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interval</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: irrigation interval"> <meta name="keywords" content="irrigation interval"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="irrigation interval"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1447</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: irrigation interval</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1177</span> Ground Response Analysis at the Rukni Irrigation Project Site Located in Assam, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tauhidur%20Rahman">Tauhidur Rahman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kasturi%20Bhuyan"> Kasturi Bhuyan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present paper, Ground Response Analysis at the Rukni irrigation project has been thoroughly investigated. Surface level seismic hazard is mainly used by the practical Engineers for designing the important structures. Surface level seismic hazard can be obtained accounting the soil factor. Structures on soft soil will show more ground shaking than the structure located on a hard soil. The Surface level ground motion depends on the type of soil. Density and shear wave velocity is different for different types of soil. The intensity of the soil amplification depends on the density and shear wave velocity of the soil. Rukni irrigation project is located in the North Eastern region of India, near the Dauki fault (550 Km length) which has already produced earthquakes of magnitude (Mw= 8.5) in the past. There is a probability of a similar type of earthquake occuring in the future. There are several faults also located around the project site. There are 765 recorded strong ground motion time histories available for the region. These data are used to determine the soil amplification factor by incorporation of the engineering properties of soil. With this in view, three of soil bore holes have been studied at the project site up to a depth of 30 m. It has been observed that in Soil bore hole 1, the shear wave velocity vary from 99.44 m/s to 239.28 m/s. For Soil Bore Hole No 2 and 3, shear wave velocity vary from 93.24 m/s to 241.39 m/s and 93.24m/s to 243.01 m/s. In the present work, surface level seismic hazard at the project site has been calculated based on the Probabilistic seismic hazard approach accounting the soil factor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ground%20Response%20Analysis" title="Ground Response Analysis">Ground Response Analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20wave%20velocity" title=" shear wave velocity"> shear wave velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20amplification" title=" soil amplification"> soil amplification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20level%20seismic%20hazard" title=" surface level seismic hazard"> surface level seismic hazard</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26185/ground-response-analysis-at-the-rukni-irrigation-project-site-located-in-assam-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1176</span> Effect of Serum Electrolytes on a QTc Interval and Mortality in Patients admitted to Coronary Care Unit </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thoetchai%20Peeraphatdit">Thoetchai Peeraphatdit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20A.%20Brady"> Peter A. Brady</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suraj%20Kapa"> Suraj Kapa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20J.%20Asirvatham"> Samuel J. Asirvatham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niyada%20Naksuk"> Niyada Naksuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Serum electrolyte abnormalities are a common cause of an acquired prolonged QT syndrome, especially, in the coronary care unit (CCU) setting. Optimal electrolyte ranges among the CCU patients have not been sufficiently investigated. Methods: We identified 8,498 consecutive CCU patients who were admitted to the CCU at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, the USA, from 2004 through 2013. Association between first serum electrolytes and baseline corrected QT intervals (QTc), as well as in-hospital mortality, was tested using multivariate linear regression and logistic regression, respectively. Serum potassium 4.0- < 4.5 mEq/L, ionized calcium (iCa) 4.6-4.8 mg/dL, and magnesium 2.0- < 2.2 mg/dL were used as the reference levels. Results: There was a modest level-dependent relationship between hypokalemia ( < 4.0 mEq/L), hypocalcemia ( < 4.4 mg/dL), and a prolonged QTc interval; serum magnesium did not affect the QTc interval. Association between the serum electrolytes and in-hospital mortality included a U-shaped relationship for serum potassium (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.53 and OR 1.91for serum potassium 4.5- < 5.0 and ≥ 5.0 mEq/L, respectively) and an inverted J-shaped relationship for iCa (adjusted OR 2.79 and OR 2.03 for calcium < 4.4 and 4.4- < 4.6 mg/dL, respectively). For serum magnesium, the mortality was greater only among patients with levels ≥ 2.4 mg/dL (adjusted OR 1.40), compared to the reference level. Findings were similar in sensitivity analyses examining the association between mean serum electrolytes and mean QTc intervals, as well as in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Serum potassium 4.0- < 4.5 mEq/L, iCa ≥ 4.6 mg/dL, and magnesium < 2.4 mg/dL had a neutral effect on QTc intervals and were associated with the lowest in-hospital mortality among the CCU patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium" title="calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocardiography" title=" electrocardiography"> electrocardiography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-QT%20syndrome" title=" long-QT syndrome"> long-QT syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium" title=" magnesium"> magnesium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium" title=" potassium"> potassium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30815/effect-of-serum-electrolytes-on-a-qtc-interval-and-mortality-in-patients-admitted-to-coronary-care-unit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30815.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1175</span> Impact of Climate Change on Irrigation and Hydropower Potential: A Case of Upper Blue Nile Basin in Western Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elias%20Jemal%20Abdella">Elias Jemal Abdella</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Blue Nile River is an important shared resource of Ethiopia, Sudan and also, because it is the major contributor of water to the main Nile River, Egypt. Despite the potential benefits of regional cooperation and integrated joint basin management, all three countries continue to pursue unilateral plans for development. Besides, there is great uncertainty about the likely impacts of climate change in water availability for existing as well as proposed irrigation and hydropower projects in the Blue Nile Basin. The main objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the impact of climate change on the hydrological regime of the upper Blue Nile basin, western Ethiopia. Three models were combined, a dynamic Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) regional climate model (RCM) that is used to determine climate projections for the Upper Blue Nile basin for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 greenhouse gas emissions scenarios for the period 2021-2050. The outputs generated from multimodel ensemble of four (4) CORDEX-RCMs (i.e., rainfall and temperature) were used as input to a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model which was setup, calibrated and validated with observed climate and hydrological data. The outputs from the SWAT model (i.e., projections in river flow) were used as input to a Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) water resources model which was used to determine the water resources implications of the changes in climate. The WEAP model was set-up to simulate three development scenarios. Current Development scenario was the existing water resource development situation, Medium-term Development scenario was planned water resource development that is expected to be commissioned (i.e. before 2025) and Long-term full Development scenario were all planned water resource development likely to be commissioned (i.e. before 2050). The projected change of mean annual temperature for period (2021 – 2050) in most of the basin are warmer than the baseline (1982 -2005) average in the range of 1 to 1.4oC, implying that an increase in evapotranspiration loss. Subbasins which already distressed from drought may endure to face even greater challenges in the future. Projected mean annual precipitation varies from subbasin to subbasin; in the Eastern, North Eastern and South western highland of the basin a likely increase of mean annual precipitation up to 7% whereas in the western lowland part of the basin mean annual precipitation projected to decrease by 3%. The water use simulation indicates that currently irrigation demand in the basin is 1.29 Bm3y-1 for 122,765 ha of irrigation area. By 2025, with new schemes being developed, irrigation demand is estimated to increase to 2.5 Bm3y-1 for 277,779 ha. By 2050, irrigation demand in the basin is estimated to increase to 3.4 Bm3y-1 for 372,779 ha. The hydropower generation simulation indicates that 98 % of hydroelectricity potential could be produced if all planned dams are constructed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blue%20Nile%20River" title="Blue Nile River">Blue Nile River</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydropower" title=" hydropower"> hydropower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SWAT" title=" SWAT"> SWAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WEAP" title=" WEAP"> WEAP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69153/impact-of-climate-change-on-irrigation-and-hydropower-potential-a-case-of-upper-blue-nile-basin-in-western-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1174</span> A Digital Clone of an Irrigation Network Based on Hardware/Software Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pierre-Andre%20Mudry">Pierre-Andre Mudry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean%20Decaix"> Jean Decaix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremy%20Schmid"> Jeremy Schmid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesar%20Papilloud"> Cesar Papilloud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cecile%20Munch-Alligne"> Cecile Munch-Alligne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In most of the Swiss Alpine regions, the availability of water resources is usually adequate even in times of drought, as evidenced by the 2003 and 2018 summers. Indeed, important natural stocks are for the moment available in the form of snow and ice, but the situation is likely to change in the future due to global and regional climate change. In addition, alpine mountain regions are areas where climate change will be felt very rapidly and with high intensity. For instance, the ice regime of these regions has already been affected in recent years with a modification of the monthly availability and extreme events of precipitations. The current research, focusing on the municipality of Val de Bagnes, located in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, is part of a project led by the Altis company and achieved in collaboration with WSL, BlueArk Entremont, and HES-SO Valais-Wallis. In this region, water occupies a key position notably for winter and summer tourism. Thus, multiple actors want to apprehend the future needs and availabilities of water, on both the 2050 and 2100 horizons, in order to plan the modifications to the water supply and distribution networks. For those changes to be salient and efficient, a good knowledge of the current water distribution networks is of most importance. In the current case, the water drinking network is well documented, but this is not the case for the irrigation one. Since the water consumption for irrigation is ten times higher than for drinking water, data acquisition on the irrigation network is a major point to determine future scenarios. This paper first presents the instrumentation and simulation of the irrigation network using custom-designed IoT devices, which are coupled with a digital clone simulated to reduce the number of measuring locations. The developed IoT ad-hoc devices are energy-autonomous and can measure flows and pressures using industrial sensors such as calorimetric water flow meters. Measurements are periodically transmitted using the LoRaWAN protocol over a dedicated infrastructure deployed in the municipality. The gathered values can then be visualized in real-time on a dashboard, which also provides historical data for analysis. In a second phase, a digital clone of the irrigation network was modeled using EPANET, a software for water distribution systems that performs extended-period simulations of flows and pressures in pressurized networks composed of reservoirs, pipes, junctions, and sinks. As a preliminary work, only a part of the irrigation network was modelled and validated by comparisons with the measurements. The simulations are carried out by imposing the consumption of water at several locations. The validation is performed by comparing the simulated pressures are different nodes with the measured ones. An accuracy of +/- 15% is observed on most of the nodes, which is acceptable for the operator of the network and demonstrates the validity of the approach. Future steps will focus on the deployment of the measurement devices on the whole network and the complete modelling of the network. Then, scenarios of future consumption will be investigated. Acknowledgment— The authors would like to thank the Swiss Federal Office for Environment (FOEN), the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture (OFAG) for their financial supports, and ALTIS for the technical support, this project being part of the Swiss Pilot program 'Adaptation aux changements climatiques'. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20digital%20clone" title="hydraulic digital clone">hydraulic digital clone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT%20water%20monitoring" title=" IoT water monitoring"> IoT water monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LoRaWAN%20water%20measurements" title=" LoRaWAN water measurements"> LoRaWAN water measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPANET" title=" EPANET"> EPANET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20network" title=" irrigation network"> irrigation network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117505/a-digital-clone-of-an-irrigation-network-based-on-hardwaresoftware-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1173</span> Investigating Climate Change Trend Based on Data Simulation and IPCC Scenario during 2010-2030 AD: Case Study of Fars Province</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Rashidian">Leila Rashidian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20Ebrahimi"> Abbas Ebrahimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of industrial activities, increase in fossil fuel consumption, vehicles, destruction of forests and grasslands, changes in land use, and population growth have caused to increase the amount of greenhouse gases especially CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere in recent decades. This has led to global warming and climate change. In the present paper, we have investigated the trend of climate change according to the data simulation during the time interval of 2010-2030 in the Fars province. In this research, the daily climatic parameters such as maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and number of sunny hours during the 1977-2008 time interval for synoptic stations of Shiraz and Abadeh and during 1995-2008 for Lar stations and also the output of HADCM<sub>3</sub> model in 2010-2030 time interval have been used based on the A<sub>2</sub> propagation scenario. The results of the model show that the average temperature will increase by about 1 degree centigrade and the amount of precipitation will increase by 23.9% compared to the observational data. In conclusion, according to the temperature increase in this province, the amount of precipitation in the form of snow will be reduced and precipitations often will occur in the form of rain. This 1-degree centigrade increase during the season will reduce production by 6 to 10% because of shortening the growing period of wheat. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lars%20WG" title=" Lars WG"> Lars WG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HADCM3" title=" HADCM3"> HADCM3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gillan%20province" title=" Gillan province"> Gillan province</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climatic%20parameters" title=" climatic parameters"> climatic parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A2%20scenario" title=" A2 scenario"> A2 scenario</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47640/investigating-climate-change-trend-based-on-data-simulation-and-ipcc-scenario-during-2010-2030-ad-case-study-of-fars-province" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47640.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1172</span> Community-Based Reference Interval of Selected Clinical Chemistry Parameters Among Apparently Healthy Adolescents in Mekelle City, Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getachew%20Belay%20Kassahun">Getachew Belay Kassahun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Locally established clinical laboratory reference intervals (RIs) are required to interpret laboratory test results for screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. The objective of this study was to establish a reference interval of clinical chemistry parameters among apparently healthy adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years in Mekelle, Tigrai, in the northern part of Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was employed from December 2018 to March 2019 in Mekelle City among 172 males and 172 females based on a Multi-stage sampling technique. Blood samples were tested for Fasting blood sugar (FBS), alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin (ALB), direct and indirect bilirubin (BIL.D and BIL.T) using 25 Bio system clinical chemistry analyzer. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software and based on the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI)/ International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) C 28-A3 Guideline which deﬁnes the reference interval as the 95% central range of 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Mann Whitney U test, descriptive statistics and box and whisker were statistical tools used for analysis. Results: This study observed statistically significant differences between males and females in ALP, ALT, AST, Urea and Creatinine Reference intervals. The established reference intervals for males and females, respectively, were: ALP (U/L) 79.48-492.12 versus 63.56-253.34, ALT (U/L) 4.54-23.69 versus 5.1-20.03, AST 15.7- 39.1 versus 13.3- 28.5, Urea (mg/dL) 9.33-24.99 versus 7.43-23.11, and Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.393-0.957 versus 0.301-0.846. The combined RIs for Total Protein (g/dL) were 6.08-7.85, ALB (g/dL) 4.42-5.46, FBS(mg/dL) 65-110, BIL.D (mg/dL) 0.033-0.532, and BIL.T (mg/dL) 0.106-0.812. Conclusions: The result showed a marked difference between sex and company-derived values for selected clinical chemistry parameters. Thus, the use of age and sex-specific locally established reference intervals for clinical chemistry parameters is recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reference%20interval" title="reference interval">reference interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescent" title=" adolescent"> adolescent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20chemistry" title=" clinical chemistry"> clinical chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167949/community-based-reference-interval-of-selected-clinical-chemistry-parameters-among-apparently-healthy-adolescents-in-mekelle-city-tigrai-northern-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1171</span> A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Abiotic Environmental Variables on Early Diptera Carrion Colonizers in Algiers, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Taleb">M. Taleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Tail"> G. Tail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Z.%20Kara"> F. Z. Kara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Djedouani%20T.%20Moussa"> B. Djedouani T. Moussa </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Necrophagous insects usually colonize cadavers within a short time after death. However, they are influenced by weather conditions, and their distribution and activity vary according to different time scales, which can affect the post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation. As no data have been published in Algeria on necrophagous insects visiting corpses, two field surveys were conducted in July 2012 and March 2013 at the National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (INCC) using rabbit carcasses (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). The trials were designed to identify the necrophagous Diptera fauna of Algiers, Algeria and examine their variations according to environmental variables. Four hundred and eighteen Diptera adults belonging to five families were captured during this study. The species which were identified on human corpses in different regions of Algeria were also observed on the rabbit carcasses. Although seasonal variations of the species were observed, their abundance did not significantly vary between the two seasons. In addition to seasonal effects, the ambient temperature, the wind speed, and precipitation affect the number of trapped flies. These conclusions highlight the necessity of considering the environmental factors at a scene to estimate the post-mortem interval accurately. It is hoped that these findings provide basic information regarding the necrophagous Diptera fauna of Algeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forensic%20entomology" title="forensic entomology">forensic entomology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=necrophagous%20diptera" title=" necrophagous diptera"> necrophagous diptera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-mortem%20interval" title=" post-mortem interval"> post-mortem interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abiotic%20factors" title=" abiotic factors"> abiotic factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34057/a-preliminary-study-of-the-effects-of-abiotic-environmental-variables-on-early-diptera-carrion-colonizers-in-algiers-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1170</span> Forecasting Issues in Energy Markets within a Reg-ARIMA Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilaria%20Lucrezia%20Amerise">Ilaria Lucrezia Amerise</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electricity markets throughout the world have undergone substantial changes. Accurate, reliable, clear and comprehensible modeling and forecasting of different variables (loads and prices in the first instance) have achieved increasing importance. In this paper, we describe the actual state of the art focusing on reg-SARMA methods, which have proven to be flexible enough to accommodate the electricity price/load behavior satisfactory. More specifically, we will discuss: 1) The dichotomy between point and interval forecasts; 2) The difficult choice between stochastic (e.g. climatic variation) and non-deterministic predictors (e.g. calendar variables); 3) The confrontation between modelling a single aggregate time series or creating separated and potentially different models of sub-series. The noteworthy point that we would like to make it emerge is that prices and loads require different approaches that appear irreconcilable even though must be made reconcilable for the interests and activities of energy companies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20forecasts" title="interval forecasts">interval forecasts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series" title=" time series"> time series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20prices" title=" electricity prices"> electricity prices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reg-SARIMA%20methods" title=" reg-SARIMA methods"> reg-SARIMA methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104049/forecasting-issues-in-energy-markets-within-a-reg-arima-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1169</span> Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Rice Cultivation: A Decision Model for Top and Ear Dressing Dosages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya-Li%20Tsai">Ya-Li Tsai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nitrogen is a vital element crucial for crop growth, significantly influencing crop yield. In rice cultivation, farmers often apply substantial nitrogen fertilizer to maximize yields. However, excessive nitrogen application increases the risk of lodging and pest infestation, leading to yield losses. Additionally, conventional flooded irrigation methods consume significant water resources, necessitating precise agricultural and intelligent water management systems. In this study, it leveraged physiological data and field images captured by unmanned aerial vehicles, considering fertilizer treatment and irrigation as key factors. Statistical models incorporating rice physiological data, yield, and vegetation indices from image data were developed. Missing physiological data were addressed using multiple imputation and regression methods, and regression models were established using principal component analysis and stepwise regression. Target nitrogen accumulation at key growth stages was identified to optimize fertilizer application, with the difference between actual and target nitrogen accumulation guiding recommendations for ear dressing dosage. Field experiments conducted in 2022 validated the recommended ear dressing dosage, demonstrating no significant difference in final yield compared to traditional fertilizer levels under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. These findings highlight the efficacy of applying recommended dosages based on fertilizer decision models, offering the potential for reduced fertilizer use while maintaining yield in rice cultivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intelligent%20fertilizer%20management" title="intelligent fertilizer management">intelligent fertilizer management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20top%20and%20ear%20dressing%20fertilizer" title=" nitrogen top and ear dressing fertilizer"> nitrogen top and ear dressing fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rice" title=" rice"> rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yield%20optimization" title=" yield optimization"> yield optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183405/optimizing-nitrogen-fertilizer-application-in-rice-cultivation-a-decision-model-for-top-and-ear-dressing-dosages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1168</span> Hydrogeochemical Assessment, Evaluation and Characterization of Groundwater Quality in Ore, South-Western, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olumuyiwa%20Olusola%20Falowo">Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals is to have sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In line with this objective, an assessment of groundwater quality was carried out in Odigbo Local Government Area of Ondo State in November – February, 2019 to assess the drinking, domestic and irrigation uses of the water. Samples from 30 randomly selected ground water sources; 16 shallow wells and 14 from boreholes and analyzed using American Public Health Association method for the examination of water and wastewater. Water quality index calculation, and diagrams such as Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram and Wilcox diagram have been used to assess the groundwater in conjunction with irrigation indices such as % sodium, sodium absorption ratio, permeability index, magnesium ratio, Kelly ratio, and electrical conductivity. In addition statistical Principal component analysis were used to determine the homogeneity and source(s) influencing the chemistry of the groundwater. The results show that all the parameters are within the permissible limit of World Health Organization. The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples indicates that the dominant major cations are in decreasing order of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and the dominant anions are HCO-3, Cl-, SO-24, NO-3. The values of water quality index varies suggest a Good water (WQI of 50-75) accounts for 70% of the study area. The dominant groundwater facies revealed in this study are the non-carbonate alkali (primary salinity) exceeds 50% (zone 7); and transition zone with no one cation-anion pair exceeds 50% (zone 9), while evaporation; rock–water interaction, and precipitation; and silicate weathering process are the dominant processes in the hydrogeochemical evolution of the groundwater. The study indicates that waters were found within the permissible limits of irrigation indices adopted, and plot on excellent category on Wilcox plot. In conclusion, the water in the study area are good/suitable for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes with low equivalent salinity concentrate and moderate electrical conductivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20salinity%20concentration" title="equivalent salinity concentration">equivalent salinity concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20quality" title=" groundwater quality"> groundwater quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrochemical%20facies" title=" hydrochemical facies"> hydrochemical facies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20component%20analysis" title=" principal component analysis"> principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-rock%20interaction" title=" water-rock interaction"> water-rock interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125141/hydrogeochemical-assessment-evaluation-and-characterization-of-groundwater-quality-in-ore-south-western-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1167</span> Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of the Different Aquiferous Layers in Oban Basement Complex Area (SE Nigeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azubuike%20Ekwere">Azubuike Ekwere</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The shallow and deep aquiferous horizons of the fractured and weathered crystalline basement Oban Massif of south-eastern Nigeria were studied during the dry and wet seasons. The criteria were ascertaining hydrochemistry relative to seasonal and spatial variations across the study area. Results indicate that concentrations of major cations and anions exhibit the order of abundance; Ca>Na>Mg>K and HCO3>SO4>Cl respectively, with minor variations across sampling seasons. Major elements Ca, Mg, Na and K were higher for the shallow aquifers than the deep aquifers across seasons. The major anions Cl, SO4, HCO3, and NO3 were higher for the deep aquifers compared to the shallow ones. Two water types were identified for both aquifer types: Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Na-Cl-SO4. Most of the parameters considered were within the international limits for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. Assessment by use of sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na) and the wilcox diagram reveals that the waters are suitable for irrigation purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20aquifer" title="shallow aquifer">shallow aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20aquifer" title=" deep aquifer"> deep aquifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seasonal%20variation" title=" seasonal variation"> seasonal variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrochemistry" title=" hydrochemistry"> hydrochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oban%20massif" title=" Oban massif"> Oban massif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2099/hydrogeochemical-characteristics-of-the-different-aquiferous-layers-in-oban-basement-complex-area-se-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">662</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1166</span> Estimating the Timing Interval for Malarial Indoor Residual Spraying: A Modelling Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levicatus%20Mugenyi">Levicatus Mugenyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joaniter%20Nankabirwa"> Joaniter Nankabirwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Arinaitwe"> Emmanuel Arinaitwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Rek"> John Rek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niel%20Hens"> Niel Hens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moses%20Kamya"> Moses Kamya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grant%20Dorsey"> Grant Dorsey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduces vector densities and malaria transmission, however, the most effective spraying intervals for IRS have not been well established. We aim to estimate the optimal timing interval for IRS using a modeling approach. Methods: We use a generalized additive model to estimate the optimal timing interval for IRS using the predicted malaria incidence. The model is applied to post IRS cohort clinical data from children aged 0.5–10 years in selected households in Tororo, historically a high malaria transmission setting in Uganda. Six rounds of IRS were implemented in Tororo during the study period (3 rounds with bendiocarb: December 2014 to December 2015, and 3 rounds with actellic: June 2016 to July 2018). Results: Monthly incidence of malaria from October 2014 to February 2019 decreased from 3.25 to 0.0 per person-years in the children under 5 years, and 1.57 to 0.0 for 5-10 year-olds. The optimal time interval for IRS differed between bendiocarb and actellic and by IRS round. It was estimated to be 17 and 40 weeks after the first round of bendiocarb and actellic, respectively. After the third round of actellic, 36 weeks was estimated to be optimal. However, we could not estimate from the data the optimal time after the second and third rounds of bendiocarb and after the second round of actellic. Conclusion: We conclude that to sustain the effect of IRS in a high-medium transmission setting, the second rounds of bendiocarb need to be applied roughly 17 weeks and actellic 40 weeks after the first round, and the timing differs for subsequent rounds. The amount of rainfall did not influence the trend in malaria incidence after IRS, as well as the IRS timing intervals. Our results suggest that shorter intervals for the IRS application can be more effective compared to the current practice, which is about 24 weeks for bendiocarb and 48 weeks for actellic. However, when considering our findings, one should account for the cost and drug resistance associated with IRS. We also recommend that the timing and incidence should be monitored in the future to improve these estimates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incidence" title="incidence">incidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indoor%20residual%20spraying" title=" indoor residual spraying"> indoor residual spraying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20additive%20model" title=" generalized additive model"> generalized additive model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malaria" title=" malaria"> malaria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122951/estimating-the-timing-interval-for-malarial-indoor-residual-spraying-a-modelling-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1165</span> Stability of Hybrid Stochastic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manlika%20Ratchagit">Manlika Ratchagit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with robust mean square stability of uncertain stochastic switched discrete time-delay systems. The system to be considered is subject to interval time-varying delays, which allows the delay to be a fast time-varying function and the lower bound is not restricted to zero. Based on the discrete Lyapunov functional, a switching rule for the robust mean square stability for the uncertain stochastic discrete time-delay system is designed via linear matrix inequalities. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20mean%20square%20stability" title="robust mean square stability">robust mean square stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20stochastic%20systems" title=" discrete-time stochastic systems"> discrete-time stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20time-varying%20delays" title=" interval time-varying delays"> interval time-varying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20functional" title=" Lyapunov functional"> Lyapunov functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequalities" title=" linear matrix inequalities"> linear matrix inequalities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20283/stability-of-hybrid-stochastic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1164</span> Impact of an Eight-Week High-Intensity Interval Training with Sodium Nitrite Supplementation on TNF-α, MURF1, and PI3K in Type 2 Diabetic Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samane%20Eftekhari%20Ranjbar">Samane Eftekhari Ranjbar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, ranks among the leading causes of adult mortality. This study investigates the impact of an eight-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program combined with sodium nitrite supplementation on TNF- α, MURF1, and PI3K in a type 2 diabetes rodent model. Elevated TNF-α levels have been associated with insulin resistance, while MURF1 and PI3K play roles in muscle atrophy and insulin signaling pathways, respectively. In this experimental study, 15 eight-week-old rats from the Sara Laboratory Center in Tabriz were assigned to one of five groups: healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic with sodium nitrite supplementation, diabetic with eight weeks of intermittent exercise, and diabetic with eight weeks of interval training plus sodium nitrite supplementation. The HIIT protocol was designed to span eight weeks, with five weekly sessions at specified intensities and durations. Sodium nitrite, known for its vasodilatory and cytoprotective properties, was administered via injection. The findings revealed that the HIIT program and sodium nitrite supplementation influenced the examined biomarkers. ANOVA test outcomes indicated statistically significant differences in TNF- α (P=0.001), MURF1 (P=0.001), and PI3K (P=0.001) concentrations among the various groups. The healthy control group exhibited substantially decreased TNF- α, and MURF1 levels, as well as elevated PI3K levels compared to the diabetic control group. The exercise group, in conjunction with sodium nitrite supplementation, demonstrated a significant rise in PI3K levels (P=0.001) and a decline in TNF- α levels (P=0.018) relative to the diabetic control group. These results suggest that the combined intervention may help improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation. However, MURF1 levels, which are related to muscle atrophy, showed no significant difference (P=0.24). In conclusion, in type 2 diabetic rats, an eight-week high-intensity interval training program with sodium nitrite supplementation does not affect MURF1 levels but does influence PI3K and TNF- α levels. This combination may hold potential for improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients, warranting further investigation and potential translation to human clinical trials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-intensity%20interval%20training" title="high-intensity interval training">high-intensity interval training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20nitrate%20supplementation" title=" sodium nitrate supplementation"> sodium nitrate supplementation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%202%20diabetes" title=" type 2 diabetes"> type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumor%20necrosis%20factor-alpha" title=" tumor necrosis factor-alpha"> tumor necrosis factor-alpha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase" title=" phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase"> phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20RING-finger%20protein-1" title=" muscle RING-finger protein-1"> muscle RING-finger protein-1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166753/impact-of-an-eight-week-high-intensity-interval-training-with-sodium-nitrite-supplementation-on-tnf-a-murf1-and-pi3k-in-type-2-diabetic-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1163</span> New Results on Stability of Hybrid Stochastic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manlika%20Rajchakit">Manlika Rajchakit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with robust mean square stability of uncertain stochastic switched discrete time-delay systems. The system to be considered is subject to interval time-varying delays, which allows the delay to be a fast time-varying function and the lower bound is not restricted to zero. Based on the discrete Lyapunov functional, a switching rule for the robust mean square stability for the uncertain stochastic discrete time-delay system is designed via linear matrix inequalities. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20mean%20square%20stability" title="robust mean square stability">robust mean square stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20stochastic%20systems" title=" discrete-time stochastic systems"> discrete-time stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20time-varying%20delays" title=" interval time-varying delays"> interval time-varying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20functional" title=" lyapunov functional"> lyapunov functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequalities" title=" linear matrix inequalities"> linear matrix inequalities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19809/new-results-on-stability-of-hybrid-stochastic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1162</span> Numerical Solving Method for Specific Dynamic Performance of Unstable Flight Dynamics with PD Attitude Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20W.%20Sun">M. W. Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Zhang"> Y. Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20M.%20Zhang"> L. M. Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20H.%20Wang"> Z. H. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Q.%20Chen"> Z. Q. Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the realm of flight control, the Proportional- Derivative (PD) control is still widely used for the attitude control in practice, particularly for the pitch control, and the attitude dynamics using PD controller should be investigated deeply. According to the empirical knowledge about the unstable flight dynamics, the control parameter combination conditions to generate sole or finite number of closed-loop oscillations, which is a quite smooth response and is more preferred by practitioners, are presented in analytical or numerical manners. To analyze the effects of the combination conditions of the control parameters, the roots of several polynomials are sought to obtain feasible solutions. These conditions can also be plotted in a 2-D plane which makes the conditions be more explicit by using multiple interval operations. Finally, numerical examples are used to validate the proposed methods and some comparisons are also performed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude%20control" title="attitude control">attitude control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20performance" title=" dynamic performance"> dynamic performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20solving%20method" title=" numerical solving method"> numerical solving method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval" title=" interval"> interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unstable%20flight%20dynamics" title=" unstable flight dynamics"> unstable flight dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16982/numerical-solving-method-for-specific-dynamic-performance-of-unstable-flight-dynamics-with-pd-attitude-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">581</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1161</span> Study of the Hydrochemical Composition of Canal, Collector-Drainage and Ground Waters of Kura-Araz Plain and Modeling by GIS Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurbanova%20Lamiya">Gurbanova Lamiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Republic of Azerbaijan is considered a region with limited water resources, as up to 70% of surface water is formed outside the country's borders, and most of its territory is an arid (dry) climate zone. It is located at the lower limit of transboundary flows, which is the weakest source of natural water resources in the South Caucasus. It is essential to correctly assess the quality of natural, collector-drainage and groundwater of the area and their suitability for irrigation in order to properly carry out land reclamation measures, provide the normal water-salt regime, and prevent repeated salinization. Through the 141-km-long main Mil-Mugan collector, groundwater, household waste, and floodwaters generated during floods and landslides are poured into the Caspian Sea. The hydrochemical composition of the samples taken from the Sabir irrigation canal passing through the center of the Kura-Araz plain, the Main Mil-Mugan Collector, and the groundwater of the region, which we chose as our research object, were studied and the obtained results were compared by periods. A model is proposed that allows for a complete visualization of the primary materials collected for the study area. The practical use of the established digital model provides all possibilities. The practical use of the established digital model provides all possibilities. An extensive database was created with the ArcGis 10.8 package, using publicly available LandSat satellite images as primary data in addition to ground surveys to build the model. The principles of the construction of the geographic information system of modern GIS technology were developed, the boundary and initial condition of the research area were evaluated, and forecasts and recommendations were given. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20channel" title="irrigation channel">irrigation channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collector" title=" collector"> collector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meliorative%20measures" title=" meliorative measures"> meliorative measures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160963/study-of-the-hydrochemical-composition-of-canal-collector-drainage-and-ground-waters-of-kura-araz-plain-and-modeling-by-gis-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1160</span> Optimum Irrigation System Management for Climate Resilient and Improved Productivity of Flood-based Livelihood Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mara%20Getachew%20Zenebe">Mara Getachew Zenebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luuk%20Fleskens"> Luuk Fleskens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdu%20Obieda%20Ahmed"> Abdu Obieda Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper seeks to advance our scientific understanding of optimizing flood utilization in regions impacted by climate change, with a focus on enhancing agricultural productivity through effective irrigation management. The study was conducted as part of a three-year (2021 to 2023) USAID-supported initiative aimed at promoting Economic Growth and Peace in the Gash Agricultural Scheme (GAS), situated in Sudan's water-stressed Eastern region. GAS is the country's largest flood-irrigated scheme, covering 100,800 hectares of cultivable land, with a potential to provide the food security needs of over a quarter of a million agro-pastoral community members. GAS relies on the Gash River, which sources its water from high-intensity rainfall events in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, climate change and variations in these highlands have led to increased variability in the Gash River's flow. The study conducted water balance analyses based on a ten-year dataset of the annual Gash River flow, irrigated area; as well as the evapotranspiration demand of the major sorghum crop. Data collection methods included field measurements, surveys, remote sensing, and CropWat modelling. The water balance assessment revealed that the existing three-year rotation-based irrigation system management, capping cultivated land at 33,000 hectares annually, is excessively risk-averse. While this system reduced conflicts among the agro-pastoral communities by consistently delivering on the land promised to be annually cultivated, it also increased GAS's vulnerability to flood damage due to several reasons. The irrigation efficiency over the past decade was approximately 30%, leaving significant unharnessed floodwater that caused damage to infrastructure and agricultural land. The three-year rotation resulted in inadequate infrastructural maintenance, given the destructive nature of floods. Additionally, it led to infrequent land tillage, allowing the encroachment of mesquite trees hindering major sorghum crop growth. Remote sensing data confirmed that mesquite trees have overtaken 70,000 hectares in the past two decades, rendering them unavailable for agriculture. The water balance analyses suggest shifting to a two-year rotation, covering approximately 50,000 hectares annually while maintaining risk aversion. This shift could boost GAS's annual sorghum production by two-thirds, exceeding 850,000 tons. The scheme's efficiency can be further enhanced through low-cost on-farm interventions. Currently, large irrigation plots that range from 420 to 756 hectares are irrigated with limited water distribution guidance, leading to uneven irrigation. As demonstrated through field trials, implementing internal longitudinal bunds and horizontal deflector bunds can increase adequately irrigated parts of the irrigation plots from 50% to 80% and thus nearly double the sorghum yield to 2 tons per hectare while reducing the irrigation duration from 30 days to a maximum of 17 days. Flow measurements in 2021 and 2022 confirmed that these changes sufficiently meet the sorghum crop's water requirements, even with a conservative 60% field application efficiency assumption. These insights and lessons from the GAS on enhancing agricultural resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change are relevant to flood-based livelihood systems globally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigation%20management%20and%20productivity" title=" irrigation management and productivity"> irrigation management and productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variable%20flood%20flows" title=" variable flood flows"> variable flood flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20balance%20analysis" title=" water balance analysis"> water balance analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175816/optimum-irrigation-system-management-for-climate-resilient-and-improved-productivity-of-flood-based-livelihood-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1159</span> A Drop of Water for the Thirsty Ground: Implementing Drip-Irrigation System as an Alternative to the Existing System to Promote Sustainable Livelihoods in the Archipelagic Dryland East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20L.%20Benu">F. L. Benu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20W.%20Mudita"> I. W. Mudita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20L.%20Natonis"> R. L. Natonis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> East Nusa Tenggara, together with part of East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku, has been included as part of global drylands defined according to the ratio of annual precipitation (P) and annual potential evaporation (PET) and major vegetation types of grassland and savannah ecosystems. These tropical drylands are unique because, whereas drylands in other countries are mostly continental, here they are archipelagic. These archipelagic drylands are also unique in terms of being included because of more on their major vegetation types than of their P/PET ratio. Slash-and-burn cultivation and free roaming animal husbandry are two major livelihoods being widely practiced, along with alternative seasonal livelihood such as traditional fishing. Such livelihoods are vulnerable in various respects, especially because of drought, which becomes more unpredictable in the face of climate changes. To cope with such vulnerability, semi-intensive farming using drip irrigation is implemented as an appropriate technology with the goal of promoting a more sustainable alternative to the existing livelihoods. The implementation was started in 2016 with a pilot system at the university field laboratory in Kupang in which various designs of installation were tested. The modified system consisting of an uplifted water reservoir and solar-powered pump was tested in Papela, the District of Rote-Ndao, in 2017 to convince fishermen who had been involved in illegal fishing in Australia-Indonesia transboundary waters, to adopt small-scale farming as a more sustainable alternative to their existing livelihoods. The system was again tested in a larger coverage in Oesena, the District of Kupang, in 2018 to convince slash-and-burn cultivators to adopt an environmentally friendlier cultivation system. From the implementation of the modified system in both sites, the participating fishermen in Papela were able to manage the system under tight water supply to grow chili pepper, tomatoes, and watermelon and the slash-and-burn cultivators in Oesena to grow chili pepper in a more efficient water use than water use in a conventional irrigation system. The gross margin obtained from growing chili pepper, tomatoes, and watermelon in Papela and from growing chili pepper in Oesena showed that small-scale farming using drip irrigation system was a promising alternative to local people in generating cash income to support their livelihoods. However, before promoting this appropriate technology as a more sustainable alternative to the existing livelihoods elsewhere in the region, better understanding on social-related contexts of the implementation is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archipelagic%20drylands" title="archipelagic drylands">archipelagic drylands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drip%20irrigation%20system" title=" drip irrigation system"> drip irrigation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=East%20Nusa%20Tenggara" title=" East Nusa Tenggara"> East Nusa Tenggara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20livelihoods" title=" sustainable livelihoods"> sustainable livelihoods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123808/a-drop-of-water-for-the-thirsty-ground-implementing-drip-irrigation-system-as-an-alternative-to-the-existing-system-to-promote-sustainable-livelihoods-in-the-archipelagic-dryland-east-nusa-tenggara-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1158</span> Time of Week Intensity Estimation from Interval Censored Data with Application to Police Patrol Planning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiahao%20Tian">Jiahao Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20D.%20Porter"> Michael D. Porter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Law enforcement agencies are tasked with crime prevention and crime reduction under limited resources. Having an accurate temporal estimate of the crime rate would be valuable to achieve such a goal. However, estimation is usually complicated by the interval-censored nature of crime data. We cast the problem of intensity estimation as a Poisson regression using an EM algorithm to estimate the parameters. Two special penalties are added that provide smoothness over the time of day and day of the week. This approach presented here provides accurate intensity estimates and can also uncover day-of-week clusters that share the same intensity patterns. Anticipating where and when crimes might occur is a key element to successful policing strategies. However, this task is complicated by the presence of interval-censored data. The censored data refers to the type of data that the event time is only known to lie within an interval instead of being observed exactly. This type of data is prevailing in the field of criminology because of the absence of victims for certain types of crime. Despite its importance, the research in temporal analysis of crime has lagged behind the spatial component. Inspired by the success of solving crime-related problems with a statistical approach, we propose a statistical model for the temporal intensity estimation of crime with censored data. The model is built on Poisson regression and has special penalty terms added to the likelihood. An EM algorithm was derived to obtain maximum likelihood estimates, and the resulting model shows superior performance to the competing model. Our research is in line with the smart policing initiative (SPI) proposed by the Bureau Justice of Assistance (BJA) as an effort to support law enforcement agencies in building evidence-based, data-driven law enforcement tactics. The goal is to identify strategic approaches that are effective in crime prevention and reduction. In our case, we allow agencies to deploy their resources for a relatively short period of time to achieve the maximum level of crime reduction. By analyzing a particular area within cities where data are available, our proposed approach could not only provide an accurate estimate of intensities for the time unit considered but a time-variation crime incidence pattern. Both will be helpful in the allocation of limited resources by either improving the existing patrol plan with the understanding of the discovery of the day of week cluster or supporting extra resources available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster%20detection" title="cluster detection">cluster detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EM%20algorithm" title=" EM algorithm"> EM algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20censoring" title=" interval censoring"> interval censoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity%20estimation" title=" intensity estimation"> intensity estimation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162681/time-of-week-intensity-estimation-from-interval-censored-data-with-application-to-police-patrol-planning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1157</span> Evaluation of Non-Pharmacological Method-Transcervical Foley Catheter and Misoprostol to Intravaginal Misoprostol for Preinduction Cervical Ripening</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishna%20Dahiya">Krishna Dahiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esha%20Charaya"> Esha Charaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Induction of labour is a common obstetrical intervention. Around 1 in every 4 patient undergo induction of labour for different indications Purpose: To study the efficacy of the combination of Foley bulb and vaginal misoprostol in comparison to vaginal misoprostol alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Methods: A prospective randomised study was conducted on 150 patients with term singleton pregnancy admitted for induction of labour. Seventy-five patients were induced with both Foley bulb, and vaginal misoprostol and another 75 were given vaginal misoprostol alone for induction of labour. Both groups were then compared with respect to change in Bishop score, induction to the active phase of labour interval, induction delivery interval, duration of labour, maternal complications and neonatal outcomes. Data was analysed using statistical software SPSS version 11.5. Tests with P,.05 were considered significant. Results: The two groups were comparable with respect to maternal age, parity, gestational age, indication for induction, and initial Bishop scores. Both groups had a significant change in Bishop score (2.99 ± 1.72 and 2.17 ± 1.48 respectively with statistically significant difference (p=0.001 S, 95% C.I. -0.1978 to 0.8378). Mean induction to delivery interval was significantly lower in the combination group (11.76 ± 5.89 hours) than misoprostol group (14.54 ± 7.32 hours). Difference was of 2.78 hours (p=0.018,S, 95% CI -5.1042 to -0.4558). Induction to delivery interval was significantly lower in nulliparous women of combination group (13.64 ± 5.75 hours) than misoprostol group (18.4±7.09 hours), and the difference was of 4.76 hours (p=0.002, S, 95% CI 1.0465 to 14.7335). There was no difference between the groups in the mode of delivery, infant weight, Apgar score and intrapartum complications. Conclusion: From the present study it was concluded that addition of Foley catheter to vaginal misoprostol have the synergistic effect and results in early cervical ripening and delivery. These results suggest that the combination may be used to achieve timely and safe delivery in the presence of an unfavorable cervix. A combination of the Foley bulb and vaginal misoprostol resulted in a shorter induction-to-delivery time when compared with vaginal misoprostol alone without increasing labor complications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bishop%20score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foley%20catheter" title=" Foley catheter"> Foley catheter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20of%20labor" title=" induction of labor"> induction of labor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=misoprostol" title=" misoprostol"> misoprostol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68596/evaluation-of-non-pharmacological-method-transcervical-foley-catheter-and-misoprostol-to-intravaginal-misoprostol-for-preinduction-cervical-ripening" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1156</span> The Development and Change of Settlement in Tainan County (1904-2015) Using Historical Geographic Information System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei%20Ting%20Han">Wei Ting Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiann-Far%20Kung"> Shiann-Far Kung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the early time, most of the arable land is dry farming and using rainfall as water sources for irrigation in Tainan county. After the Chia-nan Irrigation System (CIS) was completed in 1930, Chia-nan Plain was more efficient allocation of limited water sources or irrigation, because of the benefit from irrigation systems, drainage systems, and land improvement projects. The problem of long-term drought, flood and salt damage in the past were also improved by CIS. The canal greatly improved the paddy field area and agricultural output, Tainan county has become one of the important agricultural producing areas in Taiwan. With the development of water conservancy facilities, affected by national policies and other factors, many agricultural communities and settlements are formed indirectly, also promoted the change of settlement patterns and internal structures. With the development of historical geographic information system (HGIS), Academia Sinica developed the WebGIS theme with the century old maps of Taiwan which is the most complete historical map of database in Taiwan. It can be used to overlay historical figures of different periods, present the timeline of the settlement change, also grasp the changes in the natural environment or social sciences and humanities, and the changes in the settlements presented by the visualized areas. This study will explore the historical development and spatial characteristics of the settlements in various areas of Tainan County. Using of large-scale areas to explore the settlement changes and spatial patterns of the entire county, through the dynamic time and space evolution from Japanese rule to the present day. Then, digitizing the settlement of different periods to perform overlay analysis by using Taiwan historical topographic maps in 1904, 1921, 1956 and 1989. Moreover, using document analysis to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of regional environment and settlement structure. In addition, the comparison analysis method is used to classify the spatial characteristics and differences between the settlements. Exploring the influence of external environments in different time and space backgrounds, such as government policies, major construction, and industrial development. This paper helps to understand the evolution of the settlement space and the internal structural changes in Tainan County. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20geographic%20information%20system" title="historical geographic information system">historical geographic information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overlay%20analysis" title=" overlay analysis"> overlay analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement%20change" title=" settlement change"> settlement change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tainan%20County" title=" Tainan County"> Tainan County</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103162/the-development-and-change-of-settlement-in-tainan-county-1904-2015-using-historical-geographic-information-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103162.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1155</span> Estimation of Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Eggplant with Lysimeter in Al-Hasa Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mishari%20AlNaim">Mishari AlNaim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted for two seasons of 2011 and 2012 in The Agricultural Experiment Research Station in King Faisal University at Al-Hasa region, Saudi Arabia to estimate evapotranspiration (ETC) of Eggplant crop using Drainage Lysimeter with surface area of 2 x 2 m and depth of 1.5 m. The irrigation was applied daily. The amount of drainage was measured before each irrigation event. The results showed that there was almost no difference in the seasonal evapotranspiration of eggplant crop in the two seasons. The average evapotranspiration values for eggplant crop for the summer and winter seasons were 823.4 mm and 479.7 mm respectively. The highest and the lowest weekly measured values of (ETC) of eggplant crop during the two summer seasons were 8.6 mm/day and 3.9 mm/day respectively, while the highest and lowest weekly measured values of (ETC) of eggplant crop during the two winter seasons were 3.9 mm/day and 2.0 mm/day respectively. The measured values of ETc, in conjunction with the results of Penmen-Monteith equation for reference Evapotranspiration (ETR), were used to determine the crop coefficient (KC ini, KC mid and KC end) for eggplant crop. The average values were 0.50, 84 and 0.60 for KC ini, KC mid and KC end in Al-Hasa region, respectively. These estimated values for KC were used to approximate (ETc) for eggplant crop. High positive correlation coefficient (0.959) was detected between the approximated and measured values of eggplant crop evapotranspiration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evapotranspiration" title="evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eggpant" title=" eggpant"> eggpant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ETC" title=" ETC"> ETC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Hasa" title=" Al-Hasa"> Al-Hasa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11245/estimation-of-evapotranspiration-and-crop-coefficient-of-eggplant-with-lysimeter-in-al-hasa-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11245.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1154</span> Timetabling for Interconnected LRT Lines: A Package Solution Based on a Real-world Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huazhen%20Lin">Huazhen Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruihua%20Xu"> Ruihua Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhibin%20Jiang"> Zhibin Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this real-world case, timetabling the LRT network as a whole is rather challenging for the operator: they are supposed to create a timetable to avoid various route conflicts manually while satisfying a given interval and the number of rolling stocks, but the outcome is not satisfying. Therefore, the operator adopts a computerised timetabling tool, the Train Plan Maker (TPM), to cope with this problem. However, with various constraints in the dual-line network, it is still difficult to find an adequate pairing of turnback time, interval and rolling stocks’ number, which requires extra manual intervention. Aiming at current problems, a one-off model for timetabling is presented in this paper to simplify the procedure of timetabling. Before the timetabling procedure starts, this paper presents how the dual-line system with a ring and several branches is turned into a simpler structure. Then, a non-linear programming model is presented in two stages. In the first stage, the model sets a series of constraints aiming to calculate a proper timing for coordinating two lines by adjusting the turnback time at termini. Then, based on the result of the first stage, the model introduces a series of inequality constraints to avoid various route conflicts. With this model, an analysis is conducted to reveal the relation between the ratio of trains in different directions and the possible minimum interval, observing that the more imbalance the ratio is, the less possible to provide frequent service under such strict constraints. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20rail%20transit%20%28LRT%29" title="light rail transit (LRT)">light rail transit (LRT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20programming" title=" non-linear programming"> non-linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20timetabling" title=" railway timetabling"> railway timetabling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timetable%20coordination" title=" timetable coordination"> timetable coordination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174387/timetabling-for-interconnected-lrt-lines-a-package-solution-based-on-a-real-world-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1153</span> The Issues of Irrigation and Drainage in Kebbi State and Their Effective Solution for a Sustainable Agriculture in Kebbi State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mumtaz%20Ahmed%20Sohag">Mumtaz Ahmed Sohag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ishaq%20Ahmed%20Sohag"> Ishaq Ahmed Sohag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kebbi State, located in the Nort-West of Nigeria, is rich in water resources as the major rivers viz. Niger and Rima irrigate a vast majority of land. Besides, there is significant amount of groundwater, which farmers use for agriculture purpose. The groundwater is also a major source of agricultural and domestic water as wells are installed in almost all parts of the region. Although Kebbi State is rich in water, however, there are some pertinent issues which are hampering its agricultural productivity. The low lands (locally called Fadama), has spread out to a vast area. It is inundated every year during the rainy season which lasts from June to September every year. The farmers grow rice during the rainy season when water is standing. They cannot do further agricultural activity for almost two months due to high standing water. This has resulted in widespread waterlogging problem. Besides, the impact of climate change is resulting in rapid variation in river/stream flows. The information about water bodies regarding the availability of water for agricultural and other uses and the behavior of rivers at different flows is seldom available. Furthermore, sediment load (suspended and bedload) is not measured due to which land erosion cannot be countered effectively. This study, carried out in seven different irrigation regions of Kebbi state, found that diversion structures need to be constructed at some strategic locations for the supply of surface water to the farmers. The water table needs to be lowered through an effective drainage system. The monitoring of water bodies is crucial for sound data to help efficient regulation and management of water. Construction of embankments is necessary to control frequent floods in the rivers of Niger and Rima. Furthermore, farmers need capacity and awareness for participatory irrigation management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20bodies" title="water bodies">water bodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floods" title=" floods"> floods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waterlogging" title=" waterlogging"> waterlogging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80448/the-issues-of-irrigation-and-drainage-in-kebbi-state-and-their-effective-solution-for-a-sustainable-agriculture-in-kebbi-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1152</span> Crop Water Productivity for Sunflower under Different Irrigation Regimes and Plant Spacing, at Gezira Clay Soil, Sudan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Eman%20Elsheikh">R. A. Eman Elsheikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bart%20Schultz"> Bart Schultz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abraham%20Mehari%20Haile"> Abraham Mehari Haile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20S.%20Adam"> Hussein S. Adam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field experiment was conducted at Gezira research station farm during the winter season in the third week of November 2012, in WadMedani, Sudan (Lat 14.23 W, Long 33.39 E and altitude 405 m above sea level, in deep cracking alkaline heavy clay Vertisols). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different irrigation for 10 days (W1), 15 days (W2) and 20 days (W3) and for two rows of 30 cm (S1) and 40 cm (S2), respectively. The experimental design was split plot with three replicates. The sunflower test variety was Hysun 33 cultivar. The seasonal water applied during the study was 6898, 6647, 5256, 5435, 5214, 5416 m3/ha for W1S1, W1S2, W2S1, W2S2, W3S1 and W3S2 respectively. The seed yield obtained for the above treatment in that sequence was 4208, 5542, 5167, 4579, 2931, 2936 kg/ha. The corresponding computed water productivity was 0.61, 0.82, 0.87, 0.95, 0.54, 0.56 kg/m3. The study clearly indicated that the highest seed yield was obtained when the crop was sown at 40 cm row spacing and was irrigated every 10 days (W1S2), followed by W2S1. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20productivity" title="water productivity">water productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20deficit" title=" water deficit"> water deficit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunflower" title=" sunflower"> sunflower</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20spacing" title=" plant spacing"> plant spacing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6521/crop-water-productivity-for-sunflower-under-different-irrigation-regimes-and-plant-spacing-at-gezira-clay-soil-sudan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1151</span> Influence of Salicylic Acid Seed Priming on Catalase and Peroxidase in Zea mays L. Plant (Var- Sc.704) under Water Stress Condition and Different Irrigation Regimes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20Azarpanah">Arash Azarpanah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Zadehbagheri"> Masoud Zadehbagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shorangiz%20Javanmardi"> Shorangiz Javanmardi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abiotic stresses are the principle threat to plant growth and crop productivity all over the world. In order to improve the germination of corn seeds in drought stress conditions, effect of seed priming by various concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (0.8 and 0.2 mM) on activities of catalase and peroxidase in Zea mays L. plant (Var-Sc.704) was evaluated at Agriculture Research Center located in Arsenjan city in Iran, during summer 2013. A farm research was done in RCBD as factorial with three replications. We considered four irrigation was carried out once the cumulative evaporation from Pan Class A come to 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm. Results illustrated that drought stress significantly increased activities of catalase and peroxidase and also treatment with salicylic acid significantly increased activities of catalase and peroxidase. In addition, treatment with salicylic acid enhances drought tolerance in Zea mays L. plant (Var-Sc.704) with increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalase" title="catalase">catalase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn" title=" corn"> corn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salicylic%20acid" title=" salicylic acid"> salicylic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20deficits%20stress" title=" water deficits stress"> water deficits stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20evaporation" title=" cumulative evaporation"> cumulative evaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pan%20Class%20A" title=" Pan Class A"> Pan Class A</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9051/influence-of-salicylic-acid-seed-priming-on-catalase-and-peroxidase-in-zea-mays-l-plant-var-sc704-under-water-stress-condition-and-different-irrigation-regimes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9051.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">457</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1150</span> Deriving an Index of Adoption Rate and Assessing Factors Affecting Adoption of an Agroforestry-Based Farming System in Dhanusha District, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Dhakal">Arun Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoff%20Cockfield"> Geoff Cockfield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tek%20Narayan%20Maraseni"> Tek Narayan Maraseni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to fulfil the gap in measuring adoption in agroforestry studies. It explains the derivation of an index of adoption rate in a Nepalese context and examines the factors affecting adoption of agroforestry-based land management practice (AFLMP) in the Dhanusha District of Nepal. Data about the different farm practices and the factors (bio-physical, socio-economic) influencing adoption were collected during focus group discussion and from the randomly selected households using a household survey questionnaire, respectively. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the factors. The factors (variables) found to significantly affect adoption of AFLMP were: farm size, availability of irrigation water, education of household heads, agricultural labour force, frequency of visits by extension workers, expenditure on farm inputs purchase, household’s experience in agroforestry, and distance from home to government forest. The regression model explained about 75% of variation in adoption decision. The model rejected ‘erosion hazard’, ‘flood hazard’ and ‘gender’ as determinants of adoption, which in case of single agroforestry practice were major variables and played positive role. Out of eight variables, farm size played the most powerful role in explaining the variation in adoption, followed by availability of irrigation water and education of household heads. The results of this study suggest that policies to promote the provision of irrigation water, extension services and motivation to obtaining higher education would probably provide the incentive to adopt agroforestry elsewhere in the terai of Nepal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry" title="agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adoption%20index" title=" adoption index"> adoption index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=determinants%20of%20adoption" title=" determinants of adoption"> determinants of adoption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=step-wise%20linear%20regression" title=" step-wise linear regression"> step-wise linear regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29537/deriving-an-index-of-adoption-rate-and-assessing-factors-affecting-adoption-of-an-agroforestry-based-farming-system-in-dhanusha-district-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1149</span> Study on the Expression of Drought Tolerant Genes in Water-Stressed Basella Alba and Basella Rubra</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20O.%20Ajewole">T. O. Ajewole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20S.%20Olorunmiaye"> K. S. Olorunmiaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20A.%20Animasaun"> D. A. Animasaun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Okpeku"> M. Okpeku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drought impact on the production of food crops for the benefit of mankind cannot be overemphasized. This study shows the different kind of genes expressed at various level of drought regimes on Basella alba and rubra using a real-time PCR machine. The planting was done in the screen house while the gene expression study was carried out in the laboratory. Sandy-loamy soil was collected and four levels of drought regime was used as treatment and a control experiment was set up for the two vegetables. Drought interval of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days were used as treatments while a control experiment which was not starved of water at any point was also set up, five replicates were set up for each treatment. Stress was introduced at 12 Weeks after planting (WAP). From the result of this study, Basella alba shows the highest amplicon size of 34.6 and 52.32 for GmPCS5 and HVA1 respectively which by implication means these genes were expressed the more as the stress period interval increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20stress" title="water stress">water stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basella%20alba" title=" basella alba"> basella alba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basella%20rubra" title=" basella rubra"> basella rubra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HVA1" title=" HVA1"> HVA1</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186169/study-on-the-expression-of-drought-tolerant-genes-in-water-stressed-basella-alba-and-basella-rubra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1148</span> Investigations into the in situ Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Removal Efficacies of Passive and Active Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant Delivered into Lateral Canal of a Simulated Root Canal Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saifalarab%20A.%20Mohmmed">Saifalarab A. Mohmmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morgana%20E.%20Vianna"> Morgana E. Vianna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20C.%20Knowles"> Jonathan C. Knowles</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of apical periodontitis has received considerable critical attention. Bacteria is integrated into communities, attached to surfaces and consequently form biofilm. The biofilm structure provides bacteria with a series protection skills against, antimicrobial agents and enhances pathogenicity (e.g. apical periodontitis). Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has become the irrigant of choice for elimination of bacteria from the root canal system based on its antimicrobial findings. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different agitation techniques on the efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl to eliminate the biofilm from the surface of the lateral canal using the residual biofilm, and removal rate of biofilm as outcome measures. The effect of canal complexity (lateral canal) on the efficacy of the irrigation procedure was also assessed. Forty root canal models (n = 10 per group) were manufactured using 3D printing and resin materials. Each model consisted of two halves of an 18 mm length root canal with apical size 30 and taper 0.06, and a lateral canal of 3 mm length, 0.3 mm diameter located at 3 mm from the apical terminus. E. faecalis biofilms were grown on the apical 3 mm and lateral canal of the models for 10 days in Brain Heart Infusion broth. Biofilms were stained using crystal violet for visualisation. The model halves were reassembled, attached to an apparatus and tested under a fluorescence microscope. Syringe and needle irrigation protocol was performed using 9 mL of 2.5% NaOCl irrigant for 60 seconds. The irrigant was either left stagnant in the canal or activated for 30 seconds using manual (gutta-percha), sonic and ultrasonic methods. Images were then captured every second using an external camera. The percentages of residual biofilm were measured using image analysis software. The data were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. The greatest removal was associated with the ultrasonic group (66.76%) followed by sonic (45.49%), manual (43.97%), and passive irrigation group (control) (38.67%) respectively. No marked reduction in the efficiency of NaOCl to remove biofilm was found between the simple and complex anatomy models (p = 0.098). The removal efficacy of NaOCl on the biofilm was limited to the 1 mm level of the lateral canal. The agitation of NaOCl results in better penetration of the irrigant into the lateral canals. Ultrasonic agitation of NaOCl improved the removal of bacterial biofilm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title=" biofilm"> biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20canal%20irrigation" title=" root canal irrigation"> root canal irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sodium%20hypochlorite" title=" sodium hypochlorite"> sodium hypochlorite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70597/investigations-into-the-in-situ-enterococcus-faecalis-biofilm-removal-efficacies-of-passive-and-active-sodium-hypochlorite-irrigant-delivered-into-lateral-canal-of-a-simulated-root-canal-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn 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