cell chemistry"> ferricyanide half-cell chemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192220/synergistic-effects-of-the-substrate-ligand-interaction-in-metal-organic-complexes-on-the-de-electronation-kinetics-of-a-vitamin-c-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">21</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3382</span> A Study on Removal of SO3 in Flue Gas Generated from Power Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Y.%20Jo">E. Y. Jo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Park"> S. M. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20S.%20Yeo"> I. S. Yeo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20K.%20Kim"> K. K. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20J.%20Park"> S. J. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20K.%20Kim"> Y. K. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20D.%20Kim"> Y. D. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20G.%20Park"> C. G. Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> SO3 is created in small quantities during the combustion of fuel that contains sulfur, with the quantity produced a function of the boiler design, fuel sulfur content, excess air level, and the presence of oxidizing agents. Typically, about 1% of the fuel sulfur will be oxidized to SO3, but it can range from 0.5% to 1.5% depending on various factors. Combustion of fuels that contain oxidizing agents, such as certain types of fuel oil or petroleum coke, can result in even higher levels of oxidation. SO3 levels in the flue gas emitted by combustion are very high, which becomes a cause of machinery corrosion or a visible blue plume. Because of that, power plants firing petroleum residues need to installation of SO3 removal system. In this study, SO3 removal system using salt solution was developed and several salts solutions were tested for obtain optimal solution for SO3 removal system. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the operation parameters such as gas-liquid ratio, concentration of salts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flue%20gas%20desulfurization" title="flue gas desulfurization">flue gas desulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20cokes" title=" petroleum cokes"> petroleum cokes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulfur%20trioxide" title=" Sulfur trioxide"> Sulfur trioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SO3%20removal" title=" SO3 removal"> SO3 removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18701/a-study-on-removal-of-so3-in-flue-gas-generated-from-power-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">521</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3381</span> Extracting an Experimental Relation between SMD, Mass Flow Rate, Velocity and Pressure in Swirl Fuel Atomizers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hassan%20Ziraksaz">Mohammad Hassan Ziraksaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel atomizers are used in a wide range of IC engines, turbojets and a variety of liquid propellant rocket engines. As the fuel spray fully develops its characters approach their ultimate amounts. Fuel spray characters such as SMD, injection pressure, mass flow rate, droplet velocity and spray cone angle play important roles to atomize the liquid fuel to finely atomized fuel droplets and finally form the fine fuel spray. Well performed, fully developed, fine spray without any defections, brings the idea of finding an experimental relation between the main effective spray characters. Extracting an experimental relation between SMD and other fuel spray physical characters in swirl fuel atomizers is the main scope of this experimental work. Droplet velocity, fuel mass flow rate, SMD and spray cone angle are the parameters which are measured. A set of twelve reverse engineering atomizers without any spray defections and a set of eight original atomizers as referenced well-performed spray are contributed in this work. More than 350 tests, mostly repeated, were performed. This work shows that although spray cone angle plays a very effective role in spray formation, after formation, it smoothly approaches to an almost constant amount while the other characters are changed to create fine droplets. Therefore, the work to find the relation between the characters is focused on SMD, droplet velocity, fuel mass flow rate, and injection pressure. The process of fuel spray formation begins in 5 Psig injection pressures, where a tiny fuel onion attaches to the injector tip and ended in 250 Psig injection pressure, were fully developed fine fuel spray forms. Injection pressure is gradually increased to observe how the spray forms. In each step, all parameters are measured and recorded carefully to provide a data bank. Various diagrams have been drawn to study the behavior of the parameters in more detail. Experiments and graphs show that the power equation can best show changes in parameters. The SMD experimental relation with pressure P, fuel mass flow rate Q ̇ and droplet velocity V extracted individually in pairs. Therefore, the proportional relation of SMD with other parameters is founded. Now it is time to find an experimental relation including all the parameters. Using obtained proportional relation, replacing the parameters with experimentally measured ones and drawing the graphs of experimental SMD versus proportion SMD (〖SMD〗_P), a correctional equation and consequently the final experimental equation is obtained. This experimental equation is specified to use for swirl fuel atomizers and the use of this experimental equation in different conditions shows about 3% error, which is expected to achieve lower error and consequently higher accuracy by increasing the number of experiments and increasing the accuracy of data collection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=droplet%20velocity" title="droplet velocity">droplet velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20relation" title=" experimental relation"> experimental relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20flow%20rate" title=" mass flow rate"> mass flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMD" title=" SMD"> SMD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swirl%20fuel%20atomizer" title=" swirl fuel atomizer"> swirl fuel atomizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132417/extracting-an-experimental-relation-between-smd-mass-flow-rate-velocity-and-pressure-in-swirl-fuel-atomizers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3380</span> Numerical Simulation and Analysis on Liquid Nitrogen Spray Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenjing%20Ding">Wenjing Ding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiwei%20Shan"> Weiwei Shan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zijuan"> Zijuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang"> Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chao%20He"> Chao He</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Liquid spray heat exchanger is the critical equipment of temperature regulating system by gaseous nitrogen which realizes the environment temperature in the range of -180 ℃~+180 ℃. Liquid nitrogen is atomized into smaller liquid drops through liquid nitrogen sprayer and then contacts with gaseous nitrogen to be cooled. By adjusting the pressure of liquid nitrogen and gaseous nitrogen, the flowrate of liquid nitrogen is changed to realize the required outlet temperature of heat exchanger. The temperature accuracy of shrouds is ±1 ℃. Liquid nitrogen spray heat exchanger is simulated by CATIA, and the numerical simulation is performed by FLUENT. The comparison between the tests and numerical simulation is conducted. Moreover, the results help to improve the design of liquid nitrogen spray heat exchanger. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20nitrogen%20spray" title="liquid nitrogen spray">liquid nitrogen spray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20regulating%20system" title=" temperature regulating system"> temperature regulating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20exchanger" title=" heat exchanger"> heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73604/numerical-simulation-and-analysis-on-liquid-nitrogen-spray-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3379</span> Co-Pyrolysis Characteristics of Waste Polyolefins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si%CC%87nem%20U%C4%9Fuz">Si̇nem Uğuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuksel%20Ardali"> Yuksel Ardali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays rapid population growth causes a mandatory increase in consumption. As a result of production activities which meet this consumption, energy sources decrease rapidly on our world. As well as with this production activities various waste occurs. At the end of the production and accumulation of this waste need a mandatory disposal. In this context, copyrolysis of waste polyolefins were investigated. In this study for pyrolysis process, polyethylene and polyprophylene are selected as polyolefins. The pyrolysis behavior (efficiency of solid, liquid and gas production) of selected materials were examined at the different temperatures and different mixtures. Pyrolysis process was carried out at 550 °C and 600 °C without air in a fixed bed pyrolysis oven solid under the nitrogen flow to provide inertness of medium. Elemental analyses (C, H, O, N, S) of this solid and liquid (bitumen) products were made and the calorific value was calculated. The availability of liquid product as a fuel was investigated. In addition different products’ amounts formed like solid, liquid and gas at different temperatures were evaluated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20energy" title="alternative energy">alternative energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elemental%20analysis" title=" elemental analysis"> elemental analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis" title=" pyrolysis"> pyrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20reduction" title=" waste reduction"> waste reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54584/co-pyrolysis-characteristics-of-waste-polyolefins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54584.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3378</span> Online Measurement of Fuel Stack Elongation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Ahn">Sung Ho Ahn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jintae%20Hong"> Jintae Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang%20Young%20Joung"> Chang Young Joung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Ho%20Yang"> Tae Ho Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Heo"> Sung Ho Heo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seo%20Yun%20Jang"> Seo Yun Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The performances of nuclear fuels and materials are qualified at an irradiation system in research reactors operating under the commercial nuclear power plant conditions. Fuel centerline temperature, coolant temperature, neutron flux, deformations of fuel stack and swelling are important parameters needed to analyze the nuclear fuel performances. The dimensional stability of nuclear fuels is a key parameter measuring the fuel densification and swelling. In this study, the fuel stack elongation is measured using a LVDT. A mockup LVDT instrumented fuel rod is developed. The performances of mockup LVDT instrumented fuel rod is evaluated by experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20deformation" title="axial deformation">axial deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elongation%20measurement" title=" elongation measurement"> elongation measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-pile%20instrumentation" title=" in-pile instrumentation"> in-pile instrumentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LVDT" title=" LVDT"> LVDT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46795/online-measurement-of-fuel-stack-elongation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3377</span> Study of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions on Multi-Cylinder Turbo-Charged Diesel Engine Operated with B5 Biodiesel Blend </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pradip%20Lingfa">Pradip Lingfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20M.%20Das"> L. M. Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Naik"> S. N. Naik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last three decades the world has been confronting an energy crisis caused by the decreased of fossil resources, and increased of environmental problems. This situation resulted in a search for an alternative fuel. Non-edible vegetable oils are promising sources for producing liquid fuels. In the present experimental investigation, the engine tests were carried out for performance and exhaust emissions on 2.5 L Turbo-charged diesel engine fuelled with 5% biodiesel blend obtained from non-edible vegetable oils such as Jatropha, Karanja, and Castor Seeds. The engine tests were carried out at full throttle position with various engine speeds of 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, 2750 and 3000 rpm respectively. After test, it was observed that 5% Jatropha biodiesel blend have highest brake power of 46.65 kW and less brake specific fuel consumptions of 225.8 kg/kW-hr compared to other two biodiesel blends of brake power of 45.99 kW, 45.81 kW and brake specific fuel consumption of 234.34, 236.55 kg/kW-hr respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption of biodiesel blends increase at increasing speeds for all biodiesel blends. NOx emissions for biodiesel blends were observed to be higher compared to diesel fuel during the entire range of engine operations. The emission characteristics like CO, HC and smoke were lowered at all engine speed conditions compared to diesel fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel%20blend" title="biodiesel blend">biodiesel blend</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brake%20power" title=" brake power"> brake power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brake%20specific%20fuel%20consumption" title=" brake specific fuel consumption"> brake specific fuel consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission" title=" emission"> emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94014/study-of-engine-performance-and-exhaust-emissions-on-multi-cylinder-turbo-charged-diesel-engine-operated-with-b5-biodiesel-blend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3376</span> Investigating of the Fuel Consumption in Construction Machinery and Ways to Reduce Fuel Consumption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Bahboodian">Reza Bahboodian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important factors in the use of construction machinery is the fuel consumption cost of this equipment. The use of diesel engines in off-road vehicles is an important source of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter 10 in off-road vehicles (construction and mining) may be high. Due to the high cost of fuel, it is necessary to minimize fuel consumption. Factors affecting the fuel consumption of these cars are very diverse. Climate changes such as changes in pressure, temperature, humidity, fuel type selection, type of gearbox used in the car are effective in fuel consumption and pollution, and engine efficiency. In this paper, methods for reducing fuel consumption and pollutants by considering valid European and European standards are examined based on new methods such as hybridization, optimal gear change, adding hydrogen to diesel fuel, determining optimal working fluids, and using oxidation catalysts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improve%20fuel%20consumption" title="improve fuel consumption">improve fuel consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20machinery" title=" construction machinery"> construction machinery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollutant%20reduction" title=" pollutant reduction"> pollutant reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determining%20the%20optimal%20working%20cycle" title=" determining the optimal working cycle"> determining the optimal working cycle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136399/investigating-of-the-fuel-consumption-in-construction-machinery-and-ways-to-reduce-fuel-consumption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3375</span> Effect of Fuel Lean Reburning Process on NOx Reduction and CO Emission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee">Changyeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim"> Sewon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reburning is a useful technology in reducing nitric oxide through injection of a secondary hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of fuel lean reburning on NOx/CO reduction in LNG flame. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a co-flow swirl burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. Tests were conducted using LNG gas as the reburn fuel as well as the main fuel. The effects of reburn fuel fraction and injection manner of the reburn fuel were studied when the fuel lean reburning system was applied. The paper reports data on flue gas emissions and temperature distribution in the furnace for a wide range of experimental conditions. At steady state, temperature distribution and emission formation in the furnace have been measured and compared. This paper makes clear that in order to decrease both NOx and CO concentrations in the exhaust when the pulsated fuel lean reburning system was adapted, it is important that the control of some factors such as frequency and duty ratio. Also it shows the fuel lean reburning is also effective method to reduce NOx as much as reburning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20lean%20reburn" title="fuel lean reburn">fuel lean reburn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO" title=" CO"> CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LNG%20flame" title=" LNG flame"> LNG flame</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315/effect-of-fuel-lean-reburning-process-on-nox-reduction-and-co-emission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3374</span> Characterization of Forest Fire Fuel in Shivalik Himalayas Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Devi">Neha Devi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20K.%20Joshi"> P. K. Joshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fire fuel map is one of the most critical factors for planning and managing the fire hazard and risk. One of the most significant forms of global disturbance, impacting community dynamics, biogeochemical cycles and local and regional climate across a wide range of ecosystems ranging from boreal forests to tropical rainforest is wildfire Assessment of fire danger is a function of forest type, fuelwood stock volume, moisture content, degree of senescence and fire management strategy adopted in the ground. Remote sensing has potential of reduction the uncertainty in mapping fuels. Hyperspectral remote sensing is emerging to be a very promising technology for wildfire fuels characterization. Fine spectral information also facilitates mapping of biophysical and chemical information that is directly related to the quality of forest fire fuels including above ground live biomass, canopy moisture, etc. We used Hyperion imagery acquired in February, 2016 and analysed four fuel characteristics using Hyperion sensor data on-board EO-1 satellite, acquired over the Shiwalik Himalayas covering the area of Champawat, Uttarakhand state. The main objective of this study was to present an overview of methodologies for mapping fuel properties using hyperspectral remote sensing data. Fuel characteristics analysed include fuel biomass, fuel moisture, and fuel condition and fuel type. Fuel moisture and fuel biomass were assessed through the expression of the liquid water bands. Fuel condition and type was assessed using green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation and soil as Endmember for spectral mixture analysis. Linear Spectral Unmixing, a partial spectral unmixing algorithm, was used to identify the spectral abundance of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation and soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20fire%20fuel" title="forest fire fuel">forest fire fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyperion" title=" Hyperion"> Hyperion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperspectral" title=" hyperspectral"> hyperspectral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20spectral%20unmixing" title=" linear spectral unmixing"> linear spectral unmixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20mixture%20analysis" title=" spectral mixture analysis"> spectral mixture analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102309/characterization-of-forest-fire-fuel-in-shivalik-himalayas-using-hyperspectral-remote-sensing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3373</span> Extractive Desulfurization of Atmospheric Gasoil with N,N-Dimethylformamide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kahina%20Bedda">Kahina Bedda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boudjema%20Hamada"> Boudjema Hamada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental regulations have been introduced in many countries around the world to reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel to ultra low levels with the intention of lowering diesel engine’s harmful exhaust emissions and improving air quality. Removal of sulfur containing compounds from diesel feedstocks to produce ultra low sulfur diesel fuel by extraction with selective solvents has received increasing attention in recent years. This is because the sulfur extraction technologies compared to the hydrotreating processes could reduce the cost of desulfurization substantially since they do not demand hydrogen, and are carried out at atmospheric pressure. In this work, the desulfurization of distillate gasoil by liquid-liquid extraction with N, N-dimethylformamide was investigated. This fraction was recovered from a mixture of Hassi Messaoud crude oils and Hassi R'Mel gas-condensate in Algiers refinery. The sulfur content of this cut is 281 ppm. Experiments were performed in six-stage with a ratio of solvent:feed equal to 3:1. The effect of the extraction temperature was investigated in the interval 30 ÷ 110°C. At 110°C the yield of refined gas oil was 82% and its sulfur content was 69 ppm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desulfurization" title="desulfurization">desulfurization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasoil" title=" gasoil"> gasoil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N" title=" N"> N</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N-dimethylformamide" title="N-dimethylformamide">N-dimethylformamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sulfur%20content" title=" sulfur content"> sulfur content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9332/extractive-desulfurization-of-atmospheric-gasoil-with-nn-dimethylformamide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3372</span> Stationary Methanol Steam Reforming to Hydrogen Fuel for Fuel-Cell Filling Stations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athanasios%20A.%20Tountas">Athanasios A. Tountas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20A.%20Ozin"> Geoffrey A. Ozin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohini%20M.%20Sain"> Mohini M. Sain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Renewable hydrogen (H₂) carriers such as methanol (MeOH), dimethyl ether (DME), oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OMEs), and conceivably ammonia (NH₃) can be reformed back into H₂ and are fundamental chemical conversions for the long-term viability of the H₂ economy due to their higher densities and ease of transportability compared to H₂. MeOH is an especially important carrier as it is a simple C1 chemical that can be produced from green solar-PV-generated H₂ and direct-air-captured CO₂ with a current commercially practical solar-to-fuel efficiency of 10% from renewable solar energy. MeOH steam reforming (MSR) in stationary systems next to H₂ fuel-cell filling stations can eliminate the need for onboard mobile reformers, and the former systems can be more robust in terms of attaining strict H₂ product specifications, and MeOH is a safe, lossless, and compact medium for long-term H₂ storage. Both thermal- and photo-catalysts are viable options for achieving the stable, long-term performance of stationary MSR systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel-cell%20vehicle%20filling%20stations" title="fuel-cell vehicle filling stations">fuel-cell vehicle filling stations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanol%20steam%20reforming" title=" methanol steam reforming"> methanol steam reforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20transport%20and%20storage" title=" hydrogen transport and storage"> hydrogen transport and storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stationary%20reformer" title=" stationary reformer"> stationary reformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20hydrogen%20carriers" title=" liquid hydrogen carriers"> liquid hydrogen carriers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148294/stationary-methanol-steam-reforming-to-hydrogen-fuel-for-fuel-cell-filling-stations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3371</span> Bi-Liquid Free Surface Flow Simulation of Liquid Atomization for Bi-Propellant Thrusters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junya%20Kouwa">Junya Kouwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shinsuke%20Matsuno"> Shinsuke Matsuno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chihiro%20Inoue"> Chihiro Inoue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takehiro%20Himeno"> Takehiro Himeno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshinori%20Watanabe"> Toshinori Watanabe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bi-propellant thrusters use impinging jet atomization to atomize liquid fuel and oxidizer. Atomized propellants are mixed and combusted due to auto-ignitions. Therefore, it is important for a prediction of thruster’s performance to simulate the primary atomization phenomenon; especially, the local mixture ratio can be used as indicator of thrust performance, so it is useful to evaluate it from numerical simulations. In this research, we propose a numerical method for considering bi-liquid and the mixture and install it to CIP-LSM which is a two-phase flow simulation solver with level-set and MARS method as an interfacial tracking method and can predict local mixture ratio distribution downstream from an impingement point. A new parameter, beta, which is defined as the volume fraction of one liquid in the mixed liquid within a cell is introduced and the solver calculates the advection of beta, inflow and outflow flux of beta to a cell. By validating this solver, we conducted a simple experiment and the same simulation by using the solver. From the result, the solver can predict the penetrating length of a liquid jet correctly and it is confirmed that the solver can simulate the mixing of liquids. Then we apply this solver to the numerical simulation of impinging jet atomization. From the result, the inclination angle of fan after the impingement in the bi-liquid condition reasonably agrees with the theoretical value. Also, it is seen that the mixture of liquids can be simulated in this result. Furthermore, simulation results clarify that the injecting condition affects the atomization process and local mixture ratio distribution downstream drastically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-propellant%20thrusters" title="bi-propellant thrusters">bi-propellant thrusters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CIP-LSM" title=" CIP-LSM"> CIP-LSM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free-surface%20flow%20simulation" title=" free-surface flow simulation"> free-surface flow simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impinging%20jet%20atomization" title=" impinging jet atomization"> impinging jet atomization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43135/bi-liquid-free-surface-flow-simulation-of-liquid-atomization-for-bi-propellant-thrusters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3370</span> Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Koeberg Spent Fuel Pool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sibongiseni%20Thabethe">Sibongiseni Thabethe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ian%20Korir"> Ian Korir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effective management of spent fuel pool (SFP) safety has been raised as one of the emerging issues to further enhance nuclear installation safety after the Fukushima accident on March 11, 2011. Before then, SFP safety-related issues have been mainly focused on (a) controlling the configuration of the fuel assemblies in the pool with no loss of pool coolants and (b) ensuring adequate pool storage space to prevent fuel criticality owing to chain reactions of the fission products and the ability for neutron absorption to keep the fuel cool. A probabilistic safety (PSA) assessment was performed using the systems analysis program for hands-on integrated reliability evaluations (SAPHIRE) computer code. Event and fault tree analysis was done to develop a PSA model for the Koeberg SFP. We present preliminary PSA results of events that lead to boiling and cause fuel uncovering, resulting in possible fuel damage in the Koeberg SFP. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20code" title="computer code">computer code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20assemblies" title=" fuel assemblies"> fuel assemblies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20risk%20assessment" title=" probabilistic risk assessment"> probabilistic risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20fuel%20pool" title=" spent fuel pool"> spent fuel pool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131191/probabilistic-safety-assessment-of-koeberg-spent-fuel-pool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3369</span> Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Fuel Gas From Pine Needles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despina%20Vamvuka">Despina Vamvuka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despina%20Pentari"> Despina Pentari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forestry wastes are readily available in large quantities around the world. Based on European Green Deal for the deployment of renewable and decarbonized energy by 2050, as well as global energy crisis, energy recovery from such wastes reducing greenhouse gas emissions is very attractive. Gasification has superior environmental performance to combustion, producing a clean fuel gas utilized in internal combustion engines, gas turbines, solid oxide fuel cells, or for synthesis of liquid bio-fuels and value-added chemicals. In this work, pine needles, which are abundantly found in Mediterranean countries, were gasified by either steam or carbon dioxide via a two-step process to improve reactivity and eliminate tar, employing a fixed bed unit and a thermal analysis system. Solid, liquid and gaseous products from the whole process were characterized and their energy potential was determined. Thermal behaviour, reactivity, conversion and energy recovery were examined. The gasification process took place above 650°C. At 950°C conversion and energy recovery were 77% dry and 2 under a flow of steam and 85% dry and 2.9 under a flow of carbon dioxide, respectively. Organic matter was almost completely converted to syngas, the yield of which varied between 89% and 99%. The higher heating values of biochar, bio-oil and pyrolysis gas were 27.8 MJ/kg, 33.5 MJ/kg and 13.6 MJ/m3. Upon steam or carbon dioxide gasification, the higher heating value of syngas produced was 11.5 MJ/m3 and 12.7 MJ/m3, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title="gasification">gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steam" title=" steam"> steam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide" title=" carbon dioxide"> carbon dioxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154105/production-of-hydrogen-and-carbon-monoxide-fuel-gas-from-pine-needles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154105.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=113">113</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=114">114</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>