Applied Sciences | Topical Collection : Dental Composites and Adhesives in Dentistry

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class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_21097.png?1724763019" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Gianrico Spagnuolo </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop21097" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_21097.png?1724763019" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Gianrico Spagnuolo </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/477376?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Gianrico%20Spagnuolo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Gianrico%20Spagnuolo&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gianrico%20Spagnuolo" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="21097">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://www.docenti.unina.it/#!/professor/4749414e5249434f535041474e554f4c4f53504747524337324530374638333956/riferimenti" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Collection Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy<br> <b>Interests:</b> oral medicine; dental materials; operative dentistry; oral health<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_21097" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_21097" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/dentistry/special_issues/Restorative_Materials"> <i>Dentistry Journal</i>: Restorative Materials in the Digital Workflow: Innovative Trends to Join Esthetics and Biomechanics</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/dentistry/special_issues/Biofilms_Orthodontics"> <i>Dentistry Journal</i>: Oral Hygiene and Biofilms in Orthodontics</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/dent_mater"> <i>Materials</i>: Current and Future Trends in Dental Materials</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/dentistry/special_issues/Dental_Ceramics_Materials"> <i>Dentistry Journal</i>: Dental Ceramics and Metal-Free Materials in The Digital Workflow</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jcm/special_issues/Oro-Pharyngeal_Mucositis"> <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>: Perio-Inflammation in Auto-Antibodies and T-Cell Mediated Oro-Pharyngeal Mucositis</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/Advanced_Progress_Morphology_Surface_Dental_Implant"> <i>Materials</i>: Advanced Progress in the Morphology and Surface of Dental Implant</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijerph/special_issues/SD_oral_health"> <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>: Social Determinants in Oral Health</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Invited_Papers_Applied_Dentistry"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: 10th Anniversary of <em>Applied Sciences</em>: Invited Papers in Applied Dentistry Section</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jcm/special_issues/Oral_Health_Special"> <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>: Oral Health for Special Needs, Compromised and Elderly Patients</a><br> Topical Collection in <a href="/journal/ijerph/special_issues/Oral_Public"> <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>: Oral and Public Health</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijerph/special_issues/oral_dentistry"> <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>: The Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry and Oral Health: A Global Perspective</a><br> Topical Collection in <a href="/journal/dentistry/special_issues/Ceramic_Materials_Dentistry"> <i>Dentistry Journal</i>: Novel Ceramic Materials in Dentistry</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/dent_mater_II"> <i>Materials</i>: Current and Future Trends in Dental Materials, Volume II</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jfb/special_issues/Feature_Papers_Dental_Biomaterials"> <i>Journal of Functional Biomaterials</i>: Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijerph/special_issues/OralHealth_ExclusivePaper"> <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>: Exclusive Papers Collection of Editorial Board Members (and Invited Scholars) in Section "Oral Health"</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/dentistry/special_issues/dentistry_journal_anniversary"> <i>Dentistry Journal</i>: Dentistry Journal: 10th Anniversary</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/Feature_Review_Papers_Applied_Dentistry_Oral_Sciences"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Feature Review Papers in "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences" Section</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/ijerph/special_issues/D223G8923F"> <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>: 2nd Edition of The Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry and Oral Health: A Global Perspective</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/applsci/special_issues/R0U5PCU4Q2"> <i>Applied Sciences</i>: Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Oral Health</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jcm/special_issues/2TS239805L"> <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>: Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment—Current Issues and Future Challenges</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/9306R4KLLU"> <i>Materials</i>: Current Progress in Surface, Micromorphology and Mechanical Properties of Implants</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jfb/special_issues/Z5XTFD4M3O"> <i>Journal of Functional Biomaterials</i>: Feature Papers in Dental Biomaterials (<span class="ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak" dir="ltr">2nd Edition</span>)</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/jfb/special_issues/A1Z7MTH558"> <i>Journal of Functional Biomaterials</i>: Feature Review Papers on Dental Biomaterials</a><br> Topics: <a href="/topics/Dental_Biomaterials_Oral_Tissues_Engineering">Advances in Dental Biomaterials and Oral Tissues Engineering</a><br> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item editor-div" data-filter="eunice carrilho adhesives; cytotoxicity and biocompatibility; dentistry biomaterials; composites"> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> <div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop89360' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_89360.png?1703083422" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Eunice Carrilho </span></div></div> </div> <div id="profile-card-drop89360" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <div class="profile-card__title "> <div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/data/editors/editor_89360.png?1703083422" style= "width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name"> Prof. Dr. Eunice Carrilho </span></div></div> </div> <div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/636791?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Eunice%20Carrilho" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Eunice%20Carrilho&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eunice%20Carrilho" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a> </div> </div> <br class="show-for-small-only" /> <a class="inline-spacer toEncode emailCaptcha" href="" data-editor-id="89360">E-Mail</a> <a class="inline-spacer" href="https://pt.linkedin.com/in/eunice-carrilho-19b9ba47" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Website</a> <br/> <i>Collection Editor</i><br> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="editor-div__content smaller-pictures"> Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal<br> <b>Interests:</b> adhesives; cytotoxicity and biocompatibility; dentistry biomaterials; composites<br> <a href="#" id="editor_contrib_89360" onclick="div_toggle(this.id); return false;">Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals</a> <div id="div_editor_contrib_89360" style="display: none"> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/biomater_dev_eval_dent"> <i>Materials</i>: Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry</a><br> Special Issue in <a href="/journal/materials/special_issues/30S3R8A7ZD"> <i>Materials</i>: Recent Advances in Biomaterials for Restorative and Implant Dentistry</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2><a name="info"></a>Topical Collection Information</h2> <div> <p>Dear Colleagues,</p> <p>Dental materials play a fundamental role in modern dental practice. Dental composites and adhesives are among the most used materials, fundamental in several dental procedures, from restorative and esthetic dentistry to orthodontics or prosthodontics. The minimally invasive and adhesive dentistry concepts reinforced the importance of these materials for dental practice. The materials’ properties and the use of adequate clinical application protocols are directly linked to the treatments’ clinical success and longevity.</p> <p>Due to their widespread use and relevance to dental practice, research in dental composites and adhesives is a vibrant field, aiming to develop new materials with improved physical and chemical properties, capable of inducing beneficial biological responses and improving the success and durability of the treatments. At the same time, research focuses on simplifying the clinical procedures to reduce the treatment time and potential errors in clinical protocols.</p> <p>This topical collection aims to provide the most innovative research on dental composites and adhesives, from the laboratory to the clinic. Original research articles using diverse experimental models and reviews are welcome. Systematic reviews on the topic are particularly encouraged. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: the development and evaluation of dental composites and adhesives, clinical applications and treatments' success and behaviour in the oral cavity, new strategies to improve adhesives interfaces, materials degradation, materials with antibacterial properties, materials with bioactive behaviour, auto-adhesive materials, new techniques to evaluate and characterize dental materials, the evaluation of adhesion to different subtracts both biological (dentine and enamel) or synthetic (ceramics, composites, endodontic filling materials, calcium silicate cements…), toxicity and biocompatibility evaluation of materials, and evidence-based synthesis of these materials’ characteristics and behaviour.</p> <p>We look forward to receiving your contributions.</p> <p>Prof. Dr. Gianrico Spagnuolo<br />Prof. Dr. Eunice Carrilho<br /><em>Collection Editors</em></p> <p><p><strong>Manuscript Submission Information</strong><p> <p>Manuscripts should be submitted online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/">www.mdpi.com</a> by <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/register/">registering</a> and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/user/login/">logging in to this website</a>. Once you are registered, <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload/?journal=applsci">click here to go to the submission form</a>. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.</p> <p>Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/"><em>Applied Sciences</em></a> is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.</p> <p> Please visit the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> page before submitting a manuscript. The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/apc/">Article Processing Charge (APC)</a> for publication in this <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess/">open access</a> journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english">English editing service</a> prior to publication or during author revisions. </p></p> </div> <h2><a name="keywords"></a>Keywords</h2> <div><ul> <li>dental composites</li> <li>fiber-reinforced composites</li> <li>nanocomposites and nanoparticles</li> <li>bulk-fill composites</li> <li>dental adhesives</li> <li>adhesive interfaces</li> <li>bond strength</li> <li>mechanical properties</li> <li>restorative and esthetic dentistry</li> <li>minimally invasive dentistry</li> <li>adhesive dentistry</li> <li>orthodontics</li> <li>prosthodontics</li> <li>cytotoxicity and biocompatibility</li> <li>antibacterial</li> <li>clinical applications</li> <li>ceramics</li> <li>biomaterials</li> <li>bioactivity</li> <li>auto-adhesive materials</li> </ul></div> <div> <div> <h2><a name="published"></a>Published Papers (5 papers) </h2> </div> <div class="download_si" style="text-align: right;"> <a id="js-si-papers-download-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/download/journal/applsci/special_issues/dental_composites_adhesives_dentistry/download" class="accessCaptcha">Download All Papers</a> <div style="display: inline;" class="download_si_separate"></div> </div> </div> <div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"], preferredFonts: "TeX", webFont:"TeX", imageFont:"TeX", undefinedFamily:"'Arial Unicode MS',serif", scale: 80, linebreaks: { automatic: true, width: "container" } }, "TeX": { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], multiLine: true, style: { "font-size": "90%", "text-align": "left", "color": "black", "padding": "1px 3px", "border": "1px solid" } } } }); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End",function () { $(".art-abstract").css("display", "block"); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=2024> <h2>2024</h2> <h3>Jump to: <a href="#2023">2023</a>, <a href="#2022">2022</a> </h3> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1815 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/14/22/10119/pdf?version=1730799439" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring Dentists’ Preferences in Selecting Adhesive Systems: A Survey Analysis" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/14/22/10119">Exploring Dentists’ Preferences in Selecting Adhesive Systems: A Survey Analysis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iustin Olariu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diana Marian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ioana Veja (Ilyes)</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Razvan Flueras</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ramona Amina Popovici</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dana Emanuela Pitic (Cot)</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Horia Ademir Stana</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luminita Ligia Vaida</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ioana Elena Lile</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(22), 10119; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210119">https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210119</a> - 5 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 521 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Dental adhesives play a crucial role in modern dentistry by enabling the bonding of diverse restorative materials to tooth surfaces. These systems have evolved through seven generations, each characterized by unique chemical compositions and application techniques. The advancements in dental adhesives have significantly <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/22/10119/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Dental adhesives play a crucial role in modern dentistry by enabling the bonding of diverse restorative materials to tooth surfaces. These systems have evolved through seven generations, each characterized by unique chemical compositions and application techniques. The advancements in dental adhesives have significantly impacted restorative dentistry by preserving tooth structure, enhancing aesthetics, and ultimately improving patient outcomes and treatment options. The choice of adhesive system depends on various factors, including the clinical scenario, material compatibility, and dentist preference. Ongoing advancements in adhesive technology continue to enhance treatment outcomes and streamline procedures for dental practitioners. The development of universal adhesives capable of functioning in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes has further simplified clinical protocols. This study is an observational cross-sectional study conducted among Romanian dentists. A questionnaire was distributed via email to Romanian dentists, encompassing seven questions that explored the predominant use of etch-and-rinse or self-etch adhesive systems, preferred adhesive types, and commonly encountered challenges in direct restorations. Statistical analyses were conducted using DATAtab version (2024). The study highlighted the varying preferences among Romanian dentists in selecting suitable adhesive agents. Etch-and-rinse (ER) techniques predominated in direct restorations, with universal adhesives being the most frequently used. Further investigation is warranted to delve into the preferences of Romanian dentists regarding the utilization of self-etch (SE), etch-and-rinse (ER), and universal adhesives (UAs). <a href="/2076-3417/14/22/10119">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/22/10119/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1514282"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1514282"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1514282" data-cycle-prev="#prev1514282" data-cycle-progressive="#images1514282" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1514282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g001-550.jpg?1730799595" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1514282" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1514282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g002-550.jpg?1730799596'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1514282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g003-550.jpg?1730799597'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1514282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g004-550.jpg?1730799598'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1514282-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g005-550.jpg?1730799599'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1514282-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g001-550.jpg?1730799595" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Frequency of ER or SE adhesive techniques. <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.987 * Chi-square test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/22/10119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g002-550.jpg?1730799596" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Preferred adhesive system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/22/10119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g003-550.jpg?1730799597" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Preferred adhesive systems in ER or SE approach.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/22/10119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g004-550.jpg?1730799598" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of difficult situations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/22/10119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-10119/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-10119-g005-550.jpg?1730799599" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Difficulties in direct restoration distributed by graduation year.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/22/10119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 51 pages, 9758 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/14/18/8111/pdf?version=1725956075" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Literature Review of Adhesive Systems in Dentistry: Key Components and Their Clinical Applications" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/14/18/8111">A Literature Review of Adhesive Systems in Dentistry: Key Components and Their Clinical Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rim Bourgi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Naji Kharouf</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Monika Lukomska-Szymanska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Youssef Haikel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Louis Hardan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(18), 8111; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188111">https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188111</a> - 10 Sep 2024 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/14/18/8111#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 2992 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The central aim of adhesive dentistry is to improve the compatibility between current adhesives and a range of substrates by employing diverse application techniques. Therefore, the overarching objective of this review is to offer a comprehensive analysis of dentin bonding systems, starting with <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/18/8111/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The central aim of adhesive dentistry is to improve the compatibility between current adhesives and a range of substrates by employing diverse application techniques. Therefore, the overarching objective of this review is to offer a comprehensive analysis of dentin bonding systems, starting with an introduction to adhesion and a detailed overview of enamel and dentin structures, their histology, and the impact of dentin structure on resin–dentin bonding. It covers the mechanisms of resin–dentin bonding, including resin adhesive application, bonding mechanisms, and factors influencing efficacy. Further, this review explores the composition of resin adhesive systems, including acidic components, cross-linking monomers, solvents, and other critical elements. It also examines various adhesive strategies—etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal adhesives—highlighting their applications and advantages. The review extends to clinical applications of dental adhesion, including direct restorations, indirect restorations, and immediate dentin sealing (IDS), demonstrating the practical implications of adhesive systems in enhancing restoration longevity and performance. In conclusion, despite significant advancements, no gold-standard method for optimal adhesion exists. Each adhesive system has distinct strengths and limitations. The review emphasizes the importance of evaluating methods for achieving durable adhesion and staying current with technological advancements in adhesive systems. <b>Summary:</b> This review provides a thorough analysis of dentin bonding systems, delving into the structures and bonding mechanisms of both enamel and dentin. By exploring various adhesive systems and their components, it highlights the ongoing challenges in achieving optimal resin–dentin adhesion. The review also addresses the clinical applications of dental adhesion, including direct restorations, indirect restorations, and immediate dentin sealing (IDS), illustrating how different adhesive techniques impact clinical outcomes. It underscores the necessity for continuous innovation and assessment of adhesive systems to enhance long-term bonding effectiveness in clinical practice. <a href="/2076-3417/14/18/8111">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/18/8111/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1474895"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1474895"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1474895" data-cycle-prev="#prev1474895" data-cycle-progressive="#images1474895" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g001-550.jpg?1725956214" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1474895" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g002-550.jpg?1725956215'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g003-550.jpg?1725956215'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g004-550.jpg?1725956216'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g005-550.jpg?1725956218'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g006-550.jpg?1725956219'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g007-550.jpg?1725956220'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g008-550.jpg?1725956221'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g009-550.jpg?1725956222'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g010-550.jpg?1725956224'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g011-550.jpg?1725956224'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g012-550.jpg?1725956225'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g013-550.jpg?1725956226'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g014-550.jpg?1725956226'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g015-550.jpg?1725956229'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g016-550.jpg?1725956230'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g017-550.jpg?1725956233'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g018-550.jpg?1725956234'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1474895-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g019-550.jpg?1725956235'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1474895-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g001-550.jpg?1725956214" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional (3D) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy tomography of a representative volume of dentin. (<b>a</b>) 3D reconstruction of the dentin structure composed of tubules. (<b>b</b>) 3D spatial distribution of dentinal tubules (dark grey). (<b>c</b>) The variation of grey scale values across the center of a representative single dentinal tubule (marked by the dashed region in image (<b>a</b>)) [<a href="#B47-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g002-550.jpg?1725956215" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Orientation of type I collagen molecules in hard-tissues. N- and C-terminal ends of successive type I collagen fragments as specific biological markers of degradation. (Courtesy of Prof Umer Daood).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g003-550.jpg?1725956215" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Structure of the three chains α. (<b>b</b>) Initiation of the formation of the triple helix at the level of the C-terminal propeptide. (<b>c</b>) Representation of the structure of the procollagen triple helix. ER = Endoplasmic reticulum [<a href="#B61-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">61</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g004-550.jpg?1725956216" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Representation of the progressive hydration of the collagen glycine–alanine peptide. Top row presents the perpendicular and the bottom row parallel view to the molecular axis at the same hydration level. (<b>a</b>) A view of the non-hydrated collagen, with the three peptide chains shown in different colors. (<b>b</b>) The first shell of water molecules (blue spheres), directly hydrogen-bonded to carbonyl, hydroxyl, or amide groups on the peptide surface. (<b>c</b>) The second shell of water molecules, hydrogen bond to the water in the first shell, demonstrating the filling of the superhelical groove. (<b>d</b>) The third shell of water molecules [<a href="#B64-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">64</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g005-550.jpg?1725956218" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrograph of acid-etched dentin showing two dentinal tubules containing remnants of peritubular dentin matrix. INSERT: High magnification of branching collagen fibrils (ca. 75 nm in diameter) separated by interfibrillar spaces that serve as channels for resin infiltrations during bonding [<a href="#B10-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g006-550.jpg?1725956219" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The formation of bubbles resulting from the chemical reaction between the acid and a mineral structure (positive sign of a chemical reaction). (Courtesy of Prof Louis Hardan).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g007-550.jpg?1725956220" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Difference in appearance of etched and unetched enamel rods. (<b>A</b>) A view of both etched and non-etched enamel. (<b>B</b>) Etched enamel rods. (<b>C</b>) Unetched enamel rods [<a href="#B148-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">148</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g008-550.jpg?1725956221" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Types of etched enamel [<a href="#B79-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">79</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g009-550.jpg?1725956222" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>37% orthophosphoric acid on dentin. (Courtesy of Prof Naji Kharouf).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g010-550.jpg?1725956224" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Higher magnification of dentin etched with phosphoric acid gel 37%. Amounts of small debris (silica) are clearly observed [<a href="#B154-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">154</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g011-550.jpg?1725956224" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The typical configuration of cross-linking and functional monomers, with adhesive monomers commonly falling under the category of methacrylates [<a href="#B48-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">48</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g012-550.jpg?1725956225" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Composition of dental adhesives and examples of cross-linking and functional monomers used in contemporary adhesive systems [<a href="#B45-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g013-550.jpg?1725956226" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Nano-layering of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate–calcium salt [<a href="#B146-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">146</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g014-550.jpg?1725956226" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Dipentaerythritol penta-acrylate phosphate has a more reliable bond than (<b>b</b>) 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate-based adhesives. Reactive double bonds (circles) and acidic moieties (triangles) are marked [<a href="#B204-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">204</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g015-550.jpg?1725956229" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Micrographs of an (<b>a</b>) etch-and-rinse (ER) and (<b>b</b>) a self-etch (SE) adhesive system. Resin tags are clearly detectable in the ER adhesive systems (<b>a</b>), since they infiltrated dentin tubules funneled by the etching agent. SE adhesives often infiltrate no further than the smear layer and smear plugs, revealing a more homogenous morphology that is empty of long resin tags [<a href="#B4-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g016-550.jpg?1725956230" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Classification of bonding systems [<a href="#B9-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g017-550.jpg?1725956233" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Selective enamel etching. (Courtesy of Prof Louis Hardan).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g018-550.jpg?1725956234" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Illustrative steps of the in vivo analysis of the permeability of adhesives [<a href="#B283-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">283</a>,<a href="#B284-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">284</a>]. A cavity was prepared and bonded (<b>a</b>), and an impression of the cavity floor was obtained (<b>b</b>). After pouring a cast with epoxy resin, specimens analyzed under a scanning electron microscope revealed water droplets emanating from the adhesive surface (<b>c</b>). These droplets are the morphological evidence of water that seeped from the adhesive layer during the setting time of the hydrophobic impression material, forming major droplets as well as minor droplets (pointing finger) over the adhesive [<a href="#B267-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">267</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-14-08111/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-14-08111-g019-550.jpg?1725956235" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Classification of dental adhesive systems according to their protocol of clinical application (etch-and-rinse, self-etch, or “universal”; and one, two, or three steps) [<a href="#B289-applsci-14-08111" class="html-bibr">289</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/14/18/8111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=2023> <h2>2023</h2> <h3>Jump to: <a href="#2024">2024</a>, <a href="#2022">2022</a> </h3> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 2751 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/13/18/10322/pdf?version=1694702800" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Investigation of the Effect of a-Tomatine as a Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor on the Bond Strength of Sound and Eroded Dentine through In Vitro and In Silico Methods" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/13/18/10322">The Investigation of the Effect of a-Tomatine as a Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor on the Bond Strength of Sound and Eroded Dentine through In Vitro and In Silico Methods</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Musa Kazim Ucuncu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmet Bugra Ortaakarsu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sule Batu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esra Yildiz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>13</em>(18), 10322; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810322">https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810322</a> - 14 Sep 2023 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/13/18/10322#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 1669 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study aims to examine the effect of a-tomatine, a new matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor for dentistry, as a surface pretreatment on the bonding strength of different types of dentine via in vitro and in silico methods. The binding efficacy of both a-tomatine and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10322/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study aims to examine the effect of a-tomatine, a new matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor for dentistry, as a surface pretreatment on the bonding strength of different types of dentine via in vitro and in silico methods. The binding efficacy of both a-tomatine and chlorhexidine to MMP-2, 8, and 9 was evaluated through molecular docking and dynamics analyses. For microtensile testing (µTBS), specimens (n = 84) were categorized into two groups based on the type of dentin: sound (SD) and eroded (ED) (n = 42). Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to the utilization of surface pretreatment agents (1.5 µM of tomatine, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and the control). Composite buildups were gradually created via a three-step etch-and-rinse technique. The specimens were sectioned into sticks and subsequently subjected to µTBS after aging for either 24 h (n = 7) or 6 months (n = 7). The data were subjected to analysis using two-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction post hoc test. The significance level was evaluated at a minimum of <i>p</i> < 0.05. According to molecular docking and dynamic simulation analyses, a-tomatine exhibits a higher affinity for MMP-2, -8, and -9 enzymes compared to chlorhexidine. Lower µTBS values were observed in all ED groups compared to the SD groups. Following 24-h aging, the CHX application in both the SD and ED groups achieved lower µTBS values compared to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.01 and <i>p</i> > 0.05, respectively). The most favorable results were consistently achieved across all the subgroups subjected to a-tomatine applications (<i>p</i> < 0.05). a-tomatine is a more effective MMP inhibitor than chlorhexidine in terms of preserving bond strength values over time and its capacity to bind to MMP-2,8, and 9 for inhibition. <a href="/2076-3417/13/18/10322">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10322/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1240167"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1240167"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1240167" data-cycle-prev="#prev1240167" data-cycle-progressive="#images1240167" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g001-550.jpg?1694702904" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1240167" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g002-550.jpg?1694702906'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g003-550.jpg?1694702908'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g004-550.jpg?1694702910'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g005-550.jpg?1694702912'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g006-550.jpg?1694702915'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g007-550.jpg?1694702917'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g008-550.jpg?1694702919'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g009-550.jpg?1694702921'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g010-550.jpg?1694702923'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1240167-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g011-550.jpg?1694702925'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1240167-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g001-550.jpg?1694702904" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The chemical structure of a-tomatine and chlorhexidine.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g002-550.jpg?1694702906" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Validation image and RMSD values of MMP-2 and MMP-8 enzymes. The red-colored ligand is the molecular docking ligand. The green-colored ligand is the position in the crystal structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g003-550.jpg?1694702908" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Interactions of a-tomatine and chlorhexidine with the protein structure of MMP-2 enzyme. a-tomatine on top and chlorhexidine on the bottom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g004-550.jpg?1694702910" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Interactions of a-tomatine and chlorhexidine with the protein structure of MMP--8 enzyme. a-tomatine on top and chlorhexidine on the bottom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g005-550.jpg?1694702912" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Interactions of a-tomatine and chlorhexidine with the protein structure of MMP-9 enzyme. a-tomatine on top and chlorhexidine on the bottom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g006-550.jpg?1694702915" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSD plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-2 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g007-550.jpg?1694702917" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSD plots of the halo forms and apo form of the MMP-8 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g008-550.jpg?1694702919" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSD plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-9 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g009-550.jpg?1694702921" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSF plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-2 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g010-550.jpg?1694702923" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSF plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-8 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-10322/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-10322-g011-550.jpg?1694702925" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Alpha-carbon RMSF plots of the halo form and apo form of the MMP-9 protein.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/18/10322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 921 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/13/14/8351/pdf?version=1689761713" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of a Desensitizing Agent on Shear Bond Strength of Ceramic Bracket on Previously Bleached Teeth" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/13/14/8351">Effect of a Desensitizing Agent on Shear Bond Strength of Ceramic Bracket on Previously Bleached Teeth</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Haikal Mahardhika</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dyah Karunia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pinandi Sri Pudyani</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ananto Ali Alhasyimi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>13</em>(14), 8351; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148351">https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148351</a> - 19 Jul 2023 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/13/14/8351#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 1169 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study aims to analyze the effect of desensitizing agents on the shear bond strength (SBS) of ceramic brackets after in-office bleaching procedures. Twenty-seven extracted premolars were equally divided into three groups (n = 9). Group 1 served as the control; bleaching was <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8351/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study aims to analyze the effect of desensitizing agents on the shear bond strength (SBS) of ceramic brackets after in-office bleaching procedures. Twenty-seven extracted premolars were equally divided into three groups (n = 9). Group 1 served as the control; bleaching was performed with 37% hydrogen peroxide. In group 2, bleaching and the application of a fluoride-containing desensitizing agent (CPP-ACFP) were performed. In group 3, bleaching and the application of a non-fluoride-containing desensitizing agent (CPP-ACP) were performed. Ceramic brackets were bonded with composite resin. SBS was tested using a universal testing machine. The site of bonding failure was measured using the adhesive remnant index (ARI) score. There was a statistically significant difference in mean SBS values (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Group 1 showed the lowest SBS value (6.32 ± 4.83 MPa), which differed significantly with groups 2 and 3 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was no significant difference between group 2 (15.36 ± 4.67 MPa) and group 3 (12.19 ± 6.81 MPa) (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The ARI score did not show a significant difference. The conclusion is that the application of fluoride-containing and non-fluoride desensitizing agents increases the shear bond strength of ceramic brackets on bleached teeth with composite resin cementation. The application of both desensitizing agents had no impact on the results of the ARI score, with the highest ARI score in each group being 4, indicating that less than 10% of the adhesive substance remains on the enamel. <a href="/2076-3417/13/14/8351">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8351/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1197501"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1197501"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1197501" data-cycle-prev="#prev1197501" data-cycle-progressive="#images1197501" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1197501-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-08351/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-08351-g001-550.jpg?1689761857" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1197501" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1197501-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-08351/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-08351-g002-550.jpg?1689761855'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1197501-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-08351/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-08351-g001-550.jpg?1689761857" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscope examination of enamel surface after bracket debonding using 10,000× magnification. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) fluoride group (CPP-ACFP); (<b>c</b>) non-fluoride group (CPP-ACP). Red arrow outlined the characteristic of surface morphology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/14/8351'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-13-08351/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-13-08351-g002-550.jpg?1689761855" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>EDX analysis of enamel surface after bracket debonding. (<b>a</b>) Control group; (<b>b</b>) fluoride group (CPP-ACFP); (<b>c</b>) non-fluoride group (CPP-ACP).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/13/14/8351'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item type-section" id=2022> <h2>2022</h2> <h3>Jump to: <a href="#2024">2024</a>, <a href="#2023">2023</a> </h3> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2577 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/12/14/6877/pdf?version=1657270500" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Vitro Evaluation of the Strength of Dentin Replacement in Complex Posterior Tooth Restoration" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/12/14/6877">In Vitro Evaluation of the Strength of Dentin Replacement in Complex Posterior Tooth Restoration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nurhayaty Natsir</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Farida Rahim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juni Jekti Nugroho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christine Anastasia Rovani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Syamsiah Syam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muhammad Ruslin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Takashi Saito</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keng-Liang Ou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>12</em>(14), 6877; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146877">https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146877</a> - 7 Jul 2022 </div> <a href="/2076-3417/12/14/6877#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 1933 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Due to the increasing interest in direct restoration, there is a need to address the shortcomings of these restorations, mainly by increasing the longevity of complex direct restorations. The present study aimed to evaluate the tensile strength differences in the complex restoration of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/6877/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Due to the increasing interest in direct restoration, there is a need to address the shortcomings of these restorations, mainly by increasing the longevity of complex direct restorations. The present study aimed to evaluate the tensile strength differences in the complex restoration of posterior teeth with dentin replacement constructed by fiber and non-fiber materials. The samples were extracted from the mandibular permanent-molar and prepared using a complex cavity. The cavity was subsequently restored with the centripetal incremental technique using a nano-fill composite and different base materials, namely fiber dentin replacement, non-fiber dentin replacement, and flowable composite. The universal testing machine was used to consider the tensile strength and the fracture patterns were assessed using stereomicroscopy, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. No significant differences were noted in the tensile strength of the three base materials. By using stereomicroscopy and SEM, the adhesive fracture patterns were observed more clearly in the cavities with fiber-based dentin replacement, whereas mixed fracture patterns were evident in cavities with non-fiber dentin replacement and flowable composite bases. The results indicated that the addition of fiber in dentin replacement did not affect the tensile strength in the complex restoration. Therefore, dentin replacement of both fiber and non-fiber materials is applicable as a base material for complex restoration of the posterior tooth. <a href="/2076-3417/12/14/6877">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/6877/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev857699"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next857699"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next857699" data-cycle-prev="#prev857699" data-cycle-progressive="#images857699" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g001-550.jpg?1657270576" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images857699" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g002-550.jpg?1657270574'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g003-550.jpg?1657270573'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g004-550.jpg?1657270579'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g005-550.jpg?1657270572'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-857699-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g006-550.jpg?1657270578'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-857699-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g001-550.jpg?1657270576" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cavity preparation dimensions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g002-550.jpg?1657270574" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sample distribution based on the crown surface area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g003-550.jpg?1657270573" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Box plot graphical representation of ANOVA result for tensile strength fiber dentin replacement, non-fiber dentin replacement, and flowable composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g004-550.jpg?1657270579" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fracture patterns under stereomicroscopes: (<b>a</b>) Adhesive, indicated by yellow square; (<b>b</b>) Cohesive, indicated by red square; (<b>c</b>) Mixed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g005-550.jpg?1657270572" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Fracture patterns under SEM: (<b>a</b>) Adhesive, with 31× magnifications, indicated by yellow arrow; (<b>b</b>) Cohesive, with 32× magnifications, indicated by red arrow; (<b>c</b>) Mixed, with 30× magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applsci/applsci-12-06877/article_deploy/html/images/applsci-12-06877-g006-550.jpg?1657270578" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Quantitative fracture pattern on fiber dentin replacement, non-fiber replacement and flowable composite group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-3417/12/14/6877'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <span data-special-issue-id="111487"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/applsci">Appl. 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<script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#middle-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== 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