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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="dR8kac"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, width=device-width, user-scalable=no, shrink-to-fit=no"><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=1050970557"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Google Arts & Culture"><meta name="application-name" content="Google Arts & Culture"><meta name="google" content="notranslate"><meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.gstatic.com/culturalinstitute/stella/apple-touch-icon-180x180-v1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www.gstatic.com/culturalinstitute/stella/android-chrome-192x192-v1.png" sizes="192x192"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gstatic.com/culturalinstitute/stella/favicon.ico"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//www.gstatic.com/culturalinstitute/stella/favicon-16x16-v1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" 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content="https://artsandculture.google.com/project/a-brief-history-of-vaccination"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Arts & Culture"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta property="twitter:site" content="@googlearts"><script type="application/ld+json" nonce="nXF8EDfTsrSj75hNDaNfRg">{"@context":"http://schema.googleapis.com","@type":"WebPage","name":"A Brief History of Vaccination","url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/project/a-brief-history-of-vaccination","description":"Centuries of life-saving science summed up","thumbnailUrl":"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmZurp_SyNzbJhDXH_QQVzxb_n4C6lR2HVxZC14FhdmYdCsWYq69O51EIJJVuBcon4BQ2L0_A\u003ds1200","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Google Arts \u0026 Culture","logo":"https://www.gstatic.com/culturalinstitute/stella/android-chrome-192x192-v1.png","url":"https://artsandculture.google.com"},"inLanguage":"en"}</script><link 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window.__EV__ = {}; window.__EV__['N0Ffic'] = true ; window.__EV__['iLCyyc'] = true ; window.__EV__['vlHSpc'] = true ; window.__EV__['HKpMxc'] = false ; window.__EV__['nARBcd'] = true ; window.__EV__['Yhvcwc'] = false ; window.__EV__['t9Td3b'] = true ; window.__EV__['tQGAkf'] = true ; window.__EV__['myymof'] = false ; window.__EV__['s1ehbf'] = false ; window.__EV__['MkZdDc'] = true ; window.__EV__['XIrRlb'] = false ; window.__EV__['BI5Eub'] = false ; window.__EV__['VDuos'] = false ;</script><script nonce="nXF8EDfTsrSj75hNDaNfRg">window.INIT_data = {};window.INIT_data['Project:3d52b53d-1114-49ec-9247-521e941d1e82'] = ["stella.projp","Project:3d52b53d-1114-49ec-9247-521e941d1e82","historyofvaccination","A Brief History of Vaccination","//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmZurp_SyNzbJhDXH_QQVzxb_n4C6lR2HVxZC14FhdmYdCsWYq69O51EIJJVuBcon4BQ2L0_A",null,[null,"Centuries of life-saving science summed up"],null,null,null,null,null,["A Brief History of Vaccination","Centuries of life-saving 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Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQHl2KhRbMnx9XRjuw6EmgwWot8cLqyeic3HC4Nc_8w-7826bTbEcyc7VKXIEqH34US2AfVg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,000009d3fffff8c1",2109,924,1],"/partner/museo-delle-scienze-trento"],null,null,[2],null,null,null,[5,"256250722"],null,null,null,null,[1]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,"PartnerLogos","EditorialSection:cec0a8f1-05b4-43c8-b7a4-721d15c42b4f",null,"cu_edi_1","cu_edi_2"],["stella.edit.sect",["Vaccines explained",null,null,null,null,1],17,"#ffffff",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","How Vaccines Save Lives","The World Health Organization on how vaccines came to be","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHUDTYFXyA9vBmjtAjjV7JOznxYyjf-ZSAxHUJr-vh1PQBUMEuNuAVYQbIdfMmNzwBoo4BdwE","/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"iwWBM_p0KsCMkA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjXBB7k7dDt_FUmbuPomnQ-3HC4hpzkfVPOIcDkC7qQB_jgVI28CB_l5kMUbBEX86tBJN95yUd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor centuries, humans have looked for ways to protect each other against deadly diseases. From experiments and taking chances to a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eglobal vaccine roll-out\u003c/a\u003e in the midst of an unprecedented pandemic, \u003ca href\u003d\"/project/a-brief-history-of-vaccination\"\u003eimmunization\u003c/a\u003e has a long history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine research can raise challenging ethical questions, and some of the experiments carried out for the development of vaccines in the past would not be ethically acceptable today. Vaccines have saved more human lives than any other medical invention in history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eScroll on to take a journey through the last millennium to see how these extraordinary discoveries and achievements have changed our lives.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-GlP_xbTlCLXgKC_dNe44ovGPp09sHRd1RUyHPyb_NXINNp58MJJPJNYqp_Nwmn98CSdEN3c","1400s to 1700s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom at least the 15th century, people in different parts of the world have attempted to prevent illness by intentionally exposing healthy people to \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg\"\u003esmallpox\u003c/a\u003e – a practice known as variolation (after a name for smallpox, ‘la variole’). Some sources suggest these practices were taking place as early as 200 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWritten accounts from the mid-1500s describe a form of variolation used in China known as insufflation, where smallpox scabs are dried, ground and blown into the nostril using a pipe!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThQsEp4Ymeai_SMwUj3pGqvX3gUlsx0SiYGfX8uOxFwEmq6r-XQFwSm0LUUnCeX_tucJw-ipE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1721, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brought smallpox inoculation to Europe, by asking that her two daughters be inoculated against smallpox as she had observed practice in Turkey.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1774, Benjamin Jesty makes a breakthrough. Testing his hypothesis that infection with cowpox – a bovine virus which can spread to humans – could protect a person from smallpox\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid. Despite suffering a local reaction and feeling unwell for several days, Phipps made a full recovery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxWAyZzRuBvjcpNd844CLI-i3vGJLDG-nmL9zdE46zO92ZahQeUaQrnOjOMwA18dFtCq586AQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTwo months later, in July 1796, Jenner inoculates Phipps with matter from a human smallpox sore in order to test Phipps’ resistance. Phipps remains in perfect health, and becomes the first human to be vaccinated against smallpox. The term ‘vaccine’ is later coined, taken from the Latin word for cow, \u003ci\u003evacca\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg\"\u003ehistory of Smallpox vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwIFaz7ZrZU5NVk_ALM2eA0mfsrtvPT5VDFK-5aXm1C5Bh_gmLgszLssfh-_zNmE-jFxPMeP-C","The 1800s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1872, despite enduring a stroke and the death of 2 of his daughters to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003etyphoid\u003c/a\u003e, Louis Pasteur creates the first laboratory-produced vaccine: the vaccine for fowl cholera in chickens. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBzI4HFh-X6FVS47oUDIzWyl-csBJ47k-5s-xbA2IOYEnVmUJ3jzF8Cupgw4zBNfnqCNp1tQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1885, Louis Pasteur successfully prevents \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003erabies\u003c/a\u003e through post-exposure vaccination. The treatment is controversial. Pasteur has unsuccessfully attempted to use the vaccine on humans twice before, and injecting a human with a disease agent is still a new and uncertain method. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePasteur is not a medical doctor. But, despite the risk, he begins a course of 13 injections with patient Joseph Meister, each containing a stronger dose of the rabies virus. Meister survives and later becomes the caretaker of Pasteur’s tomb in Paris.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvNqS3GkwUl25_AXNfNVx4zYGAgwXohVp2lfYm2_ISt3RhZViQy9hpgOHc84HDw9YPcJCBWQk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1894,\u003cb\u003e \u003c/b\u003eDr Anna Wessels Williams isolates a strain of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/diphtheria#:~:text\u003dWhat%20is%20diphtheria%3F,a%20sore%20throat%20and%20fever.\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ediphtheria\u003c/a\u003e bacteria that is crucial in the development of an antitoxin for the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sjk3m3FdFiFJEnwhYBg7oEOhc2LBCYY4zrwsRmkJJOr3Fa20P5T2XBlEDKIWRw0OggNZOIwKv0","The 1900s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1918 to 1919, the Spanish Flu pandemic kills an estimated 20–50 million people worldwide, including 1 in 67 United States soldiers, making an \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw\"\u003einfluenza vaccine\u003c/a\u003e a US military priority. Early experiments with influenza vaccines are carried out: the US Army Medical School tests 2 million doses in 1918, but results are inconclusive.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw\"\u003ehistory of Influenza vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNb4O4yTvP3zww57GhZIZA5qKCs3KexZsfEYj6SiSdvGO4hMYl3YXcA-SmOYgqoaGcuuFRvZoJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1937 Max Theiler, Hugh Smith and Eugen Haagen develop the 17D vaccine against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eyellow fever\u003c/a\u003e. The vaccine is approved in 1938 and over a million people have receive it that year. Theiler goes on to be awarded the Nobel Prize.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SiU1Q4JaVryNkGP-j8UBKzhs3GKYGkz5qg5yu1jIo-M8InJmqki9lL9XTwKltBcVmoIwOXCA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, bacteriologists Pearl Kendrick and Grace Eldering demonstrate the efficacy of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003epertussis\u003c/a\u003e (whooping cough) vaccine. The scientists show that vaccination reduces the rates at which children get sick from 15.1 per 100 children to 2.3 per 100.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QssCwjsoIos8MHTzFvTOUopvsZSF7vpNwP9PLl99lREI87d9WLNwAkf9Se9bEAo2_1JR_TUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1945, the first \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einfluenza vaccine\u003c/a\u003e is approved for military use, followed in 1946 by an approval for civilian use. The research is led by doctors Thomas Francis Jr and Jonas Salk, who both go on to be closely associated with the polio vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrom 1952–1955, the first effective \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw\"\u003epolio vaccine\u003c/a\u003e is developed by Jonas Salk and trials begin. Salk tests the vaccine on himself and his family the following year, and mass trials involving over 1.3 million children take place in 1954.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SyUnKaqGM09sOfryE6FEV7nX_qSIaKbwyyZ_uSQrvM-um1yqULDIASGwfxJMl_RQsEUsrRdfA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1960, a second type of polio vaccine, developed by Albert Sabin, is approved for use. Sabin’s vaccine was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form) and could be given orally, as drops or on a sugar cube. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was first tested and produced in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Czechoslovakia becomes the first country in the world to eliminate polio.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw\"\u003ehistory of Polio vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RUYhPbAqtXWOIH_P9SxoSDLle5w95lcgXhixt6LS-l4Da8f3aVBO9c91Vx3j0aD6L55tehdNw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1967, the World Health Organization announces the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2010-statue-commemorates-smallpox-eradication\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e, which aims to eradicate smallpox in more than 30 countries through surveillance and vaccination. Eradication means more than the elimination of a disease in a single area – WHO defines it as the “permanent reduction to zero of a specific pathogen, as a result of deliberate efforts, with no more risk of reintroduction”. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKwauCRUY5l6J7smd5UcjiQ1F8kPjOXQiBGmOVAztwNeu1BW_hzdiZr1ZeXtjmTCgS1Ev-",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmallpox has been mostly eliminated in Western Europe, North America and Japan by this time. Following the announcement, there is unprecedented global solidarity. Despite the ongoing Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union are united in support of the programme.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcr0wJpyFvjuqThv_IfHkdwH8gaHkm75w1wABhZRoF4D917nGZqDRkilwZZDnOkkJGPrrQOg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1969, four years after Dr Baruch Blumberg discovers the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehepatitis B virus\u003c/a\u003e, he works with microbiologist Irving Millman to develop the first hepatitis B vaccine, using a heat-treated form of the virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA plasma-derived inactivated vaccine is approved for commercial use from 1981 to 1990, and a genetically engineered (or DNA recombinant) vaccine, developed in 1986, is still in use today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RX8tdRRQkNEiblHyPevoACJ4RkdIR0ZyhxvGYYHkG0Nd-ewFJKknvNq9-pyMEhGVHLjikDYlk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1971 the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA\"\u003emeasles vaccine\u003c/a\u003e (1963) is combined with recently developed vaccines against mumps (1967) and rubella (1969) into a single vaccination (\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/measles-mumps-and-rubella-(mmr)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMMR\u003c/a\u003e) by Dr Maurice Hilleman.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA\"\u003ehistory of measles vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1974 the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI, now the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEssential Programme on Immunization\u003c/a\u003e) is established by WHO to develop immunization programmes throughout the world. The first diseases targeted by the EPI are diphtheria, measles, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis and whooping cough.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"LG7ikYLUAWQ",null,0,55000,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RFgYl3zbSfRr0FzVhxTs2wx9kOY0thqRJCS781ol7Mx7iC1IjqEefWGVYjDutrsZ9Tt0OIUl0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1978 a polysaccharide vaccine that protects against 14 different strains of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/pneumococcal-disease\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003epneumococcal pneumonia\u003c/a\u003e is licensed, and in 1983 it is expanded to protect against 23 strains.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qn4xKU7q6MXpvO1imdot_mneW_r-uRERvKTfPDva1Ach7a9nhFniLVutFR2Ewc_pYCc9ZhSXU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1980 the World Health Assembly, acting on recommendation from the WHO Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, declares smallpox \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2020-commemorating-smallpox-eradication-a-legacy-of-hope-for-covid-19-and-other-diseases\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeradicated\u003c/a\u003e: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e“The world and all its people have won freedom from smallpox, which was the most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest times, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qgfh_2ojcI31X_h6nkj--xUJPGJmdpY1nONFoDZ4j6GZrl0okfFEoG_plbHaPz_0w5WeGv-A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1970s to 1980s in the USA, whooping cough cases hit an all-time low in 1976. But the success of the pertussis vaccine is hampered by a decline in uptake: with so few whooping cough cases, fears about rare but serious side effects of the whole-cell vaccine start to outweigh fears of the disease itself.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8UlQt8StfTuM5RY3WiA-wQ3Ijn7EyKTegtsPSaM1D669pNWy9nifg7ITgWjIgVUTzNSlazA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1985 the first vaccine against diseases caused by \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/hib\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)\u003c/a\u003e is licensed, after David H Smith founds a company to produce it. Smith and Porter W Anderson Jr had been working together on a vaccination since 1968.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuR8OhYJJBNxXGG9cmI-QOvFY6KqHrVxFuPbV1Vj76O4AhLTazZXsBkbC5Mtf_-CqI22fIfP13",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1988 following the eradication of smallpox, WHO sets its sights on poliomyelitis, launching a\u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e Global Polio Eradication Initiative\u003c/a\u003e. In the late 1980s, polio is endemic in 125 countries, and the initiative aims to achieve its eradication by the year 2000. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 1994, polio is eradicated from the Americas, followed by Europe in 2002, and by 2003 the disease is endemic in just 6 countries. The effort continues.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrF1xA5FwOYJ9gz4VODFCHgn7YQZ57MF8TPeENij23rOgkft_QO1nmKVDyhHu8ZSHERL4ZWg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1995 Anne Szarewski leads a team who outline the role of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/human-papillomavirus\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehuman papillomavirus (HPV)\u003c/a\u003e in \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecervical cancer\u003c/a\u003e detection and screening, and researchers begin work on an HPV vaccine. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHPV viruses are very common, often with minimal symptoms, but high-risk HPV strains can go on to cause other medical conditions, particularly cervical cancer. Szarewski goes on to be principal investigator in the development of the bivalent HPV vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ql0xq17Hzc2UCp_icHP1HCElnMnIo_43H6bC5BGpDOSHTtz6kMN0ww5Iu2e-qUYzNC284Z",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1999 the first vaccine against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/rotavirus\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003erotavirus\u003c/a\u003e, the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children, is withdrawn only a year after it was approved, due to concerns about the risk of intestinal problems. A lower-risk version of the vaccine is introduced in 2006. It takes until 2019 for it to be in use in over 100 countries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rmze2pLgqAiHpe0TOVNG8PRqkbXOvwwrEjpD5vrFSVVinO-VA3_zqMdrw-cYD8fZbgN_SlDoE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2006 the first vaccine for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is approved. HPV vaccination goes on to become a key part of the effort to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-11-2020-a-cervical-cancer-free-future-first-ever-global-commitment-to-eliminate-a-cancer\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeliminate cervical cancer\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHJYVnWSS_fngtBw1EN7FpAYnDQ0_lRFHAX2Eb1RWe4MW4HndjoB1nqMMv7oli2dkqO9OaMIQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2016 the success of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.path.org/articles/about-meningitis-vaccine-project/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMeningitis Vaccine Project\u003c/a\u003e highlights the key role public–private partnerships can play in helping to develop vaccines. In its first 5 years of use, the vaccine has nearly eliminated serogroup A meningococcal disease in \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emeningitis\u003c/a\u003e belt countries of Africa, and it is now being integrated into routine national immunization programmes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQRwmj4rJ9mlOUbslyf_yJzgnDzUfIx-NKvoZc2GDEDVhcB2yUXdyFrEiZv84ZZ4Lu4TMfSg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Assembly welcomes the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/blueprint\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eR\u0026amp;D Blueprint\u003c/a\u003e, a global strategy and preparedness plan that allows the rapid activation of research and development activities during epidemics. Its aim is to fast-track the availability of effective tests, vaccines and medicines that can be used to save lives and avert large-scale crises. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmbfCXQ2vH4i3xBVdeeq0r9JnD3diJkF6Z9ozL-CaQT6YVZht7TX37WZy_1RPU8cTf4bpWqA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFollowing years of accelerated vaccinations, the Americas region is declared free of endemic \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emeasles\u003c/a\u003e. Outbreaks in several countries, caused by gaps in vaccination coverage, see the disease begin to reemerge in 2018. WHO and PAHO increase surveillance and launch vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBm1ryzeyVia6yyq7yWwca3CSrMow-etS8-j9pQgo2Qc9zIMEFZdrO0VwNDF6bblVB1nWnf_m6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2019, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/initiatives/malaria-vaccine-implementation-programme\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emalaria vaccine pilot implementation\u003c/a\u003e is launched in Ghana, Malawi and Kenya. The RTS/S vaccine is the first vaccine that can significantly reduce the deadliest and most prevalent strain of malaria in young children, the group at highest risk of dying from the disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SD5VNtmaMLVOEBFHT8sMgHIXEcNLcsMqrpzm7v_x4Jmw1kBPSKxBWfUUSDKIkGvTAVYP2-H6Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO prequalifies an \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-11-2019-who-prequalifies-ebola-vaccine-paving-the-way-for-its-use-in-high-risk-countries\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEbola vaccine\u003c/a\u003e for use in countries at high risk, as part of a broader set of tools in response to the disease. In 2021 a global vaccine \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-01-2021-unicef-who-ifrc-and-msf-announce-the-establishment-of-a-global-ebola-vaccine-stockpile\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estockpile\u003c/a\u003e is established to ensure outbreak response.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA third-generation smallpox vaccine is approved for prevention of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emonkeypox\u003c/a\u003e, thus becoming the first monkeypox vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QE34ZLh8a08R2vTmcDjWP8yf8TrVaBbLXFDe5qvIIfzVoZFuK-KwLfP7TXJey8cfAJsRuIbDs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 30 January, 2020 the WHO Director General \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003edeclares the outbreak\u003c/a\u003e of novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On 11 March, WHO confirms that COVID-19 is a pandemic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEffective COVID-19 vaccines are developed, produced and distributed with unprecedented speed, some using new mRNA technology. In December 2020, just 1 year after the first case of COVID-19 was detected, the first COVID-19 vaccine doses are administered.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYAbo9is1tQ2RTIIDzEVZw3trzgBO2Rfg-cDw3o1MOcsL6TsFan5gAbFKIrRRJt2Bc9ilDkQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2021 the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out continues, with doses delivered and administered across continents. But efforts to curb the pandemic are threatened by \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einequities in vaccination coverage\u003c/a\u003e: as of July 2021, almost 85% of vaccines have been administered in high- and upper-middle-income countries, and over 75% have been administered in only 10 countries alone. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0iR0YJIK9NeWv96r3X9fjajAKadM-xLJIfsUsS_FgFc_MttdiJdgju7a54_kSkSH6JrTs4cXE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO calls on Member States to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-148th-session-of-the-executive-board\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eprioritize vaccination\u003c/a\u003e of health workers and at-risk groups in lower-income countries, in order to stop severe disease and death, keep health workers safe and reopen societies and economies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVMY21Wf9yLxA5sO0zUs4m0rci3zkG5s1YsbvHwHdmrIw-jHom-JK4iPQOuMpzDzQkmjuJr_Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor over 2 centuries, people have been vaccinated against deadly diseases, ever since the world’s first vaccine was devised against smallpox. History has taught us that a full and effective global response to vaccine-preventable diseases takes time, financial support and collaboration – and requires continued vigilance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Su99Lqo_EO7d7Sn9BLn48ayR38Zt2yb6t7nwVK2aPg2lYH-mBN9-xBIuBv1oYWURANYVmrPg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom groundbreaking practices in the 1500s to the new technologies used in COVID-19 \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003evaccines\u003c/a\u003e, we have come a long way. Vaccines now help protect against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emore than 20 diseases\u003c/a\u003e, from pneumonia to cervical cancer and Ebola; and in just the last 30 years, child deaths have declined by over 50%, thanks in large part to vaccines. But more must be done.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8ODfKw9oDCWXPMqej3Vp5z2nzCjL6nWDGoMbDWMpruy04c236FgAh73uuUH8FppXeFDnwqA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e In many parts of the world, 1 in 5 children still goes \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eunvaccinated\u003c/a\u003e. The coming decades will need global cooperation, funding, commitment and vision to ensure that no child or adult suffers or dies from a vaccine-preventable disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExplore more at \u003ca href\u003d\"http://g.co/historyofvaccination\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eg.co/historyofvaccination\u003c/a\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3,"Stories","EditorialSection:d5eb2856-6b7e-4074-86b6-257d5027a611",null,"cu_edi_3","cu_edi_4",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RoDW3nm_dOlbq02WopGQFOMUEhgfxmSSxj7wFNTjqY4HRtC2Pzqpxn2PnHqLC2jsHaL3bucaXh"]],["stella.edit.sect",["How vaccines save lives","From eradicating smallpox to controlling the spread of influenza",null,null,null,1],47,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","The Smallpox Vaccine","The only human disease to be eradicated so far","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNqv6UVODIdCoX6TvJ5OBg9o0npxpXWe6BDXK39sl_v1AkmmmJi6DVJRS_TYmo-tNUjOvh6bp2","/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"qAURxyAnf5tcXg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMvOo8-Sn9ef4ijxPmWlxosDAaT7M-vOzTfAOFsoaiwatkOvkTZXCBBaZ7Al6YHYW4sjbFskeN",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne of the deadliest diseases known to humans, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esmallpox\u003c/a\u003e remains the only human disease to have been eradicated. Many believe this achievement to be the most significant milestone in global public health.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SXUCZIzb6-DF45az-wi5vHfNq2fEaUI8xq_Tdv08HN7Ql58Q9XEUqR-hLFUfJkVFY0Z1ZxVb2n",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eKey components of the worldwide smallpox eradication effort included universal childhood immunization programmes in some countries, mass vaccination in others, and targeted surveillance-containment strategies during the end-game.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_So8uktYulyLWiLM_i2sD8Kqg_o5VUZOj6ku6_hSEVaUxjvKSujlt-Q6anhWl3MrKSJ7SXwpJdy",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOver thousands of years, smallpox killed hundreds of millions of people. The rich, the poor, the young, the old. It was a disease that didn’t discriminate, killing at least 1 in 3 people infected, often more in the most severe forms of disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RP-n1yBk1ZwHjA1t1rOrglM2CbdNSUswYBKU4PoDZYzHENRvtZlTNGrSTWg3vpBrOI6lW-oYPD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe symptoms of smallpox were gruesome: high fever, vomiting and mouth sores, followed by fluid-filled lesions on the whole body. Death would come suddenly, often within 2 weeks, and survivors could be left with permanent harms such as blindness and infertility. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SjRpfB6QijP_zt0k_TJjYL1gsyRWPfHUJdAAMUQNc040gQWPKHv_2DdirqDEpMo_VIcnckVg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMozart was infected, as was Abraham Lincoln. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QppooiY0SnbTSZ5vxldIQgNMK-9cooZ9LdzUYKL1YW4lZNcPD1UTXqhg3oGu7gXi9TeBju8QU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmallpox was highly infectious, with no known cure. It began as early as 1350 BCE, with cases being found in the study of Egyptian mummies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QA_Z8qtqx6jLYTi1IoOkoVFT-_b59oRTfcMxuBO9vK6FNP-57Tz0lhKKvi3-WIsfl1xRXuuXo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe ancient practice of variolation (named for smallpox, also known as variola or ‘la variole’) was widely used in Asia and some parts of Africa. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QoiwyCDy7qXUoCNDyoi3Rpniomenh9wj3iNNBK6k8al-haSuB2GHlCnArPJ1WYmHtyywSzdr0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis consisted of transferring to healthy people small amounts of material from smallpox sores, resulting in milder forms of illness and much lower mortality than natural infection. Some sources suggest practices of variolation were taking place as early as 200 BCE. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWritten accounts from the mid-1500s describe a form of variolation used in China known as insufflation, where smallpox scabs were dried, ground and blown into the nostril using a pipe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRdy8fhXieo1b6di8rTkrFBUUr0glp5HHu7CMFw93AFYXdSivNmPQkGMlq4y4lLjduVM81Gw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn India, similar practices were carried out through inoculation, using a lancet or needle to transfer material from smallpox pustules to the skin of healthy children. Accounts from the 18th century suggest this technique dates back hundreds of years. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6ZTm-lB9O7c-LfUSsAyMOI4gEMhDvnijOvFMBaNCjdnM0_SWstqw0k9BzGQfzgYT-rZJEaHWC",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVariolation (in the form of inoculation) was introduced in Europe by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 300 years ago in 1721, after she had observed the practice in the Ottoman Empire, where her husband was stationed as ambassador to Turkey. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxyMVhv2PZuagan7fE0SR5iXS0u_au34yZWlSTAx7_PeNd8xLqs9S2jln5wowY2SS5Nx-WdECz",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAround the same time, it came to public attention in the American colonies. Enslaved West Africans had long practised the technique, and after his slave Onesimus told him about how it worked in 1716, Cotton Mather publicized it and argued for its use in response to a 1721 outbreak of smallpox in Massachusetts.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThQsEp4Ymeai_SMwUj3pGqvX3gUlsx0SiYGfX8uOxFwEmq6r-XQFwSm0LUUnCeX_tucJw-ipE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt wasn’t until May 1796 that the world’s first vaccine was demonstrated, using the same principle as variolation but with a less dangerous viral source, cowpox. Having heard of local beliefs and practices in rural communities that cowpox protected against smallpox, Dr Edward Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with matter from a cowpox sore on the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a local milkmaid.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q3q7aiXCGEWJKiJZW7YhS1BtSzXHcc9OTdbzHTftKsGIBoesDNO7B7FOyPphyN-W3bs9h-rO8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePhipps reacted to the cowpox matter and felt unwell for several days but made a full recovery. Two months later, in July 1796, Jenner took matter from a human smallpox sore and inoculated Phipps with it to test his resistance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePhipps remained in perfect health, the first person to be vaccinated against smallpox. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SA5_sVEoRLrb8BZt3CruI2i5GZr2lEyuWR5skE8sEqWSWqYyj7B1vdKSafriWRGEL5OTY-sw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot everyone was on board with Jenner and his vaccine. Rumours circulated at the time that it would turn people into cows. But by 1801, through extensive testing, it was shown to effectively protect against smallpox. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbEaKkg8AEa0T0VNAgSz2ojk9Sj0TeaA699A_a7_c5cb7Y-K5nLTb_eICDA0Qm3X0Z5-Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine was soon in use on other continents, where vaccine continued to be inoculated from arm to arm until vaccination programmes were established. Mandatory smallpox vaccination came into effect in Britain and parts of the United States of America in the 1840s and 1850s, as well as in other parts of the world, leading to the establishment of the smallpox vaccination certificates required for travel.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TDWgpue5Ja_vfuHMNGj-vfrC05GHOJjf0eSQAXMGhxjzeogXFogj8ZSsgUcTEOQ1Rcmp_hdyxE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile some European regions eliminated the disease by 1900, smallpox was still ravaging continents and areas under colonial rule, with over 2 million people dying every year. It took another 50 years to achieve global solidarity in the fight against the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEs37QM1zC6Eoxh8qTGkk5iuScww_oziGQaOmaIzl6kdgRd-pVvyWz4dtAPG1LoS6k-YPu0fw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine research and studies in vaccine delivery were carried out around the world in the search for more resilient and effective vaccines. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy the 1950s, advances in production techniques meant that heat-stable, freeze-dried smallpox vaccines could be stored without refrigeration.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEghv-eV2H08UXpec6vm43kPu4MHbDbKnBU1YMXaMQAgt0_SO9252uLLVVGi2b4DSR95Yldo4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccination led to smallpox elimination in western Europe, North America and Japan. In the absence of a large-scale coordinated international programme, the disease persisted in other areas.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhBqqnbO45ALkmYIf5sTF548Gza_AvkpCsl1s6igUi07S_v-UzAoBkSMeMzd95u7BnqJI9NsA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1958, the World Health Assembly called for the global eradication of smallpox – the permanent reduction to zero cases – without risk of reintroduction. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnvnrNL5e4OBCPEafpEyKlsnfWKb0y6aaD5fnRceIcX8tbdLhZe1lvf6nqhed17V6ZSIrXKYc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e launched the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eSmallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e in 1959, WHO Member States enhanced their support and cooperation. Good progress was made in many countries with the support of technical assistance and vaccine provision coordinated by WHO.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuOamSciunOYjoPHIp3wjcA0FmGZ1xloKBpssGOW-yhJaieuJ07twVos3gRAbAy_eGtZ-qvQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts were redoubled with the launch of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2010-statue-commemorates-smallpox-eradication\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e in 1967. The Soviet Union provided freeze-dried vaccine, which became the basis for elimination of smallpox from eastern Europe, China and India. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rw41BDybIOxJ0IV73nbrmGyrqJAkA07j4Dg2nWES-Pmnl4LZzbHx45l0docOgpPjo3j4xssiEg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith renewed political commitment and the contributions of hundreds of thousands of local surveillance officers and health workers, even regions with nascent health systems and tremendous logistical challenges made remarkable progress.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOiSA4vZDoVhIysGAA3LbXqzDPVBEaW-NZl3IWROL3v3mx4XdNt9hI2TmsJaN8YBKImLWl2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThroughout this period WHO played a critical role, with international workers supporting legions of national personnel. Epidemiologists from the Soviet Union and the United States of America worked side by side in the middle of a cold war. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOiSA4vZDoVhIysGAA3LbXqzDPVBEaW-NZl3IWROL3v3mx4XdNt9hI2TmsJaN8YBKImLWl2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, in 1970, an outbreak in south-west India led to over 1300 cases and 123 deaths. In response, all available national and international health personnel were dispatched on a week-long house-by-house search of the area, vaccinating everyone identified as a contact of a recent case. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith this strategy they were able to eliminate highly contagious smallpox from the district within weeks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-MGq8Az00y5GBjF_U0GWGdiBbhGX7GCSSn9wGSoDOaLVwe7xBeL5LhGvg6_7vTH09YjzKww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn higher-risk countries, laboratories began to produce higher-quality freeze-dried \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003evaccines\u003c/a\u003e, and mass production of the innovative and easy-to-use bifurcated needle to administer doses contributed to vaccination efforts. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThanks to the combined efforts of national health agencies, WHO and scientists around the world, smallpox was eliminated from South America in 1971, Asia in 1975 and Africa in 1977.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TOpkqbSTNo-mxtWlvadmhgO6OWvaOFdqKBrtk8Ph7DrG5NOJRvX8_utlQjbVK4fMVMVAfkEw-h",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cost of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e was approximately US$300 million, two thirds of which came from endemic countries for their own eradication efforts. British, Canadian, Cuban, French, Soviet, and US vaccines were given freely to WHO and distributed onwards, sometimes with the strategic financial support of Sweden.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGRd_cxOLEYpSsZZFSg_aN27I1vkGNkGjvhvz5ziw5lYqaTyStV3eMZyZm_zBZrs-C9jvZHEo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlso important in the 1970s were vaccine technology transfers allowing countries to become producers of their own freeze-dried vaccine and suppliers within their region. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8SNm9AOsNtnp9Fh_MKVis18NqVhLq9XB6WJvjptnaG97QS4xvlhhBQXHUou1oO8r8xvzN1w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough all this, the United States and the Soviet Union worked in rare solidarity. It was an unprecedented demonstration of global unity in the face of a common threat. As a major contributor to the programme, the United States reportedly recoups their investment every 26 days in money not spent on administering further vaccinations and treating new cases. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TCC19bUyK5LjNw7nQtotVePG1C0_8le9pvdXEzAKXWiJe9iLKEZBBXPPcO-Oy8u2KUqCa_sZ8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1980, WHO declared smallpox officially \u003ca href\u003d\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/39253/a41438.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeradicated\u003c/a\u003e: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe world and all its people have won freedom from smallpox, which was the most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest times, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5OUaJmfXOKf4Khfld__Y_we26wH7OXmSdAWT9Gtm_KWMp65wX_r9BEywKj07-KSVRDDSqW0o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO preserves the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/archives/fonds\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eArchives of the Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e at its headquarters in Switzerland. WHO also maintains a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estockpile\u003c/a\u003e of vaccines as an emergency reserve in Switzerland and in several other countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RC4_Xy2iKzPX8QA7_2sV7A8AZPRTfOmSPT1QNyzlZrCLXy3LQTJXjKev84rF2j6V_1mMndj_E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA cure was never found for smallpox before eradication, with those infected being treated only by cleaning wounds and lessening pain.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tg5paFyKjvcoJK_dLHV2qtUUp86-nNhIEfdaV1Mto_RzN9vqn7BkVQMjTYHj2w37yVaPNOXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInstead, following the discovery of Dr Jenner’s vaccine, eradication was achieved through prevention, as he himself predicted. Bolstered by efforts united around the world, Jenner’s concept survived to defeat a historic scourge.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter 3000 years of suffering and death from the disease, there hasn’t been a recorded case of smallpox in almost half a century.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"freX6WB8Cag",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Polio Vaccine","Vaccinating against a deadly disease","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STylP1QvyXoBtnN2-xJQYVp13GrRVmcTxTFGRixlnO1Mi7eYZOlvgFehbeLWt_smP9c89kCoo","/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:fb52aa84-3469-4a03-8a27-0e880851aeed","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STylP1QvyXoBtnN2-xJQYVp13GrRVmcTxTFGRixlnO1Mi7eYZOlvgFehbeLWt_smP9c89kCoo","6ZimGaer-rOjYsIrihbcUtIDOxc",[0.5200265,0.63206685,0,0.6857143,0.276551],null,null,null,[942,1280]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"6QWhgYkCnslptw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QqBWmjaqd52fLkeJ2kop8ByW0po-coq3qtWPOXzJX4g_1gAf6g3I-t-keLoNOJlpae0O--V88",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePolio\u003c/a\u003e is a highly infectious disease, mostly affecting young children, that attacks the nervous system and can lead to spinal and respiratory paralysis, and in some cases death.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolio has existed since prehistoric times – ancient Egyptian images show children walking with canes, with withered limbs characteristic of the disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHWxRZ67epst7V-NvhvWkMj1UFqptFCCdWv11KOFRUm7vilZdhWlj-aM-drkoEIhCxRZbejQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile it affected children around the world for millennia, the first known clinical description of polio, by British doctor Michael Underwood, was not until 1789, and it was formally recognized as a condition in 1840 by German physician Jakob Heine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R9TH2JxF5BTH8nN4MlYXgp3FzHRwoLzRaBnlvZ-Kt5FRLR-YfaPrnSkXw3iAAsUOL-2HyRUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the late 19th and early 20th centuries, frequent epidemics saw polio become the most feared disease in the world. A major outbreak in New York City in 1916 killed over 2000 people, and the worst recorded US outbreak in 1952 killed over 3000. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7vs5l3W7OC2K5VDWlarbCCTqvugVKwM9Y0ybgSiiRrLpsYI3HnKLVZVSY0Z-gDqM2s1o4kTI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMany who survived the disease faced lifelong consequences. Deformed limbs meant they needed leg braces, crutches or wheelchairs, and some needed to use breathing devices like the iron lung, an artificial respirator invented for treatment of polio patients. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RovKy5Bk9CLolwfkBQHKzK9lGXkyB808H5uO1ZJc7xNFQIfes_JOa2I4xCnx-VGRZSmYrceCaJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy the mid-20th century, the poliovirus could be found all over the world and killed or paralysed over half a million people every year. With no cure, and epidemics on the rise, there was an urgent need for a vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRhvHctG696mFOrHU070lj0euVE2F2R6nCZ1g0gZI5NHGdqJheppzHFOSENpSvOfkGp-jUUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA breakthrough occurred in 1949, when poliovirus was successfully cultivated in human tissue by John Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins at Boston Children’s Hospital. Their pioneering work was recognized with the 1954 Nobel Prize.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2XgOHQYy-qRoC3kR38KZ8fQjOMrVPyRhdCbgvjNzYSUXtSF7RNIDvEINPfyb6mF83pSJGQbY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot long afterwards, in the early 1950s, the first successful vaccine was created by US physician Jonas Salk. Salk tested his experimental killed-virus vaccine on himself and his family in 1953, and a year later on 1.6 million children in Canada, Finland and the USA. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TD-6jnVMfu74f_Uqqz1EK0V0DECJVkc0MkhTUnoxR5osBt_MEtXBkgUfzzY0pM6D-cqME9cvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe results were announced on 12 April 1955, and Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was licensed on the same day. By 1957, annual cases dropped from 58 000 to 5600, and by 1961, only 161 cases remained. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Res42d5OVep9MQEVJzb6MQHwIIYIAjkOEj9d8htNQCZ6NHMm-EBkmeIGA1tRE_BZmlpbNsqTo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSalk was committed to equitable access to his vaccine, and understood that elimination efforts would not work without universal low- or no-cost vaccination.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4xay0dykGB3SuMgl0mPoGpdVPobcKC3p3O5oxBagW-IfTR9xmugsyi1ZP8p6HTwZrLuOCOjAQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSix pharmaceutical companies were licensed to produce IPV, and Salk did not profit from sharing the formulation or production processes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QssCwjsoIos8MHTzFvTOUopvsZSF7vpNwP9PLl99lREI87d9WLNwAkf9Se9bEAo2_1JR_TUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a 1955 interview, when asked who owned the patent for IPV, he replied:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Well, the people, I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?”\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TeUcWVh1zm8M2HzadKTZNbx10AThG5VPt8qlZgYeZQt14D2FO-QmXj8REHc4P_HLwqJQ0_iHo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA second type of polio vaccine, the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by physician and microbiologist Albert Sabin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyriYXg6-cqoOTsAFcy7Xi681hpj01YwE7UyD552eEQewY21XEWsNUjxESAcpLViM6MaTeLDw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSabin’s vaccine was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form) and could be given orally, as drops or on a sugar cube. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2n1lydXHJDows8H_2qqmMRKNRLF6LXbLAP-SnfPOMZq-S30ERFaQ7M77lVmRACzb01u_o8Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the Salk vaccine in wide use by the late 1950s, United States interest in testing this new kind of vaccine was low.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHilary Koprowski had carried out the first test of a live-attenuated vaccine on humans in 1950, and further trials took place in what was then the Belgian Congo (a territory now largely covered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPIZEzgulF9LLplE0dbiYawJETxweQ8YLHD6FzJqeAM7IJrO4KQuLjUT-W0RJWmIkzHlH-0lo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLike Salk, Sabin tested his experimental vaccine on himself and his family; but he had to go further afield for larger-scale trials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QAsSDljojzaVvdnXsx_gSPxuO-mXbHGXigZFmGdOW-jXRxmscJ4hb11xmoPmNPoaWh3zoriIlD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a team of Russian virologists visited his lab in 1956, Sabin travelled to Leningrad and Moscow to work with them later that year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwPIFOo_QHZ_NJxAEb2-85HMzS8zcO-2zTYK9mGQA_DfxACXXtcPXyp1kBYkD93WQGsyCjKD8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe struck up a longstanding collaboration with Mikhail P Chumakov, who was also responsible for tests of the Salk vaccine in the Soviet Union, and Chumakov carried out initial tests of the live-attenuated vaccine using a seed virus that Sabin had provided. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6r7_pDTLF3boDu9TVd245TfQMBIwVd4GjZMO9D_Q9OEPQpDeVbUeHIv4O5vRW8rWo_59ziA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTrials carried out in the Soviet Union, on 20 000 children in 1958 and 10 million children in 1959, and in Czechoslovakia, on over 110 000 children from 1958 to 1959, proved the vaccine was safe and effective. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAVZ0LLszX1m0Cl8iEOnJLb3738EL8PCvxdYNofrqJ0p8ti6qmdCgt7JsjMNUB7-vm7Nw-Fg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIndependent review of the trials for the World Health Organization by United States specialist Dorothy Horstmann endorsed their findings – a crucial validation in the time of the Cold War.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sg4eSHbrKx1-SZAvke6ed8CMb2_7bM705W_iagvEcxFEXTvOjATSgQKwxjqr95AWyPB3Ui_D8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe ease of administering the oral vaccine made it the ideal candidate for mass vaccination campaigns. Hungary began to use it in December 1959 and Czechoslovakia in early 1960, becoming the first country in the world to eliminate polio.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJk_Pi3V7pXEdaXzRFJl2Ou0FG26sSp_e5TRrzqjQ-mE4n7HI9rqnNhN0odbMPBO0Vrlt",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, Cuba began to administer the OPV in nationwide immunization programmes. OPV had an added benefit that paved the road to eradication. While IPV protected the vaccinated child, it did not stop the poliovirus from spreading between children. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0IoN_kRYJXkWamPi30Xdi1Yo4EkPgfv1wD49pTtK7EnyzCfOMHyhdOEXMxfOheZJq6Qkqg8A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOPV, on the other hand, interrupted the chain of transmission, meaning that this was a powerful vaccine to stop polio outbreaks in their tracks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SlNYguuCNeojMlpSFL4anRZewlvLiJJfPHxIOoiGnUQgsfQYKJMveYMsYkSoeX8yUCZ-h19A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1979 Rotary International started a multi-year project to immunize 6 million children in the Philippines. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1988, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to eradicate polio – to achieve its permanent reduction to zero, with no risk of reintroduction – and in the same year, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Polio Eradication Initiative\u003c/a\u003e (GPEI) was launched. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOom5nbUcl55sah5OKH5V9aHnH8oZ2BSd1DGjAFPCL8DWEo_3UGZ27h8uVOStQp-TyZJ69WVu_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Assembly’s work towards this milestone was complemented by the efforts of Rotary International, who wanted to keep the momentum of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esmallpox eradication\u003c/a\u003e going to ensure that no child was unnecessarily paralysed for life ever again.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOLK-eAKL7Bzh47F7tgmhN0qmHm9ISFu9J90l3ddky2w0PrlcOH1xbuIot2nUv03ldCkgQ2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImmense contributions by individual countries were combined with international initiative and assistance, with WHO working to support the global collaboration.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRWR4GUif4oiK_l9l9C-vsc4rUpSpmS2ncSZAkcm_o1Bn0qMr78ioDHSSTMgXn7ib7q1OhWg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith WHO’s assistance, vaccine production was also expanded globally, with significant capacity developed in countries including India and Indonesia. In 1995, mass vaccination campaigns took place in China and India.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TglhV_lWmY7vBn6TVSiEvJy14dTcM2ukr9Qw2BSKYCOqXV-pcBn5JOqc4GZvEynn2vCcy6mQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNational Immunization Days were coordinated in 19 European and Mediterranean countries in 1995, and in 23 African countries in 2004. By 1994, polio had been eliminated from the Americas, and by 2000 the Western Pacific was polio free. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 2003, polio remained endemic in only 6 countries – and by 2006, that number had dropped to 4. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj_7W9rN4m8AKwahfhq7KTz0BiivNXb19hzTlMAtZO8FoCjLuYuq8KSvjeuOHmhnNuIPkUICY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe 21st century saw further advances, with cases brought down by more than 99% worldwide in less than 2 decades.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWHO’s \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/maintaining-polio-free-status/polio-free-certification-of-the-world-health-organization-south-east-asia-region\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eSouth-East Asia region\u003c/a\u003e was certified polio-free in 2014, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/25-08-2020-global-polio-eradication-initiative-applauds-who-african-region-for-wild-polio-free-certification\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eAfrican region\u003c/a\u003e in 2020, and the \u003ca href\u003d\"http://www.emro.who.int/entity/polio/index.html\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEastern Mediterranean region\u003c/a\u003e has restricted the virus’s reach to just a handful of districts. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxHlod0pkv9SHA-RsQf5kub1Ss1vl5mU-uKJS5h31OE1dN8N65VILGoTCoADQXmfwUg-Dpv8P_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs at July 2021, only 2 cases of wild poliovirus have been recorded globally this year to date: one each in Afghanistan and Pakistan.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_fAc6W76zPk9xQ73W9y-4SAswyjKwIpFC9NVdGK5HFEWRQXSKa88S7OGHjIqf_fCSVuBhkg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut alongside the success of the OPV comes a disadvantage: continued use of the vaccine poses a risk to wiping out the disease.\u003cbr\u003eWhile OPV is safe and effective, in areas where vaccination coverage is low, the weakened vaccine virus originally contained in OPV can begin to circulate in undervaccinated communities. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAmMoDf6Tmcf19s2rRZWBrvlj6dJs6RsHdQt9X-GQz9bZ5dek7qFMdWMkiDvVcLe6ljD71Io2b",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen this happens, if it is allowed to circulate for sufficiently long enough time, it may genetically revert to a ‘strong’ virus, able to cause paralysis, resulting in what is known as circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAmMoDf6Tmcf19s2rRZWBrvlj6dJs6RsHdQt9X-GQz9bZ5dek7qFMdWMkiDvVcLe6ljD71Io2b",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf a population is adequately immunized, it will be protected against both wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eWatch this short video and learn how different strains of the polio viruses emerge and how to stop them.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"CZxqz4bX048",null,null,null,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQm3RlLPDxgohQpuwUXLTK969moELaU1qXOCREsYYPcyAGwt83Z2-GMyI3pNWwhXZ_t4xJDcM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince 2017, cases of cVDPV have outnumbered those of wild poliovirus. For this reason, the global eradication of polio requires OPV to be phased out of routine and supplementary immunization, as soon as possible after the eradication of wild poliovirus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4LZ1GceAUbpaG36ANhWS1jj2X69nhgWouGbKSDUvEkrs0raL4Cj_SZzubQS141UQl3rE65wJN",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBased on global collaboration and countries sharing scientific knowledge, a new vaccine, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003enovel oral polio vaccine type 2\u003c/a\u003e (nOPV2), has been developed to combat the most common strain of vaccine-derived poliovirus\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVznTgjCR277aErgLgo3E4O2iBfYf0o0wj_9xQk3OfBZmtMg9_pw6ajbrAxa9JeWwwg1Dulhw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003enOPV2 is a modified version of the current OPV which clinical trials have shown is comparably safe and effective but more genetically stable, making it less likely to revert into a form which can cause paralysis in low immunity settings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVznTgjCR277aErgLgo3E4O2iBfYf0o0wj_9xQk3OfBZmtMg9_pw6ajbrAxa9JeWwwg1Dulhw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis groundbreaking vaccine can still be delivered orally – meaning it is easy to administer in outbreak response campaigns. In November 2020, WHO issued an Emergency Use Listing recommendation for the vaccine, and select countries began rolling it out in March 2021.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL76woy4Q0OhvQa6pnQ8UFITy-phTOFqsHoTKHMJ33S13XkDbS1xnXDNHM0ntlf7BCAVfMRhY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe global effort to wipe out polio forever has seen incredible progress, but challenges remain. Barriers to reaching every child with vaccines persist and the global COVID-19 pandemic has been a setback for the programme. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL76woy4Q0OhvQa6pnQ8UFITy-phTOFqsHoTKHMJ33S13XkDbS1xnXDNHM0ntlf7BCAVfMRhY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 10 June 2021, GPEI launched the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/gpei-strategy-2022-2026/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePolio Eradication Strategy 2022-2026: Delivering on a Promise\u003c/a\u003e, a roadmap to surmounting the final obstacles to achieving and sustaining a world free of all polioviruses.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwXrrPC58QuYPCe8fHPK2bYjtss_ha_DGpOsBlc-xtX1OSgqr7vs8lX2IzBLDvSI9mXHE9aA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough full implementation of the new strategy, with strong political will and the continued support of donors and stakeholders, the world can achieve this extraordinary public health feat.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video and learn how the wild poliovirus was eradicated in the African Region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"SkSdFnzjNPs",null,null,null,1]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Measles Vaccine","Controlling the spread of the most contagious disease","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sfzxtudq5MWS_3SV6849qmbPEgzDZ7jFg-15hMRJactGY-A6EY8SrdmxpkblUVlYdXLD2h8NfS","/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"hwVRpd7MxQrtmA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQZEUpWcab0bkl38Zx8v05A8p_gelIYxa4gbNiDqWcZvx6sf7ZTGACLdzD3CB9f_xFpbVnLA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/measles#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMeasles\u003c/a\u003e is one of the most contagious diseases humans have ever faced. An ancient disease, it was described as early as the 9th century by Persian physician and scholar Abū Bakr Muhammad Zakariyyā Rāzī (also known by the Europeanized name Rhazes). \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7t5jI_83FG_2WN8D5YNlVNoXNHMHJ9je6qW1hTaxwqk1mIqpcAEUpOJR0w6bKxn-HPsKVl9s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt became more widespread as global exploration increased in the 16th century. In 1757, Scottish doctor Francis Home discovered that measles was caused by a pathogen: he transmitted the disease to healthy individuals using the blood of infected patients and demonstrated that it was caused by an infectious agent.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnQzydd8mCrcaqSwo3ji4UbF5tYvg2dvfAiDhvoZxC7F4CEDl7uVEh4sEzu5vw06vJUb5HlUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRegions of the world without previous exposure to the measles virus were particularly vulnerable: outbreaks of the virus took devastating effect in isolated communities such as the Faroe Islands in 1846, Hawai`i in 1848, Fiji in 1875 and Rotuma in 1911. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9YFWoZjAg8ly673swD1ATqBjr32i807pK6mNrXvv_Cwvls0OD-oakI4CNmjEZ63eUvkmt09k",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBefore the advent of vaccination, measles had long been endemic around the world – and it remains a worldwide epidemic disease. In developed countries, advances in the health of communities – including better nutrition – meant mortality rates had dropped by the twentieth century. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKddAIY2Yci3CvV0lJuXHbeR0v5zz4Q6JeNy3HC2A5A795U2CIeTbGDoHbm_uwPBACLWt-XTc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe availability of antibiotics, while powerless against the virus itself, could also help fight complications such as bacterial pneumonia. Yet common complications such as ear infections, croup, diarrhoea and pneumonia caused thousands of hospitalizations annually, and encephalitis, a more serious complication involving swelling of the brain, could result in brain damage, loss of hearing or vision, and death. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SqwIY7c_RDOTek990BKuj98u1J8V3DmpQ_OyF3DFeV1wEEy6diHne-S2OG6qKfJzIhTQld5po",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, mortality rates remained high, with approximately 30 million cases and over 2 million deaths occurring each year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T77hXWVru0ta8QEh2DOZ-nIHBjfIXbJDLpYtci1Ekz6zn3wsHjCtzYz6e5oYP-RlOXvo2rLvA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1954, a measles outbreak at a boarding school just outside Boston, Massachusetts provided an opportunity for doctors at Boston Children’s Hospital to try and isolate the measles virus, taking throat swabs and blood samples from infected students. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmEnGj0WpT1UoVIsPELAtQRqsTnVLflsP-3ZCgEbGHZxAH-8lx4fCM6Z9fVSuXEQu2_gjsLyRL",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe culture that Thomas Peebles, MD obtained from 11-year-old schoolboy David Edmonston successfully led to the virus’s cultivation and enabled doctors to create the first vaccine against measles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QknqJ8oYpL6NnO4h7GFu0q2ysZmGdzr1qfV7OZi3E9ipqc-VdmeKxq5w5TVEU5daAxs1LUEQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eJohn Franklin Enders, Peebles’s boss, often called ‘the father of modern vaccines’, developed the measles vaccine from the ‘Edmonston-B’ strain, named after David and used as the basis for most live-attenuated vaccines to this day. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SgCyMrC2ukQRruYEwihNO0hejkvsKsMDgRlzIwQ2BuJ2lAeKooxjGdtTeVTEXNPhtG2S60LFQE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEnders and his team tested their measles vaccine on small groups of children from 1958 to 1960, before beginning trials on thousands of children in New York City and Nigeria. In 1961 it was hailed as 100% effective and the first measles vaccine was licensed for public use in 1963. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBUjShlYCVFBPVFGtRoLCJP6qqVCUesaCpX9Smn0qdziTBmLWtp0Sri9doM9QLi1CQFVlxCo8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIndividual countries introduced mass vaccination programmes against measles at the national level from the 1960s on, and the first internationally focused measles immunization programmes took place in Africa from 1966.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjPhLh8z40XcL8pA_UMZZv-VE6C4QzRdBLy6IEDzmfR8thZ1yTmeIXDjb-0vaxQBUx5Pxq3ing",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO worked with the governments of over 20 newly independent and decolonizing countries in western and central Africa, alongside the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Centres for Disease Control (CDC), to administer vaccinations with the joint aim of controlling measles and eradicating \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esmallpox\u003c/a\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjOeH3deAC9ELL3QzsK8-iXXbpD1xhb6vgscO4A_lgi0Ob1T5glfouNNgNgPfRX3mdyARaFFlA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDespite challenges such as the difficulty of maintaining the cold chain when transporting and storing the heat-sensitive vaccine, these campaigns provided evidence that vaccination was effective against measles, and by May 1967 The Gambia became the first country in the world in which transmission of the virus was interrupted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T9chu2mtPzlFlZ5GuLJGpjm43MOumSe82ETmdxHAHcxunFTuvt8iirzd8QfOyzyccBFGHs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn improved version of the measles vaccine was created in 1968 when Dr Maurice Hilleman, a pioneer in vaccine development, passed the virus through chick embryo cells 40 times to weaken it, producing a vaccine that did not cause such severe side effects. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SjT4t8VVxIfc9ct_0lpGa1lf8SI9ZN3VaDV5BMGicWDhfBI234O-m_rYpQNpQYqRfEZnjVDhc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis weaker version, known as the Edmonston-Enders strain, was developed into some of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estrains\u003c/a\u003e still used in measles vaccines today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S2oNfUPwwi1g7LfIesq973heKxXBigY9AvlNONCCSawGuTawbXim4w9ZvQ6p6hp2QqBnLDIzE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1971 Hilleman combined the recently developed vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella into the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/measles-mumps-and-rubella-(mmr)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMMR vaccine\u003c/a\u003e, administered as a single shot, with one booster dose following – and in 2005, the varicella vaccine was added, to make the combined MMRV vaccine. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjcRnlzC2hRmarL_Itqn0dkF_3RXwxZVVatW0J3CN4aKRf4Ub5NAVMbarjhmYx3Wc7j-uKOA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eStandalone measles vaccines remain available in many countries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RiFL_1P0-Zy-IV8P3g8c8cniPxfcT_Jnmd2ptBN1klMX3Q_h2BtYHqqQf718YY70lQJ4187w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1974, measles was among the first diseases targeted by the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e (WHO) when it established the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI, now the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEssential Programme on Immunization\u003c/a\u003e) to develop and expand immunization programmes throughout the world. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QV92RyoBFqsV1JgxCrItbEDHjg4p3fSavmclbODJj9aUc6D-HHvptVFiKoZ6HoFF_OK5Dg3wE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWidespread childhood vaccination against measles has drastically reduced disease rates worldwide. WHO now recommends vaccination at 9 months for babies in areas where measles is common, and at 12–15 months for those in other areas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RUoYSkTCiERlc61Qn0jk92SgLmHM-CDvZlsqk-owu4luqrISkZpNskWBYNEyYyWy4fxmi3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA second dose is recommended for all children, essential to protect the approximately 15% of children who don’t develop protective immunity after their first dose.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RqMaOdAfGw-Ndl8xd_rSWTYGzovVrnQ54WLNVpZED23kyegOr-bb4PlZPPrep81nP60HeJhUI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMeasles elimination efforts in the Americas Region started in 1991 and all those 9-15 years of age in the region were vaccinated with an additional dose of measles vaccine. The strategies for elimination in use today were first developed and implemented in the Region of the Americas.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RCFfyjw9QNuRnhvNwEGjCNfaer5lRzX_9SR16UrhizDq9wulvLdtYzqptediMzAZfy6e23",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA minor setback for the success of the measles vaccination programme occurred in 1998, when a fraudulent research paper was published in ‘The Lancet’, asserting a link between the MMR vaccine and autism without any robust scientific evidence. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of this paper, along with systemic misinformation by anti-vaccination groups in high-income countries, resulted in a drop in vaccination rates, below the level required for community protection, which caused a resurgence in measles cases in England and Wales, as well as parts of the USA and Canada.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2010 the British General Medical Council ruled that the study’s lead author engaged in misconduct. The paper was formally retracted by ‘The Lancet’, and its author was banned from practising medicine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RvCnePZSdYgzgRUCSr6QSJms6vCixTP1lrQyyVNLTUDoU7OA-ESsGPsXn_X0Z6iS3rLZ5J",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBecause measles has such a high infectivity rate, the threshold for community protection is also very high, requiring at least 95% immunity among the population to prevent epidemics. The failure to maintain very high rates of immunization can result in outbreaks when the disease is reintroduced. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-21Mg--7rFr6yM650kLwvWXqxwbXmE6F1tot85TgGwiV6n-VbWLG4In8prWs5GSRI0C3vUSs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the suffering caused by measles, containing outbreaks is costly and detracts from other health care services. Measles deaths continue to occur in many countries, especially those with gaps in their immunization programmes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNmcsuHWRdifWXqobmaEK9sJHqrpS6bTC-duToqFpwL9gjyww1Kw-Xc0axUvNsmGaoilay6v6P",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2299 people died during the Ebola epidemic of 2018–2020, compared with 7,800 deaths from measles during an outbreak in the same time period.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QoPqlPv6F7RVbWRTLDN9aX3FjUYVZsExycEdGfw0H5vGQBjeucCKF3aI2_EEFmcXnN078ftirm",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe region of the Americas was declared \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003efree of endemic measles\u003c/a\u003e in 2016 by an independent body of experts, becoming the first WHO region to achieve this distinction of having eliminated measles. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBGc3t_sk2KpL3Y872y5xpGu5cY33czDF1ixgot5HQXJLz1bEu9QhFNRlCWzBgommgQ0nz_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut this status was lost two years later due to a measles outbreak, initiated by a social and political crisis in one country where there were gaps in vaccination coverage and delays in implementing a rapid response. The virus spread to neighboring countries where it was successfully controlled.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBOH_kbuooFZ39ycB4SrO88sJ4Qe8WYNGOKEq65ZKJv97Agoo6yAoUZosq0SKrNBcdcCTdGPk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTo address these issues, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, the WHO Regional Office for the Americas), has trained countries in rapid response to avoid measles and rubella virus spreading, improved surveillance, and launched renewed high-quality follow up vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QC5THPF8MPuoW19GgniZ2SHMK0AZpdVAJnwQftjeLmOIeHIl5n8QVhWIKM3d--W0Eba70T1RHw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBetween 2000 and 2020, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 31.7 million deaths worldwide.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlFl-BPMT50uG7js78fp_BmCxg4ARIkWnZf7c2LnL-c6v_oBXxoMMXfqfnHfzpZpenrX210KiJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, global measles deaths \u003ca href\u003d\"https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/incidence/MEASLES.html?CODE\u003dGlobal\u0026amp;DISEASE\u003dMEASLES\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003econtinued to climb\u003c/a\u003e prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019 there were \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-11-2020-worldwide-measles-deaths-climb-50-from-2016-to-2019-claiming-over-207-500-lives-in-2019\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eover 207 000 measles deaths\u003c/a\u003e globally, and the highest number of reported cases in 23 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video and learn the five things to know about measles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"LL3GBiixQeI",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Influenza Vaccine","Ongoing efforts at vaccinating for flu!","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXusT6Klt-6Rn4vk24pEVIqy0Wa_jgb7bbqEZgM1rUX50aIKlasDMNRUmU3JinV60GjiVZx5A","/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"wwVRjxWcNcJiqw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TznAgxM8E3-DJWt1fnLa3zlEV1--Xs8sCa9retErlO7gVNcarFPCIdRBJZVI2xuAdM2spWww","What is influenza?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know now that \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/influenza-seasonal#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einfluenza\u003c/a\u003e, or flu, is caused by a virus – but for many years it was thought to be caused by a bacterial infection. In 1892, German scientist Richard Pfeiffer isolated a small bacterium from the noses of patients with flu, naming it ‘bacillus influenzae’. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEarly attempts at a vaccine during the 1918 influenza pandemic were based on this understanding, and it was not until the 1930s, when the influenza virus was identified, that progress towards an effective vaccine could really begin. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvHNYyf5wtZK1LI30FVb2q7kTw9CN9ZOn_iqtJYcqWp1Hw7m3kdOJYpFBwSaEnYok9jWWQhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza – also known as the ‘flu’ – is a highly contagious respiratory illness, which spreads easily through the air or when people touch contaminated surfaces. In many cases the disease is mild, with symptoms such as chills, fever and fatigue, and it can also be spread through asymptomatic infections in people who do not even know they are sick. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RHQpLoRIl0-DOSMnSjxvVBJ3odv3dbz1lZk-opi5U538HoMYDNUpSEAPQ6L0s9YnFpmK2Pa9s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut the flu can also result in serious complications, particularly in vulnerable people like young children, older persons, pregnant women and people with medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes or heart disease. The most common complication is pneumonia, typically caused by a secondary bacterial infection. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj1um92S6klhK5LftJdJF9C6V4O6UpiLDgsLnDG0tcAIN-f_mQiGGEoP1db__ktuO559oh",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFlu viruses mutate very rapidly, and uncontrolled spread gives rise to many different strains, which fall into 2 main types affecting humans – influenza A and influenza B. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tep3DQlun1ahA2gzKXLRaI6FdvYhhIaBdpEuCM2f_1g4VFzTHzI5laDNhBUrrBSbRWnmFyXA","“The mother of all pandemics”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe H1N1 influenza pandemic that swept across the world from 1918 to 1919, sometimes called “the mother of all pandemics”, involved a particularly virulent new strain of the influenza A virus. The first wave of infections in early 1918 resulted in mild illness, but a second wave later that year was more deadly. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SCgfuYO7dhErkiKZu353GzQ5vmKW-iJx4BxukbZF6FICMmZa7WfS1pVUebyEdsiQbopX4FRw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe 1918 pandemic is estimated to have infected 500 million people worldwide, killing between 20 and 50 million. The resulting death rates were so high that life expectancy rates around the world dropped by several years, and more people are thought to have died as a result of the flu pandemic than over the course of the entire First World War. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVZvcqurSQ-d0WlWN8gOTWrVSKu_3VKIl89n1lK9B5tQMgsEkocpe6Fz0f6IxUX8XAp1WRpn8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers in the United States and Europe raced to find an effective vaccine against influenza during the pandemic years, and their efforts produced hundreds of thousands of doses – but they were targeting the wrong pathogen. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S57ItXmJjQChfJ8W6oPw8yqqQM7fhgVxvqXLB53tCw1uQmUPyaXuw7NdeF1v2suU_JPV5-jBg","Progress toward a vaccine",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, British researchers Wilson Smith, C.H. Andrewes and P.P. Laidlaw at London’s National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) made a breakthrough when they isolated and identified the influenza virus. They found no bacteria in throat washings from patients with influenza and discovered that the disease was caused by a virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYvLnYG6tZvy7dWkdIoTx5ac-TuZjmVPx7ZrofYChchj7ZzG1PFAkdVkor17-9elI-ywXCaWk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith support from the US Army, the first inactivated flu vaccine was developed by Thomas Francis and Jonas Salk at the University of Michigan. The vaccine was tested for safety and efficacy on the US military, before being licensed for wider use in 1945. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjZ6zEWDPE7TZTWsA_90AwiUoLEcIPG7i0qUqbHjDlt8HqaRqXkkcfsrrcupEgzLRK4WduUspf","Multiple strains",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers had long suspected that different types of influenza viruses existed, as the blood of some influenza patients did not develop antibodies to the strain isolated in 1933. During the testing period, scientists also discovered the existence of another strain of the virus: influenza B. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThIjSlQ-dMI1kCLqkuzB9K-j6vACy24rEAeV_q4Rpj-i3YZtF9Q0sPh2dy2thybMRY-X78788",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, a new bivalent vaccine was developed that protected against both the H1N1 strain of influenza A and the newly discovered influenza B virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxJgF2vY1hPy82SYkxH4QpGzHS1qavMwHiPkwej-t_vQ0XaBJN-ACdJFGyfyPmegH839AcoWI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1947 flu season, researchers discovered that existing vaccines were ineffective against the flu viruses circulating at the time. To investigate the viruses in circulation, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e (WHO) established the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/partnerships/worldwide-influenza-centre\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorldwide Influenza Centre\u003c/a\u003e in 1948 and the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-influenza-surveillance-and-response-system\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Influenza Surveillance and Response System\u003c/a\u003e (GISRS) in 1952. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIeB1aJrd_gRdXsOJHzSxAv_64wYsOv6F46NIOssgMW-AJD2jtWX1qMdaqP9qPJezGvoVkTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists could now manufacture vaccines based on the monitoring of virus strains in circulation around the world, updating the strains targeted by the vaccine in response. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0_c0qTLvXYbGRrz8GhFoJrAWeUkS2Btf4pXrqolwnCrqmy3jnXFzZ6tuKTtucPvF0gj8xP8dG",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to track the evolution and emergence of flu viruses continue today, and scientists monitor both seasonal and potentially pandemic flu strains. Because new strains appear frequently, the seasonal flu vaccine usually changes each year, as scientists determine how the virus has mutated and spread. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QPlg_GTLHOIGkXVqxpLvPyB0jbDGIVW3zeFXGRSay0F6FmDvLiyV4SlByT-sqtrpYhcRV2rw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEach year, WHO recommends virus strains for inclusion in flu vaccines for each hemisphere, and different vaccines are developed, targeting 3 or 4 strains of the virus predicted to be most commonly circulating in the coming flu season. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGBLofFAtPTLHnNPRrtoXLM53m7XoxIDulqyvQkXKCLOkBWA__SmTAKNaCjADI1EV-j3UY","Potential for pandemics",[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza pandemics have occurred throughout history: records document at least 3 well before the 1918–19 pandemic, and another 3 have taken hold after, in 1957–58, 1968–69 and 2009–10. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOmB2oiT5rD6B2PkEunxFIPSMmusc-cihYt6kIeYwQxafJ8ONNNoB-3TFf4NdDtJdV9-Q_9g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza viruses with pandemic potential regularly emerge, but not all go on to cause a pandemic. WHO works to monitor influenza viruses with pandemic potential and to prepare for future influenza pandemics.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjrGNts-GoeEjmz-lzmcoNr3qKAsS83NMl8gJDU9RWidjhS-BJq-wY18Ug9kBIzfzrakKx-wM","Continued efforts",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers are constantly working to develop new vaccine technologies to keep a step ahead of the viruses.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJn466J3GaA7rFtVl9ZUeeaUezmX28LqzPOUvxZiTTJdYSbwk0YSzAfrlhhmIhDRq4ePLR",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA live attenuated vaccine delivered in the form of a nasal spray was first licensed in 2003, a vaccine using recombinant DNA technology was approved in 2013, and additional influenza vaccines based on newer technologies are being tested in clinical trials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdFruIjaftozgTPjGjtCGklHIxgAgb6o9cNCgXMRJBRbMYOXqWO4iyzR24CFlPdpZBmAvpkyU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDespite these efforts, seasonal influenza still kills up to 650 000 people a year globally. Influenza is a constantly evolving virus, and immunity to a single strain through infection or vaccination does not necessarily protect against new strains that develop. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QxDBU8fljNgQVB_NUdKLhi1maWb7D2bi3Cyl3E2HNYdlZbojqK9JTDWjnDx-jzB-LeBzrHJK0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know from experience there is likely to be another flu pandemic, and we should be as well prepared as possible when it happens. That’s why monitoring the virus and keeping up with vaccination is crucially important. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video to learn more about the history, symptoms and treatment of Influenza.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"mn710cT4xxs",null,null,null,0]]],"What is influenza","The flu is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can cause serious complications"]]]],null,null,null,3,null,null,null,null,4,"Clusters","EditorialSection:621e6865-8a2d-4063-a172-6d5159fe96f3",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_6"],["stella.edit.sect",["Vaccines vs. viruses",null,null,null,null,1],47,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Viruses","How much do you know about viruses?","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7umNBJDBq3eOEQ1Qa_efvjcMZh1Axsvb5t7TEa_KHVNUnhWrptSfQzMOvN0mmO7Rty_O-k4mu","/story/TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["","Discovery",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrior to the invention of electron microscopy in 1931, a number of scientists had theories about the existence of viruses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEven though the microscopes of this time couldn’t be used to see these causative agents, many researchers believed something even tinier than what they were able to view was present. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Tobacco Mosaic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky ruled out bacteria as the cause of a plant-borne illness called tobacco mosaic and hypothesized that what caused the illness was an organism even more microscopic.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Infected Leaf",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe infected cell would be corrupted, forced to host the infection, and unable to perform its original function. The existence of the virus was confirmed after the invention of electron-illuminated magnification. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Healthy Cells",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCross-section of a healthy leaf under a microscope. The high-powered microscope can reveal detail up to 10 million times the actual size of the specimen. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Infected Cells",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCross-section of a leaf, infected with tobacco mosaic under a microscope. Using this tool, the tobacco mosaic virus was finally able to be seen with the human eye. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Electron Microscope",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn electron microscope can reveal magnifications of up to approximately 10 million times the original size of the specimen. Depending on the type of electron microscope, images can be viewed in 2D or 3D.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Microscope View",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe tobacco mosaic virus as seen under an electron microscope. It can be recognized by its rigid and orderly rods. Although it was first seen in tobacco, this virus can infect over 350 types of plants.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Virus Structure",[null,"\u003cp\u003eViruses, like cells, contain genetic material as well as proteins. Viruses exist in the form of independent particles, known as virions. All virions contain either DNA or RNA, which is encapsulated and protected by a protein coat called a capsid.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Structure",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe tobacco mosaic virus is composed of a strand of RNA and surrounded by a capsid, which resembles fish scales. Viruses are constructed differently depending on what kinds of cells they target for infection.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Bacteriophage",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacteria cell. It contains a strand of DNA in the head of a turkey baster–shaped capsid. There are 2 basic types of capsids: rod-shaped and spherical.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Tail Fibers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt uses spiderlike tail fibers to attach to cells with matching receptors. Thе tail is a hollow tubе through which thе nuclеic acid passеs during infеction. Thе sizе of thе tail can vary, and somе phagеs do not еvеn havе a tail structurе.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","T4 Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThе T4 bactеriophagе is among thе largеst phagеs, еncoding roughly 200 gеnеs. This virus that infеcts E. coli bacteria has been widely studied and has helped scientists better understand genetics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","HIV",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHere we see HIV finding and infecting a human cell. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is passed only through direct contact with another person\u0026#39;s body fluids.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Virus Reproduction",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to replicate, the virus has to infect a living cell. Whether the host cell will be bacteria, plant, or animal depends on the virus. Viruses target specific receptors on individual cells. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnce the virus infects a cell, it takes over the control center of the cell: the cell’s genetic material. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe DNA or RNA inside the virus reprograms the host cell’s DNA or RNA, forcing the infected cell to produce more infected cells through the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Lytic Cycle",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the beginning of the lytic cycle, a virus looks for and finds matching receptors on a cell. This is the method it uses to gain entry into the cell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Self-Replication",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus then uses the cell’s machinery to build copies of itself. Afterwards, the copies are released from the cell so they can find other cells to infect.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Lysogenic Cycle",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the lysogenic cycle, the virus still has to find matching receptors on a living cell to gain entry. Once again, the virus’s DNA or RNA reprograms the infected cell’s genetic material.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Reproduction",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the last phase of the lytic and lysogenic cycles, the infected cell reproduces. Going forward now, future generations of the infected cell will also be infected. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Transmission",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn humans and animals, viruses can be spread through contact with an infected person, object, or animal. Not all viruses can be contracted by that means because a virus can only enter cells that have its matching receptors. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis selectivity is why some viruses are called blood-borne, meaning they are only transmitted through contamination with blood and other bodily fluids. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOther viruses are airborne, traveling through the air. They float, clinging to dust particles or water droplets until they reach a cell to infect.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Bless You!",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA passenger on a plane sneezes openly and sends infected particles into the cabin. Because of the small confined area, those particles enter the space of other passengers, putting them at risk of breathing in the virus and becoming infected.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Contamination",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA passenger sneezed into his hand and then opened the overhead compartment. This action contaminated the object as well as all the following people who touched it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Ticks and Lyme Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA tick lands on a person, and then penetrates their skin. This is how the tick transmits the Lyme Disease virus into a person’s bloodstream.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Common Human Viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCommon human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, and cold sores. Many serious diseases are also the result of viruses, such as Ebola fever, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Itchy Itchy Chickenpox",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChickenpox (Varicella) is mоst cоmmоn in kids under age 12, but anyоne can get this highly contagious rash with blisters that look like dew on a rose petal. Caused by the varicella-zoster virus, it’s closely related to the herpes simplex viruses.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Cold Sores",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome viruses, such as herpes, which can cause cold sores, may exist relatively harmlessly within an organism. They remain dormant in the body for periods of time, also called latency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Latent Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an example of a cell containing a latent viral infection. It contains the genetic material of the virus but the virus is not actively using the cell to replicate.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Active Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B and C are viruses which can cause lifelong or chronic infections. These viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host\u0026#39;s defense mechanisms. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePeople chronically infected are known as carriers, because they can potentially contaminate others for the rest of their lives. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Outbreaks",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMaps can be used to show a representation of the presence of a virus across a geographical area. Virus outbreaks are categorized as endemic, sporadic, epidemic, or pandemic, depending on where they are found and how fast they spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Prevention and Treatment",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBecause viruses use host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that would be toxic to the host. The most effective treatment against viruses is prevention. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccinations provide immunity against individual viral infections by triggering the body to create antibodies. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Vaccine",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA vaccine is administered, introducing a small amount of the disease into the body, so that it can create antibodies against the disease. Vaccine use has resulted in the eradication of smallpox and a dramatic decline in illness and death associated with other diseases. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Antiviral Drugs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eUnlike the majority of antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy the target pathogen, they inhibit its development. The drug in this graphic blocks the virion from attaching to a cell’s receptors, preventing it from using the cell to spread infection.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Herd Immunity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHerd immunity is possible when most people are vaccinated. Live vaccines can be dangerous to people with weak immunities because the vaccine can cause the disease it’s supposed to prevent. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor their safety, everyone with a healthy immune system should get vaccinated to maintain herd immunity.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],"What is a Virus","The Basics of Viruses"]],["stella.common.cobject","Vaccines","How much do you know about vaccination?","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q81Pa8uEKP2SHesBd5_Rc3TgXC05BXHhMRClqm_n52A5JMfQyuFEsXQm4e99TED3EYdmNgIo_k","/story/3QUxsVesXuOndQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:4fffacd7-d876-4907-808c-0e7c59b08c21","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q81Pa8uEKP2SHesBd5_Rc3TgXC05BXHhMRClqm_n52A5JMfQyuFEsXQm4e99TED3EYdmNgIo_k","sc4g2sePt7ixuEQiqFv1bvIV9u0",[0.5169294,0.4403095,0,0.9265568,0.6781234],null,null,null,[4256,2832]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"3QUxsVesXuOndQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccination is one of the world\u0026#39;s great medical triumphs, saving countless millions of lives. Vaccines have a fascinating history but do you know how they were first discovered and what were they used to treat? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ","Put your vaccine knowledge to the test",[null,"\u003cp\u003eOur vaccination quiz will put your knowledge to the test. You\u0026#39;ll find out how much you already know about vaccines and hopefully some new facts too. So, let\u0026#39;s get started.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsgHf0s7XrxnrUJJsqnk5rzsRryEtOPLyO171MBWWrg_LXkdwCtWtb4dBikpJVMuStDdGzmA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWant to know more about how vaccines are developed? Find out more \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/6wVBUjd3PCfXwQ\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],"The History of Vaccines","How vaccines were discovered and how they are still saving lives today"]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5,"Clusters","EditorialSection:eab9bb00-76f8-462d-b2d3-2882f1d4c75a",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_7"],["stella.edit.sect",["What causes infections?",null,null,null,null,1],17,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Viruses","On Earth for millions of years","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ","/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:2318823e-f2f5-4a26-9045-4129f5c0d906","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ","OK8hkmVF6oAe8kHpb_h5WhIWDgA",[0.5,0.5,0,1.3178992,1.0171863],null,null,null,[6860,4395]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"JgURUoGBE7VmVg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Invalidenstra%C3%9Fe+43%0A10115+Berlin%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x47a85194aaaae5dd:0x7bd0323eded9828c!2m2!1d13.379175499999999!2d52.5305726?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/","Invalidenstraße 43\n10115 Berlin\nGermany",52.5305726,13.379175499999999,"Berlin, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBrdY5z1L0DbXCC9KtAkEqO6S410s3ASmVnjLLZH1LmAcW6F87hHzYtiByrsQU8BDFt_cgRg",300,300,0],"/partner/museum-fuer-naturkunde-berlin"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBg9PA_eVnQOTSe2MeKQHq_mBYjMhLEnZGkcmAcRTmH8VKCXsdap8idF1foiMfOTMMOXxAfOM","The time traveler",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSomething was wrong with those bones, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/yara-haridy-time-traveler\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eYara Haridy\u003c/a\u003e was sure. The caudal vertebrae of the lizard-like animal that lived in the Permian – 289 million years ago! – were fused together in an unusual way.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RIJPPulOMaPa9AcQtGClp8n8MpAl8N0cg3B1vqliXizg__iNnA_dZxZ0MNBC9WAiOeizSUI3g","Strange bones",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe paleontologist from \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eBerlin’s natural history museum\u003c/a\u003e felt over the seam. Had a disease caused the two vertebrae to fuse? And could this possibly be detected inside the bone? She decided to pursue her curiosity – and found clues about the oldest viruses in the world!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKUNva7hrc7RY1w0Dcz4P6voOCsqyaWgL2m-N9oKyBFluJyqSNhQ7lNNDohj2CSn3XCFoMOw","The discovery of the past",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2019, together with colleagues from Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Charité Berlin and University of Toronto, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/museum-fur-naturkunde-berlin-detects-oldest-viruses-history-earth\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eshe published her results\u003c/a\u003e: The animal suffered from a bone condition similar to Paget’s disease, identified in an isolated pair of tail vertebrae discovered in an Early Permian cave at Richards Spur, Oklahoma.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SaAMeXdTdvf6OjM4R2jwQY_1k01_xZYNV4F-0JD4GkBDat1fuM-IELFjtUPJ-ZcBb3evvVMA","Cutting-edge research",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMicro-CT scanning at the Museum für Naturkunde allowed to examine both the external and internal structure of the elements, revealing that in some places the bone had been thinned by high levels of reabsorption, while in other areas excessive bone growth had resulted in abnormal bone thickening and the ultimate fusion of the two vertebrae.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKt5-pL7cmjDmo_VY3QUkXZjCBUEq17OwC41zVkIdeaDkqqh9GhMlsHPhjOMrOMFgKAgKRIp0","Jurassic viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the researchers, this condition is most similar to Paget’s disease, a bone metabolic disorder marked by a breakdown in communication between bone building cells and bone destroying cells. Paget’s disease is commonly seen today in the hips and vertebrae of humans and has been diagnosed in other living mammals and reptiles as well as one Early Jurassic dinosaur fossil. The disease has been linked to both a genetic factor and measles-like virus, though its precise cause remains controversial.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKt5-pL7cmjDmo_VY3QUkXZjCBUEq17OwC41zVkIdeaDkqqh9GhMlsHPhjOMrOMFgKAgKRIp0","Indirect evidences",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith only two vertebrae preserved, it is impossible to say how widespread the disease was in this animal’s body. If it was restricted to the tail, the animal may only have suffered minor pain and stiffness. However, this discovery marked the oldest known occurrence of a Paget-like disease – and suggests that susceptibility to such disorders was already present in our early Permian cousins. It is also the by far oldest \u003ci\u003eindirect\u003c/i\u003e evidence of virus in Earth’s history.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Who's got it right?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne thesis says that viruses are genes that have become independent – chromosome particles that can no longer be controlled by the host cells. Or did they develop from bacteria by losing cell building blocks? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Companions of evolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a third popular hypothesis, the first existing cell in the history of the Earth was already infected with viruses. In this case, they would have accompanied all evolutionary steps until today and were constantly producing new forms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Viruses and bacteria",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe latest research results assume that viruses and bacteria are very close to each other. So-called megaviruses were discovered that are larger than bacteria and already have building blocks to be able to carry out protein synthesis – which is actually reserved for bacteria as living beings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxYfGMwRGZy95oWhZZe5iShLsiRXhw2unZeGMcNcB0WvtYkoIXkwpQqEw8ooLxL3Mk-8ivq4o","Mutation and evolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCharles Darwin once said that under today\u0026#39;s conditions one can no longer understand the beginning of life. The current state of research is: the Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago and the first biomolecule 3.8 billion years ago. Scientists still disagree on how these riboenzymes came about. Some believe life came from outer space. These molecules had the ability to duplicate and multiply by adding new molecules, they made copies of themselves. Sometimes that didn\u0026#39;t work properly, there were mutations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkhHcqHbad7NBHk91T8zGV6TN0DsEl5m3KBnsAXKId-M-qcdrgR6W3s_nlK2Jzz_hVGgqFXA","Quite a long time!",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe first viruses arose before all life. Over time, they adapted to new hosts. The oldest evidence of bacteria is found, for example, in so-called stromatolites, the oldest of which are 3.6 billion years old and were found in Australia. A direct proof of ancient viruses, however, is still not known.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ROkmhnLGDVHu5pfX1Ym-pOrk4K9rWbieuiEMTk0xrn2cuTCQOznm1GoqzYDjXedXvsuSju","The evolution of diseases",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn one field of its research, all types of diseases that manifest themselves in the skeleton of fossil vertebrates are studied – just like Yara Haridy and her team did with the lizard-like animal: paleopathology.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QPv6dOfEZrqgACI4EtUeJ_Hd4yhZEyhI500Oy5gdm3GCTouiGS-KlRw-7_fovr-nd-_j19Sg","Paleopathology",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/science/palaeopathology-fossil-vertebrates\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePaleopathology\u003c/a\u003e opens a view into the depths of prehistoric times, asks questions about the evolutionary origin and the history of diseases and seeks answers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKsvFG7GGRk7DuX-Wg3VXJEmnyqAhLpGkkzVrnw08fcDn0Curpsu_D6YrX-qOCcbysf5n7vAU","Prehistoric diseases",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAnother object of research, for instance, was Tristan Otto, the famous Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientists examined peculiar swellings at its jaw bones – possibly originating from an infection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SE1D1ebdbKLDTqJyyPvS43iqVmLcNQi1eyfrIgRMoWdyjl2ouwNmWMT13u7ewdx2aArJjyqw","Triassic \"cancer\"",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMoreover, an international team of paleontologists with the participation of the Museum für Naturkunde, published a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/bone-cancer-discovered-oldest-known-turtle\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecancerous disease\u003c/a\u003e of \u003ci\u003ePappochelys rosinae\u003c/i\u003e, a specimen of the oldest turtle in the world from the Triassic period 240 million years ago.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QL963Ido0jaEPruZBWhUiGp9Bat_8VnKq7Nxhszf4TN8EKIcTGUOdX3V3Jlsbkg8-JgvKkxVA","Never ending science",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this way, scientists continue finding clues to how viruses may have affected life on Earth. One could say that what happened during the Cold War – a mutual arms race – has been practiced by them for millions of years. It cannot be the intention of a virus to kill the host because that would mean its end.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgSOmt8xYj_HskYVVpKBHnYPFpjzY5aGqKbUGcyrgc5469lCMhFsGtthqDlBkGzsCsqUQYfUU","There are viruses... and viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTherefore, in the course of evolutionary interrelationships, there are mutual adjustments, further developments and adjustments again. Sometimes a large number and variety of hosts are available, as is the case with rabies, which can affect many warm-blooded animals. Sometimes the host would become more resilient or the virus not as aggressive – the cold virus, for example.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYCOC_TtiEk53JZEpCvse2sX0jquT8pRjM2VsnxnDBpOgcYeFzOoVB5cNaBRMAsD0eAkCWav8","Eternal coexistence",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers have been able to prove that viruses have enormously accelerated evolution. Some even see viruses as the engine of evolution, in which viruses have contributed to the exchange of genetic material from the beginning hundreds of millions of years ago.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Bacteria","The incredible world of superbugs","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg6vXsmIXto4aCR2LE9LuxjvTd26PwoI8ZK1DCzqYMPauMRJA8ocJAVqfKi4AUN1U3QxTzEU1j","/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"4wWBJL6llDB1Lg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk","Exhibition Road\nSouth Kensington\nLondon\n\nLondon\nSW7 2DD\nUnited Kingdom",51.49803,-0.174502,"London, United Kingdom",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TR9z8P-uQiC011qrEm4ZbfJuua3vnQRnrsQzfry8YF0etufOdGxSwvcCu_CHvNzJ_9xRc1Jw\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffff39",840,331,1],"/partner/science-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJKY9C4eS1DtfwEV0DM_5dPT064oi-kfQIu62iSxa3Ib_g5-HdMjOGdg6S1nOwoRN0I1Dbe-eI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout five thousand people in England die every year from infections that are resistant to antibiotics, and about 700 thousand people worldwide\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 2050, we expect antibiotic resistant infections to overtake cancer as a cause of death, killing 10 million people every year. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSuperbugs looks at how bacteria become resistant, how these incredible creatures are changing the world, and what we can do about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,"Stories","EditorialSection:febe15ee-8fbe-4f20-be61-b7e1e62bce6e",null,"cu_edi_1","cu_edi_8"],["stella.edit.sect",["The long road to a little jab","Vaccine development across the centuries",null,null,null,1],50,"#FFFFFF",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Grand Duke of Tuscany: A Science Fanboy","Get to Know Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine, the Duke who contributed to smallpox inoculation","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R02bb0Q4He3VWzO6-xdFw91zLrLNAmHzlvWE3UYLPn5DzgKe_bXAUKoGVaiJHlu0FtxqH9sbUv","/story/pwWxYPvd9PiuLQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"pwWxYPvd9PiuLQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Italy/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x132a54009d217229:0x19bad7105e9aead6!2m2!1d11.255903199999999!2d43.7677337?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.museogalileo.it","Italy",43.7677337,11.255903199999999,"Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QErwZppPqW4PunvvNwjcWx0sk55HFc1zt9I2l6Y_9SiMm-RvNWIVqGqcqW9H23QQl3gYAz",1000,1000,0],"/partner/museo-galileo"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sri7flOZ9X2DOitorzCxLJZi57ttR4voX4x70OTxIaPvQgo7T7jZIVar0vqRaWtHEGiZyR",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Grand Duke Peter Leopold of the Lorraine Family is best known in history for his numerous reforms, his sense of enlightenment and for being the first in the world for abolishing the death penalty in 1786.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QhHBrT1wDtfiNs2VieTSET9qnEG_bhuSgqUyZEY4nADgilwrmfpU7tzVLBYy4yy-diGb6O8Hs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot everyone, however, knows that he also had a great passion for science of which he was also a great sponsor.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tw1CKFoae_YUKCWKYxX8a1lfGVw4XgtXWioBdWZL_eIMgUv8GmHVnFnNkOfz2bLJo4-AxuFpc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn fact, this strong predisposition for science led him in 1769 to experiment on himself by receiving the \u003ci\u003e“smallpox inoculation.”\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis was a practical, initial vaccine against this dreadful disease that tormented Tuscany for several years during that époque.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Thu8eDX4pIxVSMI_YaiFhpQKKnpcVgLIu9_lJu_NReotnmFa9dDXc45JnRnlr_LFJFvhNMENk8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt is documented that the vaccine was administered to the Grand Duke by the Dutch physician, Jan Ingenhousz, who had come to Florence for this specific purpose. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe physician incised the Grand Duke’s skin with a lancet that had been first introduced into a smallpox blister taken from a patient, in order to cause a sort of light and controllable form of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8BFzzPTfYdWytdfIwEePJbW-Zh5iMtCrIXAK1AFaQN84k4QMIkPaHHHoHTGWxtSB1pglc8E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTherefore this was a practical type of vaccine that a few years later would be successfully renovated and refined by the English physician Edward Jenner, considered by all as the \u003ci\u003e“Father of Immunization.”\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe enlightened Grand Duke fully recognized the benefits of science and experimentation which is made visible on Museo Galileo’s second floor that houses his magnificent personal chemistry bench.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8BFzzPTfYdWytdfIwEePJbW-Zh5iMtCrIXAK1AFaQN84k4QMIkPaHHHoHTGWxtSB1pglc8E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis grand piece of furniture, that when closed takes on the form of a giant cabinet, and once opened is characterized by a large working surface bench where his experiments could be carried out.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJpjXq_8_OqMCpt7GxOHUtVMlW6oDdAduF_KqP0Bv1xls0HGck8Wn29ajuvxmlKcrGc0aeVX-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe small drawers and cubby holes were filled with both instruments and glass jars of elements. Underneath you can also find a foot bellows especially useful for easily facilitating the combustion of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RwMbbBSxhMEXZ3_e6WKfSyKDNnT2QpL4uQZktmppkzy7UwzDBx-p4N8P_gfEHkjh6ZXx6s8ftw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne small proof of Peter Leopold’s personal experiments can be witnessed in the small, elegant glass bottle labelled \u003ci\u003e“olio estratto dalle formiche”\u003c/i\u003e translated into \u003ci\u003e“oil extracted from ants.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis prized substance makes for an optimal treatment for healing skin wounds.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eYou can come to Museo Galileo and admire in person this small bottle of potion positioned on his chemistry bench that was prepared by the Grand Duke himself.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkVYWC1fTXIzT3JYMm5xSGdkTk5jcWc\u003d",274.71171825227106,-13.865786286091065,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dEXX-_Mr3OrX2nqHgdNNcqg\u0026heading\u003d-85.28828174772894\u0026pitch\u003d-13.865786286091065\u0026fov\u003d84.41162545735686\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dyJV92TSXYPpkTtcRbcxuPVYe3o8",null,84.41162545735686,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkVYWC1fTXIzT3JYMm5xSGdkTk5jcWc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d84.41162545735686\u0026sv_h\u003d274.71171825227106\u0026sv_p\u003d-13.865786286091065",null,null,[2,"EXX-_Mr3OrX2nqHgdNNcqg"],"SvInfo:f8556e85-48a4-4945-a595-6b4a2222119c"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","From Small-pox to Covid-19","How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QT_381Ev52YXpqSctu0VLZEgy6nVDlLY6I536QTWdYvlPOXJLtMnhJe0rEqYyL_UgnPF5EUJk","/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:51ba7684-c387-42c2-98e8-3a6257dee517","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QT_381Ev52YXpqSctu0VLZEgy6nVDlLY6I536QTWdYvlPOXJLtMnhJe0rEqYyL_UgnPF5EUJk","V0rf_NgaXfMA5rwBGt0tZ6pDXns",[0.5,0.46344,0,2.6695437,0.87555456],null,null,null,[660,980]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"xgVhSQAObgPsKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Museumsinsel+1%0A80538+Munich%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x479ddf63139a50d3:0x7a513e5862fc9652!2m2!1d11.5834522!2d48.1298707?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.deutsches-museum.de/index.php","Museumsinsel 1\n80538 Munich\nGermany",48.1298707,11.5834522,"Munich, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxC0_ROTw2Umig16FrfUfFAnVtpGpnD6JJe5eQCJ0HMavHZTwrfd-rL9uCotpBgPvUGOmf6Q\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffff28",0,0,0],"/partner/deutsches-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQknQKg-U8k21-0U351qpl-DyUwCOexxVrYzwoj_9l3v331wux9jGjcDAzm6j4tvaCF2_Rbr8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe English country doctor Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed the modern vaccination against smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Bavaria was one of the first countries to introduce \u003cb\u003ecompulsory vaccination\u003c/b\u003e (according to Jenner\u0026#39;s method): On August 26, 1807, the Royal Bavarian Government Gazette published \u0026quot;by royal supreme order\u0026quot; a decree \u0026quot;concerning smallpox vaccination to be introduced by law in all provinces.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn order to extend the protection achieved and to contain the spread of smallpox in the still young Kingdom of Bavaria in the long term, King Max I Joseph ordered that all persons over the age of three who had never had smallpox had to be vaccinated by July 1, 1808. As proof, vaccination certificates were issued attesting to successful vaccination with smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026quot;We Maximillian Joseph, by the Grace of God King of Bavaria. We have so far noticed with particular pleasure the excellent progress of smallpox vaccination in Our States, as well as the praiseworthy willingness of a large part of Our subjects to accept this protective remedy against the ravages of smallpox, which has been proven infallible by the experience of physicians. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003eHowever, the reports submitted from the various provinces of Our Empire have also informed Us of how many people still forego this great benefit out of prejudice or indolence, thereby endangering themselves as well as others.\u0026quot;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe successful vaccination with the \u0026quot;smallpox\u0026quot; was documented by the doctors with so-called vaccination certificates. These were usually simple slips of paper, with the exception of this certificate issued in Graz, Styria, in 1855.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt shows doctor Edward Jenner with cow inoculating a boy with cowpox on his upper arm, mothers holding out their child to the patron goddess Hygeia, and the saying \u0026quot;Figure, health and protected life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ3NxZQf5XL4Hj62hNbjlbhE0cgB1Yyip22aPOJu1uNgwGAHXKznUu99cnm_fch_Aj8pq9aI2_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccination set for smallpox vaccination was made by the Aktiengesellschaft für Feinmechanik, Tuttlingen, and was manufactured between 1920 and 1930.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7MidUj6QV0pEdprdM3HYrPoycK-fj2bONSTbcVEAOnr0uUqcLo92q0YuvPCqO6cVtXPYC7uQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccination was quickly done by a skilled doctor. The freshly sterilized knife was briefly dipped into the vaccine, and then the smallpox vaccine was introduced into the upper arm with two small cuts.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzN0dJ2cL9sqJ-sEpQKUwWfILTbGnDHZMTAI_JpzoDzUTqMwBITP4257DcaxJ3u7QrySZZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a few days, a small pustule formed on the upper arm, which scarred characteristically - the vaccination was successful, and the vaccinated person was now protected from the dangerous smallpox. After a worldwide vaccination program, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. Smallpox has not been vaccinated in Germany since 1975.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmS813XYr-wmrdP2yTn8_bcNh-HcueJy2NZV8yUCTSfWkaWydlm2yQqFE7b6VZj9fKoUa6BHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImvanex is a vaccine currently approved for vaccination against \u003cb\u003esmallpox\u003c/b\u003e, developed by Bavarian Nordic based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus strain. It is non-replicable in humans and can therefore be injected subcutaneously and is also approved for vaccination of people with immune deficiencies. Although smallpox is considered eradicated, samples of smallpox virus are still stored in research laboratories in the USA and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpotted fever vaccine \u003c/b\u003eaccording to Weigl, two ampoules in original packaging from the Institute for Spotted Fever Research (Army High Command) in Krakow from 1943.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazeckii.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eClothes lice are responsible for transmission, but the infection does not occur when the louse bites. The bacteria are found in the lice feces, which usually get into the open bite wound and thus into the body when scratched.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q644cL1ypgOXpoQc8hmX0b4DeIjL414hJzE_dgJexzhIp2TygZkiHlKEqHKx8RSbu3jknPXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a professor at Lviv University, the Polish biologist Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) developed a spotted fever vaccine that protected against severe courses of the disease for at least one year. Unlike other research groups, Weigl obtained his vaccine from infected lice intestines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the invasion of the Wehrmacht, Weigl\u0026#39;s laboratory became a branch of the Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the Army High Command in Krakow, and production of the coveted spotted fever vaccine was expanded. Rudolf Weigl managed to save the lives of many thousands of people (including Polish university professors and Jewish fellow citizens) by classifying their dangerous work as \u0026quot;lice feeders\u0026quot; as \u0026quot;important to the war effort.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7W5UIQwMSbFPw19TuYLRTn3mA4rDvnBKwfot_5rTEhIZl3V8DSFfAk3BvxTl0eIOOgWoVTPpf",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphoral (this packet dates from the years between 1945 and 1948) was a solid vaccine for \u003cb\u003eoral inoculation against typhoid fever\u003c/b\u003e, which provided protection for about six to twelve months. It contained killed typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria to stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies. Nowadays, a live vaccine containing non-disease-causing Salmonella typhi bacteria is used for oral typhoid vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qs7V72SlZVhB-TXqs4P-WS0DKQzNjo3Wo6MgT4fLhmjPeGwgCYFcv5jIIkqPV1_NSMo3lEcA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn 1956, polio was vaccinated for the first time in West Germany.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA vaccine developed by the U.S. physician and immunologist Jonas Salk (1914-95) was used, which contained killed polio viruses and was injected: Virelon (this vial dates from 1959). Only a few people had themselves vaccinated with it. With the oral vaccination according to Albert Sabin, introduced in 1962, the live vaccine was conveniently available on sugar cubes, according to the motto: \u0026quot;oral vaccination is sweet\u0026quot;! Today, the vaccine according to Salk is used again, mostly as part of a combination vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL696OGYJpCbRt0Zd0t9Zqfj3mm62NusJ6iY9pUky_wOIDgzJ1DTIWX-PGdwu1J1HV58Hx9A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003evaccinated - protected\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THw-rb6r3ULZw8pqyiOOQw13XogS06LQRG5X_N8ULOnE6O_YI94nIIK9qDGOBowOa2kvoJdA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the suggestion of Prof. Helmut Stickl, then head of the Bavarian State Vaccination Institute, so-called \u0026quot;\u003cb\u003evaccination tokens\u003c/b\u003e\u0026quot; were introduced in Bavaria in 1973, which were handed out to children during voluntary oral polio vaccinations. The \u0026quot;Impftaler\u0026quot; was minted on behalf of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKEMAupiv3M1tj1bycieWZQq0q_e5-ARrmNuQUv86mitSy4v1TSzrSBZQs8pBHIcgjnFHODQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTetanol vaccine against tetanus:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTetanus is usually fatal. The bacterium Clostridium tetani, which lives in the soil, can enter the body even through small wounds. When infected, it forms a powerful toxin: tetanus toxin. The pure toxin can be converted into a non-toxic form called toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Adsorbed to a mineral carrier such as aluminum hydroxide, the toxoid serves as a vaccine. The vaccination should be refreshed every ten years.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9lude3zFDDGJAKvQdwWV9CWFHS0QqgG5Pq8TwtC-iZl44HTFA9_YFtrQUXfd1IAPPuFZcq2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe same procedure every year ...\u003cbr\u003eFor each winter season, the WHO (World Health Organization) selects different virus strains for the northern (but also for the southern) hemisphere that are likely to be responsible for influenza illnesses in the respective \u003cb\u003eflu season\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBdWR7iwj43npBpbKB3Na7eK1D3ieLx2bjzOhhtQldw7Tmgh2_xYsCPl-PtGY5zaGf1nfDLqY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInflusplit Tetra\u003c/b\u003e vaccine is produced in Dresden and contains split antigens for four different virus strains. The influenza vaccine is a seasonal product.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDISpGjYP7dJnFYJy4l_YplDr-GiAwAXrnTeCfCM4f7CMHoxgvBNSopn9eSzX3kBt1RiS9kxA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombination vaccines - one prick, triple protection:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust one painful prick - and you\u0026#39;re protected against mumps, measles and rubella. Combination vaccines (here the MMR vaccine \u0026quot;Priorix\u0026quot;), which were first used in the 1970s, make this possible! The protective effect is not compromised and fewer additives usually make them better tolerated. Another advantage is that only one appointment with the doctor is necessary. Other combinations include tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio (polio), or hepatitis A and B.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6aZSufhg6gj9RSLUQcIPJNQ0dh68fsmz0nxR8MdCcQF8owIhpKjKc2cjD5uOtanHC9tINkW-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination protects against cancer!\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe German Nobel Prize winner Harald zur Hausen was able to prove that infection with HPV (wart viruses) plays a decisive role in the development of cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma). The discovery of the trigger of the third most common cancer in women opened up completely new perspectives for prevention and treatment and ultimately led to the development of HPV vaccines, which have been available since 2006. \u003cb\u003eHPV vaccines\u003c/b\u003e specifically protect against certain sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPV). This is a new nine-drug vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. This vaccine is produced by genetic engineering and contains only non-infectious viral envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOMn78snHmN1dnbCMGCHPbIUgrP6RxngaBuAZ8NGhDGHhWlk0kqJQFefcR0LzhuU7F8Q9co_o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eErvebo is the name of hope in the fight against \u003cb\u003eEbola\u003c/b\u003e, one of the world\u0026#39;s deadliest viruses. For around two-thirds of Ebola patients, the disease is fatal. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn Ervebo, the genetic material for a vaccine antigen is inserted into a carrier virus, which is then injected as a vaccine. The protein of this genetic material is incorporated into the surface of the vector and thus introduced into the body. There, these proteins then trigger the production of antibodies in the vaccinated person. This is the first approved vaccine based on the new \u003cb\u003evector technology\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgqXS1UFU18xvpWkI9XDm_QIOPzWxeSNKtvkskGk_BRl3c7MRFKJD1Jm4QCHQhy1is7oLouws0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an \u003cb\u003emRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine\u003c/b\u003e developed in 2020 by the German pharmaceutical company Biontech in cooperation with the US pharmaceutical company Pfizer against the pandemic viral disease SARS-CoV-2 (\u0026quot;Corona\u0026quot;).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNaked mRNA is physically and thermally unstable. In order to reach the site of action without prior degradation and to be able to exert its effect, the mRNA is embedded (\u0026quot;packaged\u0026quot;) in lipid nanoparticles (\u0026quot;lipid beads\u0026quot;). After injection, this is taken up by body cells, which then produce the S protein (spike protein) according to the blueprint of the mRNA. This is recognized by the immune system as foreign, which stimulates the production of protective antibodies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn December 21, 2020, the vaccine was conditionally licensed in the European Union for persons over 16 years of age (now for persons 12 years of age and older), and the two ampoules were vaccinated in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKAFK8QHDVrK-vjHhqSox-ANugDAF1gFqnrDMe1MidY64UAItU55FD4rJPN2Grl7EdAB4rUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDieser Bioreaktor war bei der Produktion der ersten Impfstoff-Charge von BioNTech im Einsatz.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","BioNTech und die mRNA-Revolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePanel-Diskussion mit den BioNTech-Experten Özlem Türeci, Ugur Sahin und Katalin Karikó. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"o4hOzwlRq80",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Development of the Rabies Vaccine","How Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkcJy_jKDAyvR5KcmT98vpmEFJLXzMvVaO7OZuEa7_Skfn9gcY7n5n1juupqT26xRwWU7AGDA","/story/SQXR79_F6foELA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"SQXR79_F6foELA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,3,[null,null,null,"https://www.pasteur.fr/fr","25-28 rue du Docteur Roux\n75015 Paris\nFrance",48.8403734,2.3112488000000004,"Paris, France",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUS3IuywqI9KdKc_O5SqGjIZrWxI7C0pjQZcPahUea72R8B_rrCIC4rX4oq_ae4UtlQuJhQh8\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe58",572,154,1],"/partner/institut-pasteur"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGGZ6fCwDLIlAbOJ7zqu9M48owu9L_ufjWUFROPfrRlPD2ihaAlfmC0SUgz1MVGe_IIibpVkUS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1880, Louis Pasteur was in full command of his experimental method.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe decided to apply it to researching a disease, rabies, which affected both humans and animals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THUbtAN3p2rrbwoEDSl0AEiUgTn_hPj91QhZ5zGj_3b9r6zT-JR32SGV6dP6NugiriPfer2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs he had already done for most of his research subjects, Louis Pasteur started by trying to isolate the cause of the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut as rabies is caused by a virus, his efforts to observe it ultimately proved fruitless.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THUbtAN3p2rrbwoEDSl0AEiUgTn_hPj91QhZ5zGj_3b9r6zT-JR32SGV6dP6NugiriPfer2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is because the microscope resolution available at the time was not high enough to allow viruses to be seen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs a result, the rabies virus remained invisible.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt would be observed for the first time nearly a century later, in 1962, thanks to the development of the electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWEQCRO8Tep3VDTuIel517dhcsjtWHncPlxX8obhbQBiquzITWmQnKWPQlKWgGkprDD-8BAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the work of Duboué, Pasteur knew that the virus spread through the nerves before establishing itself in the brain and the spinal cord. Rather than using dogs, he decided to carry out his work on rabbits, which tend to be easier to handle and can be obtained in large numbers.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RW8QrlAuVZTLGPqISUlUmpr-hTcgf7h5uYQ3SFyOW4g3kmDFUurEVziZE1N5AdkgbEKsflCtQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pasteur decided to suspend the spines of rabid rabbits in jars where they were exposed to the action of the air, in a moisture-free environment. The level of virulence in these rabbits diminished gradually until it disappeared completely.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RW8QrlAuVZTLGPqISUlUmpr-hTcgf7h5uYQ3SFyOW4g3kmDFUurEVziZE1N5AdkgbEKsflCtQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pasteur then injected contaminated dogs with spinal fluid preparations of increasing virulence. They did not develop rabies. Despite these results, he was wary of moving to human trials.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of July 6, 1885, Joseph Meister, a nine-year-old boy from the Alsace region of France who had been bitten fourteen times by a rabid dog, came to Louis Pasteur\u0026#39;s laboratory at the École Normale Supérieure.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter numerous debates and much hesitation, and with the agreement of his colleagues, he finally decided to test his vaccine on a human.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot being a doctor himself, he entrusted the young boy to the care of Dr. Jacques-Joseph Grancher.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the course of ten days, the boy received thirteen injections of an increasingly concentrated preparation of spinal fluid infected with rabies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJoseph Meister never developed the disease, becoming the first human being to be vaccinated against rabies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tuo5_i52yxrts3OjJvyC1LYV5JYl6xkNSwUfkG8fqzBtwRMNyqdn_WRKLqACAtwhxt9hjw23U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, Louis Pasteur kept this initial success very quiet.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut in October 1885, the case of Jean-Baptiste Jupille, a 15-year-old shepherd boy who had suffered serious bites from a rabid dog, presented Pasteur with the opportunity to make use of his treatment for a second time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tuo5_i52yxrts3OjJvyC1LYV5JYl6xkNSwUfkG8fqzBtwRMNyqdn_WRKLqACAtwhxt9hjw23U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe young man had thrown himself at the animal to allow six other shepherd boys to escape.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLouis Pasteur repeated his experiment with the same success. This time, however, news of his achievement spread all over the world.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIq67wch9c-kpLLCuxwLraM1rwkG5ToSYkNgvs7NvDTumzeSwBhvaCSzDzrWy4oOPvDDRnJBQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSoon, a multitude of people who had been bitten showed up at the École Normale Supérieure—some French and some from abroad.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOU4R71JPMX4wYSYmea7U6_C9hgJbCg7_7p_1U1Ap9-r0tKhbCfen8yPM0B6-yYZ2RwBiQooY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to deal with this influx of patients, Louis Pasteur decided to found a center dedicated especially to vaccination against rabies, which would also be a research and teaching center.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Pasteur Institute was officially opened three years later, in 1888.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOU4R71JPMX4wYSYmea7U6_C9hgJbCg7_7p_1U1Ap9-r0tKhbCfen8yPM0B6-yYZ2RwBiQooY"]],"Louis Pasteur's Breakthrough in Rabies Vaccination","The Story of Joseph Meister and Jean-Baptiste Jupille"]],["stella.common.cobject","Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of the Rabies Vaccine","Explore Pasteur's house","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7WrVrgAaJHr39M0KTTvfZbCyuOr2RgQKN_EYALZtvvP5V76qg8cO-rC5_YcPYskBQStE5Vg","/story/XAXBwj6OxM9xKA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"XAXBwj6OxM9xKA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,null,"https://www.pasteur.fr/fr","25-28 rue du Docteur Roux\n75015 Paris\nFrance",48.8403734,2.3112488000000004,"Paris, France",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUS3IuywqI9KdKc_O5SqGjIZrWxI7C0pjQZcPahUea72R8B_rrCIC4rX4oq_ae4UtlQuJhQh8\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe58",572,154,1],"/partner/institut-pasteur"],[[["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOUIS PASTEUR\u0026#39;S BEDROOM\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003ePasteur\u0026#39;s private quarters, which connect to his wife\u0026#39;s bedroom, portray the private life of the great scientist, who was very attached to his family. It is here in particular that his talents as a young artist can be seen. The man who was to revolutionize biology, medicine, and surgery showed a real talent for drawing in his childhood.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFlNfZFd6bWgzaVhvQUFBUXJEQ0czc3c\u003d",261.2371062199999,-4.2322577240339,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dS_dWzmh3iXoAAAQrDCG3sw\u0026heading\u003d-98.76289378000013\u0026pitch\u003d-4.2322577240339\u0026fov\u003d90.01297987034064\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d3aGXimf-uysliNSoF-q-amwzMa0",null,90.01297987034064,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlNfZFd6bWgzaVhvQUFBUXJEQ0czc3c%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.01297987034064\u0026sv_h\u003d261.2371062199999\u0026sv_p\u003d-4.2322577240339",null,null,[2,"S_dWzmh3iXoAAAQrDCG3sw"],"SvInfo:843d559c-00ff-44ca-bd04-34687419007d"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBbj72W0RqJS5I6kSR5BTo28fSAmn3Vw9rEZolvQl6DOyKuyBpmxNRT7407j1JgdnHHLs9WjWw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJURASSIAN ROOTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAlthough Pasteur worked tirelessly, he remained deeply attached to his roots and regularly returned to his native region of the Jura. Between Dole, where he was born in 1822, and Arbois, where his family settled, he regularly met up with his family and childhood friends. A loving husband and caring father, he was supportive throughout the family tragedies and he kept a close eye on his children\u0026#39;s education.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIE PASTEUR\u0026#39;S ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn this somewhat austere room, time stands still. Everyday objects, such as family photographs and some unfinished crochet work, give us insight into the private life of a characterful woman. Despite living in the background, she played a vital role in her husband\u0026#39;s life and career.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc\u003d",173.2701002795565,-11.355591771661537,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dkQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg\u0026heading\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026pitch\u003d-11.355591771661537\u0026fov\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d1a9P3SmiPdf_EJl0pVN_ejm9e9A",null,62.05671014695174,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sv_h\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026sv_p\u003d-11.355591771661537",null,null,[2,"kQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg"],"SvInfo:ce753ec9-6a3c-4bcd-8a99-c01597582d72"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE BATHROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThis is one of very few 19th century bathrooms preserved in its original state. It is surprisingly modern (hot and cold running water, a heated towel rail). The room reveals Pasteur\u0026#39;s rigorous concern for hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFlNia1QxbHp4S3FBQUFBUXJEQ0czcnc\u003d",339.5474770363205,-21.42223871628167,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dSbkT1lzxKqAAAAQrDCG3rw\u0026heading\u003d-20.452522963679485\u0026pitch\u003d-21.42223871628167\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d4ta_PXpPv2SrIMHzfREXOsWp5kM",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlNia1QxbHp4S3FBQUFBUXJEQ0czcnc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d339.5474770363205\u0026sv_p\u003d-21.42223871628167",null,null,[2,"SbkT1lzxKqAAAAQrDCG3rw"],"SvInfo:30d31818-f340-4766-a029-dc468a1ae4ef"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE SMALL LIVING ROOM \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eA visit to the small living room allows you to see how Pasteur spent time with friends, enjoying leisure time and reading. It is a close family-oriented space that brings to life the rare moments of free time that the scientist had. \u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFjBuM3VXWjRKQUpRQUFBUXJEQ0czckE\u003d",159.30073592428806,-9.430076551015674,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003d0n3uWZ4JAJQAAAQrDCG3rA\u0026heading\u003d159.30073592428806\u0026pitch\u003d-9.430076551015674\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dNyVrMNmjmwoWFh6VoAqU1P9-cNQ",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFjBuM3VXWjRKQUpRQUFBUXJEQ0czckE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d159.30073592428806\u0026sv_p\u003d-9.430076551015674",null,null,[2,"0n3uWZ4JAJQAAAQrDCG3rA"],"SvInfo:e3bff5e1-a976-4352-9654-168baf0e0481"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-J_DelgSRlw-P3KhJTa4PserHKqx6hxXObgMAtN1gbbZyEuKZt07zD41C2DIWlNbDIaqgRA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY AND WORK\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThese stained glass windows, created by the Swiss glass painter Gaspard Gsell, are already present in the vaccination room at the École Normale Supérieure, rue d\u0026#39;Ulm, where Pasteur\u0026#39;s previous home was located. They depict his daughter Marie-Louise on the right and an allegory of chemistry on the left. Pasteur\u0026#39;s two lifebloods: family and work. Louis had them installed at the Pasteur Institute, in the small living room of his flat, above the games table.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE LARGE DINING ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eA ceremonial room used to host distinguished guests, the large dining room is a testament to Pasteur\u0026#39;s fame. Albert Edelfelt\u0026#39;s painting of Pasteur examining a vial of rabies in a spinal cord depicts the scientist\u0026#39;s revolutionary discovery that would lead to the development of the rabies vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFjVDc1pqWUdGZ3VNQUFBUXJEQ0czbGc\u003d",270.0483328168721,-6.547703574234006,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003d5CsZjYGFguMAAAQrDCG3lg\u0026heading\u003d-89.95166718312788\u0026pitch\u003d-6.547703574234006\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003doI63CCgby7OOFIxiZ2QCjKSS7_Y",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFjVDc1pqWUdGZ3VNQUFBUXJEQ0czbGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d270.0483328168721\u0026sv_p\u003d-6.547703574234006",null,null,[2,"5CsZjYGFguMAAAQrDCG3lg"],"SvInfo:56c7819d-d648-4eae-8c0d-0845beea1403"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE LARGE LIVING ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIt is in this spacious room that the scientist\u0026#39;s glory is truly apparent; his conquering of rabies and the many honors he received. Numerous tokens of admiration and gratitude sit side by side. All of them recall his hard work and reveal the extent to which Pasteur left his mark on both the people around him and the era in which he lived.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE\u003d",147.23228836033292,-7.38627796118098,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q\u0026heading\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026pitch\u003d-7.38627796118098\u0026fov\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dK2n3FJWETy7Vq_f1cSH8rBH-wuM",null,90.00000000000003,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sv_h\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026sv_p\u003d-7.38627796118098",null,null,[2,"ImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q"],"SvInfo:5694b679-9bb4-47a0-8c68-8b3c50892e61"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE SMALL DINING ROOM\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWith its dual exposure and pleasant proportions, the small dining room exudes a welcoming atmosphere. This is where the family and loyal friends of Louis and Marie Pasteur used to eat together.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkhrZS1qMHQ3TklRQUFBUXJEQ0czbmc\u003d",311.59588373886027,-2.18542753640277,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dHke-j0t7NIQAAAQrDCG3ng\u0026heading\u003d-48.404116261139734\u0026pitch\u003d-2.18542753640277\u0026fov\u003d81.27968054973013\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dm_298npGztJEEjL2mHL9j8dd0A0",null,81.27968054973013,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkhrZS1qMHQ3TklRQUFBUXJEQ0czbmc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d81.27968054973013\u0026sv_h\u003d311.59588373886027\u0026sv_p\u003d-2.18542753640277",null,null,[2,"Hke-j0t7NIQAAAQrDCG3ng"],"SvInfo:efed430e-1a65-4742-a11a-af16ecd1ab85"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE WORK ROOM \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAlong with the laboratory, the work room was Pasteur\u0026#39;s favorite room. If it wasn\u0026#39;t for his work ethic and determined character, he would never have become the world-famous scientist that we know today. Some details also reveal a more sensitive, lesser-known side of Pasteur—that of a man who was deeply attached to his region and country. He nevertheless stated, however, that \u0026quot;science has no homeland.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFk9UME5Ycnp3Z2NzQUFBUXJEQ0cza1E\u003d",236.28608752415633,-1.388273862767221,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dOT0NXrzwgcsAAAQrDCG3kQ\u0026heading\u003d-123.71391247584367\u0026pitch\u003d-1.388273862767221\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dglyUvuAtBbYSZ4M0Xfvj5_wTszY",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFk9UME5Ycnp3Z2NzQUFBUXJEQ0cza1E%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d236.28608752415633\u0026sv_p\u003d-1.388273862767221",null,null,[2,"OT0NXrzwgcsAAAQrDCG3kQ"],"SvInfo:d237a876-966f-4e6f-bcc1-b8ef4a8642a5"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T8x7UfjW0E7zr1GodWRUXD1bkemOfDeAymA-sn53by344zquokWv5MQDYr5NcFfqus9myC3OE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA NATIONAL FUNERAL\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe great scientist died on September 28, 1895. A national funeral was held on October 5. The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was draped in black for the occasion, as was the Pasteur Institute, from where the funeral procession departed. The President of the Republic at the time, Félix Faure, attended the funeral. The number of people who came to bid farewell to Pasteur, \u0026quot;humanity\u0026#39;s benefactor,\u0026quot; was remarkable.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbGx3Oaj6nNXB46VayeNXHy4bfklm5iPha2omPAoyN-QgR6wZWwz8hE4tA2-ZnNlgn6lAe8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE CRYPT\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA burial chapel in a Parisian building with Louis XIII style facades may seem surprising. \u003cbr\u003eHowever, it is in this crypt that Pasteur was buried, at the request of his wife. Pasteur was going to be buried in the Pantheon, but Marie Pasteur wanted her husband to be laid to rest at the heart of the Institute. The chapel was inspired by the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy, and was built at the heart of the Pasteur Institute.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxPrDEabUaKP0pRQsGp9tP5zCO-HDm28YeEcDBMxFXtY49gGUJnQejuqYxdb-saObAz3tgz_HB",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTODAY\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Today, the Pasteur Institute, a private foundation recognised as a public entity, is an internationally-renowned Biomedical Research Center. It sits at the heart of a thirty-two-institute network spanning five continents. In order to fulfill its mission of preventing and fighting disease both in France and all over the world, the Pasteur Institute focuses its efforts on four key areas: scientific and medical research, public health and health monitoring, teaching and economic development, and technology transfer. A multidisciplinary research center open to the world, the purpose of which is to train the researchers of tomorrow. This was Pasteur\u0026#39;s vision for reducing disease and making advances in medical research.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","How Animals Help In The Fight Against Diseases","From rabies to diphtheria","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RrgEMwTvka_D4ZpLe9ySBsDMCSjOfaWlNnSgFy6qjDx4kWyUD6UQL05pJ-NSDeSFoDvNlvZw","/story/ugUBP0D2x-JygA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"ugUBP0D2x-JygA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,9,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//315+Chestnut+Street%0APhiladelphia,+19106%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c6c884f0010fd7:0x9fdd2fbe5d2744d3!2m2!1d-75.1466157!2d39.9487962?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.sciencehistory.org","315 Chestnut Street\nPhiladelphia, 19106\nUnited States",39.948796200000004,-75.1466157,"Philadelphia, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sswbaqq96yMWeDSqIOxUdwdWe2T4suBcLOYWgi_y2UlpJZwf_Gn4Wr7wEv9OWCZwhGjo-kXyfh",2400,1464,1],"/partner/science-history-institute"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbDyY4U3Vc9TcoIdSC28Tdg6Ud4ZcZgIgCesUZ8TBLrP8are_XUyzAOv_36lqGxU398FNPk3U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLike the dapper gentleman pictured here, when we go to get a vaccine, all we see is liquid in a vial or a syringe. We do not see all of the human and non-human animals involved in the creation of that life-saving invention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know the names of certain famous scientists like Louis Pasteur, who developed the vaccine for rabies with his research team in the 1880s. But there are more than people to this story.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePasteur is posing with these white rabbits who represent the rabbits used to create the first rabies vaccine. He and his assistants would use the animals to create a weakened (attenuated) form of the virus that could be used in other animals and people to prevent the disease even after exposure.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRabbits were not the only animals in Pasteur’s lab. He kept rabid dogs as a source of the virus, and monkeys were initially used instead of rabbits in his experiments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAnimals were important laboratory tools that served both as a reservoir for the rabies virus and a way of transforming it from a deadly pathogen to a medical product.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe idea to use disease material from a non-human animal in humans to prevent disease was not a new concept in Pasteur’s time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccine was developed from cowpox virus by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century, and cows were often used in the production of the smallpox vaccine until the disease was eradicated in the late 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe fluid from cowpox pustules would be drained, purified, and injected into people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe word vaccine is derived from the same Latin root as the word for cow, \u003ci\u003evacca\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOriginally, the term referred specifically to using cowpox material in humans to prevent smallpox. Only after Pasteur used the term for his rabies treatment nearly a century later did it become detached from its bovine origins.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the 19th and 20th centuries, animals at pharmaceutical companies and medical facilities—such as cows and horses—were bred, raised, and kept not for milk, meat, or transportation but to make the medicinal products that protected people against epidemic infectious disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the Eli Lilly and Company Biological Plant, the horses were the plant equipment. They produced diphtheria antitoxins (antibodies) that were harvested by technicians.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the desired material (pus, blood, spinal cords, etc.) was extracted from the animal, it was processed in laboratories like the ones depicted in this article.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe resulting product would be introduced into humans, most often by injection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile animals were not visible by the time someone received a vaccine, it did not mean that people were not aware where their vaccines came from originally. People knew that the diphtheria antitoxin came from horse serum, the rabies vaccine from rabbits, and the smallpox vaccine from cows. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome anti-vivisectionists (people who oppose animal experimentation) refused to get vaccinated or treated for these diseases because animals were used or killed in the production process.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome worried about what would happen when foreign animal matter was introduced into the human body. This was just one reason people objected to vaccination. Others opposed it for religious, moral, or medical reasons.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e Rumors about horrible side effects were spread by opponents of vaccination in pamphlets, speeches, and by word of mouth. While no one who received the smallpox vaccine birthed a cow or had one erupt from their nose, there were possible negative side effects.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eQuality control was difficult to achieve in the late 18th and early 19th century when the vaccine was first introduced and could be contaminated or too weak to provoke an immune response.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TceH01q_L3MvTB5ZoLkwT6fwPe3ptddSD4VraXgVfxfYUC1ezxVuqfL-gIVtQUpRT0o7Y8Z-U"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TceH01q_L3MvTB5ZoLkwT6fwPe3ptddSD4VraXgVfxfYUC1ezxVuqfL-gIVtQUpRT0o7Y8Z-U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine skeptics and resistors still use arguments about the origins of vaccines and the fear of introducing foreign matter into the body. Like those who fought against smallpox vaccines, they claim that this material will fundamentally change the human body.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile some people rejected vaccines, many more during the 19th and 20th centuries sought out vaccines to prevent and treat diseases.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough this image pokes fun at people as seeking a vacation and a vaccine, it was because people traveled from around the world to line up outside of Pasteur’s lab for a rabies vaccine made from rabbits.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TN0khIC6JUoLOR1MiwrcQrO5N3q4XAQH5QNwADJh9h_neUtNKiMoJpqm20OhjXwbH3IRmpgbo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccines produced from animals and animal cells have saved millions of lives over the last few centuries. New laboratory technologies have changed the way vaccines are developed and produced, but even now animals or animal cells are part of many vaccine making processes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe might not “tap” a horse now, but mammalian cells and fertilized chicken eggs are often used in the lab to make vaccines. And the word vaccine will always remind us of its bovine animal origins, whether a cow is involved or not.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,"2",null,null,null,7,"SimpleStack","EditorialSection:c57fa807-7ab5-486c-b4bd-6c709b11e9e0",null,"cu_edi_9","cu_edi_10",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QM1soVffQFILv_zlkmkzNY_fB0BneVcP6tK41a4A0y596GfqkRUMl_pHN6mRxrHajlTHGicS0"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Who is the father of modern vaccines?","Clue: He developed the vaccine for smallpox",null,null,null,1],43,"#185471",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["stella.common.cobject","Edward Jenner","From smallpox to Covid-19: How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries.","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThncjBQ4VcGLMqvjwqogAutweZ_vvpcbdoyAJ_aqj8qEBmNJmAnMsnBWx3cu_4FRLhkD-3Sg","/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:076fa4be-e613-4b45-ab4b-c60b25cee8bc","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThncjBQ4VcGLMqvjwqogAutweZ_vvpcbdoyAJ_aqj8qEBmNJmAnMsnBWx3cu_4FRLhkD-3Sg","ZesTbkNwe2BBctpAaeWO2TctNvQ",[0.5,0.34293213,0,1.7568041,0.68586427],null,null,null,[2739,3465]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"xgVhSQAObgPsKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQknQKg-U8k21-0U351qpl-DyUwCOexxVrYzwoj_9l3v331wux9jGjcDAzm6j4tvaCF2_Rbr8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe English country doctor Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed the modern vaccination against smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Bavaria was one of the first countries to introduce \u003cb\u003ecompulsory vaccination\u003c/b\u003e (according to Jenner\u0026#39;s method): On August 26, 1807, the Royal Bavarian Government Gazette published \u0026quot;by royal supreme order\u0026quot; a decree \u0026quot;concerning smallpox vaccination to be introduced by law in all provinces.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn order to extend the protection achieved and to contain the spread of smallpox in the still young Kingdom of Bavaria in the long term, King Max I Joseph ordered that all persons over the age of three who had never had smallpox had to be vaccinated by July 1, 1808. As proof, vaccination certificates were issued attesting to successful vaccination with smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026quot;We Maximillian Joseph, by the Grace of God King of Bavaria. We have so far noticed with particular pleasure the excellent progress of smallpox vaccination in Our States, as well as the praiseworthy willingness of a large part of Our subjects to accept this protective remedy against the ravages of smallpox, which has been proven infallible by the experience of physicians. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003eHowever, the reports submitted from the various provinces of Our Empire have also informed Us of how many people still forego this great benefit out of prejudice or indolence, thereby endangering themselves as well as others.\u0026quot;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe successful vaccination with the \u0026quot;smallpox\u0026quot; was documented by the doctors with so-called vaccination certificates. These were usually simple slips of paper, with the exception of this certificate issued in Graz, Styria, in 1855.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt shows doctor Edward Jenner with cow inoculating a boy with cowpox on his upper arm, mothers holding out their child to the patron goddess Hygeia, and the saying \u0026quot;Figure, health and protected life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ3NxZQf5XL4Hj62hNbjlbhE0cgB1Yyip22aPOJu1uNgwGAHXKznUu99cnm_fch_Aj8pq9aI2_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccination set for smallpox vaccination was made by the Aktiengesellschaft für Feinmechanik, Tuttlingen, and was manufactured between 1920 and 1930.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7MidUj6QV0pEdprdM3HYrPoycK-fj2bONSTbcVEAOnr0uUqcLo92q0YuvPCqO6cVtXPYC7uQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccination was quickly done by a skilled doctor. The freshly sterilized knife was briefly dipped into the vaccine, and then the smallpox vaccine was introduced into the upper arm with two small cuts.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzN0dJ2cL9sqJ-sEpQKUwWfILTbGnDHZMTAI_JpzoDzUTqMwBITP4257DcaxJ3u7QrySZZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a few days, a small pustule formed on the upper arm, which scarred characteristically - the vaccination was successful, and the vaccinated person was now protected from the dangerous smallpox. After a worldwide vaccination program, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. Smallpox has not been vaccinated in Germany since 1975.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmS813XYr-wmrdP2yTn8_bcNh-HcueJy2NZV8yUCTSfWkaWydlm2yQqFE7b6VZj9fKoUa6BHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImvanex is a vaccine currently approved for vaccination against \u003cb\u003esmallpox\u003c/b\u003e, developed by Bavarian Nordic based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus strain. It is non-replicable in humans and can therefore be injected subcutaneously and is also approved for vaccination of people with immune deficiencies. Although smallpox is considered eradicated, samples of smallpox virus are still stored in research laboratories in the USA and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpotted fever vaccine \u003c/b\u003eaccording to Weigl, two ampoules in original packaging from the Institute for Spotted Fever Research (Army High Command) in Krakow from 1943.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazeckii.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eClothes lice are responsible for transmission, but the infection does not occur when the louse bites. The bacteria are found in the lice feces, which usually get into the open bite wound and thus into the body when scratched.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q644cL1ypgOXpoQc8hmX0b4DeIjL414hJzE_dgJexzhIp2TygZkiHlKEqHKx8RSbu3jknPXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a professor at Lviv University, the Polish biologist Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) developed a spotted fever vaccine that protected against severe courses of the disease for at least one year. Unlike other research groups, Weigl obtained his vaccine from infected lice intestines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the invasion of the Wehrmacht, Weigl\u0026#39;s laboratory became a branch of the Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the Army High Command in Krakow, and production of the coveted spotted fever vaccine was expanded. Rudolf Weigl managed to save the lives of many thousands of people (including Polish university professors and Jewish fellow citizens) by classifying their dangerous work as \u0026quot;lice feeders\u0026quot; as \u0026quot;important to the war effort.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7W5UIQwMSbFPw19TuYLRTn3mA4rDvnBKwfot_5rTEhIZl3V8DSFfAk3BvxTl0eIOOgWoVTPpf",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphoral (this packet dates from the years between 1945 and 1948) was a solid vaccine for \u003cb\u003eoral inoculation against typhoid fever\u003c/b\u003e, which provided protection for about six to twelve months. It contained killed typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria to stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies. Nowadays, a live vaccine containing non-disease-causing Salmonella typhi bacteria is used for oral typhoid vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qs7V72SlZVhB-TXqs4P-WS0DKQzNjo3Wo6MgT4fLhmjPeGwgCYFcv5jIIkqPV1_NSMo3lEcA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn 1956, polio was vaccinated for the first time in West Germany.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA vaccine developed by the U.S. physician and immunologist Jonas Salk (1914-95) was used, which contained killed polio viruses and was injected: Virelon (this vial dates from 1959). Only a few people had themselves vaccinated with it. With the oral vaccination according to Albert Sabin, introduced in 1962, the live vaccine was conveniently available on sugar cubes, according to the motto: \u0026quot;oral vaccination is sweet\u0026quot;! Today, the vaccine according to Salk is used again, mostly as part of a combination vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL696OGYJpCbRt0Zd0t9Zqfj3mm62NusJ6iY9pUky_wOIDgzJ1DTIWX-PGdwu1J1HV58Hx9A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003evaccinated - protected\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THw-rb6r3ULZw8pqyiOOQw13XogS06LQRG5X_N8ULOnE6O_YI94nIIK9qDGOBowOa2kvoJdA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the suggestion of Prof. Helmut Stickl, then head of the Bavarian State Vaccination Institute, so-called \u0026quot;\u003cb\u003evaccination tokens\u003c/b\u003e\u0026quot; were introduced in Bavaria in 1973, which were handed out to children during voluntary oral polio vaccinations. The \u0026quot;Impftaler\u0026quot; was minted on behalf of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKEMAupiv3M1tj1bycieWZQq0q_e5-ARrmNuQUv86mitSy4v1TSzrSBZQs8pBHIcgjnFHODQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTetanol vaccine against tetanus:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTetanus is usually fatal. The bacterium Clostridium tetani, which lives in the soil, can enter the body even through small wounds. When infected, it forms a powerful toxin: tetanus toxin. The pure toxin can be converted into a non-toxic form called toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Adsorbed to a mineral carrier such as aluminum hydroxide, the toxoid serves as a vaccine. The vaccination should be refreshed every ten years.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9lude3zFDDGJAKvQdwWV9CWFHS0QqgG5Pq8TwtC-iZl44HTFA9_YFtrQUXfd1IAPPuFZcq2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe same procedure every year ...\u003cbr\u003eFor each winter season, the WHO (World Health Organization) selects different virus strains for the northern (but also for the southern) hemisphere that are likely to be responsible for influenza illnesses in the respective \u003cb\u003eflu season\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBdWR7iwj43npBpbKB3Na7eK1D3ieLx2bjzOhhtQldw7Tmgh2_xYsCPl-PtGY5zaGf1nfDLqY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInflusplit Tetra\u003c/b\u003e vaccine is produced in Dresden and contains split antigens for four different virus strains. The influenza vaccine is a seasonal product.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDISpGjYP7dJnFYJy4l_YplDr-GiAwAXrnTeCfCM4f7CMHoxgvBNSopn9eSzX3kBt1RiS9kxA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombination vaccines - one prick, triple protection:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust one painful prick - and you\u0026#39;re protected against mumps, measles and rubella. Combination vaccines (here the MMR vaccine \u0026quot;Priorix\u0026quot;), which were first used in the 1970s, make this possible! The protective effect is not compromised and fewer additives usually make them better tolerated. Another advantage is that only one appointment with the doctor is necessary. Other combinations include tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio (polio), or hepatitis A and B.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6aZSufhg6gj9RSLUQcIPJNQ0dh68fsmz0nxR8MdCcQF8owIhpKjKc2cjD5uOtanHC9tINkW-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination protects against cancer!\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe German Nobel Prize winner Harald zur Hausen was able to prove that infection with HPV (wart viruses) plays a decisive role in the development of cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma). The discovery of the trigger of the third most common cancer in women opened up completely new perspectives for prevention and treatment and ultimately led to the development of HPV vaccines, which have been available since 2006. \u003cb\u003eHPV vaccines\u003c/b\u003e specifically protect against certain sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPV). This is a new nine-drug vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. This vaccine is produced by genetic engineering and contains only non-infectious viral envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOMn78snHmN1dnbCMGCHPbIUgrP6RxngaBuAZ8NGhDGHhWlk0kqJQFefcR0LzhuU7F8Q9co_o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eErvebo is the name of hope in the fight against \u003cb\u003eEbola\u003c/b\u003e, one of the world\u0026#39;s deadliest viruses. For around two-thirds of Ebola patients, the disease is fatal. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn Ervebo, the genetic material for a vaccine antigen is inserted into a carrier virus, which is then injected as a vaccine. The protein of this genetic material is incorporated into the surface of the vector and thus introduced into the body. There, these proteins then trigger the production of antibodies in the vaccinated person. This is the first approved vaccine based on the new \u003cb\u003evector technology\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgqXS1UFU18xvpWkI9XDm_QIOPzWxeSNKtvkskGk_BRl3c7MRFKJD1Jm4QCHQhy1is7oLouws0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an \u003cb\u003emRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine\u003c/b\u003e developed in 2020 by the German pharmaceutical company Biontech in cooperation with the US pharmaceutical company Pfizer against the pandemic viral disease SARS-CoV-2 (\u0026quot;Corona\u0026quot;).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNaked mRNA is physically and thermally unstable. In order to reach the site of action without prior degradation and to be able to exert its effect, the mRNA is embedded (\u0026quot;packaged\u0026quot;) in lipid nanoparticles (\u0026quot;lipid beads\u0026quot;). After injection, this is taken up by body cells, which then produce the S protein (spike protein) according to the blueprint of the mRNA. This is recognized by the immune system as foreign, which stimulates the production of protective antibodies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn December 21, 2020, the vaccine was conditionally licensed in the European Union for persons over 16 years of age (now for persons 12 years of age and older), and the two ampoules were vaccinated in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKAFK8QHDVrK-vjHhqSox-ANugDAF1gFqnrDMe1MidY64UAItU55FD4rJPN2Grl7EdAB4rUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDieser Bioreaktor war bei der Produktion der ersten Impfstoff-Charge von BioNTech im Einsatz.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","BioNTech und die mRNA-Revolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePanel-Diskussion mit den BioNTech-Experten Özlem Türeci, Ugur Sahin und Katalin Karikó. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"o4hOzwlRq80",null,null,null,0]]]]],["Louis Pasteur","Edward Jenner","Benjamin Waterhouse","Robert Koch"],1,null,null,null,"Who is the father of modern vaccines?","Clue: He developed the vaccine for smallpox"],null,null,8,"Quiz","EditorialSection:6e59541a-f8bc-4696-ba55-1ab869e407f2",null,"cu_edi_11","cu_edi_12"],["stella.edit.sect",["Science in action","Vaccine production around the world",null,null,null,1],47,"#ffe570",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","The Influenza and Polio Vaccine","Development of the combined vaccine","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ryy2m3f0GKsjGV0vY_dmcqQHdPVRxuE1c9q1zaaHMvS8ISNiuBXoPctafGpYrGraKLR8FyHw","/story/JAUxal8kPsk9zQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"JAUxal8kPsk9zQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//1867+St.+Laurent+Boulevard%0A%0AOttawa,+Ontario,+K1G+5A3%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4cce0f0e3256ca3b:0x77a7002790f7453f!2m2!1d-75.6189059!2d45.403509899999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://ingeniumcanada.org/cstm","1867 St. Laurent Boulevard\n\nOttawa, Ontario, K1G 5A3\nCanada",45.4035099,-75.6189059,"Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLWdTc6lD_jW6C1nuyFoJUcULC13FG45bJ5hrbVcG8sdSqkeWtwjCM8GVb-3N_Yk2U8CX04eI",675,676,0],"/partner/canada-science-and-technology-museum"],[]],["stella.common.cobject","Combined Vaccine Production","Canadian vaccine development for smallpox, diphtheria, and tetanus","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Raqb4ycIlBZRhGSY3jiryO7qUXYe9ka47jaBgIZh3oYdl87eG1g-cs_6W9YzOO6FqfAeVlHf4","/story/tQVBrGl0mkTE6g",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:67fdb438-928e-4d1f-b8f9-fe05249aaaf6","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Raqb4ycIlBZRhGSY3jiryO7qUXYe9ka47jaBgIZh3oYdl87eG1g-cs_6W9YzOO6FqfAeVlHf4","c0K_JD1xJoVPWqXTHwztv_TNrP0",[0.53560495,0.4557887,0,1.51625,0.8228963],null,null,null,[800,1022]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"tQVBrGl0mkTE6g"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//1867+St.+Laurent+Boulevard%0A%0AOttawa,+Ontario,+K1G+5A3%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4cce0f0e3256ca3b:0x77a7002790f7453f!2m2!1d-75.6189059!2d45.403509899999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://ingeniumcanada.org/cstm","1867 St. Laurent Boulevard\n\nOttawa, Ontario, K1G 5A3\nCanada",45.4035099,-75.6189059,"Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLWdTc6lD_jW6C1nuyFoJUcULC13FG45bJ5hrbVcG8sdSqkeWtwjCM8GVb-3N_Yk2U8CX04eI",675,676,0],"/partner/canada-science-and-technology-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxWAyZzRuBvjcpNd844CLI-i3vGJLDG-nmL9zdE46zO92ZahQeUaQrnOjOMwA18dFtCq586AQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe first successful vaccine to combat smallpox spread was developed by Dr. Edward Jenner in 1796, building on the variolation technique demonstrated by Onesimus, and described in Boylston’s pamphlet. \u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Vaccination in Mexico","Discover Mexico's history of vaccination","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_YlxzGJWb30gOSTn5jm072V7NAsxyxYvxrK3tup3D3qLI-lrl_ZsabXO0ImwzeP8Yv4lnjn1W","/story/HgVBjgkdsh9cTw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:30d038d2-b6d5-4f0d-a47e-cba5961186d1","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_YlxzGJWb30gOSTn5jm072V7NAsxyxYvxrK3tup3D3qLI-lrl_ZsabXO0ImwzeP8Yv4lnjn1W","hQLlJmJ_9AWMQgZdMQWrRwB4u2w",[0.49971738,0.50042474,0,1.340328,1.2375],null,null,null,[1656,1073]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"HgVBjgkdsh9cTw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Av.+Eduardo+Molina+113,+Penitenciar%C3%ADa%0A15350+Mexico/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1f94d3beca4ef:0x55fad60c5a494fef!2m2!1d-99.1132475!2d19.436322699999998?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.gob.mx/agn","Av. Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_mpc9As6H-pGWex5k1VBxb7lbj6CtrGnOujjfHUNMn5t-cvO7FR3R_uH28XEjjwewP8ZYdSU","Historical Archive of the Judiciary of the State of Mexico",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe origins of vaccination in Mexico occurred in the early nineteenth century, when large expeditions were made in order to carry out research that yielded results similar to those obtained by the English doctor Edwar Jenner to face the epidemics that plagued the territory, such as smallpox. The research was documented in this form called \u0026quot;Origin of the vaccine and means of finding it in the kingdom of New Spain\u0026quot;, which is based on the aforementioned work of Jenner, who in 1796 proposed the control of smallpox by injecting a child with the blood of a woman infected with bovine smallpox. By 1804 a cow was located in Atlixco and another in Valladolid de Michoacán with the same characteristics that referred to having bovine smallpox, being taken to the district of Tlalnepantla for study and information of results. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rdf6lPuWDR6M1-gzZZ2CfQA9qUhpMmM1wUW_aX1FQnohcH4KWfeRdBP_qrEQkpN21RSuycJA","General Archive of the State of Puebla"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SPNDF0a6GAnTGH-Evl6QIY37KMSOgW307639b8Vof6VcwbKwaajm-ytr2gYBvfWMb9atDr","Municipal General Archive of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom the expeditions carried out by Francisco Xavier de Balmis from which he derived the implementation of the technique of vaccination arm by arm against smallpox, which consisted of taking the flow of smallpox from an infected person with a sharp object and injuring another individual between the shoulder and the elbow until blood came out , this method was disseminated throughout the region of New Spain through the document entitled: \u0026quot;Primer of vaccinating, with a prologue to the disappointment of the public\u0026quot;, which circulated among the population to combat the disinformation that circulated in the jurisdiction of Puebla.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGuaIkxwPxSQk6eZQtl9NUwU0BHoyy2s06wUaiNGOxyEgyT9SGc-ff0Gjk5pJiVSdLMg8mziA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBefore the establishment of the training to prepare the vaccine and the organization of vaccination councils in Puebla, the medical manager in the city of Puebla los Angeles and member of the Central Vaccination Board of that city externó in the form the observations that should be carried out for the inoculation process.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbOEyVWmlW6D9PjagtyrhWEs1jgC7JMIYNp5vjcAE3W25-bysVQ13Rm5rRtdM08sOSKQ7Ljw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLithograph of a propaganda included in the Gaceta de México, in 1804, informing about the vaccine against smallpox and inviting the population to apply it.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TtkS1U0HkrBCiSxO3r6w0OeDCLNAGuN16Wn4mTGGBwIj6CWvhM7lVRg63aJMdc-pEshsHr1Q","Historical Archive of the State of Tlaxcala",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe establishment of regulations for the correct way to move and apply the vaccine against smallpox in New Spain, as well as the importance of distributing it and promoting its reliability among the population, continued to spread despite the political and social instability that afflicted the novohispano territory in 1810, as can be seen in this report by Francisco Xavier de Balmis highlighting that the application and perpetuation of the vaccine could prevent skin diseases, dropsy, fevers, diarrhea, dysenteries and others.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R02zCHwGv1WeG3temxEIjx1xvVfy4laCLVh-Xi7zhgmT2ivE5RlEXHosqgMpoLYS3WfmLngg","Regulation for the application of smallpox vaccine"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TdxoqlzCwxIgQpnhEw4a11tZriM4lZhKiFNL9lzr1hokypzx8HFPi79LgEaTpD6I8o6wWBYw","Municipal General Archive of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe new novohispanas authorities such as the governor and captain general Félix María Calleja continued to instruct that the vaccine was the only viable protection against epidemics, so they continued with the tasks of supplying and raising awareness of the healing properties of introducing an immunizing fluid.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLGL9gV_qVe7G86t5qyTU2aozhaBOEu6OxIkxCOLKa6eqSYMLTBEpA_gjmJ9AbaUek5_i6","General Archive of the State of Oaxaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe work carried out by Francisco Xavier de Balmis to introduce the method of vaccination to the novohispano territory was of such high importance that the viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas gave the order that the expenses of the expeditions and experiments related to vaccination be covered by the bishops and their cabildos, by means of a privileged alms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qc8khYKnrbHPDAi6SND4Eoz6gcsLy0FJjjnbsGyQD82IvzaWVyInSbKKJ9shQn2XKr8YiINlM","General Archive of the Executive Power of Guanajuato",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the consummation of independence and the establishment of Mexico as a Republic, the provisions, communications and actions regarding the management, effectiveness and application of vaccines showed significant advances in the development of public health prevention. Highlighting the state regulation of vaccination of 1824 against smallpox in Guanajuato, which established the way of application of the bovine fluid by the doctors of the health board and where appropriate by the bleeding with more skill.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QMPj_zhy-y--Wm-kuRibvfVPHTQOrRrWPaQkmDb7gRzZxswqoIbBBjY1sfsu4mvzdaq0HVtME",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the consummation of independence and the establishment of Mexico as a Republic, the provisions, communications and actions regarding the management, effectiveness and application of vaccines showed significant advances in the development of public health prevention. Highlighting the state regulation of vaccination of 1824 against smallpox in Guanajuato, which established the way of application of the bovine fluid by the doctors of the health board and where appropriate by the bleeding with more skill.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEcn6ESI_fAkanhMfYcjuozvzJab1i1ZECHP9brtlXfDJa_wo7I_IE_hahG8hlsWUbFv--RJQ0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe application would be mainly in children, since they were the ones who suffered with the greatest aggression. Another testimony shows us how the advances were made, for example, that 93 children had been injected from the state capital that same year of 1824 and that the encomienda was continued.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmBE-p8uN71vC3Pnxc7-oLu4kISqsSqvMyuajGUXHwRz9bU_AuIq5ikUblhrwOHItbd53UyTQ1",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the emergence of the epidemics of smallpox in Sinaloa and measles and malignant fever in San Luis Potosi, the municipal authorities informed the governor of Guanajuato that they will try to implement this vaccination regulation, but since there are no funds necessary to carry out the process, a neighborhood board was used that voluntarily helped to obtain the expenses that involved the application of the vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDHyHOKsfoIwQMQJLJNK5E4-y5UPinINstzMpMzBfM2U7UfF4GOPpX4CrG1o4zw2Fi8bdVIw","General Archive of the State of Zacatecas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCoordination between state authorities has always been indispensable: Communications between the authorities of the different states for the installation and application of the smallpox vaccine were fundamental for the arrest of the epidemic and the application of sanitary measures, a very important aspect that the Zacatecan government took with its counterparts to counteract the existing epidemics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6JpU6G_Afr4pwvtSfpNo467CuNFpmzwb2YspAaZsPaH1hXutonpm6wzQ5ayDGyu0L3ezp4tw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQiCzumBBVpYY15D4trF6N3K0ps0k8PgaM_IEt0BvnqAm9cV4DnagsSTh8I6SGyWeF_m8Pcd4","Historical Archive of the State of San Luis Potosí",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA similar case occurred in the state of San Luis Potosí, when the existence of cholera morbuswas alertedin 1833, a disease usually transmitted by a bacterium that inhabits the water causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The authorities asked the local health board to regulate the curative measures and condom methods immediately, these works brought with them to make use of the experimentation of the bovine fluid to obtain the vaccine that in 1858 was already supplied in the child population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QEG_c3ykNmPqt_dWRn0_hZpevCxw7jHaGde6o6xyQOnXw0469a3DzwrPd1zJOwrpzghvfnrL8","Municipal Archive of Tultepec",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to extend vaccination in municipalities remained constant and with episodes of importance, as occurred in Tultepec in 1858 when a smallpox alert led the mayor of the region to resort to the arm-to-arm method, in order to obtain pus without alteration, with the vaccination of some robust and healthy children. Once the results were obtained, samples would be taken for the other inhabitants of the municipality.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmTbqfgvBvMQYdsY8pFT9gS74YHOfWxGDQi2wpFxlUo731b1daCW5c_NcYA0EBIM66R8UG00Du","Historical Archive of the Judicial Power of the State of Hidalgo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe advances made in the nineteenth century in terms of research, production and distribution of vaccines in Mexican territory allowed it to be increasingly common to access them in a mandatory and free way as part of the health provisions issued by the authorities, as can be seen in this decree issued in 1873 by the Congress of the State of Hidalgo on the provisions for the administration of the vaccine and its regulation.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQjmudMC8jcjHamX8b_wZ20re5FPCL_LNjdMDjl2Cb6anVVYvfoSWBR3RVPePJ1rv9338bSJw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBTVKZz_-rPBap9gpUU0mMbu-NtH7l8ni35vkyWzorIbL2h4WE8npsWhJha_ITQHm2QXjlOik","Municipal Historical Archive of Ixtlahuaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlready entered in the early twentieth century again an epidemic of smallpox was unleashed in the jurisdiction of the District of Ixtlahuaca in 1904, as an action to mitigate the effects of this disease, the General Secretary of Health and Assistance and the representative of the Health Delegation were responsible for gathering in public spaces children , to apply the vaccines, highlights that the prophylactic procedure that was used in those years was the inoculation of vaccine lymph, which is the process of the blood fluid that circulates through the veins as an intermediary in the nutritional changes between the blood and tissues.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4iP5G5PQUTyYduAEkWQUzQowvvRzCyDk5F5VB6rAR_52c5Q1k3l72Ow0aYPrexQ5wydmk","General Archive of the State of Oaxaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of illustrated instructions on how to apply the vaccine and information about the epidemic to be treated were distributed in some states such as Oaxaca, this as another means of assistance to the spread of vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STm6GBeapYmhtfzuwacYx62e_yls-2Rbi7xc4GwgdP05ld1w-70-jreSQNsBD_0bnEt2C4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwXVgt3ehS-0yskx7a1RlDCJJwVOiEKIjIaT44Eh5wRRcDFDJLy-eiCtkZwQfRs5O_cH1fi-U","General Archive of the State of Tabasco",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1905 the National Bacteriological Institute was founded to carry out studies that would lead to the production of serums and vaccines with which to fight diseases and prevent epidemics, despite the economic limitations, over time research was done on the typhus, which were recognized as useful to describe the bacterium.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TdZYC6jHQaKoSPRcuaU3eVcVbGrhEiCQRoOSNg9zQZgVCruJxtpgP_OIqZxU2N_wTR7c5eKQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring this period of research, comparative reports also began to be recorded on the mortality of people infected by epidemics such as typhus and smallpox, and the number of individuals vaccinated in the same period, as was done in the state of Tabasco in 1908 through the General Directorate of Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q3sTFuMxPfyvlMPhGq6WUb-ZgIs2uAzwloUzFmsuNV9E2-eAoczQ9zCvhKqdNWbPDOGakgoy0","General Archive of the State of Veracruz",[null,"\u003cp\u003eGroup of children during a trophic-paratific vaccination campaign at the Hygiene Center of Camerino Z. Mendoza, Veracruz, in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScioaQnEdn8iyVRMDPjWY23Xcjn8FpvmtT1AwVg8inSo_cWMyu4IoDGXcKC6pwGXxKQPvDb-O7","Municipal Historical Archive of Izúcar de Matamoros",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs part of the statistics on the subject, the number of minors who were vaccinated in each locality was recorded, as was the case in the district of Izúcar de Matamoros, in 1913, in the state of Puebla, where after receiving the supplies requested for the application of vaccination, the municipal president of this town would send to the health authorities the list of inoculations carried out.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8B4coSLbnfm8jopfcZDVW6KO85TaVJWfPRCAqrQAXUR5Yvu6sioMOY9lPUlCfrAPKhRNQyDBf","Historical archive of the municipality of Ecatzingo de Hidalgo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy presidential decree, in 1926 vaccination against smallpox from cattle was made mandatory, with this began the mass campaigns for its application. The various identities of the country, such as the municipality of Ecatzingo de Hidalgo, in the state of Mexico begin to provide a certain number of vials for application.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZwNe99zZ0aLobQvWMqOxHYUzHSfAk_tP_EYxw99We45TvzuRlJsmBQfpoXIG7hsYrRJc8WeTo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a preventive measure, in 1930, the then Secretary General of the Government, asked the various municipalities to inform the school authorities not to register any child who did not present the certificate that he had been recently vaccinated. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T3c9SeXYOlKtjrAoP-HMiM6gxW8cobYxssmYdE6Nw59z9tkOjgnAwSTXZmayJiw0O_36CemFM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbtYtPvQf_Ikor057m5gQ00B2c6KZ84NKyaDuBLqJxQKrcKiHGuC3_WKMBGUUcT1hdd__Votc","Municipal Historical Archive of Huetamo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, in the same year of 1930, in other regions such as the municipality of Huetamo, in Michoacán, smallpox outbreaks continued to emerge, which were controlled thanks to the timely intervention of the Federal Delegation of Health. A total of 3900 vaccines could be applied, obtaining a 40 percent advance in immunization immunization of the total population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBTrAmL01llq3sEaSiZoC6O4KEJl5UimvKGOiI7PzqKacnLnMOEn0VFVyjVYp8eKP_ezzV4gk","General Archive of the State of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, immunization campaigns would be applied to the asylees of hospices and orphanages in 1937, as occurred in the state of Puebla, where the public charity would be responsible for requesting the supplies and application of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RT4wrXbsPXs084-KPyZd90ueam1JQuY7GDZaY9WEmAAQ_S57SxuKheDh66P9Wbn9awEBZtjQ","Vaccination card used in 1952"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QFjiwHWc6OHP6G3awYzibnEImE5XqVngiIJS8mPk-V60AYA7s3fiX8zSkBbfXQVl_VW9mxXQ","General Archive of the State of Quintana Roo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn some states, such as Quintana Roo, complementary measures were taken, such as spraying the coasts to eradicate malaria in 1959, this campaign was also assisted by the Secretary of Health and Assistance, which would lead to the introduction of the Universal Vaccination Program in 1991, achieving goals such as the eradication of poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and neonatal tetanus, and the control of whorea cough and severe forms of tuberculosis.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tn5Nzr_5xbiR_tBnI5VypWreCgmhdOk6nE7203j4Hfd8rOTzvz8eQ3ksYuHd2P91NOQGY1q7L3","General Archive of the State of Veracruz",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn terms of vaccination, the vast history that Mexico has transformed it into a pioneering country in the production of vaccines at the local level and in the implementation of one of the most complete vaccination programs, although the coverage of the different vaccines continues to be insufficient, the latest surveys establish that the actions implemented by the National Vaccination Council have allowed an improvement in the rates of protection of individual and complete vaccinations.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,"Clusters","EditorialSection:90d10dc2-7a8e-4c8c-9b73-8a12640ebc40",null,"cu_edi_13","cu_edi_14",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TP6f5XI5YFbBzeEFew5__whhLr6U2XH-wCD5QGW4nYx1NLFM0jwDNYtXSkk2-wflHRJ3Xts-eF"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Pandemics around the world","A history of public health challenges",null,null,null,1],50,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Outbreaks in India","Epidemics in connected world","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8","/story/YAUB9APzhQ0INA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:4fae6546-b2eb-4289-9a64-b027efbeb7c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8","rzehumEurNDolk9rIDy9a253nTo",[0.46320918,0.3913709,0,0.92641836,0.6307446],null,null,null,[3192,2264]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"YAUB9APzhQ0INA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"http://ncsm.gov.in","33, Block - GN, \nSector - V, \nBidhan Nagar,\n\nKolkata, 700 091\nIndia",22.5395731,88.3962192,"Kolkata, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJmthSUgFLsoU31ucLCcq0VyDzgyk9u53h2c0Sq-Or1Zhu5dNXyFW4SaPsspith7xcQz-SSshx",585,585,0],"/partner/national-council-of-science-museums"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QlDKJnBeVuOuQSxuwcX5AobjOJpSYmHo1r-m3i-_GIXBxqXAsdnT9kny_csL8EpLyNkLX9jw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe risk of death after contracting the disease was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R9slAntoMqJT7gufxIK_pXU0zZyBkvctAkO8ha1nKF30cbserriqh9dVYVDx7mxy6l7peEnU4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmallpox was caused by infection with \u003ci\u003eVariola virus\u003c/i\u003e, which belongs to the family \u003ci\u003ePoxviridae\u003c/i\u003e, subfamily \u003ci\u003eChordopoxvirinae\u003c/i\u003e, and genus \u003ci\u003eOrthopoxvirus\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjDSJFb6em-M5C95o__OQCZnG-auSKK7pMevPukJM-EuNBcYhdrY3gB3nllBt9Zo7vbFEmwQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBubonic and septicaemic plague are generally spread by flea bites or handling an infected animal. The pneumonic form is generally spread between people through the air via infectious droplets. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosis is typically by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RrNw3Qdqy8YedcDo0-nOy2zuwobrz5utDnT_nAbJxCg8ig8AkjLd_bZVsuZEgjimmpxO-kk2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThose at high risk may be vaccinated. Those exposed to a case of pneumonic plague may be treated with preventive medication. If infected, treatment is with antibiotics and supportive care. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTypically, antibiotics include a combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone. The risk of death with treatment is about 10% while without it is about 70%.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QcbmexFDEsFjQJVRyjI2xgZWZlUGsmHZUOS886zd_0aKUVKvT1soUqCz7N76XP0hssqQjFZQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eCholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human faeces containing the bacteria. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUndercooked seafood is a common source. Humans are the only animal affected. Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, and poverty.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QO1DsPfS-soLdu-tV9dfWV256JSCxZ12aojY4S7_V1FxfyYTb4sGFRLhlHbPDHW-GzB2Bh8xI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends focusing on prevention, preparedness, and response to combat the spread of cholera.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSterilization\u003c/b\u003e: Proper disposal and treatment of all materials that may have come into contact with cholera victims\u0026#39; faeces (e.g., clothing, bedding, etc.) are essential. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater purification\u003c/b\u003e: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization, etc.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHWuIa8BFtVTaMUwNZTpLvNORSJmbzf3ruo3Re3zwc50mFM0PGq0_Fc4S8G3zQJ7Zrd7ntUT8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qib4oeB3-kU6zFjRnqfv_POujvAI7iffpI6Hx5u72uSDzYu0YvTbbupcyNkUH2R6vVCnbYnDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfections can be prevented from occurring in homes as well. In order to reduce their chances to contract an infection, individuals are recommended to maintain a good hygiene by washing their hands after every contact with questionable areas or bodily fluids and by disposing of garbage at regular intervals to prevent germs from growing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tp8n-pdapW8LpKkcQA3hFAmNm0jx5UEi-eRVVfOAguy1Hnc0UDPq8pFQSo7K7pMcYbNvlAzwg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHealth care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDepending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella; Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlBsURnzspBmJXThEDM2gbipk6-ZGMZWxKW5vH3lB7LglFi83qLaJxLGK3nVXiAzDMj1U4mw","Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana of the Government of India aims to provide free access to healthcare for 50 crore people in the country. People using the program access their own primary care services from a family doctor. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlBsURnzspBmJXThEDM2gbipk6-ZGMZWxKW5vH3lB7LglFi83qLaJxLGK3nVXiAzDMj1U4mw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen anyone needs additional care, then PM-JAY provides free secondary health care for those needing specialist treatment and tertiary health care for those requiring hospitalization. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe programme is part of the Indian government\u0026#39;s National Health Policy. It was launched in September 2018 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. That ministry later established the National Health Authority as an organization to administer the program.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt is a centrally sponsored scheme and is jointly funded by both the federal government and the states. By offering services to 50 crore (500 million) people it is the world\u0026#39;s largest government sponsored healthcare program. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe program is a poverty alleviation programme as its users are people with low income in India.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ReyHsbkyj6sQTGTRLQHatzXVNkccvseap2QHjxNiUq6HC2E9oaV_MaZLA092M2kiTiMKtV","Polio Eradication",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEradicating polio in India was a feat of dedication, commitment and simply doubling down on immunization activities. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGiven India’s vast population, tropical climate in many parts of the country, and other environmental challenges, it would be easy to imagine that if polio couldn’t be stopped, India would be the place to fail.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ReyHsbkyj6sQTGTRLQHatzXVNkccvseap2QHjxNiUq6HC2E9oaV_MaZLA092M2kiTiMKtV",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter all, India constituted over 60% of all global polio cases as recently as 2009.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxOOWtZzRXY25aXu5DFFFjDJUYGP1uppEgrBADQzF2-o2YePNYY6dZaNJIMXt_ezpVqhY5RzKW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, in 2014, India was officially declared polio-free, along with the rest of the South-East Asia Region. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxOOWtZzRXY25aXu5DFFFjDJUYGP1uppEgrBADQzF2-o2YePNYY6dZaNJIMXt_ezpVqhY5RzKW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the singular commitment of the Indian Government at all levels, partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, notably WHO, Rotary International and UNICEF, polio was tackled head-on. India has not had a case single case of wild polio virus since 2011.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RCC-97Bq_ples7Fho5EzvHDizanw8qdUgigM4iVUPeDzFv4R_HWq8EQzmckkK-eUHqrwB8G2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe objective is to strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory-based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RATFpiVJfVVxQF8l63XW8GNhX80GVe_fCjX154XTe0FXu6PU255zGVvMDdUx1-nqjbPgFPPNE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2006, the Public Health Foundation of India was started by the Prime Minister of India as both a private and public initiative. The goal of this organisation is to incorporate more public health policies and diverse professionals into web the healthcare sphere.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZBuSUJEjmq7RBNA6_lW2mhbzaY0gsWyTwutMp1Op5x3UzC25I4UYWo3kUcW2Aej7wV9my8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt also collaborates with international public health organisations to gather more knowledge and direct discussions around needs and improvements to the current system. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZBuSUJEjmq7RBNA6_lW2mhbzaY0gsWyTwutMp1Op5x3UzC25I4UYWo3kUcW2Aej7wV9my8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e Oftentimes officials in policy making positions have a gap in their education about public health, and MPH and PhD programs in public health are lacking in their number of students and resources. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Public Health Foundation aims to further these programs and educate more people in this field. The research discovered would be made transparent to the Indian public at large, so that the entire nation is aware of health standards in the country\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Conquering Epidemics in Germany","From the archives of the Jewish Museum of Berlin","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZUsfMkBulCMIqk5rpbYMkkcngP4AG3cK0ZK3EHKYQB-HuXee_JPayXrwrJx0IPTMMo8sLOD8","/story/pQWBGUSC8h42bQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:00b22062-a7e2-44e7-98a3-9b7bd40444e5","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZUsfMkBulCMIqk5rpbYMkkcngP4AG3cK0ZK3EHKYQB-HuXee_JPayXrwrJx0IPTMMo8sLOD8","pzpTCotovBd5YxnaMm8Sj6T0r_k",[0.5,0.4504744,0,1.2577648,0.86733276],null,null,null,[1285,921]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"pQWBGUSC8h42bQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Lindenstra%C3%9Fe+9-14%0A10969+Berlin%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x47a851d53dd14af9:0x4c2cd254ede6304f!2m2!1d13.3954469!2d52.5023115?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.jmberlin.de/main/EN/homepage-EN.php","Lindenstraße 9-14\n10969 Berlin\nGermany",52.50231149999999,13.395446900000001,"Berlin, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tbi9fGL43cHvaU_p1po6Kob4fn4fSuDZpDsKxhWehWeGhavWxxE4EFLsGw6eV6q4Bbkv18BkU",2000,850,0],"/partner/jewish-museum-berlin"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RfGlIdW3pGBqWwbff08iHFXdGX6H1kRo_QYTuFo7FfulBNMvOn3Wyxr091MbswPPd47wVU8Pk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Bubonic Plague was raging across Europe, in the mid-fourteenth century, people tried to protect themselves by covering their faces with cloth or using fragrant herbs and rosewater. There were no effective treatments, although people hoped that bloodletting and emetics would expel the pathogens from the body. During the epidemic, the sick were isolated, their houses were marked, or they were banished to lodging\u0026#39;s outside the cities. During the epidemic, the sick were isolated, their houses were marked, or they were banished to lodging\u0026#39;s outside the cities. A third of the European population died of the plague.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut the illness was not the only thing spreading: so were conspiracy theories. Jews received most of the blame for causing the “Black Death.” In many cases, accusations of poisoning wells lead to murderous pogroms.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S1rAwNzszOYggXTrihqGNAonzzKlnCawwZD_p3mG2tBHybz-UGztbOXv0vBcuwQ2r4f8xnKfE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA registry of pupils at the Jewish School of Emden, which was maintained from 1890 to 1940, includes a meticulous record of each pupil’s vaccination date.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGvzkRRlzwaTf2Lga0A5HBrdR6fGNMwkzwHTjmP3LgotQZp1V0GnMQ_my0oQtHeQ4runOQqBU","The Reich Vaccine Law of 1874",[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 8 April 1874, the German Empire introduced mandatory vaccinations with the Reich Vaccine law. This was during the aftermath of the major smallpox epidemics of 1870 and 1873. From then on, the smallpox immunization was obligatory for children “before the completion of the calendar year following the year of birth” and another booster vaccination was required at age eleven. If they failed to comply, the parents or guardians faced a fine or even imprisonment. The vaccine was free of charge.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOur Archive preserves vaccine certificates for these smallpox immunizations from the entire territory of the German Empire. The forms are mostly similar, but varied somewhat by region and time period. The form for the first infant vaccination was typically red, whereas the one for the booster shot was green. Usually the documents list the vaccinated person’s name and date of birth, the date of the vaccination, and the name of the physician administering the vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-aCs15PYR_7cH9nrhK-2eGQeo4ihxZcxbjp4blMM6RE6rXvYXF8AJilkDJVixd3PX5DYw81jd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDozens – in fact, hundreds – of vaccine certificates from the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and the Nazi era have been preserved in family collections. Since 1874, there have usually been two surviving vaccine records per person. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RSl2Y_fMv1lvjnrg5gvzrVG4NF8d-2cG4DdnEh91Sr6nhmiuc32HTK3cuXg37yrQjCQxfcE8H4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor Ruth Grabowski (1907–1981) from Berlin, we even have five – because according to the forms, she was vaccinated “unsuccessfully” three times and the vaccination had to be repeated the following year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sc2WEWMuDvOSQ6S9cQ5Fcam1KwfG1RRZQDAWkhdr_pJwsQSWY1r5mO7TYmitwsiLItfhmsrA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SoXVV9vA8ZOvP4zTfCWiVkjRiMZ-3GwIVdcu4j3xuG-x9TtWGQRckblBXLydEaNNKmJhBj9WHs"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TkkSiSkB5u8wLrLArOt1Tb61H6NnPXfktCfebjFveVx__nVemvEZeuQ5YuJgGiDb0gDV_g-g","The Oldest Vaccine Certificates",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe very oldest vaccine certificates in our archive were drawn up long before vaccines became obligatory. In 1844, Salomon Pollak, who was born in Proßnitz in Mähren (now Prostějov, Czechia), was issued a “cowpox vaccination certificate.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Cowpox” does not only afflict cattle, as the name suggests. It can also infect other mammals and even humans. However, it does not pose much of a threat to human health. The British doctor Edward Jenner (1749–1823) discovered that injecting cowpox viruses into humans immunized them against smallpox viruses, which are lethal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe applied this method for the first time in 1796 and called it “vaccination,” derived from the Latin word “vacca,” meaning cow. This technique quickly spread across the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, and it also became a cornerstone for an extensive campaign against smallpox in other countries. Thanks to this vaccination, the disease has now been globally eradicated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SshDqkwq-XJ-wHuN-9cTj4IVBCKhBC6YgmXhprfzxL--j7FGWIRxPOEuVbxc_igtx3YqeCAA","Other Nineteenth-Century Vaccine Certificates",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome of the oldest vaccine certificates in our archive from the territory of the German Empire belonged to the banker Ludwig Kohen (1829–1912) and his wife Therese (1845–1875), both of whom were “re-vaccinated” (with a booster) on 31 May 1871 in Hamburg.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tm5q38GQGMlNsDrwxffPm_xAZojX4blbZ1C9imz1xDen3fQ5vkiYWugjlfKG2zdVKClZKZqXQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_2dezZ3jdIe4fx__EY_HHrcjYvuLn8Vd6h0CdDgSiqJ3z7iMtkpDzDX1KgREJDODXfdCvEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe next one, five years later, belonged to Fanny Krebs (1863–1944), who was “vaccinated with success for the 1st time” at age twelve on 20 May 1875 in Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia (now Tarnowskie Góry, Poland). By then vaccination had become obligatory, and the certificate is the same standard form that would predominate for decades to come.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S__KdFNbYwifD1wSl3AG2xDd728_kW25kwnlOl5xdstwcsu3dc2PzlQ5REjVoa4x1sjlTqkg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1m6iruQXcgMcMmK7zK9-cBxtpI6vklWWFXtoSeS1eH0TpUK7tKYCXoYCIpPz30KfZuuIS4cM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a letter sent on 12 February 1877 from Mannheim, which is 750 kilometers (466 miles) away as the crow flies, the Grand-Ducal District Authority summoned the parents of the four-month-old Alfred Auscher (1876–1939) to vaccinate their son.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbtUqs_x53tx8ghbl-adsHbD1fgijAg-02b_cAg9BMVUIHysbvdPlhzn2vl3GSHsYTAhEeyL0"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QuZVN1qgPF9q34BAAO4EkOsVf2PNRPtHPJXpcnx30P3iMrP7VPGwPLrK1YB5e9M5FfE7h5Cg","During the First World War",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pay books of German-Jewish soldiers who fought in the First World War also contain frequent references to vaccinations. In massive armies, infectious diseases quickly spread among the soldiers – notwithstanding the establishment of quarantine stations, epidemic hospitals, and disinfection stations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor example, in 1917–18, the musketeer Daniel Siesel (1897–1978) from Glauberg in Hesse was vaccinated against “smallpox,” “typhus,” and “cholera”.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TpyS6JBGyInqf6cPRLFlpJ9c9AmOpC851jkatEzlhNb6o8XVD2tgdDtaHTQi8iOY8-urhVVg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, the soldier Julius Weinberg died of “spotted fever” – typhus – at a military hospital in Damascus. He was only thirty-three. Our archive includes a telegram sent to his widow informing her of his death. You can also find it in our online feature \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/node/4573\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e12 of 12,000\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGNL56B48Zx2aXXPVW2VuCDWACx0nd1R6ZqX6S08IpiU399wZrgtAm0jvjBz6RXd7jj_kIYtw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe immigration certificates for Palestine even indicates that all immigrants received vaccines against typhus and smallpox upon arrival in the territory of the British Mandate. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6mJIYZ8cdaAe9EnsAhm7nmB-JKQlQq8D3kNqTZKUtZ81TEoqvPBRAEnCIu80Z0EUddVbZgRjO"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8lUDpnWRy9uTFZmk8TtJPTBzAB_0XkZPW0LpzLzz4r8GyrKxLvC3O1LbX71-g7RIOOSg118",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eShortly thereafter, he and his wife emigrated to Palestine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T38JkNCIjZznhBeyEratxpHa0EOsuNy3PmfEOhDjR3NCTK-iktJ7MoGuPrTYjhH7HYr--Pcg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEdith Adler (1913–?), who planned to emigrate with her husband to Argentina, obtained confirmation from the Frankfurt am Main health authority that she \u003ci\u003e“[...] does not suffer from any infectious disease, nor from mental illness, leprosy, elephantiasis, cancer, tuberculosis; is not blind or mute, nor does she show any signs of a paralysis that would impede her from working.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QigMbmyeK9JcAmQhrMwdHUOGC-DXc6bqB1DEu--au7f9u0MNRRxV86LupzEIjtck8PVHS3Lw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 22 December 1938, she was “vaccinated against smallpox.” After being “vaccinated against typhus” as well in March 1939 at the hospital of the Israelite Community of Frankfurt, she emigrated to Bolivia via France. In La Paz, the twenty-six-year old was vaccinated once more against “viruela” (smallpox) in October 1939.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QC-5Qhz6fHdfVZBvbsKGiCYInOxMt5CMhLxt8060KM93w08pawB9Kxjcpq0zW8Ztni66av9w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsRGZV1k4ZsD9KI8mEI9QvNjIL17HMpTyD-7z6puk9nqgv98GmlIb39h6WQq2DWtS1wgNWSNYU"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjXBB7k7dDt_FUmbuPomnQ-3HC4hpzkfVPOIcDkC7qQB_jgVI28CB_l5kMUbBEX86tBJN95yUd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRudolf Jorysz (1906-1998) receiving a vaccine at the hospital of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Shanghai.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPMhQuq-9zkxhmoXq3quQC4zxELD95Cg0zIj5ZK3zsoxmhzdsrDgRZvypzdx6n4q-LOIdrYW8","Vaccinated Soldiers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe have far fewer documents from German-Jewish soldiers who fought in Allied forces against Nazi Germany during the Second World War than from military service in the First World War. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, an “Immunization Register” has survived from Rudolf Mariam (1912–2002), who emigrated to the US in 1938. As a serviceman in the US Army, he was certified to have been vaccinated against “smallpox,” “triple typhoid,” “tetanus,” and “yellow fever.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8HYhp0gTTSJuf53qBwe9SW75YHUhZpnaBTM1Z3R81wuDpUD5R3E74Z2fv0-TD8N6QXFbfu10"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rs2wHYYSblJgyiRNiO14YXgS0KL3BnCeLqVZo_-WbFKPV0L2bC1nZDPeoBSu9WJb9t_E_Skn4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPT4MZCQ_a2KMKc-M6o2bWLZ3cBN74FUb8JSus_iQa-TNw-32pp26hV5np5WN3cBntcj5u"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2gT5X79mrcXNVjBjELnosEMKxZP4VPcnnS5SE6aAQy0oreCCUX5f92rVG0iqtcd8FViu1pg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sbx63PADuHKaGyy1YtEvvKd-YJIXr21CUldni529DYLEkBiGtfCbWA_E4WCldNZoP7GDSpuw"]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Public Health Challenges in Milan","From Black Death in 1348 to Covid-19, a brief history of Milan's challenges in public health","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SczWYkMGPMQT6UaB_vSiPB6WmZKHru-tw_jOwu-Un-hZ7CqH1LOmwes9FBFP2D_p9G3TjR1Z0","/story/ZgVhQ267KKD1_g",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:d3e96d70-6653-4565-94b4-cd1485fa9785","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SczWYkMGPMQT6UaB_vSiPB6WmZKHru-tw_jOwu-Un-hZ7CqH1LOmwes9FBFP2D_p9G3TjR1Z0","_oi_ZVUYE6ktPL0EFpL7FlJkvjU",[0.49622515,0.57210666,0,0.84896314,0.62455475],null,null,null,[2584,2100]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"ZgVhQ267KKD1_g"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Via+Francesco+Sforza+28%0A%0A20122+Milan%0AItaly/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4786c6a64635b955:0x7628023bf88e14e0!2m2!1d9.1957504!2d45.4604328?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.policlinico.mi.it/beni_culturali/","Via Francesco Sforza 28\n\n20122 Milan\nItaly",45.4604328,9.1957504,"Milan, Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tl7bzcxDobP_8qvcZJG0PjG11AOQmMv3-xxxXPKfX-q-Vio-uAOLGcPRMZodJnH5zpZRWj",1397,1115,0],"/partner/ca-granda"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tukmr0lYNpyFpzKyyEy2UmTockl8Y3AlQi3-dRibudTx7gvnl9MwJyhMajCS-tvWGqtETA44dH",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe famous \u0026quot;black plague\u0026quot; of 1348 that depopulated Europe was almost not noticed in Milan, thanks to the drastic measures adopted and the health laws that were applied thereafter.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tpy59ZJM_R_ghi6ySurdq2id62rn4xTXRgKL6MfLHj_paUSrMxCVdpDnmW6CrgJqwf2pKrNQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne in the vernacular suggests that \u0026quot;i\u003ci\u003ef it was a person who currently has the pestiffy condition, say this prayer over evil: “God destroys you and finally you strep and scatter you from this place and from all the other loci of the living men eradicates you”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tdz0gDyhlDpZzmvPX72a4GCdu_XCvZHM9R_LQzQLzBOojDir3dZXmWpX4t0YwRUOcTGjAYsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe main defense against infectious forms was the infected isolation. Since 1087, the \u0026quot;unhealthy\u0026quot; hospital of San Lazzaro, known as the \u0026quot;Roman arch\u0026quot; for leprosy patients, had been in operation, welcoming those who came from the Via Emilia outside the city walls.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUjGHRnipyVosy3hRj2zCODDK3NvuJMmcmmfmosn1rKtBQ55ZBhDRI2sRqNq2nrWydF2SgNw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe need for separation during the plague, however, did not have an adequate response until the construction of the Lazzaretto in 1488: an immense construction of almost 400 meters on each side, with 280 rooms and a central area that could house temporary structures. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsCWYr-lOtFoW-46NBDIEj0I2rBoowPdnfROE2LQ1T76dOf_NBESuWFW0eKG8FAxLiMhjcoXo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the so-called \u0026quot;San Carlo\u0026quot; plague of 1576, and again in 1630, the alternative to the Lazaretto was absentia: that is, segregation in the house (with the risk of dying of hunger rather than disease).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QuxQ0gBoJkUYetEgo29QOxvumq2aO_7QxKslfPgVnt7-D4C4CNSrG24OJ-ndG-h4BPIvPUwtg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIgnorance attributed the spread of the infection to phantom \u0026quot;smearers\u0026quot;, as described by Manzoni in the\u003ci\u003e History of the infamous column.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5AFiJKf1CsVS0XaW3HYO8zoK_V3RtP4tPitFx3Fao_Dm5vRD3QMWuZpIcnUe6TlfWWbcukoc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Register of those executed assisted by the brotherhood of San Giovanni decollato, also kept in the hospital archive, contains numerous other names of unhappy people, cruelly killed for a non-existent crime, in addition to Gian Giacomo Mora and Guglielmo Piazza.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-3qSxELwJGqH5vL-hXO4JQcXmcfAI9eKAhJQhtCP_95cqhzhD_I91G1IEPYALfF2PXMOe6I8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf the modern age is plagued by syphilis, smallpox, petechial typhus and cholera, Milan is one of the most modern cities in Europe, even in terms of treatment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGaQSEiX1uZ18OOgHPpPSwNNyo3Qj18weJd-PyXwWvyMtEp1qmYVgiwJgVAw_8AQnilD5O3pkD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImmediately the doctors of the Ospedale Maggiore Alessandro Giuseppe Giannini and Luigi Sacco, verify and experiment the Jennerian method, and the Cisalpine Republic instructs a Medical-Surgical Commission to validate the results\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGaQSEiX1uZ18OOgHPpPSwNNyo3Qj18weJd-PyXwWvyMtEp1qmYVgiwJgVAw_8AQnilD5O3pkD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003edoctors Giacomo Locatelli, Giovanni Battista Bertololi; Giovanni Battista Monteggia and Giovanni Battista Palletta.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWEE8L7wzCPUpmTwRApYWtOpYmnZkBmAD-tTXk_o6JAr4CsvqvS9lhJNjptNsNrVQTIQY_oykU","Luigi Sacco",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn particular Luigi Sacco (1769-1836) is recognized as the promoter of smallpox vaccination in Lombardy, spreading its knowledge and application on a large scale in every way and arriving in 1809 to have vaccinated one and a half million inhabitants.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7_vH27LUyrlWMgkNt2CbEdwQIbYQ0KKVcSkVWqgkp5Vz4S3NH24RcAYt2qYqWuXQhNX4W9_8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA commemorative monument, the work of Giovanni Pandiani (1858), depicts Luigi Sacco in the act of vaccinating a baby, taking the substance directly from the cow\u0026#39;s breast.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7_vH27LUyrlWMgkNt2CbEdwQIbYQ0KKVcSkVWqgkp5Vz4S3NH24RcAYt2qYqWuXQhNX4W9_8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the background you can recognize the\u003ci\u003e pious house of the exposed and pregnant women of Santa Caterina alla Ruote\u003c/i\u003e and the enclosure of the Guastalla garden, overlooking the hospital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbRMB7RcNm77S-b0DF5_dw4Vl1UP5uu-AQp91IJDWc-UQ0afRQCpYu-5DNIv4iLjyf5ehNmQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe medical director Pietro Moscati has wax models made to promote vaccination: a cow\u0026#39;s breast, two horse\u0026#39;s legs and the arms of a girl, and sends specimens throughout the Cisalpine Republic\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwB2z1_K0OfcyRZIS5kEgnopwHZfrnpnrLKL95NT2kYKc386QHU23CW9QVWl_tqH3jeCeO-1A","Rabies",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe year following Louis Pasteur\u0026#39;s discovery of the rabies vaccine, the \u0026quot;Committee for the assistance of bitten by hydrophobic animals\u0026quot; was set up at the Ospedale Maggiore in 1886, which initially financed the trip to Paris for the sick. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo then create, in 1889, the Antirabic Institute, a vaccine production and inoculation center, under the guidance of dr. Remo Segré.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxPNf8Dmn5Utq26idzsA41eSVNnnOlx4iquWkVfNvJBXWZDKJgf6cp3AeWy10XRK0zGjqSQwo","Milanese Serotherapy Institut",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1894, the \u003ci\u003eMilanese Serotherapy Institute \u003c/i\u003ewas created by the bacteriologist Serafino Belfanti, a center for scientific research and production of vaccines, first of all the anti-diphtheria serum, and then against tetanus, smallpox, up to serum against snake venom.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RplHzXGrDFXZL1KT8BGMK8kWrgRJnQbix1DNw0FGpOPYG1jO5eVDVVqY_Xx26Vg0VpEELYEDQ","Municipal Lazzaretto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1896 the Municipality of Milan inaugurated the \u0026quot;Municipal Lazzaretto\u0026quot; or the infectious hospital in Dergano, named after Agostino Bassi.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4BR_RQLwAaBD7Kzmy-4dU1-qM6Lpm1UZ9cnQKAa0KQJA5WucrrBn0-7oRnnzgOLZXeIMgBQg","Spanish Influencia",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen the \u0026quot;Spanish\u0026quot; influencia of 1918 appeared, the Ospedale Maggiore was mostly occupied by wounded soldiers of the Great War; a special department had to be created in piazza F.lli Bandiera to accommodate the numerous patients affected by the virus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXsz_60J_ULWLyYLlogPs5tMatOr623y4xnALTxGeJuZiOscqb7h2WbXOvS8PeCt5zwOuCVMT1",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis was remedied with the construction of the Garbagnate Sanatorium, designed by the Municipality of Milan in 1911, and inaugurated in 1923; management was initially entrusted to the Ospedale Maggiore, which managed it until 1949. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RZXB7XcDWN_-PnUxnf7YQ91TQj9lH_TS28vbNAV6YXzhnGDFJt8XvCW2sCVA0q3Av96ONgWuI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe invention of the artificial pneumothorax for the treatment of the disease, in 1888, is due to Professor Carlo Forlanini, who was also head physician at the Polyclinic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Spanish Efforts at Managing Covid-19","Health workers on the front line Against Covid-19","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TNqDTb1u5pMAn-5SW4MHJyoYQMI0lS0SCXPqOZLNq_oXS24Zk8qLDsR-mm6ZwvqIkrh8v7UKOE","/story/wgXRWZvTXzU4IA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"wgXRWZvTXzU4IA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmPSroUBg61wJ3z1n_GwhUoc_v8lQd9w352LomEom3BYT6QIpcq6Nvf-Lt92FXSS4Z2Tgq6A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpanish health workers in direct contact with patients affected by COVID-19 form the front line in the fight against this disease in our country and have demonstrated a commendable level of professionalism and commitment since the commencement of this healthcare emergency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZATUALMM5f_CXaglv76vrGO8-SH6Ztl_H0dgHdIUN5iz6flqbKQxoPFom1pFQulx7z_zZ_q-V",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eExposed to a high, aggressive viral load, in the face of long working hours, sometimes without suitable equipment or material means, according to complaints from professional and trade union organizations in this sector, their unconditional dedication represents an exercise in exemplary citizenship and in their vocation to serve.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7Qmgy0qqThUsef2gi6alzPhl_LVkyjpu8mYm5r_IuH2WZEpa8Q5cclpXBsIVZCmEXFGqGpA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith an outstanding spirit of personal sacrifice in support of public health and the well-being of society as a whole, they have become a symbol of the fight against the greatest global pandemic that has afflicted humanity in the last century.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPKTnnxN8j2OrV5sYqLjDrLLIh0V1CSAFEWmG5qxo8c078qpf7ZbOzD7qCX_LPFuF5Xe1bdPQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe thousands of professional in public and private healthcare centres, as well as in other services, that have directly treated the infected patients and have carried out their work in the major focal points of the fight against the coronavirus disease offer an example of the most admirable of human values.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rf4Y7YVXAE9o9HyKQ4OuWrxueTqyZLaWWjdZCtEdC73JnhSp3o-hQuKUTfa28_ubbtY4jXVDE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom primary care centres to large hospital complexes, both public and private, this extensive group has placed itself at the forefront of a fight in which other organizations, enterprises and, in a very special way, the Army and the State Security Forces and Corps are also intensely involved.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdPCAY9voEtoEU0ffAAJtxf3_KpuTEVXrsNOG6v1iV6VYwe8J2H3dC2sjbmtReYZS0uOadKT4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe efforts of Spanish health workers against COVID-19 have allowed a very high number of cases of infected patients and fatalities to be attended to, even carrying out, beyond their obligations, work of profound humanity when accompanying hospitalized patients and individuals whose relatives could not be present in their final hours of life.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7WzPWFcXWkc81Z0JovrJb8yVjeYoP0gmlBo-Q6wIhrBRJQIstN7xwpBsoeCxufWbootMhTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis responsibility has placed their own personal health at risk, to the point of being the group that has been most affected by the pandemic in our country, reaching the figures of more than 50,000 infected cases and more than 60 deceased, according to data provided by Spain’s Health Alerts and Emergencies Coordination Centre.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qa-0fOYi4LLNSMncmq_dBN57dYY8cpAN5wh8Q-lXEhR-eMGiNhmaIq6t0jviuSlWzOANFe_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHaving emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan in late 2019, the COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009 Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation) in March and now affects more than six million people in over 180 countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ta0x2xyQfgWg9Zo6JiEuePAPxu6ooXIaXrFsSh0V9hfYa8XBj8NnAtM8efOsTNtGbf0aiVSd0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWithin this context, Spain is one of the countries to have most virulently suffered its impact, with 239,479 patients diagnosed as of 1st June.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe WHO itself has praised the work of Spanish health workers. Its director for Europe, the German Hans Klugge, has stated, with respect to the situation in Spain, that he felt “deeply impressed by the heroism of front-line workers”.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SP3-KNDZPn7LJrHNQqInvjeWM4JyskGXBLTgGt1vIcoVBk_cLwXkunQq64XGJ86CprnYL50zQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInternational media, such as \u003ci\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/i\u003e newspaper, have also highlighted the efforts of health workers in Spain and have emphasized their self-sacrifice in carrying out their duties.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThese accolades add to the recognition of Spanish society as a whole, which has offered them countless expressions of thanks and solidarity since the beginning of the crisis.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eReading of the minutes of the jury for the 2020 Princess of Asturias Award for Concord.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"alGu0Kz6pmw"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Dimensions of vaccination campaigns in contemporary Mexico","","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7hrfOnlpOuyUq2RbLVHu0JXU8NFJhuEIO8q5i1Hu_JH--Bpy5egKZAJoIHFhLbKV43O75MQ","/story/CgXBIX4YWDI6iw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"CgXBIX4YWDI6iw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Av.+Eduardo+Molina+113,+Penitenciar%C3%ADa%0A15350+Mexico/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1f94d3beca4ef:0x55fad60c5a494fef!2m2!1d-99.1132475!2d19.436322699999998?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.gob.mx/agn","Av. Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T_mGTq0-IG7-lD8ovEHIaZVjaJO2vpqXln5PunKJ23hV8aY1OYQ2Zvnipe09a9l8ArVC7m",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the first decade of the 20th century, the Balmis arm-to-arm vaccination method was still practiced, although the risks of origin were still present.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TcMx2Y5j7Q7pQnCMvsHC3Es6DBz3PqrqXHHwlc0YaZn9igY8myzDkh939rkMkwZ6QDgx9tJg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the 19th century, the Health Code, created by the Higher Health Council to dictate public hygiene measures, recommended vaccinating children from four months of age. By the beginning of the 20th century, this practice became mandatory and said institution was in charge of providing and registering the number of vaccinations that were mainly carried out in the capital of Mexico.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo_4pXv8NqKMfMQ7bxmh0vFGy3zUEClT5DQgUwcVj0thAcJJZ9pcGFQWApPNymjrVj_nSC",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne of them is exemplified in this document in which, with the creation of the National Bacteriological Institute in 1905, the Health Council was asked to stop using the previous technique because a girl contracted syphilis after being vaccinated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuA5NMtcgDFblP3HWXJPQOLKMREZ9gsC3FUeWykZuS4KZyfugaYDvF3rkZxftRBOxMGQgr53Fs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThus, by 1918, variolose vaccination was prohibited from arm to arm and that from cattle had to be used.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1oaxCkaW6tkCuEC28fVOHqUJV8sH6rnRrarJ8ML1G-aPjw_N9-81ueXxCi5ab0eJ9JqmHw4Oj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the National Bacteriological Institute already in place, studies were carried out aimed at the production of serums and vaccines with which to combat diseases and prevent epidemics. Between 1910-1911, despite the economic limitations and pressures exerted by Porfirist officials, great research was done with results such as the preparation of the first vaccine against typhoid fever in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUU2jqVlpaK3XTqOiHxNtox2yig2zOMiRLVrpBNd_ezuTjjbKUEVald6Wu7Jf1eXbtDewM5A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the ravages caused by the armed struggle, in the decade of the 20s, Mexico promoted the health care of the population with multiple measures such as the creation of the Department of Public Health in 1917. The Department contributed to health organization, policy enactment, health workers and campaigns against yellow fever, smallpox and malaria.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyTdmtpzlWx2I5NebAQEJiPYnp733SWd7nNhRJDIdIr1--1rWNl5bLktFyqS5JAWNoW6CfNg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe installation of dispensaries was necessary for its operation. The document you observe exposes the importance of these and their benefits to combat venereal diseases. It should be noted that the dispensaries favored the health project that was intended to be strengthened throughout the country with campaigns and hygienic education given by nurses, as well as the dissemination of sanitation activities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tybx_2g6Cr1HpwYU3K8grdCkYckavzDP8RqoDIApYm26KsRozZBI92gLwzVVWDljVJmjxkwpI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the presidential time of Plutarco Elías Calles, actions were proposed aimed at innovating in the production and application of immunizations, as well as the promotion of a Department of Public Health in order to generate strategies such as hygienic education programs and the installation of medical services throughout the country.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q11KmfPunUliKcMvdU_128Igw74yHrVEKWf-T42nCZ0BIYmKft6UVQ7iBil4I-9jZrayU1VcE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn preventive practice, the Department faced tensions with the scientific methods developed. On 4 December 1926 it was published in the \u003ci\u003eOfficial Journal\u003c/i\u003e that the Dick and Schick tests would be compulsory for every infant. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RvPwE1tBmhXhtYXt7-H7jFKvEzOdMVW7hlF3AF8cwAhxgsKUmWcfAUeZU9KYUQXUHrJ7F2WlbU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Dick test sought to generate immunity for scarlet fever and the Schick test sought to detect diphtheria.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8SR_GGnH4_SBEIPCf-lk4OnrsjpWseEzBOpTFo-q_8iufs53mMiJixE_HkEbiunpY5gTgWg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThGYTrfOIMVJz1kMiChLG7WHJFMsfr0GKuBmNGpm5kddae1Q8I1mT7IDFVoMuznfL8UIYgwmg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, as the document shows, there was resistance and questioning in its application in the school population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFXBtea7ukb1zNdnSjtb30NkQjIVloDQk5vLg_8U3VT2UE6ya1RR8fRvycX41aQdInHHS3wg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince the mid-twentieth century, Mexican public health institutions have intensified vaccination. In 1952 smallpox was eradicated, with reinforcement campaigns in 1968 and 1970 for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. In 1953, an intense campaign fought a polio epidemic and continued into the following years. To this end, the infrastructure of existing institutions such as the Ministry of Public Education was used.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQDaNH2lki8hsGB5_AXA0QWWFxQVMGDlGeqCscilDao8s8rTX37DouxqNwIi6qbwptOApZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, American virologist Jonas Edward Salk developed the first effective polio vaccine without secondary problems. His method was to intramuscularly inject the virus into the kidney tissue of apes to develop antibodies synthetically.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2wUb9MmDJ__RIsQx6YDINMmBaVsLcEmxIIPNaD4pUqZlj7Ej5K4tI_uw5CV5qwBi1XubXsA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Mexico, the first recorded case of polio occurred in Orizaba, Veracruz in 1946 and affected 9,000 people. The Ministry of Health and Public Assistance considered moving apes to the Chapultepec Zoo for breeding and replicating Salk\u0026#39;s vaccine. The application of the method was effective, since by 1990 the last case was registered in the state of Jalisco.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLL5UFAJ2kzLFPp5Z0wQq6j9tVYlpJfcBq8SwW0sgKdY9SILhC1VjUEUhDPReGGDCzW4gIW0Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince the mid-twentieth century, Mexican public health institutions have intensified vaccination. In 1952 smallpox was eradicated, with reinforcement campaigns in 1968 and 1970 for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. In 1953, an intense campaign fought a polio epidemic and continued into the following years. To this end, the infrastructure of existing institutions such as the Ministry of Public Education was used.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKlKVgy_cO3FSuzBVM__4dlZDs_wBUmV4apP6IqadZcDsm7WABbLlNqehgpCxlukbLEGqz87s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1950s and 1960s there were great challenges in the production of vaccines and in the execution of vaccination campaigns; the existing infrastructure was taken advantage of and reached the premises of schools of all levels, as shown by the Higher Normal School of the early 1960s.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0jP5DlJbmdbmc72ur_XO7QRispdD8G_GlVByqyxQakk0P2WgCfyUVfAxQL_XTGpJowyKGBQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, the Consular Migration Service facilitated the entry of Belizean citizens who sought refuge in the country after Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The Mexican Consulate in Belize was instructed not to require a typhoid vaccination certificate. Over time, bilateral epidemiological programmes were tightened and formally established in 1984. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rhg_0skuWXE1rACILfYTNM3vAtOioPSRsCpW5-H2gsUQLduJriCcLgvjBmh5XeKvgwp-qP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, the Consular Migration Service facilitated the entry of Belizean citizens who sought refuge in the country after Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The Mexican Consulate in Belize was instructed not to require a typhoid vaccination certificate. Over time, bilateral epidemiological programmes were tightened and formally established in 1984. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnbjzLwgtEmAKhiU8G7m7d-eI5jUtTQStZ3-NwL3xdP-yUKBAEbMXf5sXGzMc9cIbYk9ik8A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith a large production capacity for triple diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DPT) vaccines, the National Institute of Hygiene collaborated with international programmes for children.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8dVVFnRt6ec11D6zw8uem_07MwBpsc_Qx3q5IsrUdekd9nMBQXXg7pkj5Zo8sM7BKUPsrNHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, the United Nations Children\u0026#39;s Fund (UNICEF) purchased 842,000 doses of vaccines from Mexico for international vaccination programs: 650,000 went to Kenya and 192,330 to Paraguay.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUPA9gYsscn877MnfhQ8jazLn2Haeq-cJx37XhGtqi7qlLzriJGQYvYZNa297rPVjZC0pviIiV"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4OWwNo76joF6NKCWmDdUG4YEfVtVlThQJ0M5_5BSSA7HEmAWn0qUuCELWRUwID8MOpbZvXg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMexico has contributed to vaccination campaigns in the midst of international conflicts through humanitarian aid. With the crisis triggered in Africa by Nigeria\u0026#39;s war against Biafra (1967-1970) also came diseases. Mexico expressed solidarity with those affected through its representation at the United Nations and in August 1968 a batch was sent with doses of vaccine against variolose, tetanus toxoid and tetanus antitoxin to support the inhabitants of Biafra.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SfGFyXGg9hZ_ZJXkyXTxf0jW2FtcQorfwXrISfoFW7SqkNKihKhzVLGTFqbWkuwAlJd9lT",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBetween the late 1960s and early 1970s, the capacities of regional vaccination application were refined in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QaHBb6JoJebI5yLEWlOAKDiJFsqU3LSIG3TE9H1iSJeXM_3TU2pDHs-Yo52wNFq2EgMlBC_Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne of the cases of gradual extension of local to regional vaccination was carried out in Guerrero, in the south of the country. Before the 1960s, the area of operation was reduced to offices of the Ministry of Health and Assistance in some cities, but by 1970 a mass vaccination was achieved that reached a total of 171,614 children in a total of 1,719 localities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnILo39yYMQBKk_Eae5-xgS-vh8_qjF1N8CcK1UD1lWojDI-XjoSGdc5Ma4BoCiShkVrsWxPI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S_G_Jt4sqLSgsHMe9q13zJtcbYrHYEzYvMkKABeS0eJDy0gOEfkNFj8Ne_kt7O_cismmCtQw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy the early 1970s, the Coordinated Public Health Services in the states and territories in conjunction with health institutions were functioning in a more articulated manner: the faster distribution of the cholera vaccine was possible, which was exhausted and required accelerating the acquisition of lots.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TlLxWze0lqKjzjnrSfZWWxkCElXuuLrubzezIY6gt5OUCclxe2o3IC0NO3Hkd25dtXVmX3R9w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThese conditions made it possible to implement an ambitious vaccination program throughout the country in 1973. Thus, coverage with six central vaccines was expanded for two decades until the creation of the National Vaccination Program in the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Managing epidemics in Mexico","From Tuberculosis to Bubonic plague","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY","/story/mgVRemF2GUDizQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:051b321a-86b4-4023-9e55-1b574fcd71c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY","jQs-F47u4a46BoLSxNsv4fDJDRE",[0.5,0.5,0,1.3005873,0.9578629],null,null,null,[3809,2557]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"mgVRemF2GUDizQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Av.+Eduardo+Molina+113,+Penitenciar%C3%ADa%0A15350+Mexico/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1f94d3beca4ef:0x55fad60c5a494fef!2m2!1d-99.1132475!2d19.436322699999998?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.gob.mx/agn","Av. Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMx_roT8QVODqbuiFJcohyYPI_CiPDV6JgQ0G3W9gLa1QuP-q_n7l69TZ2K7o6xCYzynKE","TUBERCULOSIS",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe present document that \u003cb\u003eprotects the Photographic and Documentary Collection Pérez Andalón\u003c/b\u003e is the certificate of aid issued in 1947 that was delivered to Mrs. Sara Zamora Monsalvo, in gratitude for her altruistic cooperation to continue with the works, works and efforts carried out by the National Committee for the Fight Against Tuberculosis in order to alleviate the extermination caused by the white plague.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMx_roT8QVODqbuiFJcohyYPI_CiPDV6JgQ0G3W9gLa1QuP-q_n7l69TZ2K7o6xCYzynKE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt was in the eighteenth century when tuberculosis reached its peak, specifically in Western Europe. This growth was caused among other reasons by poor ventilation, poor nutrition, poor sanitation... At this time the disease also known as \u0026quot;white plague\u0026quot; became known.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZTD7HeyyIsz41KjZho5XJkGASrSfriHgVazxpyRttDhE6wcpE1g_au0zPrRl4ZqGGR0Rzfsr2","ONCHOCERCIASIS",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough the \u003cb\u003eNa Bolom A Cultural Association.C.\u003c/b\u003e we can know the sanitary expedition carried out in the year of 1945, by the archaeologist Frans Blom and the anthropologist Gertrude Duby, coordinated by Manuel Gamio, with the intention of knowing the sites infected by onchocerciasis and trace the route of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZTD7HeyyIsz41KjZho5XJkGASrSfriHgVazxpyRttDhE6wcpE1g_au0zPrRl4ZqGGR0Rzfsr2",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe conditions of the exploration were difficult, in addition to being exposed to contracting the disease. The socio-cultural, economic and health effects of the affected populations were studied.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SO3cebMX7QVq29feAYfFIo8FREqoWP2uVwBzMZFKmgwCmHTCojR3fkQQRze5-cNd4nE287aBs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnchocerciasis is a disease known as \u0026quot;river blindness\u0026quot;, it is a parasitic disease caused by filariae and larvae, which eventually produces blindness. The expedition carried out by Frans Blom and Gertrude Duby, José Parra (doctor) and other companions, lasted 136 days, starting from Unión Juárez, Chiapas to Oaxaca, in which they raised questionnaires to the authorities of each town.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SO3cebMX7QVq29feAYfFIo8FREqoWP2uVwBzMZFKmgwCmHTCojR3fkQQRze5-cNd4nE287aBs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGertrude combined photographs with interviews, Frans created maps of the territory, detailed roads, flora and fauna of the spaces visited. And an extensive record of archaeological sites, a topic of personal interest. Gertrude presented the report \u0026quot;On the migration of onchocerciasis\u0026quot;. The publications and articles presented turned out to be controversial, exhibiting farms where there were totally infected populations and that were exploited for their condition. They also pointed to medical campaigns that had failed or never made it to the sites in need.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Svm2L20wc3DyVc0dhiMeFXzL0VOhD_LAs1LXBb9oLYJk-Q-7GND_qDRdKGRRl81RVv99J_U_c","SPANISH FLU ",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe documents that \u003cb\u003ethe General Archive of the State of Oaxaca\u003c/b\u003e is pleased to present are the testimony of the activities corresponding to the administration of health services in the state and the efforts to manage them, in a coordinated manner, with the national government. We have selected some communications, notices, circulars, telegrams and reports of Public Health. Corresponding to the period from 1918 to 1922.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdKMrYC3PmjzZqBcwTKpBMUv2Hti7hRpFL4kv2CyNnTLePIJD6wC2-bbDigoRVBLZ9SZzozkw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKx0vH2R62ddN5v_GBFRkjGsrEuS2a68_Vz0ji4bcEn525uUTiw3bUQ4bAWlzqHaUH5LX58RQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVkvgfZuo-fjG9BCTLUEwaJrm9yIrBwCXwhQODhtQd6FklvI5DdStvazJO_CqZtRSjSF_4oYI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R67Hhe2enagby7TZJBv5FfafM4mR2Q6EfPTwV93sfNtDi4XNaQ2IIEzSusB2uUOjLRwu0ygQA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Guillermo Cerqueda, Sanitary Delegate of the Department of General Health of the Republic, sends the governor of the state of Oaxaca, Juan Jiménez Méndez, a copy of the public instructions that he prepared for the fight against Spanish influenza. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SqO_xQCyPCkE_q7d6NWsIwyfWMYKrv5XD7kSZXi62LnoZRrnI1VJuShCQjtZ4OyFjQCHmlXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDeath registration certificate prepared by the Civil Judge of Huajacan de León, Rafael García R. Where the records of deaths from the Spanish influenza in the month of November 1918 are shown. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_CloiP-gT839eSd7RHYRa9DSkaMo7AGYvLPHwBGZvlGTn7sX5UTcjT1rr9mlcRKUwvPLSIq4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-fQQ-DkUjX4B_05lKJtuVWJp9a7FvN3HowGWkMqObIA6bQuWt1C7M5znSJ4dTZ77x25ZXgYGS"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TakIHwcIufsmdy1_8PlEFKKCgtUHtdo4SEsBVPXheJDohHhDzeE_YZBjB4rR-PJWzu4pzVmf4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4OjqCJXj7aS5Jr-ZROpnLzuwUT56nDnUjOj_t4TYvBs3NLL-gweDjhSbWoKb2dEsuYJWdiA","SWINE FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis document presented by the \u003cb\u003eMunicipal Historical Archive of Huetamo\u003c/b\u003e inscribes a petition dated 1943, by the head of the Rural Hygiene and Social Medicine service of Huetamo to the municipal president of the same place, where he points out the urgency of suspending the slaughter of the pig before the existence of a mortality; as well as the entry and exit of said animals. African swine fever was first described in 1921, the disease was characterized by high fever, hemorrhages and high mortality rates. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGBabkup0TroWqDYvcLDAGMChgmmQC_2odoofpHBJGSf9_pBZcbQEDWpva2eu3CaIQWY4hNto","BUBONIC PLAGUE",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeneral Archive of the Municipality of San Miguel de Allende\u003c/b\u003e presents the measures that were taken a hundred years ago in this town to prevent the contagion and spread of the \u0026quot;bubonic plague\u0026quot; described by the authorities as a \u0026quot;terrible evil\u0026quot;, and that hit two municipalities of the neighboring state of San Luis Potosí, Carbonera and Cerritos. By means of a circular from the General Directorate of Public Health of the State of Guanajuato, the municipal presidents were ordered to take the measures they deem appropriate, to prevent the spread of the disease and form the health boards.\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlIWWiT5iIA2FXHclw6zUo-Nj_7WuApHxWWj24_Iiatg3kgCV8ePZUiwWJ75_FN8PRlvS3wn4","YELLOW FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eHistorical Collection of the Universidad Iberoamericana\u003c/b\u003e shows a Letter from H. T. Hughes to General Porfirio Díaz in which he requests that the steamers that arrive without the disease [cholera] not be stopped, since the determination of the port of Tampico is such that if carried out or continued in any other port of the Mexican Republic, it will completely paralyze all traffic and cause harm to all commerce and the public. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QiWwZEogX80Sc3QP6b6V3bJICxETIM-FK-a8hpIoo7e9uN_Z_ch50EPXUIJBquFtVL2ifisQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMexico at the end of the 19th century had a rapid economic expansion due to the stabilization of a legal framework and a political order, the modernization of transportation and the opening of international markets. It is believed that the cholera epidemics reached the country with the activation of trade and that they entered through the port of Tampico. \u003cbr\u003eAmong the records of the passage of the disease through Mexican soil, serious outbreaks in 1833 and 1850 are recorded. The various affected countries took security measures to prevent the spread of the disease. By 1892, cholera reappeared in New York, but thanks to the installation of a health laboratory, it managed to stay at bay.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsVHC-1VvIDMDJBMoNgu45g7lqIjSC0iWRn4nRBR9FiJEK4bZFyXGbltxjsXQW3dRl0vxDlQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLetter from Juan Aguilera Crespo to General Porfirio Díaz in which he requests an encouragement for Dr. Federico Pedrera, who invented a specific one to counteract the vomiting disease in Yucatán in 1883, which now causes victims in the port of Veracruz. \u003cbr\u003eIt also reports on the certificates of various doctors and military that endorse Dr. Pedrera and on the success of his specific in the Pacific Coast.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ7JASrw96tZvQS4AVo8wQROtQdU9dOlhWriQIdkeiykVxSIV53HzGgTmL4h13e6Ah4RIH6wk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eYellow fever or black vomit represented a public health problem since the days of the viceroyalty in New Spain due to frequent epidemics and its high mortality rate. Thanks to the discoveries of Luis Pasteur during the second half of the 19th century, there were important medical advances. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QZapJlQKj2itt5Fj6JdqUEP33eZC41CvBywogyffrwIUfqB538CG8KD_KoTiPFeqBhw1hXVL0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Mexico, Dr. Federico Pedrera was one of the doctors dedicated to the search for a germ or microbe that caused vomiting and its cure. As a result of his research and positive experiences, in 1883, Specific of Dr. Pedrera was published to cure yellow fever or dark vomit in the Gamboa Guzmán printing press in Mérida. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnqfbXI3IW4FjH_A_obWgG8qhJVlPANro67BLFX3H-u9Z3aai_a_-A1tKhxi00U22qntlq_A","YELLOW FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the document selected by \u003cb\u003ethe General Archive of the State of Quintana Roo\u003c/b\u003e, it exposes in an official letter addressed to the president of the Superior Council of Public Health, dated September 2, 1921 in Payo Obispo, T. de Q. Roo, the measures adopted by the Governor of the Territory to prevent the spread of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnqfbXI3IW4FjH_A_obWgG8qhJVlPANro67BLFX3H-u9Z3aai_a_-A1tKhxi00U22qntlq_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis type of outbreak occurred in the context of the national health situation, in which, as part of the measures of the first post-revolutionary governments to deal with the health emergency in 1921, the government of Álvaro Obregón decreed, on January 19, the creation of a \u0026quot;Special Commission for the campaign against Yellow Fever\u0026quot;, who began working in technical and economic collaboration at the Rockefeller Foundation\u0026#39;s Office of International Hygiene. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sx2yn5p9lxmxuJ-KrrtstG5Pnt1AxveP57VCwDCXlWFtucwL1gxNQk7SGG_NUZv1LgWF6Zh-Tx",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn October of the same year, the first Mexican Yellow Fever Convention was held in Mexico and it was decided to divide the national territory into six endemic areas, covering Tampico, Tuxpan and Veracruz; Tehuantepec; Yucatan and Campeche; Colima; Manzanillo and Mazatlan; Culiacán, including the states of Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit. Laboratories were established in Tampico, Veracruz and Mérida, while another in Mexico City, in charge of Dr. Tomás G. Perrín, was in charge of the work of Colima and Manzanillo.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,"3",null,null,null,10,"SimpleStack","EditorialSection:c9dfd98d-295a-4259-9fb8-ac0a444b7b1e",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_7"],["stella.edit.sect",null,28,"#FFFFFF",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.","Louis Pasteur, French Chemist and Microbiologist","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmbXXzVqgpZZWG8kXOu2RZa63QcXrh5U318Fn38J9VWk0R2DkxM7a-pzPxpAjX5ZoUQJuS8GeA","",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11,"Quotes","EditorialSection:c961c8c6-9bff-45b1-a9e1-09af46769a47",null,"cu_edi_15","cu_edi_16",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QtJMmbZEr7zRpomqUcSXqlRz2B1CLV302Uzl6y-MW_fiOITZ4M8WniHGVZEs_IZWRfl47uWw"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Enter the Covid-19 vaccine","Get to know the scientists from across the world who tackled the Covid challenge",null,null,null,1],47,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Mass Manufacturing a Vaccine","Discover the engineering team working towards a vaccine for Covid-19","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHWoPRJnlL0doOEtrwEie7i4PfG4SCvD5mWTKEbYiQXyDKTO_BVWIK-dYGxZsDab1-E94NSQ","/story/6wVBUjd3PCfXwQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"6wVBUjd3PCfXwQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,7,[null,null,null,"https://www.raeng.org.uk/","Prince Philip House, 3 Carlton House Terrace, St. James's, London SW1Y 5DG, UK\nSW1Y 5DG\nUnited Kingdom",51.50591549999999,-0.13317729999999997,"United Kingdom",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1tK-0D2v5tzLB15XDBgT7gYtJlMC_0wOGsPoRZxmRAwH9-e0wLxlDCnh1MVMYEdKIO8fvGhA",7801,2811,0],"/partner/museum-of-engineering-innovation"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y","Racing towards a COVID-19 vaccine: Factory-in-a-box",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists and researchers across the world are hard at work developing a vaccine for Covid-19, but they aren’t the only ones trying to find solutions. Engineers like Professor Harris Makatsoris are also playing a central role in stopping the pandemic. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlong with post-doctoral researcher Dr Ioannis Alissandratos, Professor Makatsoris’ team at King’s College London (KCL) have developed a solution to manufacturing vaccines at a massive scale: a factory-in-a-box. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box minimises the space and equipment needed for making lots of vaccine doses all at once. This means that we could make tons of RNA-based vaccines, one of the types of vaccine that is being developed to combat Covid-19, almost anywhere around the world, at a much faster pace than would otherwise be possible. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box uses a computer to mix the fluids that make up a vaccine really efficiently and quickly. In fact, it can produce 600 doses every single minute. And, because it comes in a box, it can sit right on a desk!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub","The problem",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to get Covid-19 under control with a vaccine, we are going to need to vaccinate about 60% of the nearly 8 billion people on earth. Currently, we don’t even know how long immunity from a vaccine will last because Covid-19 is so brand new. We may need one or two doses, or it could be needed every year like the flu jab. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith current manufacturing capacity, we can make up to 5 billion vaccine doses every year, but at least 1.5 billion of those are set aside to tackle the flu. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBuilding a full-scale vaccine manufacturing plant costs between US$150 million and US$300 million and will take at least a year or two to complete. Time is in short supply to tackle this global pandemic, but that’s where engineering comes in...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg","The engineering solution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box that the team at Kings are developing dramatically speeds up the production of RNA-based vaccines, which is one of the types of vaccine being developed to deal with Covid-19. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA-based vaccines work by introducing a tiny genetic code, containing instructions for the body on how to stimulate the immune system and protect us against the virus. The factory-in-a-box produces this type of vaccine by mimicking the natural way our bodies produce defences against viruses like Covid-19, but it does it much faster and in much greater quantities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is created by engineers and is a world first. It can create 600 vaccine doses in one minute, 30,000 in one hour or 300,000 in one full day! \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SB4OhZcCBABkNk4wOY9o2FkKblggZiZ4U84nc5OhqHa_E1xp42UMjyyndrZHZiP9r1sFRuGow","The engineers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is being built by a team of engineers from different backgrounds: chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and many others!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SB4OhZcCBABkNk4wOY9o2FkKblggZiZ4U84nc5OhqHa_E1xp42UMjyyndrZHZiP9r1sFRuGow",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWorking together and combining their knowledge of chemistry, fluid behaviours, data and analysis, they created this amazing device.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWH2NQ75BYoKgmSEoM25mNDMLgQiWGXAESUFS4Pg5Kgagj9AP5vlHexFttFlozv23YkNyfFMM","The Engineers: Harris Makatoris",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHarris is Professor of Sustainable Manufacturing Systems in the Department of Engineering at King’s College London. He and his research group combine mechanical engineering and process systems engineering with computer control to make high value chemicals more easily and efficiently. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWH2NQ75BYoKgmSEoM25mNDMLgQiWGXAESUFS4Pg5Kgagj9AP5vlHexFttFlozv23YkNyfFMM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe has recently developed this work to include the manufacture of vaccines. Harris is also experienced in technology transfer to industry and has set up several university spinout companies. He is a graduate of Imperial College London and a Chartered Engineer. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbjCGGnWFLCeptgR30dz0HNk2UGnGtvtfN_CW5porlX1kBFKrD-ARjhxYIF2TkYBWe3FARstQ3","The engineers: Eleni Routoula",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEleni Routoula is a postdoctoral research associate in the Kings Department of Engineering. She works as part of Professor Makatsoris’s group and currently focuses on making the factory-in-a-box compliant with regulations and making it quick and easy to build.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbjCGGnWFLCeptgR30dz0HNk2UGnGtvtfN_CW5porlX1kBFKrD-ARjhxYIF2TkYBWe3FARstQ3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA big part of her job is ensuring that the quality of the vaccine produced through the factory-in-a-box in remote countries is going to be the same as the vaccine being produced in the UK. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TylyxCjL2Wz2Jht768CUTCQBvjzgyJu_06FcRpMoArCpJ4Rb4b48Y5WT9HVaC3-gVVWCJ-TkvD","The engineers: Rylan Cox",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRylan studied Mechanical Engineering at Brunel University, and continued his education at Cranfield University in Advanced Materials MSc. It was here he joined the Makatsoris group, where he helped drive costs down for pilot scale microalgae cultivation in novel continuous technologies. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TylyxCjL2Wz2Jht768CUTCQBvjzgyJu_06FcRpMoArCpJ4Rb4b48Y5WT9HVaC3-gVVWCJ-TkvD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRylan’s aim is to bridge the gap between biology and engineering, and to contribute to a circular economy. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbdbwwZvZ77tjrfht1GtSfSUFCZNzIx0Y71gBc_aCR_ZZaaBAvYlf3cg390E0FIKa68NTywA","The engineers: Ioannis Alissandratos",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr Ioannis Alissandratos is a post-doctoral research associate in the manufacturing and process engineering group in the Department of Engineering at King’s College London. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbdbwwZvZ77tjrfht1GtSfSUFCZNzIx0Y71gBc_aCR_ZZaaBAvYlf3cg390E0FIKa68NTywA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHis work focuses on improving smart manufacturing strategies for creating new vaccines. He and the team are currently in the middle of one of the biggest feats of engineering we may see in our time: building the factory-in-a-box. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA","Making a difference",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is a world first. It boosts our ability to make substances like the Covid-19 vaccine and could reduce the cost and time we take to respond to pandemics in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis could be a game changer if we can roll it out in time. If it works, we could use it for other treatments too and we could respond to other viruses or diseases like cancer like never before. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the work of this team of engineers, the factory-in-a-box will enable us to create life-saving products on demand, right where they’re needed, in a way that avoids a lot of the challenges of normal manufacturing. It also removes any dependency on unreliable distribution networks in the event of an emergency. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLrha6VEo05kfNS6Ge113fgzeOLf0XxVMBmcqrolgN03Fxn2-GM5p-L26QjkRofYyRXEdI","A world first",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a single 24-hour shift, the factory-in-a-box can produce 300,000 vaccine doses. It doesn’t need anyone watching over it and monitoring the process, so it can churn out vaccines on the go.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLrha6VEo05kfNS6Ge113fgzeOLf0XxVMBmcqrolgN03Fxn2-GM5p-L26QjkRofYyRXEdI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe UK has a population of about 65 million people, so if we placed just 60 of these devices across the country, we could create enough dosages to vaccinate everyone in just a few days.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiDFTpzURj8u6BBLHSZWU7AAAIygKjNoVLOoJ7BUBCeT3eZ-WL_5ppdwkrMeLksNDh8Nym0Tk","What's next?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eProfessor Makatsoris and his team are also working with Professor Robin Shattock, who leads Imperial’s Covid-19 RNA vaccine project. As soon as the factory-in-a-box is fully tested and approved for use, hospitals could house it on site. This means that approved vaccines could be produced right there where they are needed. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiDFTpzURj8u6BBLHSZWU7AAAIygKjNoVLOoJ7BUBCeT3eZ-WL_5ppdwkrMeLksNDh8Nym0Tk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis device can help us develop, test and scale a rapid response against any new pandemic thanks to the incredible manufacturing speed of the factory-in-a-box.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Vaccine Alliance","The international consortium facilitating access to vaccines","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJWh01uz0yJ1eggRye7uthqZNT5Q4Kh-022N9tq-yQvkY1nKm7u9-2lRBgEvHiwxgzaXGENxI","/story/BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RdJyJNJFRGP1bhLOptmbFC3K-qIZsZX7FLKwSUzL317BIjWcp48QSXTNgiAYtYkXYqCKt4ECE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, is an international consortium made up of various public and private entities whose main objective is to facilitate access to vaccines against infectious diseases in the least developed countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q732WZszp3z6-34wfHjBlCoK_4LByCsJ0PIjMpGsmgw8lODBWufGIKsMM1EVc_VHweqpiGrYI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith special attention to childhood vaccination, Gavi (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) estimates that, since its inception in 2000, it has immunized more than 760 million children worldwide, in addition to around 200 million more who have participated in sporadic vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the organization’s studies, it is estimated that its work has prevented the death of more than 13 million people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3fOfMSuAnQ50SsPjYJfgobNLVqYD8wPaufbEbPJzuBVD9ZP3Y0C7RtH8G-jZ_sM8M-fc2849g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLaunched at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2000, Gavi was created on the initiative of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation –2006 Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation–, with the support of UNICEF –2006 Prince of Asturias Award for Concord–, the World Health Organization –2009 Prince Award Asturias International Cooperation– and the World Bank.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qr0JeG_PbuE7b-ALV87SrkEnECw1goULuvxiICu2eQ162vSjktdmm3P5gJx1Nuy2Pd-hs6MpXZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi’s operations network currently spans 73 countries and involves governments, associations, NGOs, development agencies, foundations, companies and other agencies worldwide.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the last two decades, it has ensured that practically half of the global population of children is protected via vaccination routines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RovaVYzkNQatxn16YKZHDa0LvWxGkFdWbNxXooK7HfZENhEymClfBAc7rM_YMgUfswDvVU0O-5",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to its work, the number of vaccines available to the inhabitants of the poorest countries has increased from 5 to 17, including the pentavalent vaccine, which protects against five diseases (including diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B), as well as the rotavirus, pneumococcus, meningococcal, cholera, typhus, measles, rubella, yellow fever and polio vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsgHf0s7XrxnrUJJsqnk5rzsRryEtOPLyO171MBWWrg_LXkdwCtWtb4dBikpJVMuStDdGzmA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt has even assisted in the development of the first Ebola vaccine to receive approval from the European Union and prequalification from the World Health Organization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIts strategy also includes a long-term view of development aid, as the increase in life expectancy achieved through vaccination has an important economic return for the countries in which the organization operates.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2CxgJ6DrSq3hMlCsPEpktPIKFcvSDdBTWfqwe1Cr5pQxltjgPaQ0jlP36NfNfshzUr7rVYZoW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts work is characterized by applying innovative solutions to funding methods and to a new way of approaching the productive model employed in this industry.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qc9vxoivW8-hXNYTH0jQ7z01rcUc14AS271HTL98tdowg5xnbieiGEUrxg72f82l3o9pUfqIgY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFinancial and institutional instruments created by Gavi, such as the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIM) and the Advance Market Commitment (AMC), have made it possible to raise billions of dollars and foster rapid progress in the research and production of new vaccines and their introduction in the market, controlling both the price and adequate volumes of production.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q2K6DGS9N6b7t2Hr4wIVm29ruZjBE2aqGbuWHx9UKtfJ14TUZrMcMzfs_DTZ4SaEq1zJkd7ezb",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHeld online this June, Gavi’s third donor pledging conference, the Global Vaccine Summit, saw governments, companies and institutions commit to contributing a total of 8,800 million dollars –50 million from the Government of Spain– to immunize more than 300 million children in the world’s poorest countries by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0vNKUN_Az_3jeXaA_Ue4lFh-AER9ru5YOhWqUKRMHI7Rads9UdXYgmaFSQEwLg2VH1AjfJQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi’s work contributes directly to the achievement of 14 of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals and aims to reach the figure of 1.1 billion immunized minors and 22 million deaths prevented by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qv_w07IBcSLIP2TUpXAvAgbjR67wNjUUzU-vKG7hBf-nPzMIQUW1wjvObjj35W8WETWTVmtO4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis year, Gavi has allocated more than $200 million to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries, mainly in Africa and Asia.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Geneva-based organization created the Vaccine Hero Award in 2018, which it grants annually to entities and individuals for their outstanding work in support of this alliance’s global vaccination mission. Gavi received the Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award (USA) in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"BVIpfmV-4yc"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eReading of the minutes of the jury for the 2020 Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"sjmcd5y8z-8"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Path of The First Vial","From production to the arm of a Canadian healthcare worker","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RixkEzSsrj7rsc_HjgPzfoMMIZR5r8EwtvTohcLSRonFoF9H8OQVY1s5bfFsB0_ocq3axH_b5n","/story/KwVhBiMtc_WRWA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"KwVhBiMtc_WRWA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//1867+St.+Laurent+Boulevard%0A%0AOttawa,+Ontario,+K1G+5A3%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4cce0f0e3256ca3b:0x77a7002790f7453f!2m2!1d-75.6189059!2d45.403509899999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://ingeniumcanada.org/cstm","1867 St. Laurent Boulevard\n\nOttawa, Ontario, K1G 5A3\nCanada",45.4035099,-75.6189059,"Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLWdTc6lD_jW6C1nuyFoJUcULC13FG45bJ5hrbVcG8sdSqkeWtwjCM8GVb-3N_Yk2U8CX04eI",675,676,0],"/partner/canada-science-and-technology-museum"],[[["",null,null,null,[null,"Ktuw7nfbvzE",null,null,null,0]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,"Clusters","EditorialSection:a74c0042-3bc0-4bae-b07e-c8382a84ca14",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_17"],["stella.edit.sect",["Covid-19's virions look like...","Clue: this is the reason why is called Coronavirus",null,null,null,1],43,"#185471",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["stella.common.cobject","A crown","Scientific illustrations by Sara Filippi Plotegher","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QgBqV9zL8bXdLr3oHvTWwnZxYPsVI7LiLUaN6xw7_JAVdGGpthuNH9kxs1ytmhoa_frvRvaMc","/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"https://artsandculture.google.com/preview/story/fQWBSZirYsGw0g"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"2QVxkHLyyY7CwA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","NAME: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHow does it look? Where does the coronavirus name come from? What weapons does the virus possess? We already know a lot about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Genetic profile and first identification",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA composed of a single strand of 30,000 bases. 1. december 2019 - fish market in Wuhan - China\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Weapon",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpike protein (S protein). This protein binds to specific receptors on the host cell, through which it enters the cell... like a key in a lock!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Crimes committed",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAgent of Covid-19 disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Curriculum vitae",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this illustration table is represented the history of coronavirus spread and its \u0026quot;evolutionary skills\u0026quot; and its ability to replicate and to continue to spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Travels",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#39;s assumed that Sars-CoV-2 came from China, but how it spread, we can only imagine...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Skills",[null,"\u003cp\u003eVariants of Sars-CoV-2 are also developing, we will learn about their characteristics and effect on people over time\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","The Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know well the prominent aspects of the COVID-19 illness: the way the virus infects our cells, which symptoms occur and why some people can lose their sense of smell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","How does the infection happen?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus uses cell to reproduce damaging the cell in the process\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","Affected organs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLungs, kidneys, liver, hearth, brain, intestines\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","I'm doing my part, too - Scientist",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists quickly found the most effective solutions to contain the infections and prevent and treat the disease. Let’s see how vaccines –the only tool ever invented to produce acquired immunity to a particular pathogen– work!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Vaccines",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey cause an immune response and creates a memory of immunity, so the body is ready to respond to future infections\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Herd immunity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIs the ability of a group to resist an infection because a large percentage of the group has immunity\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","I'm doing my part, too - Doctor",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDoctors are also the key players in the central section of this story. They are involved in managing this global emergency, saving many lives and continuing to take care of many patients at the hospital but also at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","Are vaccines safe?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs with any drug, vaccines can also have undesired side effects, which are nevertheless rarer than complications due to the disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","In-hospital care? Yes, but also at home!"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","I'm doing my part, too - Politician",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has demonstrated that politics holds great responsibility for people\u0026#39;s lives. The political decisions may seem to conflict with human freedom and rights but, in this global emergency, we are all called upon to protect our health and the health of people around us\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","Politic always implies biopolitic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts purpose is to discipline bodies and regulate populations. Political choices affect our freedoms, rights and duties, and also our access to a life that is healthy and full of meaning\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","I'm doing my part, too - Communicator",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a great desire to understand and learn more. Nevertheless, the need to inform and communicate generated an ‘infodemic’. What principles should communication be based on? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","Infodemic"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","How do you get informed?"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","The Coronavirus has made us understand that",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe appearance of the COVID-19 disease has uncovered what we already knew but did not want to face: the urgency of directing efforts towards more sustainable and resilient models of society and development.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Pan-sindemia"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Time has already run out"]]]],["A jewel","A spot","A crown","A star"],2,null,null,null,"Covid-19's virions look like...","Clue: this is the reason why is called Coronavirus"],null,null,13,"Quiz","EditorialSection:0c0d6f96-e082-4c25-b28b-0644bd1f7cf0",null,"cu_edi_11","cu_edi_12"],["stella.edit.sect",["The research never stops...","Smithsonian scientists working towards identifying zoonotic diseases",null,null,null,1],8,"#000000",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Predicting Pandemics","Scientists working to save species around the globe","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLLfLX8vLDFOyNZyNZ-zUktqawAFHAxS1TsQBccmPnIiTHMV1Lfc7C4jvFonq3YTOPAYgJnw","/story/LAVRHUr8BWm_Ow",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:5a037cef-6e58-47f8-8196-1fab6ca6e363","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLLfLX8vLDFOyNZyNZ-zUktqawAFHAxS1TsQBccmPnIiTHMV1Lfc7C4jvFonq3YTOPAYgJnw","O618bZHxS3el-L7FMne95RN3dOQ",[0.49911675,0.43752232,0,0.80658543,0.87504464],null,null,null,[5760,3840]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"LAVRHUr8BWm_Ow"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,"3000 Connecticut Ave NW\n\nWashington, DC, 20008\nUnited States",0,0,"Washington, DC, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrsgEAvHjbkeLvRHBLS7sX8CE4rh5jOG9cmYdJZYtOOqMucTutcp1es8d51cH_ggPhlD9qMA",400,400,0],"/partner/national-zoological-park"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3dU8kq__GzNjaRGc0AJ54ZTogT8Zr7UOOH-YDPmyvwE5m4YUSbcjMX19Wk1JOHGcn0RdYllc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmithsonian researchers partner with experts in Myanmar studying human and animal health to find out what diseases are present in wildlife and whether they could pose a threat to humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3dU8kq__GzNjaRGc0AJ54ZTogT8Zr7UOOH-YDPmyvwE5m4YUSbcjMX19Wk1JOHGcn0RdYllc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the first time, see these scientists in the field as they collect blood from cave nectar bats, sample saliva from macaques and track the movement of flying foxes across the country.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Why Myanmar?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMyanmar is a biodiversity hotspot with vast rural settings and forests. That habitat supports a large number of species, including bats and other animals that, in other parts of the world, have been known to carry zoonotic and emerging viruses. The \u003ca href\u003d\"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/myanmars-extensive-forests-are-declining-rapidly-due-political-and-economic-change\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecountry is also becoming more developed\u003c/a\u003e, which leads to more high-risk interactions between humans and wildlife.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",16.8341704,97.58922899999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcE1QaUdXZW95ZUlaOWR4UTg4eGRFT2UydnhuUWdPRERLZEtkODk4",77.29057012883368,2.673509607091219,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMPiGWeoyeIZ9dxQ88xdEOe2vxnQgODDKdKd898\u003dw1200-h1000-pi-2.6735096-ya-55.70943-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcE1QaUdXZW95ZUlaOWR4UTg4eGRFT2UydnhuUWdPRERLZEtkODk4\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d77.29057012883368\u0026sv_p\u003d2.673509607091219\u0026sv_lat\u003d16.8341704\u0026sv_lng\u003d97.58922899999999",null,133,[10,"AF1QipMPiGWeoyeIZ9dxQ88xdEOe2vxnQgODDKdKd898"],"SvInfo:1b0d53c0-59a1-4766-91fe-ddd83b6aa977"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGlobal Health Program researchers work closely with resident scientists — and collaborate with Myanmar\u0026#39;s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation; Ministry of Health and Sports; and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation — to collect and analyze biological samples from wildlife and the humans they come in contact with.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",20.9369839,96.66200839999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcFA1b3hNX0pLa0NOazQ2UVRfVU91MlhFdFVNLWF0cGxDdFVWTkZF",232.7686641591228,-2.543051781130899,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipP5oxM_JKkCNk46QT_UOu2XEtUM-atplCtUVNFE\u003dw1200-h1000-pi2.5430517-ya-164.23134-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcFA1b3hNX0pLa0NOazQ2UVRfVU91MlhFdFVNLWF0cGxDdFVWTkZF\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d232.7686641591228\u0026sv_p\u003d-2.543051781130899\u0026sv_lat\u003d20.9369839\u0026sv_lng\u003d96.66200839999999",null,37,[10,"AF1QipP5oxM_JKkCNk46QT_UOu2XEtUM-atplCtUVNFE"],"SvInfo:e4e3fc74-9433-4fd9-97ae-6a3744a2bf92"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVG1OK6h_hcr8QISkq5eWJEkzDPpPt--RcN-ZtTkG2FZPvvWzyTZeHesO2GFUYAnLmHHpfuLs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe researchers also investigate domestic animals and coordinate with local healthcare professionals to identify viral risks in humans. PREDICT focuses on high-risk interfaces, or areas where interactions with animals might predispose humans to disease contraction. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVG1OK6h_hcr8QISkq5eWJEkzDPpPt--RcN-ZtTkG2FZPvvWzyTZeHesO2GFUYAnLmHHpfuLs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding which diseases have the capacity to jump species and where that transmission is most likely to occur could lead to earlier detection and potentially life-saving intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"lsSWli_Ylcc"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxR3rYMR4FAr3E30rcYy7Gc4GNWEwDCXxfI4MPh368KFE4wOYHtiwBcF9w4lecG0_1wxXkQiw","Meet Some Scientists",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFollowing a One Health approach — which combines human and veterinary medicine to solve some of the world’s larger health and conservation problems — Myanmar’s PREDICT activities are co-led by Drs. Ohnmar Aung and Marc Valitutto.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxR3rYMR4FAr3E30rcYy7Gc4GNWEwDCXxfI4MPh368KFE4wOYHtiwBcF9w4lecG0_1wxXkQiw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Ohnmar Aung is a medical doctor and social scientist. As the country coordinator for PREDICT in Myanmar, she is responsible for guiding and coordinating the project within the country, alongside Myanmars three ministry partners. Dr. Aung has been a practicing physician for more than 15 years and has extensive experience bringing health infrastructure to communities throughout the country.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RTgVJcL8WqZFCPWsb6LsRZIWiZmHeIHIsPKtfCAUbxltIkkoBnHFRY31EK9R5Y9RowelA_eA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marc Valitutto is a wildlife veterinarian with SCBI’s Global Health Program and is the global lead for PREDICT in Myanmar. He coordinates and implements wildlife health studies and training in Asia, and his research focuses on One Health related topics, specifically evaluating the transmission of zoonotic diseases from wildlife to humans in Myanmar.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T3JxFsfHHMkmzymQtMuxDDGqJ8OpWC8uXAsxncX6xlNK5Uv8t3IBqwsP-ZBkVlo_6_Ahc-evpR",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kyaw Yan Naing Tun is Myanmar’s PREDICT field veterinary surveillance officer. He is responsible for managing and training a team of Myanmar veterinarians and field assistants for the collection of animals and their samples in the field. He previously worked as a veterinarian for the Nay Pyi Taw Zoo after graduating from veterinary school with a Ph.D. in veterinary nutrition.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8HHRC3t3Aqts3NvGfKd1I4kbKjDjCnJq1huNMyO98PrU42ZPU0F4IDtKUpOSF41iqh3sBzXA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Jennifer Kishbaugh is the Smithsonian’s 2017-2018 Judy and John W. McCarter, Jr. Global Health Veterinary Intern. She leads a pilot project to track Indian flying foxes using GPS collars, alongside the PREDICT Myanmar team.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","The Bats Of Linno Cave",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMore than 500,000 bats roost in Linno Cave, crossing paths with people and livestock every day. The team conducts most of their work at night when the bats emerge from the caves to feed. Working carefully, the researchers collect measurements and samples from each animal they catch.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"pWtpSmlEm9c"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SL4nk1gg_GBdMtljpUsvrcEuaA9YiDdSqNxTTjZrlerhelzF8G8qWlzUm2VI8dXXzstSos2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLinno Cave is home to at least four bat species. So far, the researchers have successfully caught and taken samples from wrinkle-lipped bats and cave nectar bats. The bats are given sugar water before being released to ensure they have the energy to continue their flight — just like a person might receive a sugary juice after a blood drive.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RT7Ym_WGsWiqIGEKoGUZLv76cSPp1eydhqn2SqIvDMksZ6tDfEHpBRTyzSdq5Cng_WB2wuRg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMyanmar scientists at collaborating government laboratories in Yangon analyze the samples from each research site for four viral families:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_IEzIhiKWSuwMtv7ARjKRH8Z34rgD2CtNyiUb9bzcXXYGdTWM-HkTCGot4iPA-SkqolkPhMA","Coronaviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eExamples: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/i\u003eThese viruses are common in many species, including camels and bats. Though most coronaviruses are species-specific, some have spread to humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QEpNkHI6wJYtUYPkOYAGqIB08Oayk9QJxRXMKo_M1v9uUT3K9XahOb41SdvtUSUMgr7D4NBns","Filoviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExample: Ebola\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn primates, including humans, filoviruses can cause hemorrhagic fever — which damages the vascular system and impacts the body\u0026#39;s ability to regulate itself. This viral family has also been detected in pigs and bats. Bats are believed to be the source of recent Ebola outbreaks in Africa.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRUq1wqsRcerLGtYdG6ilGNeLwy17TrXKZxFHWg7zQStO3ZekPEb0w33PVIjHlU-UrBsRNxn4","Paramyxoviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExamples: Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Measles, Mumps, Canine distemper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe flying fox is a natural carrier for both Hendra virus and Nipah Virus. Hendra can cause respiratory and neurologic diseases in horses and humans, while Nipah has spread to pigs and humans, causing encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and respiratory illness.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFJ_65v8O3gzdPaoFeCgKi0U07JQcYJVPGLlWhUUnxnxcdXreMojD7n6Q4OKpNV9Fo6mGZv1ad","ParamyxovirusesInfluenza viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExamples: Bird flu (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), Swine flu (e.g., H1N1)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInfluenza viruses impact many species, including (but not limited to) ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, seals and humans. The flu can spread from person to person, and is most common in the U.S. during the fall and winter.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists sequence the viruses they detect in animals to determine their pathogenicity, or ability to cause disease, in humans. Any viruses detected in samples from animals or humans are also analyzed for pandemic potential. If a virus is considered a concern, the researchers work with Myanmar’s government to determine the immediacy of the issue and whether a response is necessary.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkcRq9XT2thdgs0oIL7pi6L0ohLyOG8mLdRX5XVsuJn-ts6e3mtqT4i8IRsEzAjjnAyYr6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe researchers have already identified two new coronaviruses in saliva and fecal samples from insect-eating bats. One of these viruses had never been detected in the world, and the second had only been identified in Thailand’s bats. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkcRq9XT2thdgs0oIL7pi6L0ohLyOG8mLdRX5XVsuJn-ts6e3mtqT4i8IRsEzAjjnAyYr6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile these new viruses belong to the same family as SARS and MERS, there is no evidence that they pose a threat to people at this time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"F2MuDmxg8zo"]],["","The Monkeys Of Kawgun Cave",[null,"\u003cp\u003eKawgun Cave, another research site in Hpa An, draws locals and travelers for its historic, religious and cultural significance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",20.9251621,96.65067669999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcE8tRDAxZkozM0VwRnk5MDNiNFNsMU4zZzRPb1pKbV9nVVVISm1B",107.8472516046357,-3.448193143558285,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipO-D01fJ33EpFy903b4Sl1N3g4OoZJm_gUUHJmA\u003dw1200-h1000-pi3.448193-ya-153.15276-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcE8tRDAxZkozM0VwRnk5MDNiNFNsMU4zZzRPb1pKbV9nVVVISm1B\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d107.8472516046357\u0026sv_p\u003d-3.448193143558285\u0026sv_lat\u003d20.9251621\u0026sv_lng\u003d96.65067669999999",null,261,[10,"AF1QipO-D01fJ33EpFy903b4Sl1N3g4OoZJm_gUUHJmA"],"SvInfo:171bfa3d-de03-471b-9d23-7e086ca383f3"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S1EU6XlTSvKbWZxFAf9-GuIhdV-b1_hjS6ScW_het4qzBcoI7hM8uvvhc84XjOjF5JyDwpwuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGroups of macaques congregate just outside the cave where visitors often feed them by hand. The team uses a unique method to collect DNA samples from these monkeys.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCQP1YwwjASTs12gEAAgiC4jgH03CPwgVjXXQHOFMjesopaGJeNiWP8n1guky9IPEppdCPzw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSample collection can be challenging, and weather complications can damper the work. PREDICT guidelines require full personal protective equipment, which can be especially cumbersome in intense heat and rain.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ0F4Yg5DH-C1wSEhhMqRvMGUasmT3hW279rk37f6vjgQAv7ko-7ScijS7FQesb5su8XiJgsk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt times, it may also be difficult to ask local participants to wear the protective equipment when they have long interacted with these animals without it. Ultimately, the team’s goal is to put as little stress as possible on their partners in the field, the local community members they interact with and the animals they sample.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","The Animals Of Hlawga National Park",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt Hlawga National Park in Myanmar’s Yangon region, tourists mingle with animals, including sambar deer, Asian elephants, macaques, wild boars, pigs, bats and rodents — some of which are endangered. See what scientists look for and how they gauge the threat of zoonotic diseases to protect both people and animals.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn addition to concerns about viruses spilling over to humans, researchers are also interested in what diseases may spread among the different animals that live in the park.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"zrJvfFtH32U"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe more samples the team collects, the better chance they have of detecting a virus and assessing which species carry certain diseases. At every research site, they collect about 10-12 samples from at least 300 individuals per species, including humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWildlife veterinarians are also interested in how an animal’s movement from place to place can inform infectious-disease research. Paired with biological samples, such as blood, feces and saliva, movement data can give them a sense of how diseases also travel within an environment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"0pyHjeuLOLQ"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rp0N0yXcCist_x5U7TBoZoToZD8P6ebwBiZWpXw2LbacL9Tp5zNS-a_RalGkhssRVTI-heSQ","Tracking Flying Foxes",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith help from experts at the Smithsonian’s Movement of Life initiative, the GHP team is tracking Indian flying foxes. Also called megabats, flying foxes are some of the largest bats in the world. They provide vital ecosystem services, spreading seeds and pollinating as they travel from tree to tree feeding on fruit. But they are also associated with dangerous diseases, including rabies, influenza, Nipah virus and Hendra virus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QW-XWZNJ3Dk-7QxlDqwVD2aVxbreNxjFsYAU8xvBZG-7dMy5NmKnI0ZWrRavXxUp3MTTvHmg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTo track flying foxes, researchers designed a special GPS collar that is lightweight, easily fastened and accounts for the bats’ unique physiology (like flying horizontally and roosting upside down).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qvyb3qLOnyLFn01oMBxZLX8OXOZVtzjuFfkct4pIapq1QtWljt7CDLqs0i16mMhkvxqfIy_Ik",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe team has already discovered where the bats go to feed. Now, they are gathering site-specific information, such as what types of trees are present, if the area is forest or farmland, and if other animals or people live nearby.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rp0N0yXcCist_x5U7TBoZoToZD8P6ebwBiZWpXw2LbacL9Tp5zNS-a_RalGkhssRVTI-heSQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe health of humans, animals and the environment is inextricably linked. A better understanding of the bats’ movement will help inform future conservation strategies that protect both the bats and the people they come into contact with.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLgFo99n9bwTrMndtyJeRYbTUqJFq3_bXZSBia2kSvmszOrF99ZmSpvGIr0E7EUuVxDeifsQ","What Comes Next",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the Global Health Team enters their fifth and final year of the PREDICT project, they are sharing data with local communities and making recommendations to reduce risk. Through education and collaboration, they hope that the people of Myanmar will have the resources and desire to continue investigating disease surveillance and prevention long after the Smithsonian team leaves.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R526v90GD1U3K17F0v3IMZ9PyBl08H3Ns1EQaOnbbi5sb6PWynKYPdFveQSUEkC4gpKIeirN8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Myanmar government has been a critical partner throughout the project, working directly with the Smithsonian team to conduct field surveillance, train scientists and analyze samples in-country. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R526v90GD1U3K17F0v3IMZ9PyBl08H3Ns1EQaOnbbi5sb6PWynKYPdFveQSUEkC4gpKIeirN8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMore than 500 individuals have already received hands-on training in biosecurity, temperature-controlled supply chain management, personal protective equipment, laboratory analysis, and the safe handling and sampling of various animals since the project began. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Bat Caves of Myanmar","Explore Linno cave in 360°","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rc7l9BEjwsdITX_a-B3puuHkBr03OoSqswKAEVdiShQKoFsqM0ngn8NDX9PVMsXUM7WY3zy20","/asset/field-in-focus-linno-cave-360/FwGefc2oSJrORQ",23,null,null,null,null,["FwGefc2oSJrORQ",1.7777778,null,null,["//i1.ytimg.com/vi/pWtpSmlEm9c/hqdefault.jpg","pWtpSmlEm9c","Field in Focus: Linno Cave 360",null,null,0.5625,1,0],null,null,null,null,null,0,null,"Smithsonian National Zoological Park"],null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[1,"FwGefc2oSJrORQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,"3000 Connecticut Ave NW\n\nWashington, DC, 20008\nUnited States",0,0,"Washington, DC, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrsgEAvHjbkeLvRHBLS7sX8CE4rh5jOG9cmYdJZYtOOqMucTutcp1es8d51cH_ggPhlD9qMA",400,400,0],"/partner/national-zoological-park"]]]],null,null,null,3,null,null,null,null,14,"CardsLarge","EditorialSection:475c21f9-6ebf-4744-9acf-5aee65bb8e53",null,"cu_edi_18","cu_edi_19",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbP5sbIo407KQA3Il0HN508WrjYj4m5P1gdBCPltzQwTUj6YjAQzv-DQlU180V6bCvBE2XV4rm"]],["stella.edit.sect",["The challenging 2020s","The decade that began in a global pandemic",null,null,null,1],17,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","What We Know about Sars-Cov-2","An illustrated guide by MUSE - The Science Museum about what we know so far","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TMr3Pb4gPSPWGd-PpM9mKpvqIUKoe44eN6Uif_I0WNuHDP8cb7MPP41Z2yg2kicPYBpjtpkg","/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"2QVxkHLyyY7CwA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Corso+del+Lavoro+e+della+Scienza,+3%0A38122+Trento%0AItaly/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x47827151fceb92e9:0x7eb8c485fc7a5141!2m2!1d11.1149652!2d46.062627299999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.muse.it/","Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3\n38122 Trento\nItaly",46.06262729999999,11.114965199999999,"Trento, Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQHl2KhRbMnx9XRjuw6EmgwWot8cLqyeic3HC4Nc_8w-7826bTbEcyc7VKXIEqH34US2AfVg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,000009d3fffff8c1",2109,924,1],"/partner/museo-delle-scienze-trento"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","NAME: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHow does it look? Where does the coronavirus name come from? What weapons does the virus possess? We already know a lot about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Genetic profile and first identification",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA composed of a single strand of 30,000 bases. 1. december 2019 - fish market in Wuhan - China\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Weapon",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpike protein (S protein). This protein binds to specific receptors on the host cell, through which it enters the cell... like a key in a lock!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Crimes committed",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAgent of Covid-19 disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Curriculum vitae",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this illustration table is represented the history of coronavirus spread and its \u0026quot;evolutionary skills\u0026quot; and its ability to replicate and to continue to spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Travels",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#39;s assumed that Sars-CoV-2 came from China, but how it spread, we can only imagine...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Skills",[null,"\u003cp\u003eVariants of Sars-CoV-2 are also developing, we will learn about their characteristics and effect on people over time\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","The Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know well the prominent aspects of the COVID-19 illness: the way the virus infects our cells, which symptoms occur and why some people can lose their sense of smell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","How does the infection happen?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus uses cell to reproduce damaging the cell in the process\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","Affected organs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLungs, kidneys, liver, hearth, brain, intestines\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","I'm doing my part, too - Scientist",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists quickly found the most effective solutions to contain the infections and prevent and treat the disease. Let’s see how vaccines –the only tool ever invented to produce acquired immunity to a particular pathogen– work!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Vaccines",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey cause an immune response and creates a memory of immunity, so the body is ready to respond to future infections\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Herd immunity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIs the ability of a group to resist an infection because a large percentage of the group has immunity\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","I'm doing my part, too - Doctor",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDoctors are also the key players in the central section of this story. They are involved in managing this global emergency, saving many lives and continuing to take care of many patients at the hospital but also at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","Are vaccines safe?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs with any drug, vaccines can also have undesired side effects, which are nevertheless rarer than complications due to the disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","In-hospital care? Yes, but also at home!"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","I'm doing my part, too - Politician",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has demonstrated that politics holds great responsibility for people\u0026#39;s lives. The political decisions may seem to conflict with human freedom and rights but, in this global emergency, we are all called upon to protect our health and the health of people around us\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","Politic always implies biopolitic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts purpose is to discipline bodies and regulate populations. Political choices affect our freedoms, rights and duties, and also our access to a life that is healthy and full of meaning\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","I'm doing my part, too - Communicator",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a great desire to understand and learn more. Nevertheless, the need to inform and communicate generated an ‘infodemic’. What principles should communication be based on? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","Infodemic"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","How do you get informed?"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","The Coronavirus has made us understand that",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe appearance of the COVID-19 disease has uncovered what we already knew but did not want to face: the urgency of directing efforts towards more sustainable and resilient models of society and development.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Pan-sindemia"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Time has already run out"]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,"Stories","EditorialSection:e7566c83-341b-482a-a921-34daa464a6ac",null,"cu_edi_20","cu_edi_21",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0cSdb7BwuvLtR9TR3vWbZzWYWK9eslS4DznJppmGw9ot6Qf85m-MgYu92ud6lgi79zedoCw"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Everyday heroes","Making a difference during the Covid-19 pandemic in India",null,null,null,1],50,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Meet Ehsaas Band from Ahmedabad","Keeping COVID ward patients' spirits up with music","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYJjXBh4ujxLyjwehxtd5W4W9-2S0Zj5zMWMmiN_CqJZMcPlUO21KRo8HIxPzVCyJxZuKC6Yw","/story/3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSpUPe2UsnWguRXzBiZr9VZHynFk035SNJOAkLaaEqJF_QPaj_lZpclRXRUG6DibRLHQ-09q0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMusicians Viral Patel and Parth Shah of Ehsaas band, pose for a photograph outside the hospital. They\u0026#39;d just arrived at the hospital in their casual clothes and shortly would proceed towards the COVID-19 ward.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4AeQz3PWAIGGsF5IDJ7cZOQGw_x_i2J3Jr7eHDvZNRHumfz_tBT9Mf0KLP_CX7I3yk-sV4Go",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA band member wears a PPE kit prior to entering the ward with COVID19 patients.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmoSqih20zELAUH_ChHHG3R2CN5DwIOddTod4KJtvIO6RpXgBu0_gJ0eDvGi0W2iRUTY9GIw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe musicians climb stairs wearing the PPE kit, and head towards the ward where the COVID-19 patients are admitted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey will soon begin a live show for patients and hospital staff.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QK-01rI2BwN-8DCz7NG3n9oaTq2UbtkmGjDe2_EoLsZ-ZJ8lOg1kC3QTLExxrFOAnip66ipusD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey dispose of the used PPE kits outside the hospital in a space designated by Hospital Management, and shower on reaching home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiRxf1N0VNglrKK2Rc1qemIkbfZON0qUy0sLKTv_6J79u1o0f_Syi6--OMSyuSsKFjvRhaoO0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the live show for patients at the Hospital, Raj Shah inhales steam at his home, as instructed by his family. This is to further reduce potential symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcnf94xiIUBVo6_k2reMB-YvzYrLPbgwdo1MrcGzG9pG2TwRs5Gavhw8WJxY5l086K6FFf8QY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen he plays, Raj Shah, the lead guitarist, wears rubber gloves - despite how this imposes restrictions on hand movements. Holding the plectrum becomes challenging due to perspiration, and he struggles to complete the \u0026#39;lead\u0026#39; in a specific bar (part of rhythm) time. To hone these skills, Raj wears rubber gloves when he\u0026#39;s practicing playing the guitar at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sw8mF99-FOi7sEqm_TgFnZ4P9wsIflQfB0FDiJGfonQrUC3NguY0mYxboKdNkbgF04KjYPhUI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe band has a jam session each night at the studio, which is now more like their home. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere, we see them in their studio. In the foreground are photographs of the band playing music for COVID-19 patients in the hospital ward.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjKH4OFvdbMVG7W_irDJ4y0dYl0h_FpOv_wNpW0pPQ5jSL-8a_7q0zeAkH5FvuzRXMoyd3yvQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePatients and hospital staff inside the ward express gratitude after the performance. Recovered patients also make video calls to the band, to thank them for the music.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-r7X9MoD3Qpcj9ASwXLkCAu2uwCS-G5CdlmVYraX689E72yUxMH3PStnlaVlx5NsCZYRK-w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSeen here is a photograph of a cellphone screen, showing a video call with a couple that was admitted to the hospital where the band plays music.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S07LxJFHOGTuKPwdLwAHJsG0rAEPoj9KAqVpAvFb3cuuPQG2F6soEiYIJmRBmZAL9h3Rw-pwtm",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEhsaas band has been playing live music for COVID-19 positive patients at the hospital for three months now. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter a few shows in the first month, Parth did feel weak and feared he may have been infected. He self-quarantined at the band\u0026#39;s studio till test results came negative.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThN-YrCCspAL7ODSJEFscjC1v0TDPvQK_Bja_qqNap1-Iqbpu_fwbDB3ANbmh-4EIMtVm64MQk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen Parth self-quarantined himself, he communicated with his family from the other side of the glass separator at home. He was worried, but they gave him solace. Parth would rehearse and keep himself creatively engaged. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLater, tests indicated that Parth may have had a viral fever due to seasonal change.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqCQvNUgoKjuftaqdp9K1xBlQ8xWGnn6WvRDOdsaejHu8abRz6G6HC9zufhEZVnvMYnAsx6O4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eParth, 28, was given a drum set by his uncle as a toddler and has been formally learning music since he was in second grade. An MBA degree holder, Parth left his job to join Viral and is the rhythmist and lyricist at Ehsaas Band.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RSoZOwixpkWmXqaIib4w45P_QysOMnCTNPGfx2JedK51JXFcoIspsasfJiVOBInT-UQcq2WQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eViral Patel, 30, the lead singer, composer, and lyricist of Ehsaas Band poses for a photograph.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn engineer who also holds an MBA, Viral was working in the UK and returned to Ahmedabad in 2016 to pursue music full-time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUnfgBtLiRKKv-a2lRCt1c5KjqHcNBNhDMK5VA7YHO3TTYQ3vYr-sDEfZIPSFlEegE7xbiCn8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRaj, 28, left his full-time job in 2017 to follow his dream to be a musician. He believes that music heals scars of any kind.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParth and Raj are childhood friends.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SptiByBtg5cdefur6OYh6d60iHBNaxTt_RjpYMldpHnqHCseCenQH6T2ORHj94FG7XLdt85PE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eViral Patel, Parth Bhavsar, Raj Shah of Ehsaas band, based in Ahmedabad, India pose for a photograph at their studio. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#39;Follow your heart\u0026#39; is what the trio believes in, hence they pose this way to perhaps share the same message. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLeaving their full-time jobs to follow their calling to become musicians is what they have done and wish people to live a life of purpose.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOwEBn0kqvAc2B7UpPXRgCZpIgIA2_FvQdJOqkrQr7Ornik5O03JzOiVANpzOoUsACeIHa",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHere, they check an article about the band published in a regional newspaper. They value their acknowledgment by the media and hope their music reaches many more people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGkXoZWdSXFMZWn0yFZ4aCESEIsBCH2GPCOLfpIlS688do8QGkfsUkNDcCv5SRLfV_Dq25xA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe trio poses with a printed photograph of one such moment of them playing music for patients.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMoments they cherish include patients tapping hands to their beats, Garba grooves, medical staff cheering the patients on hospital beds, patients\u0026#39; requests for their favourite songs, elders blessing and thanking the trio for lifting the mood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGkXoZWdSXFMZWn0yFZ4aCESEIsBCH2GPCOLfpIlS688do8QGkfsUkNDcCv5SRLfV_Dq25xA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey mention how a couple of them had worrisome thoughts initially before making up their minds to go for their first live show inside the ward.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe band continues to share the gratifying moments they have experienced in over 30 shows now, and believe that these experiences are an important part of their musical journey.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet healthcare workers from across India",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjIHrfq2EPeToBEDBKhsnTiXDAQVZJIxETCEwoln07uhtzf_9ynZJDV9n_bDHhjLDCi8rfuxrl","/story/UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:911e2e1a-8151-49ce-b6c4-6e489d1d43fe","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjIHrfq2EPeToBEDBKhsnTiXDAQVZJIxETCEwoln07uhtzf_9ynZJDV9n_bDHhjLDCi8rfuxrl","RReP10LIlnikg5FUlBRXLhquOIw",[0.5,0.5,0,1.804937,0.89225674],null,null,null,[2500,2500]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q6c7c2WGfCnO0-kioMUagIzx86hYxZ_9sd7nDUUVoElU1faRdgTuWX_v4K6QL8ioOQVYijwsc","Ashfaque Ahmad, Lab Technician, New Delhi",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Ashfaque is one of the most hardworking professionals I\u0026#39;ve witnessed on the frontlines of the pandemic,” says Mayank, sharing a visual of the former collecting nasal swab samples from a child. “He’s mostly found testing seven days a week at the remotest of corners in New Delhi.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q6c7c2WGfCnO0-kioMUagIzx86hYxZ_9sd7nDUUVoElU1faRdgTuWX_v4K6QL8ioOQVYijwsc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAshfaque’s ability to remain kind despite being overworked is one of several reasons that prompt Mayank to pronounce him his 2020 hero. “He pays no heed to the physical and mental stress associated with his job, and still manages to greet you with a big smile.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qttz3gfzOvHRonHoERr1nqGj3wdyEY_YpEw_wmjMH1fywHzPNhwUYHUdvqYeptVeZB-aiz2w","Vinith R, COVID-19 Health Surveyor, Chennai",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Vinith anna is my 2020 hero,” says Deepika, referring to Mr. Vinith, a door-to-door COVID-19 surveyor from the Greater Chennai Corporation. Another health professional braving the threat of the virus at the forefront of the pandemic, Mr. Vinith surveyed the temperatures of about 150-300 houses around Deepika’s locality. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qttz3gfzOvHRonHoERr1nqGj3wdyEY_YpEw_wmjMH1fywHzPNhwUYHUdvqYeptVeZB-aiz2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Of course, it\u0026#39;s his duty as a surveyor to inspect us, but it’s his untiring warmth and care which inspires me,” adds Deepika, taking the opportunity to encourage and thank Mr. Vinith.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9ivixreC54Kap_6tLyA4gKOX-QBZnlWZucUFDWeaW58jbzxM0NH__A86-I1na8edDrCKGSw","Mageshwari Sudhakar, Rajiv Gandhi Hospital, Chennai",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My hero is my Chitti, who in these tough times goes to work to save lives,” says Krithika, celebrating her aunt’s work as a health professional. “She has worked at the Rajiv Gandhi Hospital for several years but says she has never seen anything like COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9ivixreC54Kap_6tLyA4gKOX-QBZnlWZucUFDWeaW58jbzxM0NH__A86-I1na8edDrCKGSw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNow, she works as a frontline worker in the COVID ward,” Krithika adds, shedding light on Mageshwari’s routine of working for 14 days, taking one week off to quarantine, continuing to work again. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“My respect for her grew even more after watching her working during the COVID period. She didn’t miss a single day of work. I can’t imagine the amount of courage and determination it must have taken for her to go to the hospital every day. She made our family very proud. She is my 2020 hero. I love you Chitti!\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9","COVID-19 Health surveyors from Aanganwadi, ASHA and ANM, Shillong",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Workers from Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANMs), Aanganwadi and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) come for house-to-house health surveys. Their reports constitute the base on which the government\u0026#39;s public health response is based,” says Tarun, wondering how they continue to maintain their energy despite receiving adequate income.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“These days, they’re also trying to convince the govt to support needy families in the containment zone with essential goods.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Kong Sarita proudly tells me that our locality has worked hard to get quarantine provisions so that working-class quarantined homes don\u0026#39;t feel the pinch and don\u0026#39;t feel isolated.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTarun proudly calls them his heroes for the selfless service they do.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6ax-8pKZm1N-_lg_1lD4pCPU0dcDr7n1PC4X9hSyC0Xc5CM2qAkCgTXXUIul8duDIDPDmtDU","Rachana's father, Cardiologist, Hyderabad",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My 2020 hero is my dad,” says Rachana. “He’s a cardiologist and I’ve always admired his dedication to his profession, but my respect grew even more after watching him during the pandemic.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6ax-8pKZm1N-_lg_1lD4pCPU0dcDr7n1PC4X9hSyC0Xc5CM2qAkCgTXXUIul8duDIDPDmtDU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRachana’s dad is one of the numerous health professionals who undertook significant responsibilities by continuing to work during the pandemic. “Given the situation at the time, I can\u0026#39;t begin to imagine the amount of courage and determination it would have taken for him to go out there every day. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChallenges did come his way, but he managed to overcome them. He inspired me to stay positive and strong during these testing times. He\u0026#39;s my hero.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg","Dr. Akhilan, Govt. Hospital, Thiruvallur",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;மருத்துவர் அகிலன். அவர் அரசு மருத்துவமனையில் பணியாற்றி வந்தார். அவருக்கு 2 வயது குழந்தை ஒன்று உள்ளது\u0026quot; என்கிறார் ஜெயஸ்ரீ. \u0026quot;Dr. Akhilan works in a government hospital and he has a two-year old child,\u0026quot; says Jayasree.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;அவர் இந்த ஊரடங்கு அறிவித்த மார்ச் 24 ஆம் நாள் முதல் மருத்துவமனையில் தங்கி பணியாற்றி வந்தார். அவர் தனது முழு நேரப் பணியாக நோயாளிகளை குணப்படுத்துவதில் தான் கவனம் செலுத்தினார். தன்னை நம்பி வந்த கொரோணா நோயாளிகளை முழுமையாக குணப்படுத்த வேண்டும் என்று எண்ணினார். அவர் தனது 2 வயது குழந்தை மற்றும் தனது குடும்பத்தினரைப் பற்றி யோசிக்ககூட அவருக்கு நேரம் இல்லை. இந்நிலையில் மூன்று மாதங்களுக்கு பிறகு அவர் தனது வீட்டிற்கு வந்தார். \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eஆனால் அவர் வந்ததோ இன்பச் செய்தியுடன் அல்ல. அவர் கொரோனாவால் அவதிப்பட்டு வீட்டிற்கு வந்தார். தொடர்ந்து அவர் தன்னைத் தானே தனிமைப்படுத்திக் கொண்டு மீண்டு எழுந்தார். பிறகு இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு பின் அவர் முழுமையாக குணமடைந்து மீண்டும் தனது சேவைக்குத் திரும்பினார். \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eஇவரை கண்டு நான் மனம் நெகிழ்ந்தேன். இவரே எனது கதாநாயகன்.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEver since the lockdown came into effect, Dr. Akhilan began to stay back at the hospital to treat patients affected by COVID-19. Determined to completely cure his patients, he could barely spare time to spend with his 2-year-old child or his family. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThree months later, he was affected by the coronavirus. It was only then that he finally went home and isolated himself. It took him two months to make a full recovery, and as soon as he was medically fit, he was back to work.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMoved and inspired by the doctor, Jayasree names him her hero of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Jibran Ahmed, a marvel-ous kid","Nine-year-old Jibran Ahmed of Kanpur, the only boy in a large family, took over household chores to support his parents","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TthG859dT1IrvKqo9wb8k8pa8pxJ6X0Yu5vdL8SH4KBSI6G9rHGMi82CfIjkXIpTn44u6qCX4","/story/TwXRzeCOm-lhLA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"TwXRzeCOm-lhLA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGvBX1SriWg-os_6lpRUeXc13yjuxexeG0MoozNJWn6mf2mQ-jI82AypIq2v16x9Hg8YtV3w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eStudying in Kanpur\u0026#39;s Jaipuria School, the nine-year-old attends all his online classes, not just normal school from 8 AM to 12:45 in the afternoon. Even though like every school student, Jibran would be tired after classes, his mother had already enforced this habit of studying for an hour in the evening as well.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SXzc6IglKg-7slVqCgnIGqaTCm12kC7mrCxDIWSqmv97SdVeYenEG0OL1-7Ocx3dxEVthCYYg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMuslims from all around the world felt emptiness during the 30 days of Ramadan in 2020. With Rooh Afza for drinks, and food like Dahi Phulki, Aloo Pakode, and Chanay being the traditional Iftaar everybody waits for all day long. Making the sharbat and cutting green chilies and onions were the responsibilities Jibran took to help elders.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbUXKochScBV1aOm9fJ7O_ClnYHkLHY1DosBDVtjL5CGBWGbX_AVL8jAW2_xSAp_jxk0qF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile people were obsessing over Dalgona coffee at their homes, this little hero learned how to make breakfast and snacks. He learned to boil eggs in the pot, make cheese-onion sandwiches, toast bun and butter and also bake a chocolate cake. He was turning into a little Masterchef!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T_fGuJYnMr8Qa41MBjWtfchDxZae54l8F9R4geicbwpvXmvLJAbR0I1-nJ2zBy_lRbYwjH6nc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe would also help with the chore of washing the dishes. From his morning Bournvita milk cup to his dinner plates, he washed most of his utensils. His habit of washing, at least his own utensils, continues and is much appreciated by all family members.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKkc8CeMShkzLtAfa7iup63MLQHzbb3wnRYSxkBYUnjPJhrO9nYG6slQC_BAqxUJVDyNRnio0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough 2020 would be a year marked by hopelessness and anxiety, there were still some people who made the most out of it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2020 was also a year to become adaptable to change. As a 9-year-old, Jibran used this challenging time to be there for his family in whatever manner possible and showed exemplary signs of maturity.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj0J-vX7SPAFTFgkpovawak0YX47izc18xPk18TParZXYe8x7QPxnraBbmERJeoQx_z7caPsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eJibran ironing his father\u0026#39;s kurta pajama for Friday prayers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDespite being repeatedly asked to iron his school uniform before this lockdown, he didn’t take interest and would leave it for his mother. However, circumstances had changed and he took up the responsibility of ironing clothes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STRGtlOxUYETp87ZL1sR6SGW0BQCB45vtuktYJRd0xH_zUW_viWc7WVkqKJabF6RAh1evQK3Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt was a challenging time for parents to keep children engaged, with schools having shut indefinitely. Jibran\u0026#39;s mother came up with a lengthy list that consisted of a wide range of creative indoor activities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STRGtlOxUYETp87ZL1sR6SGW0BQCB45vtuktYJRd0xH_zUW_viWc7WVkqKJabF6RAh1evQK3Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom writing a letter to his grandfather to doing a photoshoot of clouds from the terrace, Jibran had his hands full!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-P20MpGU52QzSPomYJI_sVajKkFx96xd6bftq1zVCh3EOmuvgkEUX8k6hgTT8sH-CadCDlbI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough his clothes got dirty and the mud got stuck onto his nails, the joy Jibran felt after planting a sapling was priceless.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ2mxfauzhZsfuMeECU9XMKkb9KENiYrb5hojieprtPx_Cqhpn8FwwvirTzi9ZM-d8ECb1Lyw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the help of various YouTube videos and being guided by his grandmother, he was successful in completing the task.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJd4MKs0BPh5y6HscPGfc-sJzcRqIHhooEJYLUilpmxza1YQwGpvRMQp3LFBppUoxYZO3C-qw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter 3 months of regularly watering the plant, the fresh and green sapling grew.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJd4MKs0BPh5y6HscPGfc-sJzcRqIHhooEJYLUilpmxza1YQwGpvRMQp3LFBppUoxYZO3C-qw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough it would not be a major matter for adults, Jibran was jumpy all day as the plant finally grew.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwTVW3as_ODRyJ79asDzWqv57Dj8PJ3pz7bKipgvOwF2DS_6wKU-NGQ03H0dth08Q1FybS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAmongst the many family members, Jibran helped his younger sister the most. From teaching her to spell “Cat” in English, to helping her learn to count to 100, he did it all with some help from elders.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWBuQbnkiGzIwR_W-p8I_vBNLUEbjHPzsWdXuGDf6nb7NyiR6-p3ZiCE_DiDjuK9bA3kjMjP5S",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eJust before the lockdown, the kids’ grandmother suggested putting up a swing for the children to enjoy some gala time outdoors in the evening. Even though the swing was a matter of dispute at times, it became a great pastime not only for the sibling duo but elders too.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ten91Wf9OGh0C1ixSKonI5zI7sd_JPwLS4lGmwd0TOIec-IitEphjUorUN2plGCO3TVYxnog",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBefore going to sleep at night, the nine-year-old reads a midnight story to his sister, Samarah.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe stories include Winnie the Pooh, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, etc. Among all these Jungle Book is her favourite book and Baloo, the favourite character as he looks just like her.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYMbaaPX7ZsJ4SQItCQNwGb_Jl9ZO_FwsyKc67w_LGzrNpA5AKt_szmhz4PNGRQkuLL0Kfs6m7",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;What if\u0026quot; is a 10-liner poem about what Jibran wants to be in the future. Nevertheless, the professions are not doctors or engineers, but characters of Avengers like Thor and Iron Man. Little does he know that he\u0026#39;s already become the real-life Superhero of 2020 for his family!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7JzMHX_2q_e4jG3x45MbJU-T0qf4KnRCoY3nPhKKMH2oYvN487638WOK1zOSKSHCnvhH_EyE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe little one has a very strong liking towards Marvel which is pretty evident from his school bag, colouring box, pouch, slippers, and books.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7JzMHX_2q_e4jG3x45MbJU-T0qf4KnRCoY3nPhKKMH2oYvN487638WOK1zOSKSHCnvhH_EyE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot just the merchandise, the sparkling eyes of his when people talk about Avengers is evident to all, when he recites all the movies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q2cQNYJQhv1dtcAjyqjsEE3Awn2HOA-6ZvYe4spvy62wypPNXc8wfMg-Fidkuh1pu1cnb_AO8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSamarah’s bhaijaan took inspiration from his sister as she made different hairstyles for her dolls. Even though his little sister doesn’t let anybody touch her hair, this time was different. She taught her brother to handle long hair as well as to tie a ponytail.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvDRo6m14fODtL0lzalIWdgAIuHwQz-zu9oqLnbqyA8qeThBWgNXgCDpL5JjUQSu1QrMoj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHis sister, Samarah, a 6-year-old who is mostly found playing with her dolls and dressing them up, asked her Bhaijaan to paint her nails. Though Jibran was skeptical of doing the task, his little sister patiently taught him how to go about it as he painted her nails with light pink nail polish.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Simhasthita Singh","A volunteer working towards animal rescue and care","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T638GdtnnWgFJSyMEJBUnexR9MSrbTkN1dUyKc-W7-Ib86MU792JGgy-DPZUXiJrC4ultOhg","/story/1AVxz4gW8ikmKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"1AVxz4gW8ikmKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScQhHOVFI7QmJgwCsIago9XB1OcAt_F1axun8guFgSc_V8_IiDZNbFlMKS806kdiEG9o2X42w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh volunteering/at work at Samabhava, an NGO at the Palace Grounds, Bangalore, India. She helped raise INR 75,000 during the lockdown through her self-directed videos. In these, she introduced Samabhava and the work they do. When shared on social media, they helped raise funds for Samabhava.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sm6p3AVCqmlVTONbIxUvbugwr_LfkiZsJ87kEAz6nDe4Neki6AQeGoCSGfU4o6uF184wa89w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh grooms Survivor, a pony rescued by Samabhava.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGrooming is an important part of horse care, and doing so daily allows the handler to check on the horse’s general health and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QzJ4EdqTIjkTrWPBemgl8ilkuA2V8dCQjd1Vyzutvs_1l7UZB8D042QX7E1e95wqUmvMAKfQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh gets the horses and ponies feed ready at Samabhava. She mixes the sprouts with oats, bran, and puts them into separate bowls which are fed to the horses.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tgp3y8Kg53AApDl7irmifNRVHxKxG2kYDseUsfydLopd6kXffomXDw9-kcfImZ8RssRLAoo5Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh gives Sultan his food and watches over him while he eats at Samabhava.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RRuWSvIGCgcKbPTORRlJyN1_6QaXN7mltaPX_mh2XGXvHUrKlmBaEdNhKLnR-0T9eaoXk1J7Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh with one of her favourite ponies, Sultan.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSultan was found amidst heavy traffic on the streets of Bangalore, and was suffering from a painful and deadly hoof disease called ‘Founder’ or ‘Laminitis’. He was barely able to walk. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith lots of care from the NGO, he lives a secure life.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbnYmfZv4k3DqLeAsS_LTSRBvMN-f5zOFrpnRFZJy8cL5X_qpsoZF20hG9TK8VIb57U5CmBfla",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh stacks up the horse feed in an auto. The feed is then transported to the rescued horses and ponies that have gone out to graze at different locations.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSx8nlMi1rY_QlpuaXKtPcK-EjVvSWuGFIJR9UNcG2mmfSmQgNnEOn_HnBBmT0EFCtL2kpY3Xj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthitha Singh records another YouTube video.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe has made different videos for Samabhava - introducing the NGO, talking about the work they do, introducing the rescued horses and ponies and their injuries and handicaps, and the cats and dogs at the NGO.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe makes one more video with the hope to raise more funds, as Samabhava has two new horses, one with grievous injuries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqeaUPZFyXWdNV0de1trRgqPwxyJo3altLPxXd5VMjR6WCuVTkiUmMi3-gls0Yj0Z7kgbe5mY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh checks to see if everything is OK with the recording she’s made. She usually records the videos with the help of her brother, and he helps her edit the videos.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBevjxjayriKYWoEVMPuQuBtAKGnYnqE_9BDGDwmbLX6okXznpdDNSheYC0LeGH8EwxySjEg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh discusses with Sandesh, the founder of Samabhava. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey identify the tasks she\u0026#39;s done for the day, what\u0026#39;s planned for the week, and talk about the injuries of the rescued horses and ponies, as well as what needs to be done for each horse and pony.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_StoaqPThGhI6u3javW8tnswj3k8Sa67_58T2B8wBwk_TvuQ_x2kTJDaeiZXfeXqVzhgVrIZvo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSeen in the photo is the first video that Simhasthita Singh made on Samabhava which helped raise 75,000 INR for the NGO. It was subsequently shared on social media to raise additional funds.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJx3YSfwdYy__dvaFspB-LZmnK7QmArPWCpPY7kN1GZwZQv8YEknj0YcDkPX1uTOgn527Fmz4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh watches an India-Australia match with her family. She loves playing cricket and receives training at a cricket camp.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVdFwDR5hN0G09A6Rlc6UMvXXvkv50vZiH31Mwq_SFGq_axVSNEOrmFzZI8gZfRV9J4M5g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh during her online class at home in Bangalore, India. During the pandemic, schools were closed and classes were conducted online.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tnne18kQ0hhaB2HLRHGhLiKaHcnzF6isHsVfw3X4MKisOYq7hCxrAGjE5vkCgMWmyjJMjRFh_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh hugs Mo.\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMo was taken in by Simhasthita’s family from CUPA, a shelter for stray animals. He began going out to graze with the ponies rescued by Samabhava and eventually became a part of their herd. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMo now spends most of his time at Samabhava in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QaJlCDpEaTm_SQUdQRUArP0DKNZo3C2TnGKZ6WMYSMzVRcuUwXTnAbaMrI5Uv-uFBEbWpdTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh rubs Mo’s head.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe says they love each other, and he loves the head scratches she gives him.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RoI-5oVVxeLvNzDAG7ZVxMi_8PJyfulgMz28ptG-0WM_LtZH46_e2CQAzwmDJYaAe7GZfLuBc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMo, the donkey, tries to rub his head on Simhasthita. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSimhasthita and Mo share a special bond, and he loves rubbing his head on her.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBbgE39BDUpQmFAMOMPHyPrSGJpLbRVh0qcX-raJy28DwlBoLKeY13yvS2x0UNccdXb1pKNtA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSamabhava is an NGO at the Palace Grounds in Bangalore. The NGO works for the well-being, welfare, and protection of abandoned horses, ponies and working animals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qzk8ichSeD0BT1kyI-HrWbwW8PoKMCyOnRlKA9lxC9Lr_GvOUq2Uof8sPuRFZL96rKTsdGjMLi",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMany NGOs and volunteers came together to cook food and feed the street dogs/Indies. Food was delivered to different areas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne such area is the Palace Grounds, which has over 500 street dogs. The dogs were dependent on food and scraps from the wedding halls. With no weddings happening, the dogs were deprived of food. Food was cooked and dropped off every evening by volunteers at the different gates of the palace grounds. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSimhasthita, along with her father and a few volunteers would feed over 100 dogs every day.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIW5BEtyqyvENqRwg6MDH5Yb3Qhqp6S2jneZktwW72SEgOC0SfhGBs_l2SMRCWmDq3OL-zBk4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA few street dogs at the Palace Grounds, Bangalore, India.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring the lockdown, millions of street dogs went hungry. With shops and restaurants shut, garbage scraps - the canines’ main source of sustenance - were gone. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany NGOs and volunteers came together to cook food and feed the street dogs/ Indies. During the lockdown, Simhasthita helped feed over 100 street dogs every evening.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBrRRicZ9V01ZlAjhRPrK0o63hVJHTvei_rRgO4cWup09hfNgBXx2x3Bn1q1V4sNSQaWaMmuE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh gets Thunder ready for her riding lessons. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe helps the groom with saddling Thunder up for the lessons.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkEegQQdot38G7GOhFridlWTBkQqKrQ2fqeds4KOLRbpg4yyidJx2IhzWjQxB_Dix7aG_Uc18",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh at her riding lessons at home in Bangalore, India. She rides three to four times a week.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Captain Titli Thind, an airline pilot","Flying stranded citizens home","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RNuDIQo3jBdbVlOmHMR_TJmMUN43fXAYGSKbpvYDYP1aGSVdwW13_uKI6vbZ76VXfSJ_Qd_Os","/story/9QVBPxnZD6YRLg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"9QVBPxnZD6YRLg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SRINz0YuNrQV4ByioOxLyYxB4Fijbu-ttuQ-Yh_5X_QnW-MSWu1yy-dGkFuYyIu1D5GlkEjA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen people from all over the world stayed home for the fear of contracting the virus, Captain Thind put her life on the line and flew stranded citizens home as part of the Vande Bharat Mission.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSO0AjoFae--WcbVDY-Esm5tKOmQuvbF_jFaEG-m3x9cqUrzDNvMOCnW312liN5ZwCTpxZvEs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen her airline reached out to their crew to volunteer to operate repatriation flights, Captain Thind spent a couple of days debating this decision with her family. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt wasn’t an easy decision, given the uncertainty of the situation and lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 virus. In the end, however, she knew what she had to do.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S_8f1MJglApanxSqSBFAtlomvsSNbIF2Ut4spZhP8NanrzoZ__XS129YrV74Mrh3wKSdN9BJw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInitially, in the repatriation effort, citizens had to register themselves with Indian Missions in their countries of residence, following which preference was given to the people in dire need of returning home - those who had lost a family member, had medical concerns, had been laid off, or were students.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt was expected to continue until March 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RDA72cqviyUo-vToKhw85FF5_A8kbcNfaXgaUAD7Yi4d3VSjgW-HWMnPIVJm_9GwxK2sq3z3VI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kavita Kapoor, Captain Thind’s grandmother, worried about the uncertain times Titli was flying under. However, being the wife of an Indian Air Force pilot, she understood her granddaughter’s call to duty.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn artist, designer, and someone very active for her age, Dr. Kapoor felt a great degree of isolation the pandemic brought with it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhile Titli was away flying or quarantining at home, Dr. Kapoor busied herself by identifying thirty deserving families in Mumbai\u0026#39;s Geeta Nagar and providing them with rations and funds to get through the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QpDMRtsqWHSOtUSTm0DMWIE-P_0mO1n1pN6fpt7T_rCwByrAqJxewjGOjBPLCdZr7taqzFwBU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs Captain Thind and her fellow crew members geared up to fly, at a time when little was known about the virus - except for the alarming rate at which it could spread and take lives - new protocols were put in place, extensive training given, and personal protective equipment was provided by the airline\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWearing PPE on repatriation flights, the crew regulated food and water intake in an attempt to avoid using restrooms until after the flight had landed and all passengers had deplaned.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSometimes, de-boarding wasn’t always an option, and they would turn around and fly home the same day.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QcMF63sbmiJK598fNi0x3cKgLMBTkCxMgY4bBu7ZxklU_DrQ8xxxambuwDBK_iszMJNKibDUrL",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eCurrently with Air India Express, Captain Thind has been flying for twelve years. She is the first woman airline pilot in her family.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QilhNiMgRVF4yl5qUuDU6Ma72BsPuWoqFyoH1wzpO6HLJJ_jK_xdIryhyf3Rjds9DLtp1imQg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHailing from a family of pilots, Captain Thind’s flight bag has her father’s badge pinned on it, at all times. She also wears an aviator watch given by him to her in 2008, when she got her first job as a pilot with Jet Airways. She considers it her good luck charm.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAepVLDMHg7HZFYeQNDEEHvtaCiSymmh4aLnwtykABwqYatIFwzznxlcrnvYmKc0sm7IG_iSQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to be well balanced in her room during multiple isolation periods, Captain Thind organized her living spaces into rest and productivity zones. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInspired by a video titled \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\u003dsnAhsXyO3Ck\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eLockdown Productivity: Spaceship You\u003c/a\u003e, this method helped Captain Thind’s days not be a blur as she read, ate, wrote, played guitar and chatted with friends, all while seated on her desk.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRWpGCgw4k6_826xz5jJPNvWsGz1iEV1Voth4A2dJfnsK9FgCQmMtISisrhOcMQ2rdjerLTuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDancing to Joni Mitchell in her room, music has been an important means of getting through isolation for Captain Thind.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPwvnvhJ-E9RIqDFaRFwosYYCju7k7-_faotI2E77VppdHalqgOTLFiUzP6cYAdvy3MIRr8-0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInitially, since very little was known about the virus and how it spread, Captain Thind took all sorts of precautions to limit her interaction with others.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMore recently, since there is a greater understanding of how the virus spreads and how viral loads work, Captain Thind gets to spend some isolation time outside her room too.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RdYHsftOo94t3PYWju7Y2oReZIFFrXfgjJY9PHaD_S6cs8Nvt9ZpP726V4ZdxKW9V_J5VDXMdr",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA pilot with Air India Express, Captain Thind recalled how over 1,60,000 expats had registered on the Department of Non-Resident Keralite Affairs portal by the end of April 2020, expressing an interest in returning home during what was increasingly becoming an uncertain time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs of 19th December 2020, 3.9 million passengers have been repatriated to India thanks to the Vande Bharat Mission.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy its seventh phase of repatriation flights, the Vande Bharat Mission had twenty-three active air bubbles under which flights operated, since all commercial international air operations were suspended till the end of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7QwQaW6ik2rUyUbkPp9MPffMoGEcZEM70a4mLMtJb3SS6KQZw54EpKIz-Gt_MioSeWluJJQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring her early isolation periods, Captain Thind realized that the act of making her bed or not made a big difference to how she spent her day.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLearning from a video where US Navy Admiral William McRaven talks about how the simple act of making one’s bed can make a huge difference, Captain Thind saw a drastic shift in her productivity by doing this first thing in the morning.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SRbBG3XO0JCgXsM2SJHTX5J0-X60TqKRmGsosPXcNhDWm8epAxfK-Rb9g4lQw-OfH_d7ImDME",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kapoor felt strongly about how more people needed to step up and share resources with those who were going through a tough time during the lockdown.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThrough her social work efforts, she came across people from younger generations who provided food and other resources to those who were making long journeys home and was greatly impressed by them.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rb2zct52u8VYvr7qBlMHP3i2DAdBfLkV0ggSimJKWPdVtg2aBAlC431L_Rydf79xF8jZe_y6w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 20th March 2020, Captain Thind was put under a two-week home quarantine in Mumbai as 20 passengers on a flight she flew to Mangalore had tested positive for COVID-19. The Government of Karnataka proactively kept in touch to monitor any symptoms and provide her assistance as needed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith restrictions imposed on everyone on 24th March, a friend ensured rations were made available to Captain Thind and her grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWrwGuLWypKYmgDSgC58IBOZdlrRi7YE821M237AzmB8s_sm-JIMZUsnZEjYYkVke5GGnWANE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA photograph of Captain Thind’s father sits on her dressing table at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R5n1fZpzv1ZvUkVWpZKTKJh6-sTi4UAfnEVMrat79BhvYBGZojc7TL9rXuarNJRMMmt7tN3g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBeing at similar exposure levels, Captain Thind and her partner, who have both flown repatriation flights, can follow a different set of protocols when it comes to isolation and quarantine as compared to those followed at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPaF2m1jP_LGXOlSUDiXdZGiGoHhoIuNOUuv5ogsJwZqV_PY5Pf7pZU3eX-IxaCI8s2iPJzUs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile Captain Thind is based out of Mumbai, she has regularly been operating repatriation flights out of other cities having a greater influx of people returning home.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe efforts of the airline and their crews have been critical to the high volume of citizens who have been brought home.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Ganesh Bhatt, The Emergency Driver","How he converted his low-powered car into an ambulance","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgZzXJyz07uAs2yp5z5U51Xetfw5lGeJHr3pbpTK_r8AI3qkafUIT9Mz5a_VhtV0XK-o693AXA","/story/8wWxQb3TBFbcIg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:c2c4967e-a161-458c-92ef-e74325d9f970","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgZzXJyz07uAs2yp5z5U51Xetfw5lGeJHr3pbpTK_r8AI3qkafUIT9Mz5a_VhtV0XK-o693AXA","RwvNJAw5iPGdT7ZoqXIV_bMmlDY",[0.5040165,0.5572357,0,0.9539283,0.68883663],null,null,null,[6000,4000]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"8wWxQb3TBFbcIg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvLAvXqJ0iKXWez5e5Dbkx2ntDcHime-Q6sZM8it4N9zBsYTjcLfSqzQyenIhsAe51uw2Bqv2F",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring Janta Curfew starting March 22, the National Highway 58, a 538 km long road running across three states (Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) was closed, with no public or private passenger vehicles running at that time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh’s car was on the road making two to four trips a day for 42 days, sometimes at night too. The nearest hospital from Bhallegaon is 20 kilometres away.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Reo_GaMasPY9ThiXExiNIQrdczGJKzCEJ4ouec6iCsdIVLMjTiahkLaknxu71G-J7H8VRupMdE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGanesh Bhatt, a resident of the village Bhallegoan, District Tehri Garhwal stands for a portrait next to his Tata Nano car. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne resident of the village called the car \u0026quot;the lifeline of their region\u0026quot;. During the lockdown period, Ganesh turned his car into an emergency vehicle carrying patients to the hospital, helping the elderly with ration and medical supplies and at times, dropping walking migrant workers to their respective villages.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4ogh7dxXSX2cFvkVacHZcEQ7aAcMu61AeoNR_LD6UsG_x_pJTYKY3ue-CeBQ_psmLhryE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNational Highway 58 goes through Ganesh’s village Bhallegaon in Tehri District. This particular highway connects the hilly region with the rest of the country, bringing livelihood to people, as many popular tourist and pilgrim destinations are on this highway. Also, people living in the far remote villages, where the roads haven’t reached yet, are dependent on this highway for all basic needs as well all kinds of emergencies including medical. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eArun Rai, who has been living in Bhallegaon for the 35 years, said earlier he could get a public bus or a private passenger jeep from the main road which is hardly 100 meters away from his house. However, during the lockdown period, there was no public transport available.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TxklzghH4lNMaKIpnzhqLfkn4L9d6_W9LSlaxq-Nw29Bc9OikBZlkEZ-ApdHBJFG7TavmlMD-T",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e“It seemed only my car was running on the road at that time”, Ganesh recalls. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJyoti Bangwal, who runs a roadside restaurant in Bhallegaon says, “those days, people were too scared to even step outside their homes, people dreaded going to hospitals or coming in contact with anyone who had any kind of sickness. There are more than 20-25 cars in our village but nobody wanted to take the risk.” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to Sandeep, another resident of Bhallegaon, “some didn’t want to go as they thought the police might bother them if they didn’t have proper vehicle papers.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome 30 years ago, Arun was hired by BRO (Border Roads Organisation) as a construction worker along with other people from Jharkhand and were brought to Bhallegaon while the highway was being constructed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eArun said he doesn’t know where the others are, but he stayed.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor years, he did many small jobs in the village and earned for himself until 2017, when he slipped from a bamboo ladder and got injured. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince then, he walks with the aid of a stick and is unable to earn a livelihood. According to Ganesh, Arun is in need of a knee transplant surgery as per the diagnosis of a doctor in the hospital in Srinagar, Uttarakhand. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, at the moment, Arun has neither any savings nor a way to earn a living.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eArun lives by himself. Since his accident, he mostly gets help from his neighbours and at times, from Ganesh with monthly ration and medical supplies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew, Arun had a fall again, was in extreme pain, and asked his neighbours to contact Ganesh. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eGanesh took Arun to the hospital in Srinagar, 20 kilometres away, in his Tata Nano car on 6th April. \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-VG5Zsek0TnglKatBfJ0FO5nkTFaRD7ITVgksGsG_bphTBHvZXABLsBhIv7JJbdHWgUY4o4I",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePoonam Devi (aged 23), with her baby girl, outside her house in Bhallegaon, Tehri District, Uttarakhand. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew on April 28th, Poonam was taken by Ganesh in his Tata Nano Car to Srikot Hospital, 23 kilometres away, due to an emergency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-VG5Zsek0TnglKatBfJ0FO5nkTFaRD7ITVgksGsG_bphTBHvZXABLsBhIv7JJbdHWgUY4o4I",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Poonam, her husband had called few other people, but most refused, saying either they didn’t have the permission to go or were scared as they didn’t have proper vehicle papers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePoonam was 7 months pregnant at that time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsRZg6-YAo7IodrdelZQNdLoP7IRCKkQZWB6IaWzaFAKdLW2EulCSZ4LHvpcM98nwW8p7zYWQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of 30th March, their 15-year-old son was taken to the hospital in Srinagar by Ganesh in his TATA Nano car. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanga Devi said, “suddenly the previous night, our son complained of chest pain. We waited till morning and then called Ganesh ji. Our son is a heart patient and has already undergone surgery in 2015. We were scared.” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMeharban said he had got to know about Ganesh’s initiative through Facebook. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis year during Janta Curfew, Meharban lost his job at a local restaurant as a helper in the kitchen which would bring in an earning of six to seven thousand rupees a month.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q3d1Xpn_RBMEUwLU2iqL5E9BM3BQVBvI00iGI74wymNVCraQ2zWYAciUsIXoAwou0yD7WAAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBabita Devi (35) outside her home in Badoli village in Tehri District, Uttarakhand. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn 26th April, Babita was taken to the hospital in Srinagar (24 kms away) by Ganesh in his Tata Nano car after Babita had injured her foot. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh recalls, “it was Sunday and there was no doctor at emergency, then I posted a message on Facebook. After some time, a few local journalists reached the hospital - they were the ones who called the doctor. There was no electricity, but a generator was arranged and finally an X-ray done.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBabita’s house is around 500 metres from the main road. On that day, 2 people along with Ganesh helped carrying Babita to the main road, where the car was parked.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXfIaNfyhSH1cMGVSMtEyYogytTfFfbchgYuEtQc74ckJSRfgq8pmEUFnf3IemE9GcK6oEP-Y","Dharmkot as seen from Badoli, Tehri District",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAtop this hill is Dharmkot village called Dharmkot, of Tehri district in Uttarakhand.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew in April, a woman named Sushma Devi (age 45) fell from a tree while collecting wood in the forest and injured her arm.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXfIaNfyhSH1cMGVSMtEyYogytTfFfbchgYuEtQc74ckJSRfgq8pmEUFnf3IemE9GcK6oEP-Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt that time Rajendra Singh, her only son, was in Delhi and unable to come home as state borders were closed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThat is when he reached out to Ganesh through Facebook and asked for his help. Next morning, Sushma Devi walked along with her nephew around 1.5 km from her house to the motorable road, where Ganesh was waiting. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince her accident, Sushma Devi has been driven by Ganesh thrice to the hospital for treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_A52WZhi9xpzPGfyKYiLodvLUMbFGhDidzKXuYn0Qcuk2pzxUt-hEJ_X8_07UpA8ySXhqRCA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn March 16th, a few days before the lockdown, Prem met with an accident while travelling on a loaded truck. He was immediately taken to the hospital in Srinagar by Ganesh in his car. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePrem describes his current situation, “my neighbours leave this little baby goat with me, tied to my cot, knowing that it is safe here!” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAt the moment, Prem can barely walk, as he had to undergo surgery. Until now he was the only bread earner in his family, now his wife Guddi sells cow milk and does odd jobs to feed the family of 5.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMhk7sGRt6owByZogr5jCpd-_aQZk4rOD1WrwT8jeeCLi5Eh1b2CHXpCR5xbFVtK3U2zZ0rhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSandeep was one of the first people to join Ganesh in his initiative to help people with medical emergencies. Considering the tough terrain of the region and inaccessibility to the road, often Ganesh would need extra hands to help, lifting patients and bringing them to the main road. Sandeep said, “Ganesh bhai’s love for the mountains and his courage to help people, has drawn me to join hands with him. My wife was pregnant at the time and needed to be taken for an ultrasound, it\u0026#39;s when I called Ganesh Bhai, as I didn\u0026#39;t have a car. And he immediately came to help!”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMhk7sGRt6owByZogr5jCpd-_aQZk4rOD1WrwT8jeeCLi5Eh1b2CHXpCR5xbFVtK3U2zZ0rhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSandeep has a roadside restaurant which has been non-functional since March 22, 2020. Before the lockdown, he would earn between 15k-20k a month depending on the tourist season. He had taken a loan of worth Rupees 10 lakh to make the restaurant and is still remaining to give. With rising interest and no income, he fears he might have to sell off the place. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCurrently, Sandeep is also fighting another battle with some other young people from his village against the Stone Crushing company. He fears that if the stone crusher starts he might lose his farmland, he won’t be able to grow anything due to dust pollution, the crusher creates. He along with other people have been on a sit-in protest for more than a month now and soon might go into a hunger strike if there are no steps taken.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STQpqfMivn9pCToiwIJVp7zGLyJFbW_kb6_9n_pAC1a5aEqdIXZCwRAqvzlgq8j5kf7wU_72E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGovind is one of the people, who came forward to pay a portion of the instalment for Ganesh’s car when the bank recently had come to take his car away due to non-payment of the instalment. Govind described that afternoon, \u0026quot;I was standing with Ganesh in the marketplace; when two men came from the bank to take away the car. I requested them to give us 5 days to pay, but they stringently refused. Then I gave 14 thousand rupees to Ganesh and asked him to pay the bank.\u0026quot; That money Govind gave, was saved by him to buy a scooty for his family.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STQpqfMivn9pCToiwIJVp7zGLyJFbW_kb6_9n_pAC1a5aEqdIXZCwRAqvzlgq8j5kf7wU_72E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGovind\u0026#39;s hotel was demolished as part of the widening of road for the All Weather Char Dham Road Project last year in November. There were 14 rooms in the hotel and Govind would earn 15-20 k a month. His brother would live on the first floor of the hotel. Govind has been given a compensation of 5 lakh rupees by the government. However, he says, \u0026quot;How one can start a hotel with just Rupees 5 lakhs in today\u0026#39;s times? I have filed an appeal at District court, now waiting to hear from them.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYakGJDYch2GsahZpwoTJMoKbjv6GPqJOoXv6__y9qMrmHxn6np5h_ojeOqUZg_nLHbX9aPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDharam is one of the people, who came forward to pay a portion of the instalment for Ganesh’s car when two men from the bank had come to take the car away due to non-payment of the instalment. However, for Dharam, it is just not any car!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYakGJDYch2GsahZpwoTJMoKbjv6GPqJOoXv6__y9qMrmHxn6np5h_ojeOqUZg_nLHbX9aPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe added, \u0026quot;there are millions and billions of cars, but this one is not among them. It has saved so many lives, 24,000 is nothing for it! When those men were taking the car away, I was standing at my shop only. I was feeling as if my life was being taken away. I could even see tears in Ganesh Bhai’s eyes, the car is like his family member. It is our pride. If we don’t see this car standing in the market for a few days, something feels incomplete\u0026quot;. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh paid 11,000 rupees to those men from the bank that afternoon. For Dharam Singh, Ganesh is their hero. He says, “he might not have money to pay the bank, but he has certainly earned people through his actions, and as we all know, people who are poor, are generally the ones who always are at true service of people.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNase6-fvTjOpEK8nx5Z3dUuY-agWMeFgz0AZKvFYa6Tia4_WCGL_Le7CipbhM8AAbHnTt3f8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Lokesh Saluja at Government Combined Hospital, Srinagar, Pauri District Uttarakhand. Dr.Saluja remembers one critical case brought in by Ganesh, \u0026quot;A young man in his 20s was paralysed, with no lower limbs. He had no motion for a week. His abdomen was distended and required urgent treatment. Me and Ganesh must have removed 1-2 kg of faeces from his body.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RsXwSVIjoFNF7ye5U-S_WHaSKDikoyM1zTGIboWU3U-rdMkeDmZrS4ttehLPRDRT8WJ9bQ7kg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn support of Ganesh’s initiative, the Doctor said, “When I saw Ganesh consecutively with 4-5 patients, I wondered, how could anyone be related to so many patients! And then, he told me that he is providing this service free of cost. Patients were very needy at that time, therefore this kind of service was a big relief for many people\u0026#39;\u0026#39;. Doctor Garima did recall many patients who were coming to her clinic from far off places, booking taxis worth more than 1-2 thousand rupees during those days.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qyh_zpFOFdHk9PYuTOOPyoIn2U_JYjk9e5HWHQJ1g98MZlxDSyoUJmZPdK3JJ4eD54hE6OKlVo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh started two computer centres; one in 2008 and another one in 2010, to provide young students with computer education. He had taken a loan to start his business and also a loan for the car. During the lockdown, he had to sell most of the computers. Eventually, closed down both the centres as no students were coming. He was unable to afford the rent.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2fjjqB9y1eMrmfLp0CTVkgTqI-TaFX71-fwhnEFyZfKdF8_kuamHtm96v-HNNPtK46ogzIAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh explained, “In case if tomorrow there is any legal inquiry, I want to make sure I have proper documentation of all the cases. Also, I wanted to post them on Social Media, so that more people in need could reach out.” Out of 62 cases, 51 got in touch with Ganesh through social media, mostly Facebook.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TeSPIRPZ7TUbjA_V6f4i8qb69GYj8zHiJN3_7TeLth03LihnLcXPfztfvo-boFJZv9kw1WuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh Bhatt’s first post on Facebook on March 23, about his initiative; urging others to join him. Ganesh explained, “In case if tomorrow there is any legal inquiry, I want to make sure I have proper documentation of all the cases. Also, I wanted to post them on Social Media, so that more people in need could reach out.” Out of 62 cases, 51 got in touch with Ganesh through social media, mostly Facebook.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiBAOz7QvHz7YOi5QuzECUo1KXqBExIM4w_sMtCuEtCsgH4Ded1GtLPbKKw88CYEMDWVh6uCHF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh says, “Now everybody seems to know my car, even the local policemen. There is only one such blue TATA Nano car in this area. People wave or at times honk when they pass by, while I am driving. People can recognise it.”\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16,"SimpleStack","EditorialSection:1ba39c2e-4022-43a7-982e-829b6f827a39",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_7"],["stella.edit.sect",["Stopping infection with innovation","Hard times call for creative measures",null,null,null,1],47,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Hospital Typologies","Discover unique hospital types across historical era's","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOVhC6fH7hMMcD1oimFyk_89jtpppOowORhB9o--6eqgxZL-WYGO3PT6Z-gdhvuvnESO9ecxk","/story/XAWRwVgcQpJ39g",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"XAWRwVgcQpJ39g"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNuYHNVa8EUey6BhLmuhCic3RvqzOz5WSvXrdn6rolhfawuWDWiaYdjJlSOySrqnS782HRvLU","The Basilica (c. 900–1800)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn antiquity, the basilica was a large, open public meeting hall used to transact business or host large audiences. As Christianity rose in status, the pagan temples of the Roman Empire fell out of favor, and basilicas were adopted as religious buildings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SW9Qe6A4xdfR1nIzCCjD7KqyPYsf4CAU0ZfccX33v2u1Yaw-eA7J9MaSxCH9ty1J1kT9GMpw","Cross Ward (c. 1400–1700)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cross-ward hospital emerged during the Renaissance as a solution for ward expansion. Previously, the typical expansion strategy was to lengthen the wards (width being limited by the vaulting methods of the time).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sppjz2k56q4SK1daXK7rhCadnMXQvHP41L7M3fAwyLBqrsMj7YG4djlVyvKxWTpau2yRGPdg","Manor (c. 1600–1800)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eManor houses were generally classical in style, with an exacting symmetry that lent itself to a gender-segregated ward plan. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVc12QN4nhIQAIeEI9iMniPxaqqQLjC6fR7S5v9t7zFcmxrH8Ghs4NZNQSO9GsfhIqn4YphCw","Field Hospital / Barracks (c. 1800–)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eQuick to deploy and easy to assemble and expand, the barracks hospital is often used when a new facility is urgently needed, as in times of war or natural disaster. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4ViqUMG0kYxihcAEBwHpX8wPetIlMg83CEjuXp6vGhxnQObol-Y0DF_dVHJ8GMq9HUfOqKw","Pavilion (c. 1800–1900)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pavilion plan called for open wards of limited length and width, naturally ventilated with windows along the long walls with doors along the short walls, and joined to a circulation spine that connected the wards and provided storage and service space.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjY9Ue9ecM72H8__vjobbD4ZzpcooL_Hrlum8SK8V1JpOo6prp8Fl6OiqDfsAJeVbg0hpL33Xi",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pavilion plan, popularized by Florence Nightingale in her 1859 book \u003ci\u003eNotes on Hospitals\u003c/i\u003e, called for open wards of limited length and width, joined to a circulation spine that connected the wards.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKkQqRovxkVpVnq56nff6XfTMGSVvUp7rlsw6DlGw3OPmilDdEVebWEYI1yhayFNbDZs_T3w","Bar (c. 1900–40)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, improvements in sanitary practices and the invention of new medical technology drew middle- and upper-class patients to the hospital for the first time. The result was an amalgam of old open wards for the poor and new private rooms for the wealthy.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqXT0BKjWrUpRLpK8XB9qODajzk9wTKRUUE0WCIUi5Fc91FH5x9HhQ89cqpgb7RZwPMI8VFA","Block (c. 1950– )",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe block was the dominant hospital style of the mid-twentieth century. It was born in the era of “machine medicine,” amid the proliferation of new health care technologies and the growing cultural perception of medicine as an almost miraculous science.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RV4GHEoT8AtQwapA7ZBvuiKE1g-A5ZTdZ0qVZ9otHWjf6gODYIBzThkuNLD67B_WMjRh1vcNh3","Utopian (c. 1960–70)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the mid-twentieth century, the block type was ubiquitous. There were, however, a few exceptions, and these can accurately be characterized as utopian. Utopian designs had little in common beyond an aspiration to defy the logic of the block (at least superficially). Most historical examples in the United States come from E. Todd Wheeler, a partner at health care giant Perkins and Will from 1936 to 1972.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdGxyv_nAtc-yraDoMpV6e8TaMHhhOkxX7_vvtCGRloX6Cb6_o3vM0Qxp03hNmKZ_Ewc4hEck","Mega-Hospital (c. 1960–80)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe mega-hospital arose as a response to the ever-increasing needs of the medical machine and the public sector. These megastructures decentered form in favor of the function and demands of a system, and were intended to change and resist obsolescence.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqEdiszNFg3UAJu-ADKXOm-Qw7WiHVm602d25D0nBhtbO4wdOsD3Vvl_fG3rg6GtlmGawkJ7c","Mat (c. 1960–90)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMat buildings became popular across sectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s owing to the work of the architecture group Team X, particularly Alison Smithson, Peter Smithson, and Aldo van Eyck.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qr51DRl_4kk9A0a6FvKzCTNqzLFEFQTFURrJAL3dgv_5ZNtjB-afzsv4ZwV2eBiEo62tO-nQ","Labyrinth (c. 1960– )",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome designers in the late mid-twentieth century sought to harness the labyrinth to fight the sense of institutionalization that health care settings perpetuated. They introduced labyrinthine elements to create an experience of discovery and delight.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Field Vaccination Sites and Mobile Testing","Safe, innovative services developed quickly","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzODyGSoYhzGr0Lao3Ttqyoil7raL4fP4JVypOIT_Hz4-8QqhvmyxON-H_j_zSB9bCRuJdp8FK","/story/CQVRGzgesXyX3A",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"CQVRGzgesXyX3A"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THnRQdVVhsfrT9P0itgasswECxBOOShwVth9IbLnjC0dlq-PvaMXK5f5Dxy85NfdRWFlPx79A","Environments",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDesigning a testing or vaccination site requires finding locations and partners, determining the traffic pattern on each property and in the surrounding neighborhoods, and planning tented and/or climate controlled areas for greeting and treating patients. The Health Design Lab at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital designed COVID-19 testing and vaccination sites in vulnerable communities in Philadelphia.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmI5vKpYnklvUZiEEM7q_dUYTXIBTQxDJcCbN7K6FwIiA_5N8BSvvyhr3ItPfaLce7_nhTAKA","People",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf individuals don’t trust, want, or understand your service, then it cannot succeed. Effective service design delivers positive value to clients in a manner that is safe, efficient, and sustainable for workers. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RqHDqT47JNUT9WbnlftJtNGrQ_hENQc2V8rhWiB-PQp3MWReH4C2QMyOBdpENVl1Wm23Hww5E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy combining people, processes, and environments in unison, we can create safe and effective sites.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Filling the Void","Inspiring products, graphics, and architecture collected during the Covid-19 pandemic","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-OxfjUSxI8lj8arx_Sn1VHvxeqT4Czc1tZp2encnnh7XUm1ywjgIBJsnoR4mwysr1bJXHMo0","/story/kgVRa_JhLM0rxA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"kgVRa_JhLM0rxA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://www.facebook.com/pg/MuseumofDesignExcellence","Kala Ghoda\nMumbai, 400001\nIndia",18.9285,72.8298296,"Mumbai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qji2LXgSU3qeIc_e3iomSjYMroXJgvxWPArexJiOlqpRFlvHgkHyZk-hIOu6Gg_ic9k4fzb87K",256,217,0],"/partner/mode"],[[["","Cardboard Quarantine Beds | Foley Design | 2020",[null,"\u003cp\u003eVideo \u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"m4bFj-FNAkk",null,null,null,0.56248283]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Rethinking Emergency Response","Explore the next-generation solutions of emergency care","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TP6ucRcHgtKKJWmqXbYKUXVHGac0JGIKtcLjJad8PEmhkAzXVdbKImXgCjor8AJ5irKXA4bzkd","/story/kwWx99gDedGdIg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"kwWx99gDedGdIg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RDZQPHBahRFPcpXD0H03aUU4A-dyPZK4z_w1we8UrTFe4BjeWjMPMcIPZr8V8hrO0lI6LxduY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, 800,000 people suffer cardiac arrest every year and only about 8% survive. This is often due the emergency services response time. It takes approximately 10 minutes for an ambulance to arrive, but fatalities generally occur with four to six minutes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T9VA6CCzHK1QDmsEws5ZaSG2Ulri3Mz1q8o52y0G_UU-uzVffsPI9fJWgaGojULYv4DjkfQp0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy adding drones to the ambulance force in major cities around the world, Dutch design student Alec Momont aims to shave off crucial minutes in response time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QSzzY1Q90QPAV3o7cckt4tzVEmaMmJ9_QufSJHBeO6QFUn7tuGq9Dhdx9n6jNLGIVhKb1L3VQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMomont\u0026#39;s solution the \u003cb\u003eAmbulance Drone\u003c/b\u003e is designed to carry life-saving necessities like defibrillators, resuscitation aids and medications. It’s capable of getting to a patient, within a 12 square kilometre radius, in just one minute - increasing the chance of survival from 8% to 80%.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R2KuAT1Z4D8RochPZUJZIwu-hgGjiqd3vZmxvjVZWZ33nlrsT--epTo_fMAXKqzJqc422-476M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnce at the scene, a paramedic can observe and instruct first responders or victims via live stream video connection - a feature that will make it much easier for untrained help to use the medical equipment.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe drone could help save lives by extending existing emergency infrastructure and has already attracted the interest of services in Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"Gw5s1o-D4vA"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0N5I61puVx3fbUs9B8YEHig54je_jjj8gQOhIyLiwnLtdE7r77u1hnngf0K4RHs9ycI23BbVP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn many parts of the world, blood reserves are still rarely available. As a direct result, there are currently 40 million people worldwide that can’t undergo surgery due to the high risk of bleeding to death.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYq5YwZuxiQNE-SvfZJWzHkATMQRxy0mBPuhj5xanNzfQOcz5KBJVtEabW0fvCPKzT3_rs-L60",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile it’d be impossible to ensure an endless supply of blood on demand, one young German designer, David Wojcik, has come up with the next best thing. A device that can instantly and safely \u0026#39;recycle\u0026#39; a patient’s own lost blood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tr6BiJbyCWfqsxKWxrYPJhDW8qfQDhETioQQIvbnH9ZGm57AIGugmfL15muNsJULVYEMXllH4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the patient is losing blood, either due to injury or surgery, it can be collected in a vessel, filtered and cleaned through the \u003cb\u003eBloop\u003c/b\u003e device and then put directly back into the body.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TT9XkMZf-PX55JRcrLRRh95Pks_-V8eX-GWMjaaITeKZNbKt9QaGjemOgqrdYZkK0CFz-Kv7k",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDepending on the location and resources available, Bloop can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of any clinic or hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe reusable device, which costs approximately USD 10, could replace current expensive and often unsafe transfusion methods to save millions of lives, especially in developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"Yp5bVM1_uDA"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TOjMzKr6UxM_dfrhEMdY-0rJJe0aaIsz5ua2ChOArqq-UIZ1tlvOOvdyBqRYjJPi7W7l5YloY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organisation, approximately 60 million women in developing countries give birth each year with only the help of an untrained attendant or with no help at all. As a result, they risk contracting an infection, which accounts for nearly one in five maternal deaths.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrM_Js_K_po4n2cd8FeKSwTYzobRg8Ys0y6d5s5fSnHrBWfhSAt7k3nsryZUfCDMs70SXaSoU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANMA\u003c/b\u003e is an affordable clean birth kit to provide the mother with a safe, clean and hygienic delivery whether she delivers at home, at a primary health care centre or in a government hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SnEsX8VdZrpS7skh7A7o_xky2wpFgjYdqV0pg8D96Hz4ylKyphh_1vlSZZLxU5XhWM3ZtrbQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePacked in a reusable jute purse, the quality, low-cost components include an under-pad, sterile gloves, surgical blade, cord clamp and soap.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QSofXs3gilh8Sf79oEwYonOX8gKAiB0wwZqeOyxrd8cgcTuzL2-JwgNwXPxqK0pyYeVKLWqaaF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe kit is sourced and assembled in India by local women and is distributed through an established network of local pharmacies, clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqVvT3qB8yF2XSGQwysKyoRcEvqGQ9fZvWDxKzp4i5ceUuicrfuIMZCAacH6etm6lVdjM22g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMaking clean delivery kits widely available will help reduce rates of infection and will substantially decrease maternal and infant mortality.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnHsywaCDio6Vg1gmk-R3c_ZJPLLQ1oPi6JdBeYqey_p-xcayDGzQFL8AtL8N0XtxzXGvtwXg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the height of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone, local hospitals were completely overwhelmed. Due to this lack of capacity, general patients were denied the treatment they needed - leading to more than 11,000 deaths.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1WxwAklz8Kko45HhHS8HrmpqMQVuov3g3zE-IlPMiNoARak1QVV44SS4LUgjELbfJWhtfGTCD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“I was so shocked to see that in the 21st century, in the age of innovation, that we were still not ready for an epidemic outbreak,” says designer Ilteris Ilbasan. “This is our time to be proactive, not reactive.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQiavXn3SA4H7tk7DpH9gqvIinha7IOP5eybGHv2B0gToCuaHrqCvGCrc0DHcL03DyoI5fcQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen disaster strikes, \u003cb\u003eUbuntu\u003c/b\u003e is the backup solution that every remote hospital needs. The low-cost containment bed can be quickly assembled to ensure prompt care of patients and reduce the spread of disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYaFbgoqn39X9xrVW6oISkApjTo9ejgj0ubZGgk5QDTgSAXDEJkpGXeO5Xsgds3RRZZvxz",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe bed is made from lightweight and space efficient materials, including locally sourced bamboo, zip ties and disposable sheets of Tyvek®.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rko-M-TUqvspo4O9Tfj0dCF8_A0EkNVuArzQfHuVSePftktdwPeyKSnMUiOqkq01tlboE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Tyvek® sheets function as both a mattress and a barrier between the beds. They’re also printed with easy-to-understand instructions for putting the bed together.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tdsz7zzzLQNBR1heuqTJXFYL6dHtSIOsnJRzwLhbmRryJVN-dztTuiC_KTGddkJg0mHYSjMrZP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the price of one standard hospital bed, seven Ubuntu beds can be produced.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHdSNNm664jrlnEwwlUb2nsFSXThk0hgDR8qH3vgK-5AhKFgkFTxoToWAEoyXMhmPQhk6mLg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy reducing time spent on logistics, health workers can focus more on patient care and reducing the risk of secondary contamination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile the bed was initially designed to help control outbreaks, the designer plans to develop future iterations for general disaster response and use in refugee camps.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"jnXD1HCzrY4"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QipDbrjxFrwq81OL4lWGIgGZpysfZ42u2psuDaEk1RCMNm3lyX6XyYpMw5jXL6dTCsAzRt9LCx",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen a person falls unconscious, it’s not uncommon for the tongue to fall into the back of the throat and block the airway. Without intervention, brain damage or death can occur in just four minutes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RWA3Irlmwm_XuRHz2bTVn7ZR9V5yUBb1uOvSZGInJlLEsTVCa8d2FZIGmogUh_Lqb70pgSk24",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by designers from Imperial College and the Royal College of Art in London, the appropriately named \u003cb\u003eTongue Sucker\u003c/b\u003e is an emergency tool designed to keep the tongue in place to prevent suffocation.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QAguSYfbQFUDcGxypsN21sYPIPdEOM6-svSPyL3Ol52B1gdwwpL4PFqnwpBbun3f5Qdt1c1SA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimply squeeze the brightly coloured bulb, place the opening over the tip of the tongue and release. Once in place, the first aider is free to perform CPR, call for help or assist other casualties.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_So709p0VNaY9ewINZvMZ0roWYIcfRGwmznOT3C4wL48t-48IVNWgeGx8ECOxAdb0oSEc3CuA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Tongue Sucker was inspired by the 2005 London bombings where first responders had to cope with an unprecedented number of casualties. The designers identified the clear need for a simple device that anybody could use to free the airways.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe team worked with elderly citizens from the University of the Third Age in London to research the design’s ergonomic qualities. Over 60 prototypic models were made before arriving at the final product.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"IEL688VJLDk"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SObc69vu9S8XatHksQ-v1Xe-J9vxuKR-MoBTpNGc4-6jDBsj1XfV4FpPtI-d64l85XLymLiw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe lack of infrastructure in many low-income and remote communities makes it near impossible to get to a hospital quickly. In an emergency, some may be able to call for an ambulance, but many have no other option than walking to the nearest clinic.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RncDxlpbJz99HcBCBPk78kVV24q1KvUZBg1zE3mr92LV-oVuycGbbKYxn1PfGbkg6w8xJFIw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eBambulance\u003c/b\u003e is a low-cost ‘ambulance’ designed to transport the sick or injured across rural terrain. The stretcher can be easily attached to bikes and various other modes of transport.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6S0GtOmp9BaHw65DiSWO-ILci2aZ3hbRFqTOz72ugjoqOeYHlAdxvqZe2JTNBv8IWSSWDsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“We’ll adapt it to the most appropriate form of transportation in the given location and set of needs,” explains one of the designers Niki Dun. “At the end of the day, the bike seems fastest but it can be pulled by a person, bike or even a donkey.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-r9rXAtR5gMRW4kqfpJxJnDRPqiQ_hpfv4dcwriP_1Evq1RcVjT_Fes_zz_tr7jvyJNtXNXk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe stretchers frame is made from cheap, lightweight and locally grown bamboo and can be easily assembled and operated by one person.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QS3BuBtN4DfhoATMKTSFHdEMn13RudTpnLwunjl9iZtJQBYB8DT3kzP5uVgxnRrqDMOEpfPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRolled out in western Kenya, locals also received technical training and skills to manufacture an initial fleet, as well as training to manage and maintain the life-saving service.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEiWtNERJSeodPadhCH5gUxBFD3LZEmiDjHc3RDozVFUO-eNKJJJg_v9EiHbiPzX_K2Urm7A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“We are really trying to create a project model that is truly community-focused and collaborative,” says Dun. “We believe this approach is critical in order for the project to be truly sustainable.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5A8jgTc5jzDTUtBPj2VUT8waTUnDdejLloofvlXP3PQv7BfYwjD0UVbf6AlyAAHwqBxTFUw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen disease outbreaks occur, communities are often underprepared. And in severe cases, can be left completely defenceless. Of all disease-transmitting insects, the mosquito is the greatest threat, responsible for several million deaths and hundreds of millions of cases every year.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUY31e3BpDVVeAel1udgjwAn-NLwViFzQdEuwhli4KLvMraBDwbqnGujknBqTSU6wXH8MV",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAIME (Artificial Intelligence and Medical Epidemiology)\u003c/b\u003e is a company using big data and artificial intelligence to help predict disease epidemics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXSb9LAuHQTSQENtEsUDkWSR5fHYljU5ZHw3_4WVA7cF-u5EEtNAXW5zC27tEjwpCBPHoSkA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe platform can then forewarn governments, organisations and medical facilities, enabling preventative public health efforts to be quickly rolled out.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGffL7MAgsD9wFXMPTNjOYt7HT6_LyB0HpzNMEtjFLLTFgely-A2tMj4iIEp9qQr_mYtEuuig",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2016, AIME worked with Viva Rio, a Brazil-based NGO, and the government of San Paulo to prevent the spread of Zika and dengue virus in Brazil — just in time for the 2016 Olympics in Rio.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgYXgBDBgFYXKeQkwqsGXeIWYn-Tk7o9CTX9KYX5wx6wlpkRpB5fZi-OpirBPCIFefdbPT8t0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring tests of their dengue prediction platform in Malaysia and Brazil, AIME predicted where outbreaks would occur with 84-88% accuracy in advance of the outbreak.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe team, originally formed at Singularity University, is currently working to incorporated AIME into the decision-making process of public health officials in the city of San Paulo.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"7UyDLzR98HE"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,"4",null,null,null,17,"Clusters","EditorialSection:a23a522f-37f4-4195-ab19-b9105bd38ee1",null,"cu_edi_22","cu_edi_23",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RyM6s2Of2c9nHJ49azMeRPrDIchi_HyQczTe82XAK6vtQeA_AhFMWBHUgQ2qHRd7obarz-CdZr"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Medical equipment made beautiful",null,null,null,null,1],8,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Designing Masks and PPE","How engineers, artists, doctors, and designers sought to improve access to protective equipment","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYoG-mFejQo2mmvIYG3VWwY8X1xIGrLwZ1gEWFV_IFA3wsnQ5SpDOL6kzV7V3p-BHJiM5dNQ","/story/WQXRztEPXw-gKQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"WQXRztEPXw-gKQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxeIDnU2LITMNleiHsTQa4qFcjYa7dUwuX24XcN-CYgkC4dZCcYO6lLzqNwHiN-tlBeNrVQ6BK","iSphere",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn Open-source, retro-futuristic face shield shaped like a fish bowl to protect wearers against coronavirus\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qj-u7Rmj70vdtm0oSkT1lvbr-l7Xa6HhHSCDEzcjrlqYrdazjNRkzgSdPJ-FzDWD2z_3rNnA","Ýrúrarí knitted mask",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Textile designer Ýrúrarí, who is nominated for this year\u0026#39;s Icelandic Design Award, gives new life to worn-out clothes by adding playful\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.dezeen.com/tag/knitting/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003eknitted details such as eyes, tongues and fingers.\u0026quot; —\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.dezeen.com/2021/01/29/yrurari-icelandic-textile-designer-knitted-body-parts/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eDezeen\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RJENrABZ-uue5rKZoWX4Li5_iG4TgShB26jt6dFEfK7JwLFLoL7KMLJY6n7n0hMJxxloDJ5nA","Oricool Origami Masks",[null,"\u003cp\u003eJiangmei Wu is an interdisciplinary professor at Indiana University Bloomington. Her creative research in art and design involves mathematics, science, and engineering, with an emphasis on origami, the art and science of paper folding. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0-3BZDYzaDkhpibkFrL3cHBEitmN6sEjkCHHGOhYSh-hUhNS48XVbWbwpUNeZ8fQ8B1XB","Zero Waste Scrub Set",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Spring 2020, Danielle Elsener created a design for zero-waste scrubs. This crucial PPE was in short supply in the UK, especially in small and medium sizes. Elsener made her design free to the public online.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1QN_Ej4XTuXGzbK8JScVAkyCAJ2GVW5ZQVPZ_ylE1lH0JH2SXOBoGDD-iJcn2zQzsAoOfgA","BioVYZR",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBioVYZR provides a 360-degree sealed environment around the user as well as positive-pressure air purifying technology. \u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Handmade Masks from Mexico","How local artisans employ their skills to create unique equipment","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkA4TqbD-xCoudmMYuQ8vbKI2HcJgkVd8zr6jOAoiyoIxF3q8-B2Gw_YCufyjWrIadGIn5h_QV","/story/rAUh3loRna2BKA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:64fb40ae-5f75-4ac4-b8ef-a7f9dd53471b","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkA4TqbD-xCoudmMYuQ8vbKI2HcJgkVd8zr6jOAoiyoIxF3q8-B2Gw_YCufyjWrIadGIn5h_QV","D9mj-JLi-thEiQrisrv_m3xii0E",[0.51171035,0.49639627,0,0.9722222,0.7314815],null,null,null,[1080,1080]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"rAUh3loRna2BKA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://www.amigosmap.org.mx/","Revillagigedo No. 11 Col. Centro Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc \n06010 Ciudad de México\nMexico",19.433958099999995,-99.14626299999999,"Ciudad de México, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPs6G5x_4U1wl8LeOQlEgtmIVx0fxyPpfQ8OG7F6z-iWdyovBM6VvS8cPCbub6pHQomgqyRQhB",792,612,0],"/partner/asociación-de-amigos-del-map"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qxna5WiCxJKESSNH_gaDlGytLq2Sccyv85MAlrzQlf3JeOtE7_SDBocZr0XJbS2b0OtUaI1A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe use of masks has become a basic need, where people increasingly worry that it is attractive and that it supports local consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVY7JuZVcZF0_ZSqkl2lZbvlZ2aBkHznVy6EAs2RA2S1VRnGdSaD7TbNeTfrUSnlYuuXigQw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNMLB0s_VsyZcIgxjZxmTIugFcwIfUVeJp0sw6N7v8vRRq-0b35n2pWGWUJK4q7RAbhrea7w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TTzyeCGv03K7yJLfnuHw6iZn3iIJQxMhcKria6WUHbqhJBHE9RD6BtSXYhxM_ATqFugCVzvZQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTenango de Doria embroidery is one of the most attractive, colorful and recognized embroidery; either colored or single color gamut.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe different embroideries that are reflected in beautiful linens, blankets, silks or cotton, can be human, natural or floral figures.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ8IzKmI9jlsTkCvR-trt3Pufgh9OJq-bbZ3T5FWvUAz-1cz2aEYXcjbIa745OXyLLNx9g5nM"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqE49un9ZOfeWz0BlMMrnO3bxGdVsCDZZ5_mO-Z95EEVs9M3GduicHZFwDF21YIpKovvcCew"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7gmdREEdoA9ebLLLmXIbqkn0pY3WZRoPrMe_eMmvlgtbUX8WQPc5oj36BALOzS0KYztthZhAZ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNgVb88G3DGO0Ep42vKutLjHPlLF137CI6WV7BC_74eHeYchnEBhEtSkbBzxJgnEhxDDC2vQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhether by hand to machine, handmade embroidery is always a great option in the new normal we are living in.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNMLB0s_VsyZcIgxjZxmTIugFcwIfUVeJp0sw6N7v8vRRq-0b35n2pWGWUJK4q7RAbhrea7w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1NSH5DGPjO5GYpz8DJV3l6omvBOuckC58qpZbqQ5E2uW8srA0FqyaqwWYrR0feecXMDrRl5c"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R5qNeg3qwwAIcd_qV8CraNT2PirjsI_MIiKa5510Zdfa2_yV0PLapujGUKRWcrig47Gf7mU3A"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHknqRe1Zem6MeUqM8mKNud3zY_GGemfG9dOPGHJyIfKGHRZ4s4LgR5Xr9w9QcbDqy8TLhmLA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rn290L3PlsEGKmGnXp2lXzb353tlu_4wW1X4bKZKflC9xXpLk_WR44yw89S2eELSqLxsRNTvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Mexican Wrestling is the cultural heritage of Mexico City\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Mexican Wrestling is a set of techniques transmitted from generation to generation, which for its exercise requires particular material and symbolic elements in the same way, it is a sport-show that requires knowledge, technique, physical strength and symbolic value from its protagonists.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGa2nuzvc332g8wNi-9YKc10-SScOn1bfRvfXiRYz1UgbgIgHFi5-3bS24vqY2jYO8V8q1kI0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHuracán Ramírez, a Mexican character who was born with the aim of appearing in the movies, his fame reached such a point that he established himself in the Lucha Libre ring.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZIR-X6WB4FeF5qalDLhIHIN0iWKhLsS_ho8Y3obKI8H-K_0bm99FeONnQr_24tEwHq0OrTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlfonso Escoboza Huerta, better known as \u0026quot;La Parka\u0026quot; was a wrestler from Lucha Libre, a Sonora nation and died in the ring in early 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RI5FHLMmkNQ4Y4om3sisrNXOxmdUmJg5qJYs97vI_QoZ05c9_E1W6IvZO7M9nEPCvIj8FnXg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqfpkh-R0UWp2kbTngIzx84u07HDmm6WTrkkRhn4o5UGcKYA6LZEU37l731NC2AJJocq5YQg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg79AOimIoQHYiR79UShK6HsAEXmKRStqnRZOlarkd0vbgViGdrzeF-luolx0X0ZQW8Tfv",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe handmade masks can be made individually or by patterns\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-cVu1WvfsTgsdG7zDkaKbe9bIbL5UxrH9n-2J0jbEqMjwdCW5Hpg1rCWlQNMRwaMakEfE0g"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQD66GVLWCOG2y-G58Z_b2c7xc884GCQSQ3nVvO_cXGowY8MX5JSo2wEcDHcvGogk0fQ1ykg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKbqwAIOqPdrLVzq6SuXIZyEzRFeEX1Mj9MaXFSejkd5dSW5GKGYjWvdZ1wHnpEAz6_L27jA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9Lacp3a2B-0nk6S2xCil9DYJfJ0LT0nd7u_q2VOxOoA5YaMoM1ziezBz4bM2mjgNdq3r6wg"]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Mask Up!","How NYC artists represent the pandemic","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T5B5OsVZXeABaq3Yu2w7QZ0rD7aH_syGu6xKHRgH3GXSvV6C_Yfr3OaOemNFvtbBDLV0As4AQ","/story/3wURhQa9CdwqLQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"3wURhQa9CdwqLQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//31+Mamaroneck+Ave,+White+Plains,+NY+10601,+USA%0AWhite+Plains,+10601%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c29437258bc3bb:0xcca76c40a8fa86f0!2m2!1d-73.7661111!2d41.031666699999995?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.artswestchester.org/","31 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10601, USA\nWhite Plains, 10601\nUnited States",41.031666699999995,-73.7661111,"White Plains, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRrBejzRVSYINV6JeRETgbDbRNMgOFNT7xemGXGYHvJxMe5itCjpVrQC42h6643_JhKwHD6g\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe74",434,165,1],"/partner/artswestchester"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-KXvBCaZ9_jhjkIodxeoEeWwRw0MMHS3EOXhmcgz6T1xw66uJ1S4KFRDAxM0skjrTRPXPeHw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My husband and I live in the Hudson Highlands and we have explored many old forgotten woods roads. We began to see discarded masks lining the roads and trails. They looked like invasive or alien beings. I began to photograph them.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCmgaaO6etFw1czCPe7CED0q9n3Dwyt_WllBP0BTczZSJ588tG_Nzlfa9oWtfqJfXauVE8ISU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I sculpted face masks of bent wood and paint (my primary medium for decades). I installed them on the wall according to the Fibonacci method, which was my attempt to bring stability and order to an otherwise chaotic situation.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBNzphYfRTWO22aQ5r01O44Ee8oUNIiJANWvIDd9yaRm1f4MEPvE24S224RRnGRsz88PihnNU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I wanted the images to have that same feel and message of the informal, the expedient, the un-processed, somehow ‘unfinished’, as this expressed the transitory period we are all experiencing.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1-mIokWOwJE6wZ2exUrD_cLXXwg4s3S_7iM1sXlGFaKqztVgDjEMYA6X1mEX0ZtHUJWR26gk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The main section contains an interpretation of how the virus looks. Along the side I quilted “COVID-19”; across the bottom I added face masks; and finally a heart to represent the hope that eventually we will get through it.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RNVxA3xNDzb5QzwRgWNpNvmERPA2N9vhr6Uc8KHrjQ1zSmX_iRByc_AXayYSN4aQ4Z5CLQVeM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Trying to pass the long hours of lockdown, I happened to be reading an old fairy tale, “Hansel and Gretel,” and it occurred to me that we were in a similar situation, figuratively speaking. So I decided to put paint on a canvas and depict this story as a visual metaphor for pandemic life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TldlN1hMaUTh2r_CKtZGJ1ghAxboK_-3ARbQo0mnDlqfnhqEVXCKUZFUdBvh_ojuFU-1mPgjs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Looking back I can see a progression of my feelings in these works from a sort of confused or gritty enduring feeling in the early months to anger and despair in the middle months.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q61ncmrWkq2g4_yHM1CmGSK7JOFGG3qqZEQYABFnQmDIK1rfjM6bWij4hG4c4GDKNrIei1ltk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I was sent home from Loyola University two months shy of graduation when COVID-19 was spreading across the country. With nothing but time on my hands, I kept feeling the urge to paint something big, beautiful, and challenging.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKPpicbNN9BZDVAE9cglEefJgGs5UrygOrQcS-egSOQaQXKOAYGZZ8fv-STBQDx-YhaipHMg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;As I place each tiny piece of glass, carefully add ground glass and larger pieces of frit, I envision walking the streets and enjoying the landscape forming in my imagination.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8vlJv7GHugPm3m2UnC4pZLH9Zfg81WMbLGicQ31WV_dBefKIZQksvf5TzhNRaFIhsZWxY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I seek to create artwork that brings some meaning to my existence and elevates me above the negativity which I experience during these dismal days.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvlKhg-ayol1zQWIzIqXaKRiBVTGoXebl63seSFACMEKzKGka0ExdUjbSD4L3qsKQzuCfkSQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I reached for my art supplies to create, when all were sleeping. We were in a semi-lockdown. Artistic expression was now a refuge for me. I found solace each day in my work.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxcoEtyTC3Ilegd-1Kn2y3vg_1a9R0hvQm85iYh4syL1ccdSpbGgQhHqeTqFVJ_nnkkTGNmvo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The pandemic is one of the most dangerous challenges this world has faced. One that has made me remember the loss of my sister to another virus MS. I was drawn to paint her in all her beauty and glory, her happiness, her everlasting hope in mankind.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVVugZla9RXVqwxHdPobpVmlkid_99jHicZ2ht7yeRDW0fMWCrMoahGkJcbdFYls3vhaLhViU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;In this kinetic sculpture and light installation, I explore ideas of life, loss and social distancing during the COVID-19 crisis.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQWP-JnarIp61-jYP8AOO4OarUdaGCViuUvmCnQiebtZn3lct5d11q2sijH1HCP3B7oQOH-Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The lack of personal protective equipment became a true challenge for all frontline workers. The pattern of the vines depict her journey through the emotional rollercoaster of the pandemic.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Quif8F2Ny0aEB-qBdJnirggSG5eJcN1vwQnBbhzq8xSs0I-kNxpPIGq6mnJQ3hk--lQhhAkA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I began documenting the scattered PPE mid-December when nearly 300,000 people had died of covid in this country. Each of the photographs in this composite represent 1,000 lives lost in the US or close to 5,000 globally; it remains a work in progress.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4Wvolhrk_t8Hh9IF3dILEBe0_QvKYASOP1M2e1dD1qXw2jvxoD3jO0XPPgpM2HruF75sHeQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The little boy represents all the children who have lost the opportunity to go to school, see their friends, or partake in ordinary activities.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rmcvu1m0NAwG1E_Dt2iJBAhTevDzKWNPayQDyOmEgPxF1FFQm-CDT7BbdGaPgyC0DjocgSgw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Peilin and I met at the riverfront near sunset for a social visit, the first time we had been together since February. In normal times we see each other weekly at our Tai Chi Chuan class.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNlYgeyk90B8P2XjkD66zUeH3lp4z3AO7csWjaOLauR5LmysnFAZ1Gnwap6egiFK36jKrlM9M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;It was at this moment, as the fog mocked the distance we have kept from one another and filled my lungs in a way that no mask could protect, that I felt truly, inescapably isolated.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THZ4AZIrnCme9KpYm5oz1C_dF46Cu8TR2yXuUAOQur0SsOerK8-oX8hPrOE-Q5F6lowatWCg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;While the Covid-19 Pandemic has been both tragic and debilitating, for me, it also allowed for many solitary hours of creative time. In 2020 I made many sculptures which I may otherwise not have done.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tx9_pV79xhOhF6R79gYDuMMiGVSjr5lbydh3izjJ3cXEmwUBDWZgTs2Ls763LSregN9_goJtc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Digital culture has evolved into the prolific use of the emoji and has created a culture of its own - by pairing emojis with blue-and-white porcelain aesthetics I am able to create a dialog about creating works that speak of time and place.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tm7fwZNK1p8uq3MSFdUBtG057IA4is8CfDOIFnT6ajE5WOuX1y17_I_MZxAyHpKrSV26F-WJZd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;“Whisperer” is a hand sewn cotton fabric mask worn to cover and protect the nose and mouth against cross contamination of airborne droplets and particles.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,18,"CardsLarge","EditorialSection:0449862a-f55c-404e-8baf-16becb7b4285",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_5"],["stella.edit.sect",["Places for healing",null,null,null,null,1],8,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites","3 Italian museums take on a new challenge","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUWuO6qJ1kjbwTkET32wx13snsvZ5DfhhiV3pB_UgE2Oxa_69fX5qJszzZfC7qhV8QVJLgbG2i","/story/agXhHkJ74HAufw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:44957fb2-1444-434d-9017-3d70135f257f","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUWuO6qJ1kjbwTkET32wx13snsvZ5DfhhiV3pB_UgE2Oxa_69fX5qJszzZfC7qhV8QVJLgbG2i","NFru-OuPrQlkVB_bUia3peYyvGQ",[0.5,0.5,0,1.6672152,1.2375],null,null,null,[2000,1333]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"agXhHkJ74HAufw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Via+San+Vittore+21,+20123+Milano,+Italy%0A20123+Milan%0AItaly/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4786c159c26cee9b:0x72458fca19e5eb92!2m2!1d9.1707478!2d45.462807999999995?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.museoscienza.org","Via San Vittore 21, 20123 Milano, Italy\n20123 Milan\nItaly",45.462808,9.1707478,"Milan, Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sd_0A6Z-deWaJG26q-L0UjCeZSJ4LF4_a8YhvlOlKPMV92Q7J4ETOZ7coC5moGVJPmj1m4ew",661,661,1],"/partner/museo-nazionale-della-scienza-e-della-tecnologia-leonardo-da-vinci"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyxCAzmEg2ET-bh1pE-q5Br4fGGQQM8pXP14tx3dQtvMOEVz0l_E2hiMfRpG38sb_QVvFa6Ak","The Leonardo da Vinci National Science and Technology Museum",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Leonardo da Vinci National Science and Technology Museum in Milan is the largest science and technology museum in Italy, one of the most important in Europe and in the world. It renews itself and experiments with new languages \u200b\u200b.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","A collection dedicated to science",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe exhibits and interactive laboratories are dedicated to energy, materials, communication, transport, nutrition and particle physics.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",45.46199242582101,9.169994642559951,"CAISFnU3TzFpeDFtTE1RRE8yTWNUY3IyUGc\u003d",84.13366937261051,6.543161686222071,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003du7O1ix1mLMQDO2McTcr2Pg\u0026heading\u003d84.13366937261051\u0026pitch\u003d6.543161686222071\u0026fov\u003d124.19503000212798\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d8sBJjW3KiZFLpvVfyZn2Oc26cWg",0,124.19503000212798,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFnU3TzFpeDFtTE1RRE8yTWNUY3IyUGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d124.19503000212798\u0026sv_h\u003d84.13366937261051\u0026sv_p\u003d6.543161686222071\u0026sv_lat\u003d45.46199242582101\u0026sv_lng\u003d9.169994642559951",null,null,[2,"u7O1ix1mLMQDO2McTcr2Pg"],"SvInfo:7d45ee87-fde0-428d-9a1f-caf42783a51f"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt enhances the world\u0026#39;s largest collection of machine models made from drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, but in the museum you are also allowed to board the Enrico Toti submarine and relive the emotion of sailors in navigation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",45.46177715644098,9.170916380304043,"CAISFmpMYkhzRzVoNTUwQUFBUXJCazAwX2c\u003d",82.5663729964423,14.387946431136768,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003djLbHsG5h550AAAQrBk00_g\u0026heading\u003d82.5663729964423\u0026pitch\u003d14.387946431136768\u0026fov\u003d93.53318560406348\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dO3heHOxit5sPnurJi_iWxM0nW9k",0,93.53318560406348,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFmpMYkhzRzVoNTUwQUFBUXJCazAwX2c%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d93.53318560406348\u0026sv_h\u003d82.5663729964423\u0026sv_p\u003d14.387946431136768\u0026sv_lat\u003d45.46177715644098\u0026sv_lng\u003d9.170916380304043",null,null,[2,"jLbHsG5h550AAAQrBk00_g"],"SvInfo:34576c17-d428-4568-88a5-7ea2cdae15b5"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TCD3EO2e4exQ27wJtbSjsczTdXKdNRwaw3lbreXGGSMDBBDQ6ADHsamz8JxXffnZzkaxgD0c4","The museum as Vaccination Hub",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn March 2021 the museum teamed up with the Ospedale San Giuseppe del Gruppo MultiMedica and was converted into a vaccination center with the aim of facilitating citizens\u0026#39; access to prevention, bringing it outside the traditional health centers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T3kd93zI25T-iy6UvlsJzCz0uuoopG5TJS1wmvtjrUKfgpynxsn4rb74YTjCCetuiZLnk_KgE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u0026quot;The alliance between the Museum and the San Giuseppe Hospital for the administration of the Covid-19 vaccine takes place with a view to social solidarity and represents a significant part of our community pact with the territory and its citizens\u0026quot;\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Fiorenzo Galli, General Director of the National Museum of Science and Technology.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QZwdmMYmfTbxuXeMqxtKcGfBeW04mMWJ1SYgp2BxHGZj2h5Du74SPY-zoUDiUXgilluWC7KOo","Not just logistics",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u0026quot;The value of vaccines fits fully into the role of our Museum, which has among its objectives that of promoting understanding of science and its applications for the entire community\u0026quot;\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Fiorenzo Galli, General Director of the National Museum of Science and Technology.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAwBKKWvQ6NfCh84X6XaveaMDG54_aGgUWaIytyqY5QyygANMtyAzL2tWaKc0Wy5oe3BQv5g","Pirelli HangarBicocca - The Foundation",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePirelli HangarBicocca is a non-profit foundation, established in 2004, created and entirely supported by Pirelli, which has converted a former industrial plant in Milan into an institution for producing and promoting contemporary art.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAwBKKWvQ6NfCh84X6XaveaMDG54_aGgUWaIytyqY5QyygANMtyAzL2tWaKc0Wy5oe3BQv5g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis dynamic center for experimentation and research covers 15,000 square meters, making it one of the largest contiguous exhibition spaces in Europe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Suy0BYJ-tGz49SgexWl-jDmX5Mndfpybf3JDbzOrBLVX6K1ry06z3zF46HpKaNWs09c7G5Y5ex",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt presents major solo shows every year by Italian and international artists, with each project conceived to work in close relation to the architecture of the complex, and explored in depth through a calendar of parallel events.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TIwg93QMwx6IaQ6S1n7IrI39OQvCy0OSjfSoUB5qh5DPtqVN7m5aGeSRPvRd6A-KGxYozIGmk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAdmission to the space and the shows is completely free of charge, and facilitators are on hand to help the public connect with the art. Since 2013, Vicente Todolí has been the foundation’s Artistic Director.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Suy0BYJ-tGz49SgexWl-jDmX5Mndfpybf3JDbzOrBLVX6K1ry06z3zF46HpKaNWs09c7G5Y5ex",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe complex, which once housed a locomotive factory, includes an area for public services and educational activities, and three exhibition spaces whose original twentieth-century architectural features have been left clearly visible: Shed, Navate, and Cubo.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs well as its exhibitions program and cultural events, Pirelli HangarBicocca also permanently houses one of Anselm Kiefer’s most important site-specific works, \u003ci\u003eThe Seven Heavenly Palaces 2004-2015\u003c/i\u003e, commissioned for the opening of Pirelli HangarBicocca.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",45.52198144414181,9.219846478890926,"CAISFlVCdldFcEpZUk1CTnpGVHhpV2dqaEE\u003d",2.311763707373196,15.110878136331564,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dUBvWEpJYRMBNzFTxiWgjhA\u0026heading\u003d2.311763707373196\u0026pitch\u003d15.110878136331564\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dhm6mW4aSgeZrccyAN7g5rF5IiO0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlVCdldFcEpZUk1CTnpGVHhpV2dqaEE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d2.311763707373196\u0026sv_p\u003d15.110878136331564\u0026sv_lat\u003d45.52198144414181\u0026sv_lng\u003d9.219846478890926",null,60,[2,"UBvWEpJYRMBNzFTxiWgjhA"],"SvInfo:332691a6-7b33-41f2-97ed-aa8424f53d49"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxnkM7kyfCV8cZ2mAXqwhhSPUTJ3ZV5iXMspVsRbwPZKs4-5Wh-JgCYQYtPN3WSdDAeJRq6FHl","Pirelli HangarBicocca as Vaccination Hub",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the moment of urgency the spaces of the work \u003ci\u003eThe Seven Heavenly Palaces 2004-2015\u003c/i\u003e by the artist Anselm Kiefer have been made available for vaccination. The vaccination hub managed by the Regional Government of Lombardy was operational from April 26 to October 25 2021. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RagqcZ3VUm2-AFT-cLJjbyLE_uQ1zAu04mQru9C3N079IzSkuvdcZGGuIZOC5Mr-ZOX2WXgw","Museo e Real Bosco di Capodimonte",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Capodimonte Museum boasts 47,000 works of art that form one of the largest and most complex collections of medieval, early modern, modern and contemporary art in the world. \u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RsP4IULV4wZi3EfnJ3kiUhL6GIQsx_BTdwjmOiWmtjMP2i28YienDnXCo17jZBEH1kJfAvTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Royal Park of Capodimonte, with its 300 acres and more than 400 plant species, is an unspoiled green space that overlooks the city and Gulf of Naples.\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QAyHnR6LBtehX7LH8gH4FqQ-czK-t_IEwlbq2NZEsqgeHKAAGYS33762g8_n-cda6HqAVwMwQ","The Vaccination Hub at the Fagianeria",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince 1st April 2021, Capodimonte has been hosting a vaccination hub with a very special waiting room.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbpZLAGoDYeObqxiR2WjK8RLrKjjmnuuA_bbTOa3gwqA4wo5b_sFHvIqlESFvOYXz2nX-4DA","\"Let yourself be infected only by beauty\"",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThat is why we have reproduced a room in the museum for the vaccinated who must wait 15 minutes after the administration of the vaccine. It is a way to dilute tension, to relax, and to enjoy the beauty of art that is associated with that of the Royal Bosco, to learn and function, and to understand that art is universal, it concerns everyone and speaks to everyone, transcending social differences. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCc7za_IvRsrVyFstaBskG9n6oJA00NwV32n20dWXw_olABFbdwfYYCUh5t0ruhmKXzZB3h1k",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe landscape in which the Fagianeria is immersed, with the fields of the Real Bosco and the masterpieces of the nearby Reggia, reminds us that the only thing we should not be afraid of is being infected with art and beauty, which have always been formidable tools for the care of the soul\u003c/i\u003e” says Director Sylvan Bellenger.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKKQpXkRJKpp38X5N424FCuyhoPGuhcB025z4VARazjUmUq7oP78XEpVapuCdYKn-fCjrN5rU"]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'","Places of scientific discovery in UK","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzpVVaFz_Vpfm2U5tqykvtQYlrPogc2P4UOr7CV5LTbVXYA-X4S28_NXCTN3D2KPT7SHbH0g","/story/1gXxN1R4NQv0KA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:e762452f-00d3-4783-9bca-ab9cb59b1a37","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzpVVaFz_Vpfm2U5tqykvtQYlrPogc2P4UOr7CV5LTbVXYA-X4S28_NXCTN3D2KPT7SHbH0g","PaDEOIZb-1EDJ5hrX8Bkwh8S55I",[0.51016587,0.5183103,0,0.9530909,0.875101],null,null,null,[4472,3508]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"1gXxN1R4NQv0KA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RJYylymEH7JmjajskNndyw1zvB_UJmUqzQry1x9opX6F0iAIJS9-zyRycDdaixhXbLbfw6lXN1",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the operations at Bletchley expanded, additional facilities were built in the grounds. Firstly wooden huts were constructed, followed later by more permanent blocks of brick, steel and concrete.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt has been estimated that the work undertaken at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years. Codebreaking at Bletchley came to an end in 1946.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SUd-PGCZAgRRn8TwkjHIE_JUqvipxTIFZoEs5MN6TitT7lOdxfmqZjHV2uJYl22vK5SmYmmq4f",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eJenner was intrigued by local lore that claimed those who contracted cowpox could not catch smallpox. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1796 Jenner tested this theory on his gardener\u0026#39;s eight-year-old son, deliberately infecting the boy with cowpox and later exposing him to smallpox. This and subsequent tests confirmed his immunity to the disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Jenner Hut is also known as the \u0026#39;Temple of Vaccinia\u0026#39;.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQbEUWzQs-a-PLm9w3XAUd2l_SsMkrC-9b3S7COMAnLGqtJgIaWsRtbSWxwvBLDNBW-vQIkWk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBuilt on the site of Greenwich Castle, the Royal Observatory functioned as a working observatory for nearly 300 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver time, a number of buildings were added to the site, to accommodate the Astronomer Royal, and to house scientific instruments and laboratories.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RSZHYHZyldnaL4G5UVwSVJrZN5FLMMDBODDySs4uMcFiigKAMlFlwtnmQJw-1zCreyU3X02w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBuilt in the early 17th century as a farmhouse, Woolsthorpe Manor House was the birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton, on Christmas Day 1642.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn outbreak of plague in 1665 forced Newton to return here from Cambridge University, and it was at Woolsthorpe that much of his theoretical and experimental work was conducted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe plaque above the doorway bears Newton\u0026#39;s arms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRIboQrPjkDIoVndir1GKG86ckvM3_Mrf595WzeTbj-xh1RykRpwCcVBDC-5Zzyxh-8R0zhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSomerville\u0026#39;s first accommodation was a large house, Walton House, built in c1826. This was soon extended and further buildings added to the site.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePictured here is the College Library. It was built in 1903 to designs by architect Basil Champneys (1842-1935). Champneys is celebrated for several library and college buildings in Oxford, Cambridge and Manchester.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,19,"CardsLarge","EditorialSection:7e26cc01-1d61-4e58-981a-d0b22b695569",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_24"],["stella.edit.sect",["Small stories of hope",null,null,null,null,1],38,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Life Under Covid","An exhibition of illustration and comic works from Israeli artists during COVID-19 pandemic.","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI","/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:68f44437-be5b-44a2-a53e-28a486615f2b","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI","OKms7J_FTMLjAZWLgHqFVaqF2Zk",[0.5,0.686869,0,1.5855676,0.62626195],null,null,null,[4500,5918]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,8,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//TCDC+Bangkok%0AThe+Grand+Postal+Building+%0A1160,+Charoenkrung+Road,+Bangrak,+Bangkok+10500+%0ATCDC+Information+Counter+:+(66)+2+105+7400+%23213,+214%0ATCDC+Office+:+(66)+2+105+7441+%0AFax+:+(66)+2+105+7450+%0AEmail+:+info@tcdc.or.th%0AOpening+Hours%0ATCDC+Information+Counter+:+10.30+-+19.30+hrs.+(Closed+Mondays)%0ATCDC+Office+:+9.30+-+17.30+hrs.+(Monday+-+Friday)%0AFacebook+:+www.facebook.com%2Ftcdc.thailand+%0ATwitter+:+www.twitter.com%2Ftcdc%0ABangkok%0A10500%0AThailand/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x30e29f022db566ff:0x287c0f1b5fbe26f3!2m2!1d100.51562349999999!2d13.7266985?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.tcdc.or.th","TCDC Bangkok\nThe Grand Postal Building \n1160, Charoenkrung Road, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500 \nTCDC Information Counter : (66) 2 105 7400 #213, 214\nTCDC Office : (66) 2 105 7441 \nFax : (66) 2 105 7450 \nEmail : info@tcdc.or.th\nOpening Hours\nTCDC Information Counter : 10.30 - 19.30 hrs. (Closed Mondays)\nTCDC Office : 9.30 - 17.30 hrs. (Monday - Friday)\nFacebook : www.facebook.com/tcdc.thailand \nTwitter : www.twitter.com/tcdc\nBangkok\n10500\nThailand",13.726698500000001,100.51562349999999,"Bangkok, Thailand",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg0UjJs2EneOXDuDdZzW4g2clSm_eDcbP-HCryU2KQJVGx3gBuy9z3fcVJ-VvQsNSV0WdQLsI\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",140,140,0],"/partner/thailand-creative-design-center"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHpwja3aZ0SfaQ9IfttjM91Yh7AYij0iysDnWboqQRiuVkahplqD9GN91jZUd9EDK7UOrbsw","Tai Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePakdee Santaweesuk, namely Tai Kai-Hua-Roh, Thai cartoonist best known for his Baby boy with three hair character, PangPond, inspired by his own son. He is a pioneer of Kai-Hua-Roh and Mahasanook cartoons. Back in those days, Tai offered his drawing to the editor Ban-Lue-Sarn Publisher; Vithit Utsahajit, then he was accepted as a cartoonist of Mahasanook and Kai-Hua-Roh in 1979.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThank you Banluesarn, Banlue Publications.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHpwja3aZ0SfaQ9IfttjM91Yh7AYij0iysDnWboqQRiuVkahplqD9GN91jZUd9EDK7UOrbsw","“Stay away coz we care.”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eShadow is one of the popular elements in Kai-Hua-Roh comic book, now it represents a physical distancing policy during the Coronavirus pandemic. To keep distance from each other is the way to express how much we care about our beloved ones. This cartoon was created by Pakdee, or Tai as a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7lZQ6Z0Y-7gs4M0Xm4K9FJnzuPCJIu-mOG93m_NzFwf2153vYsiI-IcGWgdrMGutRm29-P6o","“One Meter Apart”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTai Kai-Hua-Roh repeats once again that social distancing during COVID-19 cannot ruin our relationship. The cartoon got motivated by the main characters in the Five Feet Apart, a romantic drama movie about two teenagers meet and fall in love, yet with cystic fibrosis disease, they must avoid physical contact.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRnEJQV4cgimFl_UTTmpEGx9N3QlKKgzomBAHthlq0E3ucAqKl5ijs9mEBvzuJ-9Qm2xMlew","Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrawit Mongkolnowrut, namely Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh. Jiew first practiced his cartoon drawing studying from a silent MAD comic book. Finally his dream came true, he showed his talent to the editor Ban-Lue-Sarn Publisher; Vithit Utsahajitgot and got accepted as a cartoonist, Jiew has worked with Kai-Hua-Roh ever since. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThank you Banluesarn, Banlue Publications.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRnEJQV4cgimFl_UTTmpEGx9N3QlKKgzomBAHthlq0E3ucAqKl5ijs9mEBvzuJ-9Qm2xMlew","Hygiene first",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cat is a creature that keeps a very high healthy level of cleanliness. Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh thus took a cat’s self-clean moment into his drawing to express a higher standard of this cat by using alcohol gel after finishing her routine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF1QsWQS6kXBmFFslnDzbW0SnrhpxvkNTiwXBcAc5ut671PuYYlW9xhKv66FFd5tTjU4Fz2kJ3","Hehaji Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChollanan Kaewpa, namely Hehaji Kai-Hua-Roh \u003cbr\u003eA creative and cartoonist at Banluesarn. Her works are distributed in both Kai-Hua-Roh and Mahasanook comic books. Hehaji owns 2 fantasy-adventure cartoon sets known in Thai as “Spy-Puon Pajonpai” or the adventurous spy.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sfuit7zMzjvRYwh_mlH6Yk3YZLlKriKpgi_m0X3Am5aNlNiBvboQ-BtWReVuu4IjyLR6DjxN0","Keep your guard up",[null,"\u003cp\u003eJiew Kai-Hua-Roh had his athletes sanitize their gloves with alcohol gel and worn medical masks as the boxing requires close physical contact.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF1QsWQS6kXBmFFslnDzbW0SnrhpxvkNTiwXBcAc5ut671PuYYlW9xhKv66FFd5tTjU4Fz2kJ3","“How fast Covid-19 can spread in a week?”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Hehaji made it easy for the cartoon readers to understand how fast this coronavirus can spread from one to one another in just one week.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T5KW4pUaBydgjNT_rpNWqIr43gRgOlETUQzGa7nR2iJuH6YP88OQmJYQh78dz2M1Me1Jg_mg","“No more superspreaders, physical distancing, please.”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor a model of collective animal behavior, ants following a physical distancing policy by Hehaji represents what humans should be aware of during the COVID-19 outbreak. This cartoon is a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJGSbJx2FNYNWCXLpWyjJwm_XQqRfnSSlDbUZ2i-SxOisHuNKrO-w8erzXGdUsHooYQ85q3lP","HELLO",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe act of \u0026#39;physical distancing\u0026#39; to prevent the spread of Coronavirus is presented through one of the most popular Thai children\u0026#39;s plays, \u0026quot;a paper-cup telephone\u0026quot;. After making telephone out of paper cups and string, two players have to walk away from each other until the string is tight, then one starts talking and another listens.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJGSbJx2FNYNWCXLpWyjJwm_XQqRfnSSlDbUZ2i-SxOisHuNKrO-w8erzXGdUsHooYQ85q3lP","Chalita Boonyarittisak",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn artist and Fine Arts student practicing her specialization in sculpture.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkB_c_Yrb9OooFD4MaUJTU3OaSAPk8zBS7dCmmAO0aeaB7ohbPFby818emYmofaEiIxLu6n5o","ease around",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA stationery and lifestyle product owner who creates simple illustrations picked up from his routines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA life pattern during self-quarantine by ease around.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkB_c_Yrb9OooFD4MaUJTU3OaSAPk8zBS7dCmmAO0aeaB7ohbPFby818emYmofaEiIxLu6n5o","Stay Home Stay Safe",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA giant wave of COVID-19 outbreak happened in Thailand during summer time. Almost everyone missed those moments of the year they could unwind their mind.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWZCMdiamV2Z7vl86_dfp0gGgaEg7xB0t5WHZhAr1vKKAFQq-FKpaFKyE0gNSGXSVkni-f",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHygiene Checked\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe first priority during this time is hygiene. Keep rechecking if you and your family are at risk or not.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWZCMdiamV2Z7vl86_dfp0gGgaEg7xB0t5WHZhAr1vKKAFQq-FKpaFKyE0gNSGXSVkni-f"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5evszm_K5dYSEW7ZOXQW2j0d7yFtSFejmKQm7EbNnMAdw7t7e1i_DzVdqql1Ct7noZoOH34c","FLUKE",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe illustrator and advertising art director with his degree in decorative arts, Silpakorn University\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5evszm_K5dYSEW7ZOXQW2j0d7yFtSFejmKQm7EbNnMAdw7t7e1i_DzVdqql1Ct7noZoOH34c",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehind The Mask\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe have been hiding behind a mask for a while,\u003cbr\u003eWe are waiting for life to get back to normal once again.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9jOwrVnB45o58a0qgU0nF1sQmYEv35wSlEkB0-JsYv4Mx66OPFNFDpsExJVfozMfs3xjDrnQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKawaka\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne stroke brush- a technique of painting with ink and brush by a single slide across the page within \u0026quot;one breath at a time\u0026quot;. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA painting is created freely beyond a border of beauty, \u003cbr\u003eor similarity. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis single stroke is an art for everyone, and of course, can be criticized.\u003cbr\u003eThe art is sometimes accompanied by poetry.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9jOwrVnB45o58a0qgU0nF1sQmYEv35wSlEkB0-JsYv4Mx66OPFNFDpsExJVfozMfs3xjDrnQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHOPE\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere\u0026#39;s always hope among the darkness of pandemic. We all shall get thru it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QucZsD5M4IlNvrei1Zvew-91725W8rkb5RufX209jDYcrpWcS0OV8BsbeXG0lXOTKRjYHPcMoT",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESTART\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis virus will be cured. Just be prepared for the new beginning.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SugiyHj38NIaldgPA-tPfddS-TEjUYpH8YjlI_zHSbzAT9gC8W1jlHxaFW94uloyNDLWjS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCERTAINTY\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe COVID lesson: There is no such certainty.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rc9BYM64vo3GHS9phH6-YfgtKK-vA7uK8-4E2LlXqXeaU6Q1b9mzLH8PI0YgEecSp-peB5Zag",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eKawaka\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SANF2eNw6yKAamoqe-QicHinc8bZ40nibs65q3p5hqrxA17f0sJmscafxRZJePVTaqMcEaX9E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSURVIVAL\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBeing focused and keep educating ourselves may be one of the easiest ways to survive from the COVID.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhdRYjfmBR0zzDWMrlautCnl0iame-1_3RNc0OcWCFoYtqJuU3qsoS9oeIZvbh_5_bSXyQ","Nut Dao",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator based in Bangkok, Thailand. Nut Dao is interested in his innermost feelings or some daily states of being, in which he often uses it as the main subject in his work. Daily objects and humans are implemented as his representation to create scenarios for audiences to understand those feelings or conditions he is implying. The story is usually told by his simple yet detailed drawing lines, which are unique and recognizable.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhdRYjfmBR0zzDWMrlautCnl0iame-1_3RNc0OcWCFoYtqJuU3qsoS9oeIZvbh_5_bSXyQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMind Detox\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe all have the feeling of stress and being 24-hour overwhelmed by information during the COVID-19 outbreak. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGetting ourselves “a digital detoxify” to clear the body and mind helps us see things clearly and survive in this pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPYMLW1SxUyL6eH_Vy55j4-qcaCv7d0R1kVxFTB07LKk1ZfbC0VYyRN9t7J_AU9W5OGimBIOc","Palim",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator with a degree in digital photography and graphic design.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPYMLW1SxUyL6eH_Vy55j4-qcaCv7d0R1kVxFTB07LKk1ZfbC0VYyRN9t7J_AU9W5OGimBIOc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 days\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStay home and self-isolate after returning from areas where COVID-19 is spreading.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCXEZQIFJF3Ol5lEF30Ekts6IRGiJMfA3E11lmYhyhxzSrR-39_-77iD3UcL1kloeqMAJ08Uk","Plariex",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA cartoonist and illustrator who takes her surroundings as inspirations to create her artworks. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCXEZQIFJF3Ol5lEF30Ekts6IRGiJMfA3E11lmYhyhxzSrR-39_-77iD3UcL1kloeqMAJ08Uk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNew Normal\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the beginning period of the coronavirus outbreak, we would do everything to prevent and protect the virus from spreading. The work is shown through the act of the shoppers.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGZWBaY3_WplTRsgWXTprO4y-JF6wo2dROC2oHejm9oDKULAOrwySc6XnI3Uk7VwX6kLK59tY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStay Home\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStaying at home is required in order not to spread or to protect ourselves against COVID-19. Let’s see what we can do!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QX7ts3DG7PTapqYVgwGbi_U28aGPAJbBjvBj0e33NUhm_7KszkPzUOc5W9WlXGdlSwLusUhSI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReduce Your Risk\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt started when alcohol gel and spray become ‘must have’ items to fight against COVID-19. This work of art is widely used among Thai people as an information graphic on a bottle, mobile case, laptop, and everyday objects to remind themselves of hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5vfP1DyeReirc4kVhHUNN7EwAcf66zFbOg34jLv5LiNSz4piF96Fboy2JekS9mhYLYrccR-Y","ReenP",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA freelance illustrator and graphic designer.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5vfP1DyeReirc4kVhHUNN7EwAcf66zFbOg34jLv5LiNSz4piF96Fboy2JekS9mhYLYrccR-Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow far love can travel\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany couples are unavoidably apart during the COVID-19 outbreak.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScJN1U09-hnfeDD6jkrXOH04FgWmFXTmAhv_AqpvKGlGipREgLemjodUBzaN2zqJUl_HPdVCc","Kanda",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn Illustrator and designer based in Thailand. Kanda loves various experimental creations. Her inspiration is usually from emotions, poetry, people, and places.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScJN1U09-hnfeDD6jkrXOH04FgWmFXTmAhv_AqpvKGlGipREgLemjodUBzaN2zqJUl_HPdVCc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Reader\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConcept: Embracing a New Normal\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R40gpISy10jIulTg3jqOL99my-mIv2wXKE8KU6EGBWgOaBK-MtQqo4kSoycEw8opNdTXKiEuA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuntur\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator best known for his minimalist artworks.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R40gpISy10jIulTg3jqOL99my-mIv2wXKE8KU6EGBWgOaBK-MtQqo4kSoycEw8opNdTXKiEuA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe artworks portray the life that has been changed during the self-isolation.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjsL0crVEtJZVCg0QZbrwMVG0QGH-wlS9efEv6hvPC6hP2ZvxDlF2jaH2alfNrbbOjDAJ3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough the artist’s lens, life under COVID is filled with gloom and loneliness. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjsL0crVEtJZVCg0QZbrwMVG0QGH-wlS9efEv6hvPC6hP2ZvxDlF2jaH2alfNrbbOjDAJ3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKVUSW3e1RyhSu8GAigI0fxd1f_6WggqNdxwDeJv5WYCwxAFNazEA9UIkLI5CjKJQMVhhRLls",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTanpopoe\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTogether we are stronger in the fight against the COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rzx-yxklcWI4nZZI0_mHXGY9xiRTAC_RBZVsZKilzam7CzfxcuBy4zghuvm2hT7ozZ5eU2vA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThere’s only me talking and discussing with myself during the self-isolation to prevent the spread of COVID.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rx8R55Xu-B7YhltuxqczQMdE_fxvJdOoi2HM5JCyhl8hlmtqUITSF0woo95qj3gDT621RD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMay you all go away, the Coronavirus!\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Home-Cooking During the Pandemic","Homemade Mexican food, a count of dishes","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpSumlOYpfk4CNdaOvkj7Z9uEbCt-n-zmDi52aYl9BJKeMzWJlgPCwxL3LUdzNWau3jaZs-w","/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,"Cocina Cinco Fuegos\n35 poniente 101\nColonia Huexotitla\n72534 Puebla, Pue.\nMéxico\n\nAtención con cita",null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPQ86g_xBY-dVjIN-Hurx3m_s3ZkOcebrM74XQIs-wBXqPYzfmHMAy1KfMd-NKbBwpUotao0w",1773,1347,0],"/partner/cocina-cinco-fuegos"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo_28KYODhVYMeu22AsuXKNNOyYaKg-CwHE4Yf44T5xAcycowBxb7Ns7ZL-OoAR-5n6L3ZukrT","Lentils",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLentils with potatoes and bacon, a brothy stew to be eaten with a spoon. Lentils thickened with crushed tomato, garlic and onion. Sourdough bread. Cotton tablecloth and napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAaffT-0WOBnusdwUXD9ZYfjBmv0gf3RIuO-LtT9sMQgz5WfiuJ21wZpcqPWiTI7Emsi-FmEc","Steamed fish",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSteamed fish with scallions, onion and pepper. White rice with tomato wedges and avocado. Damask tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAaffT-0WOBnusdwUXD9ZYfjBmv0gf3RIuO-LtT9sMQgz5WfiuJ21wZpcqPWiTI7Emsi-FmEc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSteamed fish with scallions, onion and pepper. White rice with tomato wedges and avocado. Damask tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZB1brHiO4UEGbYF9XwOYo-WnU2f3-jcyyiYZyQaZrSpysn0BsSa7c2TbsUScq6tcX8ePozQvi","Spicy grilled pork",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpicy grilled pork. Poblano chili strips with mushrooms and onions. Red corn tortillas. Cotton tablecloth and napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SIeDYpuuuPpjBF6mQWdQKtQ70_HDw94vL5n8tX-QSuoSbJgiSfhYX3vYUsgdBsriOw0yqvC1Y","Potato soup",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePotato, leek and fried bacon soup. Cubed potatoes, sliced leeks and fried bacon are cooked in chicken broth with epazote.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SIeDYpuuuPpjBF6mQWdQKtQ70_HDw94vL5n8tX-QSuoSbJgiSfhYX3vYUsgdBsriOw0yqvC1Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePedal loom tablecloth from Oaxaca, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, and embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGnW-lPDYM_13O16x-ded2PMSd43uC9pqVsFP8OIdp8yvgpsQpUmoKXnOHN7qAEr-tdDkVQw","Cecina",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRoasted Yecapixtla jerky and red chilaquiles with cheese, cream, onion and avocado. Chilaquiles, chopped corn tortillas cooked in a tomato sauce with dried loco chili, garlic and onion. Damask tablecloth, embroidered cotton placemat and matching napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIPP4fYLAWe5DjJQiWB_5Cz5VR17AOeUTqPiiGC9a_g8N1Sabl7GvaSAiCdOhOVcYNmZ6lYuY","Poblano Chili Cream",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePoblano chile cream. Roasted chilis with the stems removed and cleaned, crushed along with corn kernels and epazote, are cooked in chicken broth. Oaxacan pedal loom tablecloth and cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNpjSyhhQBT_IFjJAxuiJptw5c72wiLlTcN_H4qnGTyX0ExwVFtim2u32NqdUpDcDKwWst9PKX","Sandwiches",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTriangle sandwiches, containing slices of ham, fried bacon, ranchero cheese, panela cheese, tomato, lettuce and chipotles in adobo. Cotton tablecloth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TTEWbiVJJ4Hh4gfqLXN5YmUlIlHwGUec3HnjBOM2RGrH2FZQ7hRFd90-4nWLkLmvY08gWvKw","Chicken in red wine",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicken in red wine with asparagus and potatoes. Chicken thighs, asparagus, diced potatoes, bacon and whole red pepper, all simmered in red wine. Cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching napkin adorned with herringbone.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpVDln_10WZlnNP71AZQxj1M8Ru0Bfwsz19-VD-9ticSqFy6NrGM2HOLMof6A6KldmfYgi7g","Beef Milanese",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBeef Milanese. Tomato and goat cheese salad dressed with balsamic vinegar. Guacamole: mashed avocados with chopped onions and pipicha. Toasted white bread. Printed cotton tablecloth, Oaxaca pedal loom placemat with cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4asWhiHZfE183VV9IUtaQl_8FglRpSPn4u2KuArsy5H8_DuBkUPkFIJScDRI2kyAcLoCVSkk","Poblana soup",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSopa poblana: Poblano chili strips, mushrooms, squash blossom, cow cheese and onion. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4asWhiHZfE183VV9IUtaQl_8FglRpSPn4u2KuArsy5H8_DuBkUPkFIJScDRI2kyAcLoCVSkk","Tortas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTortas compuestas prepared with sliced ham, ranchero and panela cheeses, lettuce, tomato, avocado and chipotles in adobo. Printed cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching embroidered napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RR0xQXjhrvtLEPBEmOJ0BWsQPucF7jZBZxfgTQq3i5_H4mKuaufIQDCvu76iuI6W8Wde-9tPc","Four-cheese spaghetti",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFour-cheese spaghetti. Spaghetti cooked in water with onion, bay leaf, olive oil, salt and then drained. Baked with butter, gruyere, ranchero, smoked and manchego cheeses and black pepper. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RR0xQXjhrvtLEPBEmOJ0BWsQPucF7jZBZxfgTQq3i5_H4mKuaufIQDCvu76iuI6W8Wde-9tPc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDamask tablecloth, placemat and matching cotton napkin embroidered and adorned with ribbon.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLjeTIsCBQKiPax837koJJIH4fv-YGz4F_Z1ltXM7I0Vkf4Imnu3pgShBaDGO18s0hiATL1Q","Enchiladas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMole poblano enchiladas sprinkled with sesame seeds and onion. Enchiladas are corn tortillas fried in hot oil, stuffed with cooked and shredded chicken breast, and then formed into a taco and covered with mole. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLjeTIsCBQKiPax837koJJIH4fv-YGz4F_Z1ltXM7I0Vkf4Imnu3pgShBaDGO18s0hiATL1Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMole poblano paste seasoned with chocolate and crushed tomato cooked in chicken broth. Red rice with tomato, peas and carrots. Cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching embroidered napkin with guipure lace appliqué.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S07dP8yxfQ6tnBTdn7vw7bv1ebAqzegYOx9PknjE5Ia8g7IhRDgF1v9lyjBjPS9hjVEza0","Dessert ",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePeach mousse in a glass with prunes. Dessert with sliced peaches, condensed milk and lemon juice beaten in the blender. It is accompanied by very popular cookies called Marías. Cotton tablecloth and matching napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXYl_dUEPW-pWaZivBM36wmb_Ej1R9MZt8azs_qcbw-JcsiEE8TdKjvpH85Hshj_ccYn72iQ","Quiche",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpinach and bacon quiche. Boiled and fried potatoes with pepper flakes. Brocade tablecloth, frayed and embroidered cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXYl_dUEPW-pWaZivBM36wmb_Ej1R9MZt8azs_qcbw-JcsiEE8TdKjvpH85Hshj_ccYn72iQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSalad of baby lettuce, endive lettuce and chopped walnuts, dressed with balsamic vinegar. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-6sFDJcMZSM3Drp5SqC66E5Uw8ypsep30j5TZhZB65uip5Tkz8gr0ZowfIKz0FKarCBcmzFo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicken consommé. Cooked and shredded chicken breast with avocado, onion, cilantro and green serrano chili. Cotton tablecloth, linen placemat, matching napkin with embroidered RA initials and crocheted border.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RaklBMHkpvdys31-UEVPzYaC2_z9d3WYWau_Jz3EtnXs29mtFj0anB_IYNBlVQUUoqq5h1zos","Chicharrón in green chili",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicharrón in green chili. Chopped chicharrón cooked in green tomato sauce, fresh Tampico chili, cilantro, garlic and onion. Blue corn tortillas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RaklBMHkpvdys31-UEVPzYaC2_z9d3WYWau_Jz3EtnXs29mtFj0anB_IYNBlVQUUoqq5h1zos",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrinted cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching napkin decorated with ribbon and frayed edges. Linen tortilla holder with bias binding and machine embroidered rooster.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qq-pBAIRPKKaJZiDGogRbrp6u0jUZG7bC0FBzz99oIZTbfKfi8dqs7EgciOu8-VUYkpy58bj_n","Fondue",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue. In a pan with garlic, a combination of manchego Colón cheese from Querétaro, Carranco ranchero cheese from San Luis Potosí, smoked cheese from Chipilo, Puebla and white wine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sq3sxwyHePytb_T_LHU_UZzmkcg0RAMCYl-qGFqZ4PAS5bkX3ruhyA7sjQAhSdohUTmKlxjOY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue with cubed white bread and fruit: red grapes, d\u0026#39;anjou pear and Manila mango.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SoWcfbluGqXm8e4NF7jyz4lnmg1P9dbN-TvZmMk-_y8P5heKA0J_M2E0qvHdCCu38uUccrUY8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue, bread, fruit and white wine. Printed cotton tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","My Pandemic Story","Artworks created by Ontario youth to process their pandemic experiences","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tv8mVS3d7E6P0b_p9ybrKGQMozcKdpFxnuupPmLAvj3NyVBoOVfDxbI3ezyE0cKXS_jeRA1w","/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"EAXhRw3CUBzpGg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//100+Queen's+Park%0AToronto,+M5S+2C6%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x882b34baf3dae513:0xc98434e11ec5f592!2m2!1d-79.3947771!2d43.667709699999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.rom.on.ca/","100 Queen's Park\nToronto, M5S 2C6\nCanada",43.667709699999996,-79.3947771,"Toronto, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sbz9w-jWl5auBm-NbH3Q_VhNT9feg1ppHGmnZ6uX8vRjjPNykafEBXiIBzYQgLP6oyzFXC9jqt\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,0a3d0888f4e7f69c",275,279,1],"/partner/royal-ontario-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-5QmUDf_m5dZeayZTTHA8G2WY8y9AFaKoW-rxS9PzpVL08Wcb2-k6383_YZ6XyRvdTmfv6Xo","#MyPandemicStory",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCreated entirely of crowd-sourced artworks from youth aged 4-18, this exhibition is a stirring portrait of the complex journeys of young people during the pandemic. To learn more, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/exhibitions-galleries/exhibitions/mypandemicstory\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eclick here\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo browse all of the creative and compelling artworks, check out the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://platform.crowdriff.com/m/s-b3puDmZhe3wbcmRv\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003edigital gallery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGTBJ2yprF6NPQyQlfMmPjyIXrAJjos6qs-iREFfWdMU2xJH3Y7BePU6F_jk7Hd3A-MuiLS0s","The Face of Resilience",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI used different colours and shapes to represent different people from all over the world, united in our fight against COVID-19. The bright colours represent strength, courage, determination, and resilience. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RuczoFsVZ1Pq9H0Gn4dDko7jjmZl7bvi2H3lbrBHkbVy7_NaUiHlYett6Y5dij4-4zqF8Su8PK","Essential Barbie™",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is a Barbie™ that I designed a PPE outfit for using a blue rubber glove. I was inspired by my Mom who is a Registered Nurse. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBiHI5HNg_VQTPrW47_zHsAVEzK2_mhfP4qSMpHAyEUKOeZw1rvKRRQOnBTfrr0pvu-PYjDmc","Smiling Under My Mask",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince masks cover my mouth, you can’t see it. I want people to know I’m always smiling under my mask! \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TniTPMcMMsxnEkfirdDxInTFdDqe3FgkZfsB9gjoI7fy7kvq1MeOKVYcWbCI0V6s6hRdy0eVDd","Air Hugs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is a sculpture of my Papa and me. We had to air hug to keep each other safe. I like real hugs better. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sz9x9cy1FSt7A6sH-3mG3SGWk91-RtBFBHb6bGy0hai75hBK65rybgKc95wksPdKWslTS9","Room to Breathe",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic, the park was my only outlet to feel like myself. It gave to me room to breathe. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QoNRONHGosf9nZRflzxioOgUwpezihqfbwormGRo7A0DpDvXahXFr6NgH9xdt7-Oq5aekeGg","Disconnected",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a student, I have certainly felt some sort of emptiness having a lack of seeing my friends. You almost feel disconnected at some points. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SrMIVIiol1Wl2EfglGhVaeWg06B96EV0-4jUFyFQpUgiOYJxE0y8Yl8gzvB9F1xd-VXmuhIWs","Cameras Off",[null,"\u003cp\u003eNo one turns their camera on, so this is basically what it\u0026#39;s been like during class time. It has been hard not seeing people\u0026#39;s faces. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4nvOFG39IsJOGn40odm7uFKlfBU6WcBwAbiDfJ7yquseBn1QjDnR3FFLoPnJxQoJa99K5cXJa","Eyedentity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEyes are so important during the pandemic, when masks cover our faces. Despite our identities and appearances, one look into our eyes reveals that we are all human.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qw9cZKYpFAsBMuwl_hXeL7QeA6Ov--gQlCcxkNA6BTMVkq7vW0_-KF4FXVXF0kHoa46I23gYs","“2020 Be Like…”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMy pandemic story represents what was unleashed on the world in 2020. These are the memories that I will have from this time in my life. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVWYciWCMWKoVfioxhF-fSE0TuZndCGU4XP9Ke2C9-IuRr9tEI17qDzLt_VXlC1HN9Ddit-4Ew","Untitled",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic I started questioning my gender and sexuality. I’ve found comfort in the LGBTQ+ community, and I’m happy to finally say that I am nonbinary. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1h4M671_93OwPA4wJPh4LUDqAZdNf42tLaPpjm0_mJSg83Zxz4tOlZ-4XLKLQkJovC9kNMw","Trapped at home",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis piece represents being trapped at home, where my house is a cage. During the pandemic I\u0026#39;ve gotten into wire bending as a coping mechanism for my stress.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBaaK1BXaN3zpBUrtn9Uk2nN8b1A-jjT32geoXfTMmZ6Xxjsy2-tWbwVR5Upni-ZqkBXucww","Hate is a Virus",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe constant news about xenophobic attacks negatively affected my mental health. I created this piece to show that positivity always overcomes ignorance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TMtFJpW324h96nTVpwywb_M--ZjfXvOUZiaQPPCmcOpy7IMXljcRoQ0AMopFh42AHMkUOBCr0","Space Cookie",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI wish we could escape to space and have the cookies we\u0026#39;ve always wanted, especially during the pandemic. As a low-verbal autistic, I communicate feelings through texture and colour. Painting is my space cookie at this time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBW3J_Wqo7CgT3choNArIW-2Vr7pfAW09PwaKTdY1WlF7cCuF4GGN3b1TL23w3hC2I7575Vfo","Essential Still Life",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI captured the essence of Baroque still life paintings with modern ‘essential’ items. I want them to feel present. Important. They were so valuable during this pandemic. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwKE-E7SYiYVLAdHaXIYX_47lQWu7TEUcn-7eF9WBzyn95pMUXjngIP5DAyNNG6nVkOHP5Kg","Eight",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2020, I began working at a long-term care home for adults with disabilities. This poem honours the residents who passed away during the pandemic. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TifLgpuD7a8NXeZm7uxlc1PPUjvPVwEsPM0z8DPLXTcgZ1_gdmcFP2ID5M9gVX6trKSLTWnQo","Demons",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI used this self-portrait to express and work through some of my emotions during the pandemic. It represents the ongoing fight with my demons. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-rQSFXU6dsR2mXp4LMzMRdYtFNYlKGSPftrShC95_axCzKEkT_IImDPF8ASYL2VKrGkF82lU","colourful mess",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe hands represent how the media is killing us, and the plastic is being stuck in a bubble. The colours represent how we are losing our beauty. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","COVID-19 and Medicine (a short story)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDue to COVID-19, I miss my school and friends. I wish to see the world back to normal. In this story, medicine is attacking COVID-19.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"zJWujUDaebA"]],["","Will They Tell My Story?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI hope to show the struggles children faced during lockdown and provide a sense of hope for a brighter future. Are we making history? Will our stories be told? \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"nmbRuzCOa0w"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qyub8oKLqkaVX5pJF4sP3hYm-pRbwOgNzaJitPbiknXTlM43-on1-GNWzGeg1u5k3MZP5QvfWQ","Hell on Earth",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the pandemic, racism has become an even bigger problem. My art shows the psychological and emotional effects of hate. The leaves represent hope.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic","An exhibition about the role of science, struggle, and mourning","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8fTt0EZX8qzP9MjVJIqEnCTM7kMkQpNLFMamCHPTUcKJQcmplfes_KbkdeGP-1z9hKu4uNJk9","/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"9gVhS6T56XCs0w"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Pra%C3%A7a+Mau%C3%A1,+1+-+Centro,+Rio+de+Janeiro+-+RJ,+20081-262,+Brasil%0ARio+de+Janeiro%0A20081-262%0ABrazil/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x997f5732a12a31:0x316901f971660ce1!2m2!1d-43.1796012!2d-22.8945798?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","","Praça Mauá, 1 - Centro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20081-262, Brasil\nRio de Janeiro\n20081-262\nBrazil",-22.894579799999995,-43.1796012,"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvFiKVtXE_KMKUVH8t6KsYSCUu7mhI2GQozbUtqUbj65r_ErLUNhPYPrE6FcY6J-k_XGc4Lw\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",4000,1216,0],"/partner/museu-do-amanhã"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHybYFxUnT8B-SD-X3NsMQcSZuJxp7QjvHqsFHQyk24QVxI8FS4UUISzMusIl04I2aWnp_nzc","A comprehensive view ",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Coronacene” considers 6 areas, which show the impact from Covid-19, the role of science, struggle, and mourning. The exhibit was inaugurated in March 2021, with Luiz Alberto Oliveira, Leonardo Menezes, and Eduardo Carvalho as curators.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],[""],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWpjxEREminClf_SEJTZZrXB2CUcPL4a6VInqRYgVH_eNbPiBGdmGbSTFW-nttPFovjGFHZvHr","Turning point",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMicroorganisms have always shaped human history. Just like the Black Death, the Spanish flu, and HIV. \u003cbr\u003eIn 2020, the new coronavirus affected us all. \u003cbr\u003eWill life ever be the same as it was before? \u003cbr\u003eDo we want that? \u003cbr\u003eWill this struggle prepare us for other global challenges, such as the climate change?\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo","Manifesto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe beheld most of 2020 through the windows of our homes. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe talked, we cried, we had fun, we distracted ourselves, we felt fears and longings, we rediscovered ourselves, and we adapted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe persisted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe needed to keep ourselves in our private spaces. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere, we were safe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, essential workers set out to protect us, working in hospitals, supermarkets, and pharmacies; televising news, delivering orders, and researching in labs. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe outside world carried on, albeit differently.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe saw our relationships in a new light. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe realized we can always find time for ourselves, help someone and live together with those we love.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLife needs to go on, and the future will be brighter if we respect the planet’s limits. We are all connected.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has shown us that it is time we learn from science and reexamine actions affecting biodiversity. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe virus will continue, and it is up to us to work together to overcome it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhen all of this is over, we want a Tomorrow that is more sustainable, less unequal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q8Opm15Jftb8jt9FR9vgJ2GXNTdOsD9nVAygHndadz-pDMMcOFg093eiR67rvoaAii8gUdTT8","ESSENTIAL",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen everything stopped, they continued because we needed them to. Without these professionals, we would not be able to get medicines, food, access to medication, reliable news and the contents that relieved the stress of the lockdown.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SdI0HuVUbLebsaZNhFa_8Sx87ODvtrXB2-Z20-w1MCQdFPMW82PVHDtuipAn9zhe8G7B_Z","Vanda Ortega Witoto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eShe is an indigenous leader of the Witoto tribe; Vanda helped save many lives in Tribe Park, in Manaus, where 2,500 indigenous people live, from 35 different ethnic groups. She produced masks and collected donations for setting up a campaign hospital. Click \u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/Vanda%20Ortega%20Witoto%20ingl%C3%AAs.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e to read her testimony.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,null,["https://culturalinstitute-audio-serving.storage.googleapis.com/4589324/KAG0yu32XNEboQ/en/1619116643232.mp3","Vanda Ortega Audio"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SfYuFnJMIauAJCv8sW7wTdV_dnufnsGCywnkl1ZIsBDSf5EZHOlc00yYqC1Xfuvs8aLdzJGg","FROM VIRUS TO PANDEMIC",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe first records of the SARS CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, are from the city of Wuhan, China in 2019. The initial outbreak among regulars of an exotic-animal wet market suggests that the disease was transmitted by an animal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"HDujoilB0do"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeLtc3p9Xo0seWFzN0BvBrJaxJW1smT0dlGdWoCwTJuZyDkmWY75Lj2b0T8koy0gt4CVzQ5Jxz","TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHave you ever stopped to think you might go through a pandemic? For many, the answer is no. In 2020, companies went bankrupt, businesses closed its doors and our routines were interrupted due to the new coronavirus. Though it seems like a science fiction film, this really happened.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"X0NpGd6spBM"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-d3Vb4WugqPp-LBo8e-BVVPP-lX670wdk7_c-bAYb8GwEV8-jTH8ix4JJ4_8jZFgzd9HXMA","MEMORIAL TO THOSE WHO HAVE PASSED ",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe futures of thousands of lives were cut short without any warning. \u003cbr\u003eThey passed away, reminding us that life must always go on with the utmost respect for one another and nature. \u003cbr\u003eWith this memorial, we pay our respects to the Brazilian people who lost their lives to COVID-19.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTo watch this video in English, please click \u003ca href\u003d\"/asset/dQHvFNzk5VwUxA\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"ZQ2cyziypO0",null,null,null,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI","\"The Two horizons” (Os dois horizontes) - Machado de Assis",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTwo horizons enclose our life: \u003cbr\u003eOne horizon — longing \u003cbr\u003eFor what has passed; \u003cbr\u003eAnother horizon — hope \u003cbr\u003eFor that which is yet to come; \u003cbr\u003eIn the ever shadowy present, Resides the ambitious soul \u003cbr\u003eUnder the voluptuous illusion \u003cbr\u003eOf past and future.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe carefree capering of childhood \u003cbr\u003eUnder maternal wings, \u003cbr\u003eThe flight of swallows, \u003cbr\u003eThe surging wave and fields of roses; \u003cbr\u003eThe joy of love so yearned for \u003cbr\u003eIn a deep and burning gaze, \u003cbr\u003eSuch is in present time \u003cbr\u003eThe horizon of the past.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEither the ambition of grandeur \u003cbr\u003eSilenced in the spirit, \u003cbr\u003eA desire for sincere love \u003cbr\u003eThat the heart has never felt; \u003cbr\u003eOr a life both calm and pure \u003cbr\u003eTo the convalescent soul, \u003cbr\u003eSuch is in present time \u003cbr\u003eThe horizon of the future.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the swift passage of days \u003cbr\u003eUnder the blue sky — such are \u003cbr\u003eThe edges of the sea of life: \u003cbr\u003eLonging or aspiration; \u003cbr\u003eTo our ardent spirit, \u003cbr\u003eIn the fervor of our dreams, \u003cbr\u003eNever is the present past, \u003cbr\u003eNever is the future present.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhat consumes you? — Lost \u003cbr\u003e In the sea of memories, \u003cbr\u003eI hear a rueful echo \u003cbr\u003eOf illusions past. \u003cbr\u003eFor what do you search? — I seek, \u003cbr\u003eWithin this vastness, \u003cbr\u003eTo decipher the sweet reality \u003cbr\u003eOf the illusions of the future. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTwo horizons enclose out life. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMachado de Assis, from the book ‘Crisálidas’\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tvkqf7ZQM2T_czidmbW4Todwz8Hog8ZlnR68w4rDAxsZs6NXvgCoSzrcQM4SKw8dtL74jj","SCIENCE IS THE PROTAGONIST",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic, science took its place at the forefront of the response to the coronavirus, developed health guidelines that slowed the infection rate, and prevented healthcare systems from becoming quickly overwhelmed. \u003cbr\u003eNow, scientists work to develop diagnostics and healthcare products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgzbBxKBfQyGxQMXHZpviPDk1GGn6fXQPLSJgcGeh_RgDqFj9loyKKgPlwPHofm3TbMsND","Marilda Siqueira",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virologist is the head of the Respiratory Virus and Measles Laboratory of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and led a team that became a benchmark for the World Health Organization of Covid-19 in the Americas. Click \u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/Marilda%20Siqueira%20-%20%20ingl%C3%AAs.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e to read the report on her participation in the pandemic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,null,["https://culturalinstitute-audio-serving.storage.googleapis.com/4589324/owF3-Yn_XHu73A/en/1619114203691.mp3","Marilda Siqueira Audio"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"p__l86WTEgY"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QFrwV6tmDh-NDyX13McsYukFqDGsVuLwzgS9blcvJNpqF7jdwH5y4Y8BXFcWEeNMMOx0791g","CULTURE IS THE WAY",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe culture industry was one of the first to feel the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In lockdown at home, the way we experience culture changed. \u003cbr\u003eThe search for digital content increased exponentially and artists harnessed the Internet as a catalyst to work around those restrictions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"g7Rjyg5S5do"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUjaQc21FH0qFW2fI33tocUJYaLixqbVVXK0_vjlxEZg_DtGlHSMGqiVwTU0vgnWHuInwSL3M","Virtual tour",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe time has come for you to explore the pathways of “Coronacene - Reflections in Times of Pandemic”, presents the Museum of Tomorrow, in partnership with Estúdios Globo and GloboNews. \u003cbr\u003eJust follow the arrows and enjoy the tour!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,["stella.svi",-22.89413855723354,-43.17943117976521,"CAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E\u003d",14.252924140517536,-6.30981670163888,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ\u0026heading\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026pitch\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026fov\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dZ0QBMYaA_NlS0ZYVzjrbroTLXtA",0,116.04669381110585,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sv_h\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026sv_p\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026sv_lat\u003d-22.89413855723354\u0026sv_lng\u003d-43.17943117976521",null,null,[2,"ZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ"],"SvInfo:870acedd-d226-42f7-8fca-f7df6fe3d58e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJvpQB7Hfo2bZzU3huY3Va0aDcBCOOwc5vKM3Nz_1J2qMg1JGtJC_cXPKTIOjMYC-ZYPkawkE","Click here to read the exhibition credits:",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/cr%C3%A9ditos%20coronaceno.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eCoronacene credits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey","Travel back in time during the lockdown 2020 and discover everyday stories in life","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkmrW59OfBYrtMRa5MPzkXH9RpxaTjPlHY8OERP6A9g86S7PpZ-VZamq5yiu1fKVmAfdYpGzFR","/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,5,[null,null,null,"http://www.sgmf.co.in","38 Maini Sadan\n7th Lavelle Cross Road\nBangalore, 560001\nIndia",12.9741688,77.5987924,"Bangalore, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S91sHiR2TW_SnSQfzxPvCiReUjowE92pkY7MVfP3DLINi4kVmWaHcVPb0Vwi5-HlFiayi7A5va",1800,1200,0],"/partner/the-sandeep-gitanjali-maini-foundation"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rci_v6ZqQJk8WDxxJi4TBoxQnq8rvSvoj8QMakt0wPRvPvTKM4ULJhaQ0nVLVig8p_lpw0jiI","Nowhere To Go",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe all-but-empty platform at the Cantonment station in Bengaluru presents an unreal sight during the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcf9Ae_6xXSFzmk6W3Zjna-JQYUko2Tuyc4PMXrgOsauwZegHxj73NIQgoPKjt-c6XduVyYg07","Stairway to?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe stairs leading to the platforms are usually overcrowded with the onrush of people, making the emptiness here eerie. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcf9Ae_6xXSFzmk6W3Zjna-JQYUko2Tuyc4PMXrgOsauwZegHxj73NIQgoPKjt-c6XduVyYg07",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeetanjali Sachdev: \u0026quot;The photographer\u0026#39;s use of light and shadow render a reflective mood through which to interpret urban street phenomena – which otherwise remain unconscious encounters.\u0026quot;\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SrfPLJpTq35p1J71HCJarPCQ3XXQ5WiWxaOSnbK6kmQ7CHmJmKZl523U9H7SzW7b_BWUDPYA","Jaded \u0026 Jobless",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDaily wage labourers and migrant workers were the most hard-hit during lockdown with no means of livelihood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QB8pd3ytL2327kX_w4GBs195wbEN_79uv3o80gWjMkTJVWdTDo_7uPnipvjbeMJH-BvjsiHc0","Animal Kingdom",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAmbling cows are a common sight on Indian streets, and this bovine probably enjoyed the traffic-free walk.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TK7PF0w5sjf9HyCQNyrn8_oXkdE7V4Dw0ZsCKmew8fH0Rp6Pd0rFYoFHsnSUXEnBR69vrPkQ","Seat of power",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe majestic Vidhana Soudha is captured in the strange and empty world that we were shuttered into, even as policemen urge the photographer to wrap up and move on during the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNdcy9hIr73JMgtZaVmNdIXxtww9CdXlBd8IN3aArZbBhQEPbwPD0EfOU2vC-Q8h286lf8Dww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA partly lit-up Vidhana Soudha provides some comfort during the dark and gloomy days of lockdown. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNdcy9hIr73JMgtZaVmNdIXxtww9CdXlBd8IN3aArZbBhQEPbwPD0EfOU2vC-Q8h286lf8Dww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA close look at the statue of Ambedkar - a popular selfie point around the seat of power in Bengaluru - remains eerily bereft of selfie-takers.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,"CardsRibbon","EditorialSection:f16030d2-2c96-4bfb-80bf-6dfd2281939a",null,"cu_edi_25","cu_edi_25",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKtEzk4RF-YWKhbZ-8i9DGRXETxlXZAlf-DnvWlNzOBSqM_XFCbN5f9HhE6Gt3MO_WN4vk_A"]],["stella.edit.sect",["Creativity during Covid","Explore projects using the arts to cope with the Covid-19 crisis",null,null,null,1],30,"#FFFFFF",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Arts + Health","A toolkit with arts \u0026 culture activities for your health and wellbeing","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rf84Ojk-ZSwL02tE9BRZh652OHEAinwkB9I_0bYs2QhxWgtviV-43ttZ6BiOXgu4po7M06x5g","/project/arts-health",16,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Explore",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:216a42c7-1495-4ef3-9ee2-9e33cd2b072f","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rf84Ojk-ZSwL02tE9BRZh652OHEAinwkB9I_0bYs2QhxWgtviV-43ttZ6BiOXgu4po7M06x5g","lujrRJljp6_ZNn56lRg66LWpy78",[0.4553081,0.4390762,0,1.3683333,0.6977519],null,null,null,[1200,1201]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[2,"arts-health"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"en"],["stella.common.cobject","Healing Breath","A series of breathing exercises for your health \u0026 wellbeing","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkFqjdKoafRnPDiUOVLhergg615NycEeE1ebC2k1XbZFRbatA8O1YIL6KwV1Fl4weatf16-13B","/project/healing-breath",16,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Explore"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[2,"healing-breath"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"en"],["stella.common.cobject","The Way I See It","See the experiences and artworks of children and young people during lockdown","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7QqJ5-B7teOHy9cZJD_7FDe3W9nQCuy1czRFpX_YZozxYnTH_q0dXxywsOAnvYBoGtaFYXFYJ","/story/FAUBMibXn56u0A",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Explore",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:29a437e4-c182-448d-9b85-93c6682bee33","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7QqJ5-B7teOHy9cZJD_7FDe3W9nQCuy1czRFpX_YZozxYnTH_q0dXxywsOAnvYBoGtaFYXFYJ","LE8-tanx5au4oeiHSCr1VNx_lIM",[0.56584764,0.58368766,0,0.63670856,0.618638],null,null,null,[4024,2892]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"FAUBMibXn56u0A"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbxXWpLl2EWRsDEjNMdlG3mdqWA0qP0rDVJ54fLItpBe4mSch6fF7VAdNxgtAYs7IH0aEXVA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBeing creative helps children express themselves and develops their skills and confidence. 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Working in collaboration with Bridge organisations, local charities, community groups and local authorities, Arts Council distributed over 44,960 \u003ci\u003eLet\u0026#39;s Create Packs\u003c/i\u003e to children. Across the country kitchen tables, living rooms floors and garden paths were deployed as spaces to facilitate creativity. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4z5OifzfxmcdYIfK4mZzvW3SPBXGMEX2sSDr6jZwgiHWXgXqgUQMt_Aff2wKPr_1VhyO6ig",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe were inspired by the Kirkleatham Museum, who worked in partnership with Tees Valley Museums and local schools during lockdown to produce an online gallery filled with thoughtful entries on the theme of kindness from pupils of all ages. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eMuseum staff were so overwhelmed with the response and the number of submissions, they had to create a second gallery. The full collection can be found here: \u003ca href\u003d\"https://teesvalleymuseums.org/exhibition/museum-of-kindness/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMuseum of Kindness\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qj2gm1fbE8ML4uoldnA6Pvd82UjQPtus_goFyTzw97cWxpzVgyfsas_J2J9m9JXKZwvdjvRjZi",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom online choirs to pavement chalk, people found joy in creativity during lockdown. There was a need to connect with each other and all kinds of creative ways to do it. 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Working together with artists, young people explored and created sculpture, poetry, film, spoken word and animation to share the things they care most about in this world. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNbe0tAmx95OpZOof67jiFb03l887ie7_ljn73pdLdyctLTvour4d0hr20IewB0SZNOK8fDGI","Company Three",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCompany Three, a youth theatre company based in Islington, North London, is a leading force for change for teenagers in its community and around the world. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor \u003ci\u003eThe\u003c/i\u003e\u003ci\u003e Way I See It \u003c/i\u003ethey created a new challenge based on the success of their Coronavirus Time Capsule. \u003ci\u003eOne Minute in the Middle of a Pandemic\u003c/i\u003e, invited young people to use video, audio, performance, visual arts, writing and music to capture a minute from the perspective of a teenager living through the momentous Summer of 2020. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R5LX63ARvKBdJeGq50KrgcM-e9NPKwZ9IwVt2rVpNy5KAEQ-fmfi4DIn-npiAoh_e3iTTfZD8","Dancefest",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDancefest is a dance development organisation in the West Midlands, using the power and joy of dancing to enhance people\u0026#39;s lives. They challenged young people to create a \u003ci\u003eHalf a Minute\u003c/i\u003e movie that was inspired a new skill, a new experience or a life lesson learnt during lockdown. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Way I See It\u003c/i\u003e collection also presents work from their \u003ci\u003eReimagine Lockdown\u003c/i\u003e challenge which invited young people to reimagine the rooms and spaces around them through dance and photography. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RHkZBdT3gci9r4FhrNOfGDJYn0J6UGa4qPi0s23cd-WZsm-DwY6DxbvUiDuIQL5pyaQf4tsg","English National Opera",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEnglish National Opera is the national opera company dedicated to one simple aim - making opera for everyone. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTheir challenge was for young people to make work inspired by the concept of\u003ci\u003e Aria \u003c/i\u003e- a single character sharing their inner emotional world and thoughts with an audience.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ReO2vAXrjcxCiaslhJxjgcrbqyJYzYnUjGWptJO3eI8G2-MNEjh6NbSG4Rv18_iAvKMRyLY2U","Heart n Soul",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHeart n Soul is a London-based award winning creative arts company that promotes the talents and power of people with learning disabilities. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThroughout lockdown their digital\u003ci\u003e Do Your Own Thing \u003c/i\u003esessions supported young people to take part in music, dance, radio, DJing and visual and digital arts to help them express themselves. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RqD97zq_6Jtz8sJSQ40Gou1SdRe2zL-kW83mOYKOHkHV7nkYmOm1RF96BQRmyQ4BqhWd91hOl8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to Google Arts \u0026amp; Culture and our partner organisations, this project allowed the work of children and young people to reach a global audience whilst the events, performances and displays that would normally provide a platform for their creativity were cancelled. 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being the first in the world for abolishing the death penalty in 1786.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QhHBrT1wDtfiNs2VieTSET9qnEG_bhuSgqUyZEY4nADgilwrmfpU7tzVLBYy4yy-diGb6O8Hs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot everyone, however, knows that he also had a great passion for science of which he was also a great sponsor.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tw1CKFoae_YUKCWKYxX8a1lfGVw4XgtXWioBdWZL_eIMgUv8GmHVnFnNkOfz2bLJo4-AxuFpc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn fact, this strong predisposition for science led him in 1769 to experiment on himself by receiving the \u003ci\u003e“smallpox inoculation.”\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis was a practical, initial vaccine against this dreadful disease that tormented Tuscany for several years during that époque.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Thu8eDX4pIxVSMI_YaiFhpQKKnpcVgLIu9_lJu_NReotnmFa9dDXc45JnRnlr_LFJFvhNMENk8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt is documented that the vaccine was administered to the Grand Duke by the Dutch physician, Jan Ingenhousz, who had come to Florence for this specific purpose. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe physician incised the Grand Duke’s skin with a lancet that had been first introduced into a smallpox blister taken from a patient, in order to cause a sort of light and controllable form of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8BFzzPTfYdWytdfIwEePJbW-Zh5iMtCrIXAK1AFaQN84k4QMIkPaHHHoHTGWxtSB1pglc8E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTherefore this was a practical type of vaccine that a few years later would be successfully renovated and refined by the English physician Edward Jenner, considered by all as the \u003ci\u003e“Father of Immunization.”\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe enlightened Grand Duke fully recognized the benefits of science and experimentation which is made visible on Museo Galileo’s second floor that houses his magnificent personal chemistry bench.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8BFzzPTfYdWytdfIwEePJbW-Zh5iMtCrIXAK1AFaQN84k4QMIkPaHHHoHTGWxtSB1pglc8E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis grand piece of furniture, that when closed takes on the form of a giant cabinet, and once opened is characterized by a large working surface bench where his experiments could be carried out.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJpjXq_8_OqMCpt7GxOHUtVMlW6oDdAduF_KqP0Bv1xls0HGck8Wn29ajuvxmlKcrGc0aeVX-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe small drawers and cubby holes were filled with both instruments and glass jars of elements. Underneath you can also find a foot bellows especially useful for easily facilitating the combustion of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RwMbbBSxhMEXZ3_e6WKfSyKDNnT2QpL4uQZktmppkzy7UwzDBx-p4N8P_gfEHkjh6ZXx6s8ftw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne small proof of Peter Leopold’s personal experiments can be witnessed in the small, elegant glass bottle labelled \u003ci\u003e“olio estratto dalle formiche”\u003c/i\u003e translated into \u003ci\u003e“oil extracted from ants.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis prized substance makes for an optimal treatment for healing skin wounds.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eYou can come to Museo Galileo and admire in person this small bottle of potion positioned on his chemistry bench that was prepared by the Grand Duke himself.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkVYWC1fTXIzT3JYMm5xSGdkTk5jcWc\u003d",274.71171825227106,-13.865786286091065,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dEXX-_Mr3OrX2nqHgdNNcqg\u0026heading\u003d-85.28828174772894\u0026pitch\u003d-13.865786286091065\u0026fov\u003d84.41162545735686\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dyJV92TSXYPpkTtcRbcxuPVYe3o8",null,84.41162545735686,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkVYWC1fTXIzT3JYMm5xSGdkTk5jcWc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d84.41162545735686\u0026sv_h\u003d274.71171825227106\u0026sv_p\u003d-13.865786286091065",null,null,[2,"EXX-_Mr3OrX2nqHgdNNcqg"],"SvInfo:f8556e85-48a4-4945-a595-6b4a2222119c"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","From Small-pox to Covid-19","How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QT_381Ev52YXpqSctu0VLZEgy6nVDlLY6I536QTWdYvlPOXJLtMnhJe0rEqYyL_UgnPF5EUJk","/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:51ba7684-c387-42c2-98e8-3a6257dee517","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QT_381Ev52YXpqSctu0VLZEgy6nVDlLY6I536QTWdYvlPOXJLtMnhJe0rEqYyL_UgnPF5EUJk","V0rf_NgaXfMA5rwBGt0tZ6pDXns",[0.5,0.46344,0,2.6695437,0.87555456],null,null,null,[660,980]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"xgVhSQAObgPsKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Museumsinsel+1%0A80538+Munich%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x479ddf63139a50d3:0x7a513e5862fc9652!2m2!1d11.5834522!2d48.1298707?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.deutsches-museum.de/index.php","Museumsinsel 1\n80538 Munich\nGermany",48.1298707,11.5834522,"Munich, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxC0_ROTw2Umig16FrfUfFAnVtpGpnD6JJe5eQCJ0HMavHZTwrfd-rL9uCotpBgPvUGOmf6Q\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffff28",0,0,0],"/partner/deutsches-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQknQKg-U8k21-0U351qpl-DyUwCOexxVrYzwoj_9l3v331wux9jGjcDAzm6j4tvaCF2_Rbr8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe English country doctor Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed the modern vaccination against smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Bavaria was one of the first countries to introduce \u003cb\u003ecompulsory vaccination\u003c/b\u003e (according to Jenner\u0026#39;s method): On August 26, 1807, the Royal Bavarian Government Gazette published \u0026quot;by royal supreme order\u0026quot; a decree \u0026quot;concerning smallpox vaccination to be introduced by law in all provinces.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn order to extend the protection achieved and to contain the spread of smallpox in the still young Kingdom of Bavaria in the long term, King Max I Joseph ordered that all persons over the age of three who had never had smallpox had to be vaccinated by July 1, 1808. As proof, vaccination certificates were issued attesting to successful vaccination with smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026quot;We Maximillian Joseph, by the Grace of God King of Bavaria. We have so far noticed with particular pleasure the excellent progress of smallpox vaccination in Our States, as well as the praiseworthy willingness of a large part of Our subjects to accept this protective remedy against the ravages of smallpox, which has been proven infallible by the experience of physicians. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003eHowever, the reports submitted from the various provinces of Our Empire have also informed Us of how many people still forego this great benefit out of prejudice or indolence, thereby endangering themselves as well as others.\u0026quot;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe successful vaccination with the \u0026quot;smallpox\u0026quot; was documented by the doctors with so-called vaccination certificates. These were usually simple slips of paper, with the exception of this certificate issued in Graz, Styria, in 1855.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt shows doctor Edward Jenner with cow inoculating a boy with cowpox on his upper arm, mothers holding out their child to the patron goddess Hygeia, and the saying \u0026quot;Figure, health and protected life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ3NxZQf5XL4Hj62hNbjlbhE0cgB1Yyip22aPOJu1uNgwGAHXKznUu99cnm_fch_Aj8pq9aI2_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccination set for smallpox vaccination was made by the Aktiengesellschaft für Feinmechanik, Tuttlingen, and was manufactured between 1920 and 1930.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7MidUj6QV0pEdprdM3HYrPoycK-fj2bONSTbcVEAOnr0uUqcLo92q0YuvPCqO6cVtXPYC7uQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccination was quickly done by a skilled doctor. The freshly sterilized knife was briefly dipped into the vaccine, and then the smallpox vaccine was introduced into the upper arm with two small cuts.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzN0dJ2cL9sqJ-sEpQKUwWfILTbGnDHZMTAI_JpzoDzUTqMwBITP4257DcaxJ3u7QrySZZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a few days, a small pustule formed on the upper arm, which scarred characteristically - the vaccination was successful, and the vaccinated person was now protected from the dangerous smallpox. After a worldwide vaccination program, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. Smallpox has not been vaccinated in Germany since 1975.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmS813XYr-wmrdP2yTn8_bcNh-HcueJy2NZV8yUCTSfWkaWydlm2yQqFE7b6VZj9fKoUa6BHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImvanex is a vaccine currently approved for vaccination against \u003cb\u003esmallpox\u003c/b\u003e, developed by Bavarian Nordic based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus strain. It is non-replicable in humans and can therefore be injected subcutaneously and is also approved for vaccination of people with immune deficiencies. Although smallpox is considered eradicated, samples of smallpox virus are still stored in research laboratories in the USA and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpotted fever vaccine \u003c/b\u003eaccording to Weigl, two ampoules in original packaging from the Institute for Spotted Fever Research (Army High Command) in Krakow from 1943.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazeckii.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eClothes lice are responsible for transmission, but the infection does not occur when the louse bites. The bacteria are found in the lice feces, which usually get into the open bite wound and thus into the body when scratched.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q644cL1ypgOXpoQc8hmX0b4DeIjL414hJzE_dgJexzhIp2TygZkiHlKEqHKx8RSbu3jknPXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a professor at Lviv University, the Polish biologist Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) developed a spotted fever vaccine that protected against severe courses of the disease for at least one year. Unlike other research groups, Weigl obtained his vaccine from infected lice intestines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the invasion of the Wehrmacht, Weigl\u0026#39;s laboratory became a branch of the Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the Army High Command in Krakow, and production of the coveted spotted fever vaccine was expanded. Rudolf Weigl managed to save the lives of many thousands of people (including Polish university professors and Jewish fellow citizens) by classifying their dangerous work as \u0026quot;lice feeders\u0026quot; as \u0026quot;important to the war effort.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7W5UIQwMSbFPw19TuYLRTn3mA4rDvnBKwfot_5rTEhIZl3V8DSFfAk3BvxTl0eIOOgWoVTPpf",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphoral (this packet dates from the years between 1945 and 1948) was a solid vaccine for \u003cb\u003eoral inoculation against typhoid fever\u003c/b\u003e, which provided protection for about six to twelve months. It contained killed typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria to stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies. Nowadays, a live vaccine containing non-disease-causing Salmonella typhi bacteria is used for oral typhoid vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qs7V72SlZVhB-TXqs4P-WS0DKQzNjo3Wo6MgT4fLhmjPeGwgCYFcv5jIIkqPV1_NSMo3lEcA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn 1956, polio was vaccinated for the first time in West Germany.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA vaccine developed by the U.S. physician and immunologist Jonas Salk (1914-95) was used, which contained killed polio viruses and was injected: Virelon (this vial dates from 1959). Only a few people had themselves vaccinated with it. With the oral vaccination according to Albert Sabin, introduced in 1962, the live vaccine was conveniently available on sugar cubes, according to the motto: \u0026quot;oral vaccination is sweet\u0026quot;! Today, the vaccine according to Salk is used again, mostly as part of a combination vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL696OGYJpCbRt0Zd0t9Zqfj3mm62NusJ6iY9pUky_wOIDgzJ1DTIWX-PGdwu1J1HV58Hx9A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003evaccinated - protected\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THw-rb6r3ULZw8pqyiOOQw13XogS06LQRG5X_N8ULOnE6O_YI94nIIK9qDGOBowOa2kvoJdA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the suggestion of Prof. Helmut Stickl, then head of the Bavarian State Vaccination Institute, so-called \u0026quot;\u003cb\u003evaccination tokens\u003c/b\u003e\u0026quot; were introduced in Bavaria in 1973, which were handed out to children during voluntary oral polio vaccinations. The \u0026quot;Impftaler\u0026quot; was minted on behalf of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKEMAupiv3M1tj1bycieWZQq0q_e5-ARrmNuQUv86mitSy4v1TSzrSBZQs8pBHIcgjnFHODQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTetanol vaccine against tetanus:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTetanus is usually fatal. The bacterium Clostridium tetani, which lives in the soil, can enter the body even through small wounds. When infected, it forms a powerful toxin: tetanus toxin. The pure toxin can be converted into a non-toxic form called toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Adsorbed to a mineral carrier such as aluminum hydroxide, the toxoid serves as a vaccine. The vaccination should be refreshed every ten years.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9lude3zFDDGJAKvQdwWV9CWFHS0QqgG5Pq8TwtC-iZl44HTFA9_YFtrQUXfd1IAPPuFZcq2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe same procedure every year ...\u003cbr\u003eFor each winter season, the WHO (World Health Organization) selects different virus strains for the northern (but also for the southern) hemisphere that are likely to be responsible for influenza illnesses in the respective \u003cb\u003eflu season\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBdWR7iwj43npBpbKB3Na7eK1D3ieLx2bjzOhhtQldw7Tmgh2_xYsCPl-PtGY5zaGf1nfDLqY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInflusplit Tetra\u003c/b\u003e vaccine is produced in Dresden and contains split antigens for four different virus strains. The influenza vaccine is a seasonal product.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDISpGjYP7dJnFYJy4l_YplDr-GiAwAXrnTeCfCM4f7CMHoxgvBNSopn9eSzX3kBt1RiS9kxA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombination vaccines - one prick, triple protection:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust one painful prick - and you\u0026#39;re protected against mumps, measles and rubella. Combination vaccines (here the MMR vaccine \u0026quot;Priorix\u0026quot;), which were first used in the 1970s, make this possible! The protective effect is not compromised and fewer additives usually make them better tolerated. Another advantage is that only one appointment with the doctor is necessary. Other combinations include tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio (polio), or hepatitis A and B.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6aZSufhg6gj9RSLUQcIPJNQ0dh68fsmz0nxR8MdCcQF8owIhpKjKc2cjD5uOtanHC9tINkW-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination protects against cancer!\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe German Nobel Prize winner Harald zur Hausen was able to prove that infection with HPV (wart viruses) plays a decisive role in the development of cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma). The discovery of the trigger of the third most common cancer in women opened up completely new perspectives for prevention and treatment and ultimately led to the development of HPV vaccines, which have been available since 2006. \u003cb\u003eHPV vaccines\u003c/b\u003e specifically protect against certain sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPV). This is a new nine-drug vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. This vaccine is produced by genetic engineering and contains only non-infectious viral envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOMn78snHmN1dnbCMGCHPbIUgrP6RxngaBuAZ8NGhDGHhWlk0kqJQFefcR0LzhuU7F8Q9co_o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eErvebo is the name of hope in the fight against \u003cb\u003eEbola\u003c/b\u003e, one of the world\u0026#39;s deadliest viruses. For around two-thirds of Ebola patients, the disease is fatal. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn Ervebo, the genetic material for a vaccine antigen is inserted into a carrier virus, which is then injected as a vaccine. The protein of this genetic material is incorporated into the surface of the vector and thus introduced into the body. There, these proteins then trigger the production of antibodies in the vaccinated person. This is the first approved vaccine based on the new \u003cb\u003evector technology\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgqXS1UFU18xvpWkI9XDm_QIOPzWxeSNKtvkskGk_BRl3c7MRFKJD1Jm4QCHQhy1is7oLouws0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an \u003cb\u003emRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine\u003c/b\u003e developed in 2020 by the German pharmaceutical company Biontech in cooperation with the US pharmaceutical company Pfizer against the pandemic viral disease SARS-CoV-2 (\u0026quot;Corona\u0026quot;).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNaked mRNA is physically and thermally unstable. In order to reach the site of action without prior degradation and to be able to exert its effect, the mRNA is embedded (\u0026quot;packaged\u0026quot;) in lipid nanoparticles (\u0026quot;lipid beads\u0026quot;). After injection, this is taken up by body cells, which then produce the S protein (spike protein) according to the blueprint of the mRNA. This is recognized by the immune system as foreign, which stimulates the production of protective antibodies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn December 21, 2020, the vaccine was conditionally licensed in the European Union for persons over 16 years of age (now for persons 12 years of age and older), and the two ampoules were vaccinated in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKAFK8QHDVrK-vjHhqSox-ANugDAF1gFqnrDMe1MidY64UAItU55FD4rJPN2Grl7EdAB4rUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDieser Bioreaktor war bei der Produktion der ersten Impfstoff-Charge von BioNTech im Einsatz.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","BioNTech und die mRNA-Revolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePanel-Diskussion mit den BioNTech-Experten Özlem Türeci, Ugur Sahin und Katalin Karikó. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"o4hOzwlRq80",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Development of the Rabies Vaccine","How Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkcJy_jKDAyvR5KcmT98vpmEFJLXzMvVaO7OZuEa7_Skfn9gcY7n5n1juupqT26xRwWU7AGDA","/story/SQXR79_F6foELA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"SQXR79_F6foELA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,3,[null,null,null,"https://www.pasteur.fr/fr","25-28 rue du Docteur Roux\n75015 Paris\nFrance",48.8403734,2.3112488000000004,"Paris, France",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUS3IuywqI9KdKc_O5SqGjIZrWxI7C0pjQZcPahUea72R8B_rrCIC4rX4oq_ae4UtlQuJhQh8\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe58",572,154,1],"/partner/institut-pasteur"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGGZ6fCwDLIlAbOJ7zqu9M48owu9L_ufjWUFROPfrRlPD2ihaAlfmC0SUgz1MVGe_IIibpVkUS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1880, Louis Pasteur was in full command of his experimental method.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe decided to apply it to researching a disease, rabies, which affected both humans and animals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THUbtAN3p2rrbwoEDSl0AEiUgTn_hPj91QhZ5zGj_3b9r6zT-JR32SGV6dP6NugiriPfer2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs he had already done for most of his research subjects, Louis Pasteur started by trying to isolate the cause of the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut as rabies is caused by a virus, his efforts to observe it ultimately proved fruitless.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THUbtAN3p2rrbwoEDSl0AEiUgTn_hPj91QhZ5zGj_3b9r6zT-JR32SGV6dP6NugiriPfer2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is because the microscope resolution available at the time was not high enough to allow viruses to be seen.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs a result, the rabies virus remained invisible.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt would be observed for the first time nearly a century later, in 1962, thanks to the development of the electron microscope.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWEQCRO8Tep3VDTuIel517dhcsjtWHncPlxX8obhbQBiquzITWmQnKWPQlKWgGkprDD-8BAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the work of Duboué, Pasteur knew that the virus spread through the nerves before establishing itself in the brain and the spinal cord. Rather than using dogs, he decided to carry out his work on rabbits, which tend to be easier to handle and can be obtained in large numbers.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RW8QrlAuVZTLGPqISUlUmpr-hTcgf7h5uYQ3SFyOW4g3kmDFUurEVziZE1N5AdkgbEKsflCtQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pasteur decided to suspend the spines of rabid rabbits in jars where they were exposed to the action of the air, in a moisture-free environment. The level of virulence in these rabbits diminished gradually until it disappeared completely.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RW8QrlAuVZTLGPqISUlUmpr-hTcgf7h5uYQ3SFyOW4g3kmDFUurEVziZE1N5AdkgbEKsflCtQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLouis Pasteur then injected contaminated dogs with spinal fluid preparations of increasing virulence. They did not develop rabies. Despite these results, he was wary of moving to human trials.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of July 6, 1885, Joseph Meister, a nine-year-old boy from the Alsace region of France who had been bitten fourteen times by a rabid dog, came to Louis Pasteur\u0026#39;s laboratory at the École Normale Supérieure.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter numerous debates and much hesitation, and with the agreement of his colleagues, he finally decided to test his vaccine on a human.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot being a doctor himself, he entrusted the young boy to the care of Dr. Jacques-Joseph Grancher.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the course of ten days, the boy received thirteen injections of an increasingly concentrated preparation of spinal fluid infected with rabies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJoseph Meister never developed the disease, becoming the first human being to be vaccinated against rabies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tuo5_i52yxrts3OjJvyC1LYV5JYl6xkNSwUfkG8fqzBtwRMNyqdn_WRKLqACAtwhxt9hjw23U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, Louis Pasteur kept this initial success very quiet.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut in October 1885, the case of Jean-Baptiste Jupille, a 15-year-old shepherd boy who had suffered serious bites from a rabid dog, presented Pasteur with the opportunity to make use of his treatment for a second time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tuo5_i52yxrts3OjJvyC1LYV5JYl6xkNSwUfkG8fqzBtwRMNyqdn_WRKLqACAtwhxt9hjw23U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe young man had thrown himself at the animal to allow six other shepherd boys to escape.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLouis Pasteur repeated his experiment with the same success. This time, however, news of his achievement spread all over the world.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIq67wch9c-kpLLCuxwLraM1rwkG5ToSYkNgvs7NvDTumzeSwBhvaCSzDzrWy4oOPvDDRnJBQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSoon, a multitude of people who had been bitten showed up at the École Normale Supérieure—some French and some from abroad.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOU4R71JPMX4wYSYmea7U6_C9hgJbCg7_7p_1U1Ap9-r0tKhbCfen8yPM0B6-yYZ2RwBiQooY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to deal with this influx of patients, Louis Pasteur decided to found a center dedicated especially to vaccination against rabies, which would also be a research and teaching center.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Pasteur Institute was officially opened three years later, in 1888.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOU4R71JPMX4wYSYmea7U6_C9hgJbCg7_7p_1U1Ap9-r0tKhbCfen8yPM0B6-yYZ2RwBiQooY"]],"Louis Pasteur's Breakthrough in Rabies Vaccination","The Story of Joseph Meister and Jean-Baptiste Jupille"]],["stella.common.cobject","Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of the Rabies Vaccine","Explore Pasteur's house","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7WrVrgAaJHr39M0KTTvfZbCyuOr2RgQKN_EYALZtvvP5V76qg8cO-rC5_YcPYskBQStE5Vg","/story/XAXBwj6OxM9xKA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"XAXBwj6OxM9xKA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,null,"https://www.pasteur.fr/fr","25-28 rue du Docteur Roux\n75015 Paris\nFrance",48.8403734,2.3112488000000004,"Paris, France",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUS3IuywqI9KdKc_O5SqGjIZrWxI7C0pjQZcPahUea72R8B_rrCIC4rX4oq_ae4UtlQuJhQh8\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe58",572,154,1],"/partner/institut-pasteur"],[[["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOUIS PASTEUR\u0026#39;S BEDROOM\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003ePasteur\u0026#39;s private quarters, which connect to his wife\u0026#39;s bedroom, portray the private life of the great scientist, who was very attached to his family. It is here in particular that his talents as a young artist can be seen. The man who was to revolutionize biology, medicine, and surgery showed a real talent for drawing in his childhood.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFlNfZFd6bWgzaVhvQUFBUXJEQ0czc3c\u003d",261.2371062199999,-4.2322577240339,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dS_dWzmh3iXoAAAQrDCG3sw\u0026heading\u003d-98.76289378000013\u0026pitch\u003d-4.2322577240339\u0026fov\u003d90.01297987034064\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d3aGXimf-uysliNSoF-q-amwzMa0",null,90.01297987034064,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlNfZFd6bWgzaVhvQUFBUXJEQ0czc3c%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.01297987034064\u0026sv_h\u003d261.2371062199999\u0026sv_p\u003d-4.2322577240339",null,null,[2,"S_dWzmh3iXoAAAQrDCG3sw"],"SvInfo:843d559c-00ff-44ca-bd04-34687419007d"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBbj72W0RqJS5I6kSR5BTo28fSAmn3Vw9rEZolvQl6DOyKuyBpmxNRT7407j1JgdnHHLs9WjWw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJURASSIAN ROOTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAlthough Pasteur worked tirelessly, he remained deeply attached to his roots and regularly returned to his native region of the Jura. Between Dole, where he was born in 1822, and Arbois, where his family settled, he regularly met up with his family and childhood friends. A loving husband and caring father, he was supportive throughout the family tragedies and he kept a close eye on his children\u0026#39;s education.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARIE PASTEUR\u0026#39;S ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIn this somewhat austere room, time stands still. Everyday objects, such as family photographs and some unfinished crochet work, give us insight into the private life of a characterful woman. Despite living in the background, she played a vital role in her husband\u0026#39;s life and career.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc\u003d",173.2701002795565,-11.355591771661537,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dkQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg\u0026heading\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026pitch\u003d-11.355591771661537\u0026fov\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d1a9P3SmiPdf_EJl0pVN_ejm9e9A",null,62.05671014695174,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sv_h\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026sv_p\u003d-11.355591771661537",null,null,[2,"kQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg"],"SvInfo:ce753ec9-6a3c-4bcd-8a99-c01597582d72"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE BATHROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThis is one of very few 19th century bathrooms preserved in its original state. It is surprisingly modern (hot and cold running water, a heated towel rail). The room reveals Pasteur\u0026#39;s rigorous concern for hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFlNia1QxbHp4S3FBQUFBUXJEQ0czcnc\u003d",339.5474770363205,-21.42223871628167,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dSbkT1lzxKqAAAAQrDCG3rw\u0026heading\u003d-20.452522963679485\u0026pitch\u003d-21.42223871628167\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d4ta_PXpPv2SrIMHzfREXOsWp5kM",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlNia1QxbHp4S3FBQUFBUXJEQ0czcnc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d339.5474770363205\u0026sv_p\u003d-21.42223871628167",null,null,[2,"SbkT1lzxKqAAAAQrDCG3rw"],"SvInfo:30d31818-f340-4766-a029-dc468a1ae4ef"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE SMALL LIVING ROOM \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eA visit to the small living room allows you to see how Pasteur spent time with friends, enjoying leisure time and reading. It is a close family-oriented space that brings to life the rare moments of free time that the scientist had. \u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFjBuM3VXWjRKQUpRQUFBUXJEQ0czckE\u003d",159.30073592428806,-9.430076551015674,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003d0n3uWZ4JAJQAAAQrDCG3rA\u0026heading\u003d159.30073592428806\u0026pitch\u003d-9.430076551015674\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dNyVrMNmjmwoWFh6VoAqU1P9-cNQ",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFjBuM3VXWjRKQUpRQUFBUXJEQ0czckE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d159.30073592428806\u0026sv_p\u003d-9.430076551015674",null,null,[2,"0n3uWZ4JAJQAAAQrDCG3rA"],"SvInfo:e3bff5e1-a976-4352-9654-168baf0e0481"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-J_DelgSRlw-P3KhJTa4PserHKqx6hxXObgMAtN1gbbZyEuKZt07zD41C2DIWlNbDIaqgRA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY AND WORK\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eThese stained glass windows, created by the Swiss glass painter Gaspard Gsell, are already present in the vaccination room at the École Normale Supérieure, rue d\u0026#39;Ulm, where Pasteur\u0026#39;s previous home was located. They depict his daughter Marie-Louise on the right and an allegory of chemistry on the left. Pasteur\u0026#39;s two lifebloods: family and work. Louis had them installed at the Pasteur Institute, in the small living room of his flat, above the games table.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE LARGE DINING ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eA ceremonial room used to host distinguished guests, the large dining room is a testament to Pasteur\u0026#39;s fame. Albert Edelfelt\u0026#39;s painting of Pasteur examining a vial of rabies in a spinal cord depicts the scientist\u0026#39;s revolutionary discovery that would lead to the development of the rabies vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFjVDc1pqWUdGZ3VNQUFBUXJEQ0czbGc\u003d",270.0483328168721,-6.547703574234006,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003d5CsZjYGFguMAAAQrDCG3lg\u0026heading\u003d-89.95166718312788\u0026pitch\u003d-6.547703574234006\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003doI63CCgby7OOFIxiZ2QCjKSS7_Y",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFjVDc1pqWUdGZ3VNQUFBUXJEQ0czbGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d270.0483328168721\u0026sv_p\u003d-6.547703574234006",null,null,[2,"5CsZjYGFguMAAAQrDCG3lg"],"SvInfo:56c7819d-d648-4eae-8c0d-0845beea1403"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE LARGE LIVING ROOM\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eIt is in this spacious room that the scientist\u0026#39;s glory is truly apparent; his conquering of rabies and the many honors he received. Numerous tokens of admiration and gratitude sit side by side. All of them recall his hard work and reveal the extent to which Pasteur left his mark on both the people around him and the era in which he lived.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE\u003d",147.23228836033292,-7.38627796118098,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q\u0026heading\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026pitch\u003d-7.38627796118098\u0026fov\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dK2n3FJWETy7Vq_f1cSH8rBH-wuM",null,90.00000000000003,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sv_h\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026sv_p\u003d-7.38627796118098",null,null,[2,"ImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q"],"SvInfo:5694b679-9bb4-47a0-8c68-8b3c50892e61"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE SMALL DINING ROOM\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eWith its dual exposure and pleasant proportions, the small dining room exudes a welcoming atmosphere. This is where the family and loyal friends of Louis and Marie Pasteur used to eat together.\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkhrZS1qMHQ3TklRQUFBUXJEQ0czbmc\u003d",311.59588373886027,-2.18542753640277,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dHke-j0t7NIQAAAQrDCG3ng\u0026heading\u003d-48.404116261139734\u0026pitch\u003d-2.18542753640277\u0026fov\u003d81.27968054973013\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dm_298npGztJEEjL2mHL9j8dd0A0",null,81.27968054973013,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkhrZS1qMHQ3TklRQUFBUXJEQ0czbmc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d81.27968054973013\u0026sv_h\u003d311.59588373886027\u0026sv_p\u003d-2.18542753640277",null,null,[2,"Hke-j0t7NIQAAAQrDCG3ng"],"SvInfo:efed430e-1a65-4742-a11a-af16ecd1ab85"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE WORK ROOM \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAlong with the laboratory, the work room was Pasteur\u0026#39;s favorite room. If it wasn\u0026#39;t for his work ethic and determined character, he would never have become the world-famous scientist that we know today. Some details also reveal a more sensitive, lesser-known side of Pasteur—that of a man who was deeply attached to his region and country. He nevertheless stated, however, that \u0026quot;science has no homeland.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFk9UME5Ycnp3Z2NzQUFBUXJEQ0cza1E\u003d",236.28608752415633,-1.388273862767221,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dOT0NXrzwgcsAAAQrDCG3kQ\u0026heading\u003d-123.71391247584367\u0026pitch\u003d-1.388273862767221\u0026fov\u003d90.0\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dglyUvuAtBbYSZ4M0Xfvj5_wTszY",null,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFk9UME5Ycnp3Z2NzQUFBUXJEQ0cza1E%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d236.28608752415633\u0026sv_p\u003d-1.388273862767221",null,null,[2,"OT0NXrzwgcsAAAQrDCG3kQ"],"SvInfo:d237a876-966f-4e6f-bcc1-b8ef4a8642a5"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T8x7UfjW0E7zr1GodWRUXD1bkemOfDeAymA-sn53by344zquokWv5MQDYr5NcFfqus9myC3OE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA NATIONAL FUNERAL\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe great scientist died on September 28, 1895. A national funeral was held on October 5. The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was draped in black for the occasion, as was the Pasteur Institute, from where the funeral procession departed. The President of the Republic at the time, Félix Faure, attended the funeral. The number of people who came to bid farewell to Pasteur, \u0026quot;humanity\u0026#39;s benefactor,\u0026quot; was remarkable.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbGx3Oaj6nNXB46VayeNXHy4bfklm5iPha2omPAoyN-QgR6wZWwz8hE4tA2-ZnNlgn6lAe8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE CRYPT\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA burial chapel in a Parisian building with Louis XIII style facades may seem surprising. \u003cbr\u003eHowever, it is in this crypt that Pasteur was buried, at the request of his wife. Pasteur was going to be buried in the Pantheon, but Marie Pasteur wanted her husband to be laid to rest at the heart of the Institute. The chapel was inspired by the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy, and was built at the heart of the Pasteur Institute.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxPrDEabUaKP0pRQsGp9tP5zCO-HDm28YeEcDBMxFXtY49gGUJnQejuqYxdb-saObAz3tgz_HB",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTODAY\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Today, the Pasteur Institute, a private foundation recognised as a public entity, is an internationally-renowned Biomedical Research Center. It sits at the heart of a thirty-two-institute network spanning five continents. In order to fulfill its mission of preventing and fighting disease both in France and all over the world, the Pasteur Institute focuses its efforts on four key areas: scientific and medical research, public health and health monitoring, teaching and economic development, and technology transfer. A multidisciplinary research center open to the world, the purpose of which is to train the researchers of tomorrow. This was Pasteur\u0026#39;s vision for reducing disease and making advances in medical research.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","How Animals Help In The Fight Against Diseases","From rabies to diphtheria","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RrgEMwTvka_D4ZpLe9ySBsDMCSjOfaWlNnSgFy6qjDx4kWyUD6UQL05pJ-NSDeSFoDvNlvZw","/story/ugUBP0D2x-JygA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"ugUBP0D2x-JygA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,9,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//315+Chestnut+Street%0APhiladelphia,+19106%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c6c884f0010fd7:0x9fdd2fbe5d2744d3!2m2!1d-75.1466157!2d39.9487962?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.sciencehistory.org","315 Chestnut Street\nPhiladelphia, 19106\nUnited States",39.948796200000004,-75.1466157,"Philadelphia, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sswbaqq96yMWeDSqIOxUdwdWe2T4suBcLOYWgi_y2UlpJZwf_Gn4Wr7wEv9OWCZwhGjo-kXyfh",2400,1464,1],"/partner/science-history-institute"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbDyY4U3Vc9TcoIdSC28Tdg6Ud4ZcZgIgCesUZ8TBLrP8are_XUyzAOv_36lqGxU398FNPk3U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLike the dapper gentleman pictured here, when we go to get a vaccine, all we see is liquid in a vial or a syringe. We do not see all of the human and non-human animals involved in the creation of that life-saving invention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know the names of certain famous scientists like Louis Pasteur, who developed the vaccine for rabies with his research team in the 1880s. But there are more than people to this story.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePasteur is posing with these white rabbits who represent the rabbits used to create the first rabies vaccine. He and his assistants would use the animals to create a weakened (attenuated) form of the virus that could be used in other animals and people to prevent the disease even after exposure.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRabbits were not the only animals in Pasteur’s lab. He kept rabid dogs as a source of the virus, and monkeys were initially used instead of rabbits in his experiments.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyeH-nGp9MoohATbMzEWSJbOB66DxB113LEm95c8CH-mq8v5d6lUGDVphpgYO6D3Ki1vDW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAnimals were important laboratory tools that served both as a reservoir for the rabies virus and a way of transforming it from a deadly pathogen to a medical product.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe idea to use disease material from a non-human animal in humans to prevent disease was not a new concept in Pasteur’s time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccine was developed from cowpox virus by Edward Jenner in the late 18th century, and cows were often used in the production of the smallpox vaccine until the disease was eradicated in the late 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe fluid from cowpox pustules would be drained, purified, and injected into people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe word vaccine is derived from the same Latin root as the word for cow, \u003ci\u003evacca\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOriginally, the term referred specifically to using cowpox material in humans to prevent smallpox. Only after Pasteur used the term for his rabies treatment nearly a century later did it become detached from its bovine origins.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbMbN03URcDYQYyYiKb9y7iNBKWJl6Fjtnqa2BL_iQRx420oyphYDNLBM1LmHq5txtGq9tTg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the 19th and 20th centuries, animals at pharmaceutical companies and medical facilities—such as cows and horses—were bred, raised, and kept not for milk, meat, or transportation but to make the medicinal products that protected people against epidemic infectious disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the Eli Lilly and Company Biological Plant, the horses were the plant equipment. They produced diphtheria antitoxins (antibodies) that were harvested by technicians.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1DDKr-aWq6jGZ85LUbLOkZTauDzlb6xqGI5fFmrEE4-fr9tp_LPXmzYJ9nLboVcVyBDbDPVI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the desired material (pus, blood, spinal cords, etc.) was extracted from the animal, it was processed in laboratories like the ones depicted in this article.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe resulting product would be introduced into humans, most often by injection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXGgnyBtGjtBa1AuAhs_8xPttpWNb4Bt-FCXOZODBNcvD1OnvuMjYIVKY6AxXFhcDBq8OZm40"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile animals were not visible by the time someone received a vaccine, it did not mean that people were not aware where their vaccines came from originally. People knew that the diphtheria antitoxin came from horse serum, the rabies vaccine from rabbits, and the smallpox vaccine from cows. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome anti-vivisectionists (people who oppose animal experimentation) refused to get vaccinated or treated for these diseases because animals were used or killed in the production process.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome worried about what would happen when foreign animal matter was introduced into the human body. This was just one reason people objected to vaccination. Others opposed it for religious, moral, or medical reasons.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e Rumors about horrible side effects were spread by opponents of vaccination in pamphlets, speeches, and by word of mouth. While no one who received the smallpox vaccine birthed a cow or had one erupt from their nose, there were possible negative side effects.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFYF5Wv0LLNircFVlAW3gU2hHdFnQafnBEpScZrwDkBsqfdKAzkfCgOgNhoA5v4hHAXus2NvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eQuality control was difficult to achieve in the late 18th and early 19th century when the vaccine was first introduced and could be contaminated or too weak to provoke an immune response.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TceH01q_L3MvTB5ZoLkwT6fwPe3ptddSD4VraXgVfxfYUC1ezxVuqfL-gIVtQUpRT0o7Y8Z-U"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TceH01q_L3MvTB5ZoLkwT6fwPe3ptddSD4VraXgVfxfYUC1ezxVuqfL-gIVtQUpRT0o7Y8Z-U",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine skeptics and resistors still use arguments about the origins of vaccines and the fear of introducing foreign matter into the body. Like those who fought against smallpox vaccines, they claim that this material will fundamentally change the human body.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile some people rejected vaccines, many more during the 19th and 20th centuries sought out vaccines to prevent and treat diseases.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough this image pokes fun at people as seeking a vacation and a vaccine, it was because people traveled from around the world to line up outside of Pasteur’s lab for a rabies vaccine made from rabbits.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZCs5oGEmal0QTvjHLs2xjT1qwv1iEkXz1mbNFxOcf4abDuTEStsuatlFf7zxWywGLA7FW1HXw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TN0khIC6JUoLOR1MiwrcQrO5N3q4XAQH5QNwADJh9h_neUtNKiMoJpqm20OhjXwbH3IRmpgbo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccines produced from animals and animal cells have saved millions of lives over the last few centuries. New laboratory technologies have changed the way vaccines are developed and produced, but even now animals or animal cells are part of many vaccine making processes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAOqVpGgFTg7XbbSmgNtCFFB5AR408yPhqbXmF3lxPOHtn2qoJ-tc6rtEm2CC0U5aSkMykbiQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe might not “tap” a horse now, but mammalian cells and fertilized chicken eggs are often used in the lab to make vaccines. 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Where does the coronavirus name come from? What weapons does the virus possess? We already know a lot about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Genetic profile and first identification",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA composed of a single strand of 30,000 bases. 1. december 2019 - fish market in Wuhan - China\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Weapon",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpike protein (S protein). This protein binds to specific receptors on the host cell, through which it enters the cell... like a key in a lock!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Crimes committed",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAgent of Covid-19 disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Curriculum vitae",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this illustration table is represented the history of coronavirus spread and its \u0026quot;evolutionary skills\u0026quot; and its ability to replicate and to continue to spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Travels",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#39;s assumed that Sars-CoV-2 came from China, but how it spread, we can only imagine...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Skills",[null,"\u003cp\u003eVariants of Sars-CoV-2 are also developing, we will learn about their characteristics and effect on people over time\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","The Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know well the prominent aspects of the COVID-19 illness: the way the virus infects our cells, which symptoms occur and why some people can lose their sense of smell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","How does the infection happen?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus uses cell to reproduce damaging the cell in the process\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","Affected organs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLungs, kidneys, liver, hearth, brain, intestines\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","I'm doing my part, too - Scientist",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists quickly found the most effective solutions to contain the infections and prevent and treat the disease. Let’s see how vaccines –the only tool ever invented to produce acquired immunity to a particular pathogen– work!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Vaccines",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey cause an immune response and creates a memory of immunity, so the body is ready to respond to future infections\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Herd immunity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIs the ability of a group to resist an infection because a large percentage of the group has immunity\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","I'm doing my part, too - Doctor",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDoctors are also the key players in the central section of this story. They are involved in managing this global emergency, saving many lives and continuing to take care of many patients at the hospital but also at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","Are vaccines safe?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs with any drug, vaccines can also have undesired side effects, which are nevertheless rarer than complications due to the disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","In-hospital care? Yes, but also at home!"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","I'm doing my part, too - Politician",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has demonstrated that politics holds great responsibility for people\u0026#39;s lives. The political decisions may seem to conflict with human freedom and rights but, in this global emergency, we are all called upon to protect our health and the health of people around us\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","Politic always implies biopolitic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts purpose is to discipline bodies and regulate populations. Political choices affect our freedoms, rights and duties, and also our access to a life that is healthy and full of meaning\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","I'm doing my part, too - Communicator",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a great desire to understand and learn more. Nevertheless, the need to inform and communicate generated an ‘infodemic’. What principles should communication be based on? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","Infodemic"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","How do you get informed?"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","The Coronavirus has made us understand that",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe appearance of the COVID-19 disease has uncovered what we already knew but did not want to face: the urgency of directing efforts towards more sustainable and resilient models of society and development.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Pan-sindemia"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Time has already run out"]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,"Stories","EditorialSection:e7566c83-341b-482a-a921-34daa464a6ac",null,"cu_edi_20","cu_edi_21",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0cSdb7BwuvLtR9TR3vWbZzWYWK9eslS4DznJppmGw9ot6Qf85m-MgYu92ud6lgi79zedoCw"]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:a23a522f-37f4-4195-ab19-b9105bd38ee1'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Stopping infection with innovation","Hard times call for creative measures",null,null,null,1],47,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Hospital Typologies","Discover unique hospital types across historical era's","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOVhC6fH7hMMcD1oimFyk_89jtpppOowORhB9o--6eqgxZL-WYGO3PT6Z-gdhvuvnESO9ecxk","/story/XAWRwVgcQpJ39g",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"XAWRwVgcQpJ39g"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNuYHNVa8EUey6BhLmuhCic3RvqzOz5WSvXrdn6rolhfawuWDWiaYdjJlSOySrqnS782HRvLU","The Basilica (c. 900–1800)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn antiquity, the basilica was a large, open public meeting hall used to transact business or host large audiences. As Christianity rose in status, the pagan temples of the Roman Empire fell out of favor, and basilicas were adopted as religious buildings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SW9Qe6A4xdfR1nIzCCjD7KqyPYsf4CAU0ZfccX33v2u1Yaw-eA7J9MaSxCH9ty1J1kT9GMpw","Cross Ward (c. 1400–1700)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cross-ward hospital emerged during the Renaissance as a solution for ward expansion. Previously, the typical expansion strategy was to lengthen the wards (width being limited by the vaulting methods of the time).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sppjz2k56q4SK1daXK7rhCadnMXQvHP41L7M3fAwyLBqrsMj7YG4djlVyvKxWTpau2yRGPdg","Manor (c. 1600–1800)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eManor houses were generally classical in style, with an exacting symmetry that lent itself to a gender-segregated ward plan. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVc12QN4nhIQAIeEI9iMniPxaqqQLjC6fR7S5v9t7zFcmxrH8Ghs4NZNQSO9GsfhIqn4YphCw","Field Hospital / Barracks (c. 1800–)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eQuick to deploy and easy to assemble and expand, the barracks hospital is often used when a new facility is urgently needed, as in times of war or natural disaster. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4ViqUMG0kYxihcAEBwHpX8wPetIlMg83CEjuXp6vGhxnQObol-Y0DF_dVHJ8GMq9HUfOqKw","Pavilion (c. 1800–1900)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pavilion plan called for open wards of limited length and width, naturally ventilated with windows along the long walls with doors along the short walls, and joined to a circulation spine that connected the wards and provided storage and service space.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjY9Ue9ecM72H8__vjobbD4ZzpcooL_Hrlum8SK8V1JpOo6prp8Fl6OiqDfsAJeVbg0hpL33Xi",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pavilion plan, popularized by Florence Nightingale in her 1859 book \u003ci\u003eNotes on Hospitals\u003c/i\u003e, called for open wards of limited length and width, joined to a circulation spine that connected the wards.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKkQqRovxkVpVnq56nff6XfTMGSVvUp7rlsw6DlGw3OPmilDdEVebWEYI1yhayFNbDZs_T3w","Bar (c. 1900–40)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the early 20th century, improvements in sanitary practices and the invention of new medical technology drew middle- and upper-class patients to the hospital for the first time. The result was an amalgam of old open wards for the poor and new private rooms for the wealthy.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqXT0BKjWrUpRLpK8XB9qODajzk9wTKRUUE0WCIUi5Fc91FH5x9HhQ89cqpgb7RZwPMI8VFA","Block (c. 1950– )",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe block was the dominant hospital style of the mid-twentieth century. It was born in the era of “machine medicine,” amid the proliferation of new health care technologies and the growing cultural perception of medicine as an almost miraculous science.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RV4GHEoT8AtQwapA7ZBvuiKE1g-A5ZTdZ0qVZ9otHWjf6gODYIBzThkuNLD67B_WMjRh1vcNh3","Utopian (c. 1960–70)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the mid-twentieth century, the block type was ubiquitous. There were, however, a few exceptions, and these can accurately be characterized as utopian. Utopian designs had little in common beyond an aspiration to defy the logic of the block (at least superficially). Most historical examples in the United States come from E. Todd Wheeler, a partner at health care giant Perkins and Will from 1936 to 1972.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdGxyv_nAtc-yraDoMpV6e8TaMHhhOkxX7_vvtCGRloX6Cb6_o3vM0Qxp03hNmKZ_Ewc4hEck","Mega-Hospital (c. 1960–80)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe mega-hospital arose as a response to the ever-increasing needs of the medical machine and the public sector. These megastructures decentered form in favor of the function and demands of a system, and were intended to change and resist obsolescence.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqEdiszNFg3UAJu-ADKXOm-Qw7WiHVm602d25D0nBhtbO4wdOsD3Vvl_fG3rg6GtlmGawkJ7c","Mat (c. 1960–90)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMat buildings became popular across sectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s owing to the work of the architecture group Team X, particularly Alison Smithson, Peter Smithson, and Aldo van Eyck.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qr51DRl_4kk9A0a6FvKzCTNqzLFEFQTFURrJAL3dgv_5ZNtjB-afzsv4ZwV2eBiEo62tO-nQ","Labyrinth (c. 1960– )",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome designers in the late mid-twentieth century sought to harness the labyrinth to fight the sense of institutionalization that health care settings perpetuated. They introduced labyrinthine elements to create an experience of discovery and delight.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Field Vaccination Sites and Mobile Testing","Safe, innovative services developed quickly","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzODyGSoYhzGr0Lao3Ttqyoil7raL4fP4JVypOIT_Hz4-8QqhvmyxON-H_j_zSB9bCRuJdp8FK","/story/CQVRGzgesXyX3A",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"CQVRGzgesXyX3A"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THnRQdVVhsfrT9P0itgasswECxBOOShwVth9IbLnjC0dlq-PvaMXK5f5Dxy85NfdRWFlPx79A","Environments",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDesigning a testing or vaccination site requires finding locations and partners, determining the traffic pattern on each property and in the surrounding neighborhoods, and planning tented and/or climate controlled areas for greeting and treating patients. The Health Design Lab at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital designed COVID-19 testing and vaccination sites in vulnerable communities in Philadelphia.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmI5vKpYnklvUZiEEM7q_dUYTXIBTQxDJcCbN7K6FwIiA_5N8BSvvyhr3ItPfaLce7_nhTAKA","People",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf individuals don’t trust, want, or understand your service, then it cannot succeed. 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It’s capable of getting to a patient, within a 12 square kilometre radius, in just one minute - increasing the chance of survival from 8% to 80%.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R2KuAT1Z4D8RochPZUJZIwu-hgGjiqd3vZmxvjVZWZ33nlrsT--epTo_fMAXKqzJqc422-476M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnce at the scene, a paramedic can observe and instruct first responders or victims via live stream video connection - a feature that will make it much easier for untrained help to use the medical equipment.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe drone could help save lives by extending existing emergency infrastructure and has already attracted the interest of services in Amsterdam.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"Gw5s1o-D4vA"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0N5I61puVx3fbUs9B8YEHig54je_jjj8gQOhIyLiwnLtdE7r77u1hnngf0K4RHs9ycI23BbVP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn many parts of the world, blood reserves are still rarely available. As a direct result, there are currently 40 million people worldwide that can’t undergo surgery due to the high risk of bleeding to death.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYq5YwZuxiQNE-SvfZJWzHkATMQRxy0mBPuhj5xanNzfQOcz5KBJVtEabW0fvCPKzT3_rs-L60",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile it’d be impossible to ensure an endless supply of blood on demand, one young German designer, David Wojcik, has come up with the next best thing. A device that can instantly and safely \u0026#39;recycle\u0026#39; a patient’s own lost blood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tr6BiJbyCWfqsxKWxrYPJhDW8qfQDhETioQQIvbnH9ZGm57AIGugmfL15muNsJULVYEMXllH4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the patient is losing blood, either due to injury or surgery, it can be collected in a vessel, filtered and cleaned through the \u003cb\u003eBloop\u003c/b\u003e device and then put directly back into the body.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TT9XkMZf-PX55JRcrLRRh95Pks_-V8eX-GWMjaaITeKZNbKt9QaGjemOgqrdYZkK0CFz-Kv7k",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDepending on the location and resources available, Bloop can be scaled up or down to meet the needs of any clinic or hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe reusable device, which costs approximately USD 10, could replace current expensive and often unsafe transfusion methods to save millions of lives, especially in developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"Yp5bVM1_uDA"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TOjMzKr6UxM_dfrhEMdY-0rJJe0aaIsz5ua2ChOArqq-UIZ1tlvOOvdyBqRYjJPi7W7l5YloY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the World Health Organisation, approximately 60 million women in developing countries give birth each year with only the help of an untrained attendant or with no help at all. As a result, they risk contracting an infection, which accounts for nearly one in five maternal deaths.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrM_Js_K_po4n2cd8FeKSwTYzobRg8Ys0y6d5s5fSnHrBWfhSAt7k3nsryZUfCDMs70SXaSoU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJANMA\u003c/b\u003e is an affordable clean birth kit to provide the mother with a safe, clean and hygienic delivery whether she delivers at home, at a primary health care centre or in a government hospital.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SnEsX8VdZrpS7skh7A7o_xky2wpFgjYdqV0pg8D96Hz4ylKyphh_1vlSZZLxU5XhWM3ZtrbQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePacked in a reusable jute purse, the quality, low-cost components include an under-pad, sterile gloves, surgical blade, cord clamp and soap.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QSofXs3gilh8Sf79oEwYonOX8gKAiB0wwZqeOyxrd8cgcTuzL2-JwgNwXPxqK0pyYeVKLWqaaF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe kit is sourced and assembled in India by local women and is distributed through an established network of local pharmacies, clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqVvT3qB8yF2XSGQwysKyoRcEvqGQ9fZvWDxKzp4i5ceUuicrfuIMZCAacH6etm6lVdjM22g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMaking clean delivery kits widely available will help reduce rates of infection and will substantially decrease maternal and infant mortality.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnHsywaCDio6Vg1gmk-R3c_ZJPLLQ1oPi6JdBeYqey_p-xcayDGzQFL8AtL8N0XtxzXGvtwXg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the height of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone, local hospitals were completely overwhelmed. Due to this lack of capacity, general patients were denied the treatment they needed - leading to more than 11,000 deaths.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1WxwAklz8Kko45HhHS8HrmpqMQVuov3g3zE-IlPMiNoARak1QVV44SS4LUgjELbfJWhtfGTCD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“I was so shocked to see that in the 21st century, in the age of innovation, that we were still not ready for an epidemic outbreak,” says designer Ilteris Ilbasan. “This is our time to be proactive, not reactive.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQiavXn3SA4H7tk7DpH9gqvIinha7IOP5eybGHv2B0gToCuaHrqCvGCrc0DHcL03DyoI5fcQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen disaster strikes, \u003cb\u003eUbuntu\u003c/b\u003e is the backup solution that every remote hospital needs. The low-cost containment bed can be quickly assembled to ensure prompt care of patients and reduce the spread of disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYaFbgoqn39X9xrVW6oISkApjTo9ejgj0ubZGgk5QDTgSAXDEJkpGXeO5Xsgds3RRZZvxz",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe bed is made from lightweight and space efficient materials, including locally sourced bamboo, zip ties and disposable sheets of Tyvek®.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rko-M-TUqvspo4O9Tfj0dCF8_A0EkNVuArzQfHuVSePftktdwPeyKSnMUiOqkq01tlboE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Tyvek® sheets function as both a mattress and a barrier between the beds. They’re also printed with easy-to-understand instructions for putting the bed together.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tdsz7zzzLQNBR1heuqTJXFYL6dHtSIOsnJRzwLhbmRryJVN-dztTuiC_KTGddkJg0mHYSjMrZP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the price of one standard hospital bed, seven Ubuntu beds can be produced.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHdSNNm664jrlnEwwlUb2nsFSXThk0hgDR8qH3vgK-5AhKFgkFTxoToWAEoyXMhmPQhk6mLg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy reducing time spent on logistics, health workers can focus more on patient care and reducing the risk of secondary contamination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile the bed was initially designed to help control outbreaks, the designer plans to develop future iterations for general disaster response and use in refugee camps.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"jnXD1HCzrY4"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QipDbrjxFrwq81OL4lWGIgGZpysfZ42u2psuDaEk1RCMNm3lyX6XyYpMw5jXL6dTCsAzRt9LCx",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen a person falls unconscious, it’s not uncommon for the tongue to fall into the back of the throat and block the airway. 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The stretcher can be easily attached to bikes and various other modes of transport.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6S0GtOmp9BaHw65DiSWO-ILci2aZ3hbRFqTOz72ugjoqOeYHlAdxvqZe2JTNBv8IWSSWDsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“We’ll adapt it to the most appropriate form of transportation in the given location and set of needs,” explains one of the designers Niki Dun. “At the end of the day, the bike seems fastest but it can be pulled by a person, bike or even a donkey.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-r9rXAtR5gMRW4kqfpJxJnDRPqiQ_hpfv4dcwriP_1Evq1RcVjT_Fes_zz_tr7jvyJNtXNXk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe stretchers frame is made from cheap, lightweight and locally grown bamboo and can be easily assembled and operated by one person.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QS3BuBtN4DfhoATMKTSFHdEMn13RudTpnLwunjl9iZtJQBYB8DT3kzP5uVgxnRrqDMOEpfPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRolled out in western Kenya, locals also received technical training and skills to manufacture an initial fleet, as well as training to manage and maintain the life-saving service.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEiWtNERJSeodPadhCH5gUxBFD3LZEmiDjHc3RDozVFUO-eNKJJJg_v9EiHbiPzX_K2Urm7A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“We are really trying to create a project model that is truly community-focused and collaborative,” says Dun. “We believe this approach is critical in order for the project to be truly sustainable.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5A8jgTc5jzDTUtBPj2VUT8waTUnDdejLloofvlXP3PQv7BfYwjD0UVbf6AlyAAHwqBxTFUw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen disease outbreaks occur, communities are often underprepared. 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When lockdown began, the rainbows that started appearing in windows were just one of many signals that children wanted to be heard and were very capable of responding to current issues in a creative way. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbxXWpLl2EWRsDEjNMdlG3mdqWA0qP0rDVJ54fLItpBe4mSch6fF7VAdNxgtAYs7IH0aEXVA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, we witnessed a burst of activity from arts organisations that produce work for, by or with children and young people to bring their work online. Many Arts Council-supported organisations published free downloadable resources for children and their families in support of lockdown learning. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R69qQjtWCvKkUnYic49-Kar4xXUkPmpcG3oPhHLdG5eDXV-GPyJ-fbUSi59g0GHI9WHPFjV3Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor some children and young people, being away from school meant no access to basic art materials. 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Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_mpc9As6H-pGWex5k1VBxb7lbj6CtrGnOujjfHUNMn5t-cvO7FR3R_uH28XEjjwewP8ZYdSU","Historical Archive of the Judiciary of the State of Mexico",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe origins of vaccination in Mexico occurred in the early nineteenth century, when large expeditions were made in order to carry out research that yielded results similar to those obtained by the English doctor Edwar Jenner to face the epidemics that plagued the territory, such as smallpox. The research was documented in this form called \u0026quot;Origin of the vaccine and means of finding it in the kingdom of New Spain\u0026quot;, which is based on the aforementioned work of Jenner, who in 1796 proposed the control of smallpox by injecting a child with the blood of a woman infected with bovine smallpox. By 1804 a cow was located in Atlixco and another in Valladolid de Michoacán with the same characteristics that referred to having bovine smallpox, being taken to the district of Tlalnepantla for study and information of results. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rdf6lPuWDR6M1-gzZZ2CfQA9qUhpMmM1wUW_aX1FQnohcH4KWfeRdBP_qrEQkpN21RSuycJA","General Archive of the State of Puebla"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SPNDF0a6GAnTGH-Evl6QIY37KMSOgW307639b8Vof6VcwbKwaajm-ytr2gYBvfWMb9atDr","Municipal General Archive of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom the expeditions carried out by Francisco Xavier de Balmis from which he derived the implementation of the technique of vaccination arm by arm against smallpox, which consisted of taking the flow of smallpox from an infected person with a sharp object and injuring another individual between the shoulder and the elbow until blood came out , this method was disseminated throughout the region of New Spain through the document entitled: \u0026quot;Primer of vaccinating, with a prologue to the disappointment of the public\u0026quot;, which circulated among the population to combat the disinformation that circulated in the jurisdiction of Puebla.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGuaIkxwPxSQk6eZQtl9NUwU0BHoyy2s06wUaiNGOxyEgyT9SGc-ff0Gjk5pJiVSdLMg8mziA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBefore the establishment of the training to prepare the vaccine and the organization of vaccination councils in Puebla, the medical manager in the city of Puebla los Angeles and member of the Central Vaccination Board of that city externó in the form the observations that should be carried out for the inoculation process.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbOEyVWmlW6D9PjagtyrhWEs1jgC7JMIYNp5vjcAE3W25-bysVQ13Rm5rRtdM08sOSKQ7Ljw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLithograph of a propaganda included in the Gaceta de México, in 1804, informing about the vaccine against smallpox and inviting the population to apply it.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TtkS1U0HkrBCiSxO3r6w0OeDCLNAGuN16Wn4mTGGBwIj6CWvhM7lVRg63aJMdc-pEshsHr1Q","Historical Archive of the State of Tlaxcala",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe establishment of regulations for the correct way to move and apply the vaccine against smallpox in New Spain, as well as the importance of distributing it and promoting its reliability among the population, continued to spread despite the political and social instability that afflicted the novohispano territory in 1810, as can be seen in this report by Francisco Xavier de Balmis highlighting that the application and perpetuation of the vaccine could prevent skin diseases, dropsy, fevers, diarrhea, dysenteries and others.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R02zCHwGv1WeG3temxEIjx1xvVfy4laCLVh-Xi7zhgmT2ivE5RlEXHosqgMpoLYS3WfmLngg","Regulation for the application of smallpox vaccine"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TdxoqlzCwxIgQpnhEw4a11tZriM4lZhKiFNL9lzr1hokypzx8HFPi79LgEaTpD6I8o6wWBYw","Municipal General Archive of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe new novohispanas authorities such as the governor and captain general Félix María Calleja continued to instruct that the vaccine was the only viable protection against epidemics, so they continued with the tasks of supplying and raising awareness of the healing properties of introducing an immunizing fluid.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLGL9gV_qVe7G86t5qyTU2aozhaBOEu6OxIkxCOLKa6eqSYMLTBEpA_gjmJ9AbaUek5_i6","General Archive of the State of Oaxaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe work carried out by Francisco Xavier de Balmis to introduce the method of vaccination to the novohispano territory was of such high importance that the viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas gave the order that the expenses of the expeditions and experiments related to vaccination be covered by the bishops and their cabildos, by means of a privileged alms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qc8khYKnrbHPDAi6SND4Eoz6gcsLy0FJjjnbsGyQD82IvzaWVyInSbKKJ9shQn2XKr8YiINlM","General Archive of the Executive Power of Guanajuato",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the consummation of independence and the establishment of Mexico as a Republic, the provisions, communications and actions regarding the management, effectiveness and application of vaccines showed significant advances in the development of public health prevention. Highlighting the state regulation of vaccination of 1824 against smallpox in Guanajuato, which established the way of application of the bovine fluid by the doctors of the health board and where appropriate by the bleeding with more skill.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QMPj_zhy-y--Wm-kuRibvfVPHTQOrRrWPaQkmDb7gRzZxswqoIbBBjY1sfsu4mvzdaq0HVtME",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the consummation of independence and the establishment of Mexico as a Republic, the provisions, communications and actions regarding the management, effectiveness and application of vaccines showed significant advances in the development of public health prevention. Highlighting the state regulation of vaccination of 1824 against smallpox in Guanajuato, which established the way of application of the bovine fluid by the doctors of the health board and where appropriate by the bleeding with more skill.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEcn6ESI_fAkanhMfYcjuozvzJab1i1ZECHP9brtlXfDJa_wo7I_IE_hahG8hlsWUbFv--RJQ0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe application would be mainly in children, since they were the ones who suffered with the greatest aggression. Another testimony shows us how the advances were made, for example, that 93 children had been injected from the state capital that same year of 1824 and that the encomienda was continued.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmBE-p8uN71vC3Pnxc7-oLu4kISqsSqvMyuajGUXHwRz9bU_AuIq5ikUblhrwOHItbd53UyTQ1",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the emergence of the epidemics of smallpox in Sinaloa and measles and malignant fever in San Luis Potosi, the municipal authorities informed the governor of Guanajuato that they will try to implement this vaccination regulation, but since there are no funds necessary to carry out the process, a neighborhood board was used that voluntarily helped to obtain the expenses that involved the application of the vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDHyHOKsfoIwQMQJLJNK5E4-y5UPinINstzMpMzBfM2U7UfF4GOPpX4CrG1o4zw2Fi8bdVIw","General Archive of the State of Zacatecas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCoordination between state authorities has always been indispensable: Communications between the authorities of the different states for the installation and application of the smallpox vaccine were fundamental for the arrest of the epidemic and the application of sanitary measures, a very important aspect that the Zacatecan government took with its counterparts to counteract the existing epidemics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6JpU6G_Afr4pwvtSfpNo467CuNFpmzwb2YspAaZsPaH1hXutonpm6wzQ5ayDGyu0L3ezp4tw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQiCzumBBVpYY15D4trF6N3K0ps0k8PgaM_IEt0BvnqAm9cV4DnagsSTh8I6SGyWeF_m8Pcd4","Historical Archive of the State of San Luis Potosí",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA similar case occurred in the state of San Luis Potosí, when the existence of cholera morbuswas alertedin 1833, a disease usually transmitted by a bacterium that inhabits the water causing severe diarrhea and dehydration. The authorities asked the local health board to regulate the curative measures and condom methods immediately, these works brought with them to make use of the experimentation of the bovine fluid to obtain the vaccine that in 1858 was already supplied in the child population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QEG_c3ykNmPqt_dWRn0_hZpevCxw7jHaGde6o6xyQOnXw0469a3DzwrPd1zJOwrpzghvfnrL8","Municipal Archive of Tultepec",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to extend vaccination in municipalities remained constant and with episodes of importance, as occurred in Tultepec in 1858 when a smallpox alert led the mayor of the region to resort to the arm-to-arm method, in order to obtain pus without alteration, with the vaccination of some robust and healthy children. Once the results were obtained, samples would be taken for the other inhabitants of the municipality.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmTbqfgvBvMQYdsY8pFT9gS74YHOfWxGDQi2wpFxlUo731b1daCW5c_NcYA0EBIM66R8UG00Du","Historical Archive of the Judicial Power of the State of Hidalgo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe advances made in the nineteenth century in terms of research, production and distribution of vaccines in Mexican territory allowed it to be increasingly common to access them in a mandatory and free way as part of the health provisions issued by the authorities, as can be seen in this decree issued in 1873 by the Congress of the State of Hidalgo on the provisions for the administration of the vaccine and its regulation.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQjmudMC8jcjHamX8b_wZ20re5FPCL_LNjdMDjl2Cb6anVVYvfoSWBR3RVPePJ1rv9338bSJw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBTVKZz_-rPBap9gpUU0mMbu-NtH7l8ni35vkyWzorIbL2h4WE8npsWhJha_ITQHm2QXjlOik","Municipal Historical Archive of Ixtlahuaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlready entered in the early twentieth century again an epidemic of smallpox was unleashed in the jurisdiction of the District of Ixtlahuaca in 1904, as an action to mitigate the effects of this disease, the General Secretary of Health and Assistance and the representative of the Health Delegation were responsible for gathering in public spaces children , to apply the vaccines, highlights that the prophylactic procedure that was used in those years was the inoculation of vaccine lymph, which is the process of the blood fluid that circulates through the veins as an intermediary in the nutritional changes between the blood and tissues.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4iP5G5PQUTyYduAEkWQUzQowvvRzCyDk5F5VB6rAR_52c5Q1k3l72Ow0aYPrexQ5wydmk","General Archive of the State of Oaxaca",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of illustrated instructions on how to apply the vaccine and information about the epidemic to be treated were distributed in some states such as Oaxaca, this as another means of assistance to the spread of vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STm6GBeapYmhtfzuwacYx62e_yls-2Rbi7xc4GwgdP05ld1w-70-jreSQNsBD_0bnEt2C4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwXVgt3ehS-0yskx7a1RlDCJJwVOiEKIjIaT44Eh5wRRcDFDJLy-eiCtkZwQfRs5O_cH1fi-U","General Archive of the State of Tabasco",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1905 the National Bacteriological Institute was founded to carry out studies that would lead to the production of serums and vaccines with which to fight diseases and prevent epidemics, despite the economic limitations, over time research was done on the typhus, which were recognized as useful to describe the bacterium.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TdZYC6jHQaKoSPRcuaU3eVcVbGrhEiCQRoOSNg9zQZgVCruJxtpgP_OIqZxU2N_wTR7c5eKQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring this period of research, comparative reports also began to be recorded on the mortality of people infected by epidemics such as typhus and smallpox, and the number of individuals vaccinated in the same period, as was done in the state of Tabasco in 1908 through the General Directorate of Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q3sTFuMxPfyvlMPhGq6WUb-ZgIs2uAzwloUzFmsuNV9E2-eAoczQ9zCvhKqdNWbPDOGakgoy0","General Archive of the State of Veracruz",[null,"\u003cp\u003eGroup of children during a trophic-paratific vaccination campaign at the Hygiene Center of Camerino Z. Mendoza, Veracruz, in 1941.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScioaQnEdn8iyVRMDPjWY23Xcjn8FpvmtT1AwVg8inSo_cWMyu4IoDGXcKC6pwGXxKQPvDb-O7","Municipal Historical Archive of Izúcar de Matamoros",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs part of the statistics on the subject, the number of minors who were vaccinated in each locality was recorded, as was the case in the district of Izúcar de Matamoros, in 1913, in the state of Puebla, where after receiving the supplies requested for the application of vaccination, the municipal president of this town would send to the health authorities the list of inoculations carried out.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8B4coSLbnfm8jopfcZDVW6KO85TaVJWfPRCAqrQAXUR5Yvu6sioMOY9lPUlCfrAPKhRNQyDBf","Historical archive of the municipality of Ecatzingo de Hidalgo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy presidential decree, in 1926 vaccination against smallpox from cattle was made mandatory, with this began the mass campaigns for its application. The various identities of the country, such as the municipality of Ecatzingo de Hidalgo, in the state of Mexico begin to provide a certain number of vials for application.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZwNe99zZ0aLobQvWMqOxHYUzHSfAk_tP_EYxw99We45TvzuRlJsmBQfpoXIG7hsYrRJc8WeTo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a preventive measure, in 1930, the then Secretary General of the Government, asked the various municipalities to inform the school authorities not to register any child who did not present the certificate that he had been recently vaccinated. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T3c9SeXYOlKtjrAoP-HMiM6gxW8cobYxssmYdE6Nw59z9tkOjgnAwSTXZmayJiw0O_36CemFM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbtYtPvQf_Ikor057m5gQ00B2c6KZ84NKyaDuBLqJxQKrcKiHGuC3_WKMBGUUcT1hdd__Votc","Municipal Historical Archive of Huetamo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, in the same year of 1930, in other regions such as the municipality of Huetamo, in Michoacán, smallpox outbreaks continued to emerge, which were controlled thanks to the timely intervention of the Federal Delegation of Health. A total of 3900 vaccines could be applied, obtaining a 40 percent advance in immunization immunization of the total population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBTrAmL01llq3sEaSiZoC6O4KEJl5UimvKGOiI7PzqKacnLnMOEn0VFVyjVYp8eKP_ezzV4gk","General Archive of the State of Puebla",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, immunization campaigns would be applied to the asylees of hospices and orphanages in 1937, as occurred in the state of Puebla, where the public charity would be responsible for requesting the supplies and application of these vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RT4wrXbsPXs084-KPyZd90ueam1JQuY7GDZaY9WEmAAQ_S57SxuKheDh66P9Wbn9awEBZtjQ","Vaccination card used in 1952"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QFjiwHWc6OHP6G3awYzibnEImE5XqVngiIJS8mPk-V60AYA7s3fiX8zSkBbfXQVl_VW9mxXQ","General Archive of the State of Quintana Roo",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn some states, such as Quintana Roo, complementary measures were taken, such as spraying the coasts to eradicate malaria in 1959, this campaign was also assisted by the Secretary of Health and Assistance, which would lead to the introduction of the Universal Vaccination Program in 1991, achieving goals such as the eradication of poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and neonatal tetanus, and the control of whorea cough and severe forms of tuberculosis.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tn5Nzr_5xbiR_tBnI5VypWreCgmhdOk6nE7203j4Hfd8rOTzvz8eQ3ksYuHd2P91NOQGY1q7L3","General Archive of the State of Veracruz",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn terms of vaccination, the vast history that Mexico has transformed it into a pioneering country in the production of vaccines at the local level and in the implementation of one of the most complete vaccination programs, although the coverage of the different vaccines continues to be insufficient, the latest surveys establish that the actions implemented by the National Vaccination Council have allowed an improvement in the rates of protection of individual and complete vaccinations.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,"Clusters","EditorialSection:90d10dc2-7a8e-4c8c-9b73-8a12640ebc40",null,"cu_edi_13","cu_edi_14",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TP6f5XI5YFbBzeEFew5__whhLr6U2XH-wCD5QGW4nYx1NLFM0jwDNYtXSkk2-wflHRJ3Xts-eF"]];window.INIT_data['MicroscopeImage:67fdb438-928e-4d1f-b8f9-fe05249aaaf6'] = ["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:67fdb438-928e-4d1f-b8f9-fe05249aaaf6","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Raqb4ycIlBZRhGSY3jiryO7qUXYe9ka47jaBgIZh3oYdl87eG1g-cs_6W9YzOO6FqfAeVlHf4","c0K_JD1xJoVPWqXTHwztv_TNrP0",[0.53560495,0.4557887,0,1.51625,0.8228963],null,null,null,[800,1022]];window.INIT_data['MicroscopeImage:d3f0975d-d549-4138-a72c-afefe7b7051c'] = ["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:d3f0975d-d549-4138-a72c-afefe7b7051c","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qm23E3Ce9_h8Xk7EV25Zf0TIUcg1r3uU-24FnUwnE1ieYm-hUkHrJLbP8zDdh1HCKn437DL20","CXCq_S_YomSu0_N3mtFWAZtyyLY",[0.5,0.5681285,0,1.1472294,0.6182562],null,null,null,[2480,3214]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:d5eb2856-6b7e-4074-86b6-257d5027a611'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Vaccines explained",null,null,null,null,1],17,"#ffffff",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","How Vaccines Save Lives","The World Health Organization on how vaccines came to be","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHUDTYFXyA9vBmjtAjjV7JOznxYyjf-ZSAxHUJr-vh1PQBUMEuNuAVYQbIdfMmNzwBoo4BdwE","/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"iwWBM_p0KsCMkA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjXBB7k7dDt_FUmbuPomnQ-3HC4hpzkfVPOIcDkC7qQB_jgVI28CB_l5kMUbBEX86tBJN95yUd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor centuries, humans have looked for ways to protect each other against deadly diseases. From experiments and taking chances to a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eglobal vaccine roll-out\u003c/a\u003e in the midst of an unprecedented pandemic, \u003ca href\u003d\"/project/a-brief-history-of-vaccination\"\u003eimmunization\u003c/a\u003e has a long history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRf4w38Xr1X2jlzj5ubdKa6si2wuRwG7wD-XjXu-lgTBVUC6K1LSKZAhP-mpLVCnifLd5UiFQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine research can raise challenging ethical questions, and some of the experiments carried out for the development of vaccines in the past would not be ethically acceptable today. Vaccines have saved more human lives than any other medical invention in history. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eScroll on to take a journey through the last millennium to see how these extraordinary discoveries and achievements have changed our lives.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-GlP_xbTlCLXgKC_dNe44ovGPp09sHRd1RUyHPyb_NXINNp58MJJPJNYqp_Nwmn98CSdEN3c","1400s to 1700s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom at least the 15th century, people in different parts of the world have attempted to prevent illness by intentionally exposing healthy people to \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg\"\u003esmallpox\u003c/a\u003e – a practice known as variolation (after a name for smallpox, ‘la variole’). Some sources suggest these practices were taking place as early as 200 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWritten accounts from the mid-1500s describe a form of variolation used in China known as insufflation, where smallpox scabs are dried, ground and blown into the nostril using a pipe!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThQsEp4Ymeai_SMwUj3pGqvX3gUlsx0SiYGfX8uOxFwEmq6r-XQFwSm0LUUnCeX_tucJw-ipE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1721, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brought smallpox inoculation to Europe, by asking that her two daughters be inoculated against smallpox as she had observed practice in Turkey.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1774, Benjamin Jesty makes a breakthrough. Testing his hypothesis that infection with cowpox – a bovine virus which can spread to humans – could protect a person from smallpox\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid. Despite suffering a local reaction and feeling unwell for several days, Phipps made a full recovery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxWAyZzRuBvjcpNd844CLI-i3vGJLDG-nmL9zdE46zO92ZahQeUaQrnOjOMwA18dFtCq586AQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTwo months later, in July 1796, Jenner inoculates Phipps with matter from a human smallpox sore in order to test Phipps’ resistance. Phipps remains in perfect health, and becomes the first human to be vaccinated against smallpox. The term ‘vaccine’ is later coined, taken from the Latin word for cow, \u003ci\u003evacca\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg\"\u003ehistory of Smallpox vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwIFaz7ZrZU5NVk_ALM2eA0mfsrtvPT5VDFK-5aXm1C5Bh_gmLgszLssfh-_zNmE-jFxPMeP-C","The 1800s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1872, despite enduring a stroke and the death of 2 of his daughters to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003etyphoid\u003c/a\u003e, Louis Pasteur creates the first laboratory-produced vaccine: the vaccine for fowl cholera in chickens. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBzI4HFh-X6FVS47oUDIzWyl-csBJ47k-5s-xbA2IOYEnVmUJ3jzF8Cupgw4zBNfnqCNp1tQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1885, Louis Pasteur successfully prevents \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003erabies\u003c/a\u003e through post-exposure vaccination. The treatment is controversial. Pasteur has unsuccessfully attempted to use the vaccine on humans twice before, and injecting a human with a disease agent is still a new and uncertain method. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePasteur is not a medical doctor. But, despite the risk, he begins a course of 13 injections with patient Joseph Meister, each containing a stronger dose of the rabies virus. Meister survives and later becomes the caretaker of Pasteur’s tomb in Paris.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvNqS3GkwUl25_AXNfNVx4zYGAgwXohVp2lfYm2_ISt3RhZViQy9hpgOHc84HDw9YPcJCBWQk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1894,\u003cb\u003e \u003c/b\u003eDr Anna Wessels Williams isolates a strain of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/diphtheria#:~:text\u003dWhat%20is%20diphtheria%3F,a%20sore%20throat%20and%20fever.\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ediphtheria\u003c/a\u003e bacteria that is crucial in the development of an antitoxin for the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sjk3m3FdFiFJEnwhYBg7oEOhc2LBCYY4zrwsRmkJJOr3Fa20P5T2XBlEDKIWRw0OggNZOIwKv0","The 1900s",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1918 to 1919, the Spanish Flu pandemic kills an estimated 20–50 million people worldwide, including 1 in 67 United States soldiers, making an \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw\"\u003einfluenza vaccine\u003c/a\u003e a US military priority. Early experiments with influenza vaccines are carried out: the US Army Medical School tests 2 million doses in 1918, but results are inconclusive.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw\"\u003ehistory of Influenza vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNb4O4yTvP3zww57GhZIZA5qKCs3KexZsfEYj6SiSdvGO4hMYl3YXcA-SmOYgqoaGcuuFRvZoJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1937 Max Theiler, Hugh Smith and Eugen Haagen develop the 17D vaccine against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/yellow-fever\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eyellow fever\u003c/a\u003e. The vaccine is approved in 1938 and over a million people have receive it that year. Theiler goes on to be awarded the Nobel Prize.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SiU1Q4JaVryNkGP-j8UBKzhs3GKYGkz5qg5yu1jIo-M8InJmqki9lL9XTwKltBcVmoIwOXCA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1939, bacteriologists Pearl Kendrick and Grace Eldering demonstrate the efficacy of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/pertussis#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003epertussis\u003c/a\u003e (whooping cough) vaccine. The scientists show that vaccination reduces the rates at which children get sick from 15.1 per 100 children to 2.3 per 100.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QssCwjsoIos8MHTzFvTOUopvsZSF7vpNwP9PLl99lREI87d9WLNwAkf9Se9bEAo2_1JR_TUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1945, the first \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einfluenza vaccine\u003c/a\u003e is approved for military use, followed in 1946 by an approval for civilian use. The research is led by doctors Thomas Francis Jr and Jonas Salk, who both go on to be closely associated with the polio vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrom 1952–1955, the first effective \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw\"\u003epolio vaccine\u003c/a\u003e is developed by Jonas Salk and trials begin. Salk tests the vaccine on himself and his family the following year, and mass trials involving over 1.3 million children take place in 1954.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SyUnKaqGM09sOfryE6FEV7nX_qSIaKbwyyZ_uSQrvM-um1yqULDIASGwfxJMl_RQsEUsrRdfA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy 1960, a second type of polio vaccine, developed by Albert Sabin, is approved for use. Sabin’s vaccine was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form) and could be given orally, as drops or on a sugar cube. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was first tested and produced in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Czechoslovakia becomes the first country in the world to eliminate polio.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw\"\u003ehistory of Polio vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RUYhPbAqtXWOIH_P9SxoSDLle5w95lcgXhixt6LS-l4Da8f3aVBO9c91Vx3j0aD6L55tehdNw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1967, the World Health Organization announces the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2010-statue-commemorates-smallpox-eradication\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e, which aims to eradicate smallpox in more than 30 countries through surveillance and vaccination. Eradication means more than the elimination of a disease in a single area – WHO defines it as the “permanent reduction to zero of a specific pathogen, as a result of deliberate efforts, with no more risk of reintroduction”. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKwauCRUY5l6J7smd5UcjiQ1F8kPjOXQiBGmOVAztwNeu1BW_hzdiZr1ZeXtjmTCgS1Ev-",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmallpox has been mostly eliminated in Western Europe, North America and Japan by this time. Following the announcement, there is unprecedented global solidarity. Despite the ongoing Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union are united in support of the programme.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcr0wJpyFvjuqThv_IfHkdwH8gaHkm75w1wABhZRoF4D917nGZqDRkilwZZDnOkkJGPrrQOg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1969, four years after Dr Baruch Blumberg discovers the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehepatitis B virus\u003c/a\u003e, he works with microbiologist Irving Millman to develop the first hepatitis B vaccine, using a heat-treated form of the virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA plasma-derived inactivated vaccine is approved for commercial use from 1981 to 1990, and a genetically engineered (or DNA recombinant) vaccine, developed in 1986, is still in use today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RX8tdRRQkNEiblHyPevoACJ4RkdIR0ZyhxvGYYHkG0Nd-ewFJKknvNq9-pyMEhGVHLjikDYlk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1971 the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA\"\u003emeasles vaccine\u003c/a\u003e (1963) is combined with recently developed vaccines against mumps (1967) and rubella (1969) into a single vaccination (\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/measles-mumps-and-rubella-(mmr)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMMR\u003c/a\u003e) by Dr Maurice Hilleman.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA\"\u003ehistory of measles vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1974 the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI, now the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEssential Programme on Immunization\u003c/a\u003e) is established by WHO to develop immunization programmes throughout the world. The first diseases targeted by the EPI are diphtheria, measles, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis and whooping cough.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"LG7ikYLUAWQ",null,0,55000,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RFgYl3zbSfRr0FzVhxTs2wx9kOY0thqRJCS781ol7Mx7iC1IjqEefWGVYjDutrsZ9Tt0OIUl0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1978 a polysaccharide vaccine that protects against 14 different strains of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/pneumococcal-disease\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003epneumococcal pneumonia\u003c/a\u003e is licensed, and in 1983 it is expanded to protect against 23 strains.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qn4xKU7q6MXpvO1imdot_mneW_r-uRERvKTfPDva1Ach7a9nhFniLVutFR2Ewc_pYCc9ZhSXU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1980 the World Health Assembly, acting on recommendation from the WHO Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, declares smallpox \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2020-commemorating-smallpox-eradication-a-legacy-of-hope-for-covid-19-and-other-diseases\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeradicated\u003c/a\u003e: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e“The world and all its people have won freedom from smallpox, which was the most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest times, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qgfh_2ojcI31X_h6nkj--xUJPGJmdpY1nONFoDZ4j6GZrl0okfFEoG_plbHaPz_0w5WeGv-A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom 1970s to 1980s in the USA, whooping cough cases hit an all-time low in 1976. But the success of the pertussis vaccine is hampered by a decline in uptake: with so few whooping cough cases, fears about rare but serious side effects of the whole-cell vaccine start to outweigh fears of the disease itself.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8UlQt8StfTuM5RY3WiA-wQ3Ijn7EyKTegtsPSaM1D669pNWy9nifg7ITgWjIgVUTzNSlazA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1985 the first vaccine against diseases caused by \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/hib\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eHaemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)\u003c/a\u003e is licensed, after David H Smith founds a company to produce it. Smith and Porter W Anderson Jr had been working together on a vaccination since 1968.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuR8OhYJJBNxXGG9cmI-QOvFY6KqHrVxFuPbV1Vj76O4AhLTazZXsBkbC5Mtf_-CqI22fIfP13",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1988 following the eradication of smallpox, WHO sets its sights on poliomyelitis, launching a\u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e Global Polio Eradication Initiative\u003c/a\u003e. In the late 1980s, polio is endemic in 125 countries, and the initiative aims to achieve its eradication by the year 2000. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 1994, polio is eradicated from the Americas, followed by Europe in 2002, and by 2003 the disease is endemic in just 6 countries. The effort continues.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrF1xA5FwOYJ9gz4VODFCHgn7YQZ57MF8TPeENij23rOgkft_QO1nmKVDyhHu8ZSHERL4ZWg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1995 Anne Szarewski leads a team who outline the role of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/human-papillomavirus\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehuman papillomavirus (HPV)\u003c/a\u003e in \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/cervical-cancer#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecervical cancer\u003c/a\u003e detection and screening, and researchers begin work on an HPV vaccine. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHPV viruses are very common, often with minimal symptoms, but high-risk HPV strains can go on to cause other medical conditions, particularly cervical cancer. Szarewski goes on to be principal investigator in the development of the bivalent HPV vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ql0xq17Hzc2UCp_icHP1HCElnMnIo_43H6bC5BGpDOSHTtz6kMN0ww5Iu2e-qUYzNC284Z",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1999 the first vaccine against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/rotavirus\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003erotavirus\u003c/a\u003e, the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children, is withdrawn only a year after it was approved, due to concerns about the risk of intestinal problems. A lower-risk version of the vaccine is introduced in 2006. It takes until 2019 for it to be in use in over 100 countries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rmze2pLgqAiHpe0TOVNG8PRqkbXOvwwrEjpD5vrFSVVinO-VA3_zqMdrw-cYD8fZbgN_SlDoE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2006 the first vaccine for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is approved. HPV vaccination goes on to become a key part of the effort to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-11-2020-a-cervical-cancer-free-future-first-ever-global-commitment-to-eliminate-a-cancer\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeliminate cervical cancer\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHJYVnWSS_fngtBw1EN7FpAYnDQ0_lRFHAX2Eb1RWe4MW4HndjoB1nqMMv7oli2dkqO9OaMIQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2016 the success of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.path.org/articles/about-meningitis-vaccine-project/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMeningitis Vaccine Project\u003c/a\u003e highlights the key role public–private partnerships can play in helping to develop vaccines. In its first 5 years of use, the vaccine has nearly eliminated serogroup A meningococcal disease in \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/meningitis\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emeningitis\u003c/a\u003e belt countries of Africa, and it is now being integrated into routine national immunization programmes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQRwmj4rJ9mlOUbslyf_yJzgnDzUfIx-NKvoZc2GDEDVhcB2yUXdyFrEiZv84ZZ4Lu4TMfSg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Assembly welcomes the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/blueprint\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eR\u0026amp;D Blueprint\u003c/a\u003e, a global strategy and preparedness plan that allows the rapid activation of research and development activities during epidemics. Its aim is to fast-track the availability of effective tests, vaccines and medicines that can be used to save lives and avert large-scale crises. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmbfCXQ2vH4i3xBVdeeq0r9JnD3diJkF6Z9ozL-CaQT6YVZht7TX37WZy_1RPU8cTf4bpWqA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFollowing years of accelerated vaccinations, the Americas region is declared free of endemic \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emeasles\u003c/a\u003e. Outbreaks in several countries, caused by gaps in vaccination coverage, see the disease begin to reemerge in 2018. WHO and PAHO increase surveillance and launch vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBm1ryzeyVia6yyq7yWwca3CSrMow-etS8-j9pQgo2Qc9zIMEFZdrO0VwNDF6bblVB1nWnf_m6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2019, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/initiatives/malaria-vaccine-implementation-programme\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emalaria vaccine pilot implementation\u003c/a\u003e is launched in Ghana, Malawi and Kenya. The RTS/S vaccine is the first vaccine that can significantly reduce the deadliest and most prevalent strain of malaria in young children, the group at highest risk of dying from the disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SD5VNtmaMLVOEBFHT8sMgHIXEcNLcsMqrpzm7v_x4Jmw1kBPSKxBWfUUSDKIkGvTAVYP2-H6Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO prequalifies an \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-11-2019-who-prequalifies-ebola-vaccine-paving-the-way-for-its-use-in-high-risk-countries\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEbola vaccine\u003c/a\u003e for use in countries at high risk, as part of a broader set of tools in response to the disease. In 2021 a global vaccine \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-01-2021-unicef-who-ifrc-and-msf-announce-the-establishment-of-a-global-ebola-vaccine-stockpile\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estockpile\u003c/a\u003e is established to ensure outbreak response.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA third-generation smallpox vaccine is approved for prevention of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emonkeypox\u003c/a\u003e, thus becoming the first monkeypox vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QE34ZLh8a08R2vTmcDjWP8yf8TrVaBbLXFDe5qvIIfzVoZFuK-KwLfP7TXJey8cfAJsRuIbDs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 30 January, 2020 the WHO Director General \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003edeclares the outbreak\u003c/a\u003e of novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. On 11 March, WHO confirms that COVID-19 is a pandemic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEffective COVID-19 vaccines are developed, produced and distributed with unprecedented speed, some using new mRNA technology. In December 2020, just 1 year after the first case of COVID-19 was detected, the first COVID-19 vaccine doses are administered.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYAbo9is1tQ2RTIIDzEVZw3trzgBO2Rfg-cDw3o1MOcsL6TsFan5gAbFKIrRRJt2Bc9ilDkQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2021 the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out continues, with doses delivered and administered across continents. But efforts to curb the pandemic are threatened by \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/campaigns/vaccine-equity\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einequities in vaccination coverage\u003c/a\u003e: as of July 2021, almost 85% of vaccines have been administered in high- and upper-middle-income countries, and over 75% have been administered in only 10 countries alone. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0iR0YJIK9NeWv96r3X9fjajAKadM-xLJIfsUsS_FgFc_MttdiJdgju7a54_kSkSH6JrTs4cXE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO calls on Member States to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-148th-session-of-the-executive-board\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eprioritize vaccination\u003c/a\u003e of health workers and at-risk groups in lower-income countries, in order to stop severe disease and death, keep health workers safe and reopen societies and economies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVMY21Wf9yLxA5sO0zUs4m0rci3zkG5s1YsbvHwHdmrIw-jHom-JK4iPQOuMpzDzQkmjuJr_Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor over 2 centuries, people have been vaccinated against deadly diseases, ever since the world’s first vaccine was devised against smallpox. History has taught us that a full and effective global response to vaccine-preventable diseases takes time, financial support and collaboration – and requires continued vigilance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Su99Lqo_EO7d7Sn9BLn48ayR38Zt2yb6t7nwVK2aPg2lYH-mBN9-xBIuBv1oYWURANYVmrPg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom groundbreaking practices in the 1500s to the new technologies used in COVID-19 \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003evaccines\u003c/a\u003e, we have come a long way. Vaccines now help protect against \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003emore than 20 diseases\u003c/a\u003e, from pneumonia to cervical cancer and Ebola; and in just the last 30 years, child deaths have declined by over 50%, thanks in large part to vaccines. But more must be done.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8ODfKw9oDCWXPMqej3Vp5z2nzCjL6nWDGoMbDWMpruy04c236FgAh73uuUH8FppXeFDnwqA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e In many parts of the world, 1 in 5 children still goes \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eunvaccinated\u003c/a\u003e. The coming decades will need global cooperation, funding, commitment and vision to ensure that no child or adult suffers or dies from a vaccine-preventable disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExplore more at \u003ca href\u003d\"http://g.co/historyofvaccination\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eg.co/historyofvaccination\u003c/a\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3,"Stories","EditorialSection:d5eb2856-6b7e-4074-86b6-257d5027a611",null,"cu_edi_3","cu_edi_4",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RoDW3nm_dOlbq02WopGQFOMUEhgfxmSSxj7wFNTjqY4HRtC2Pzqpxn2PnHqLC2jsHaL3bucaXh"]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:475c21f9-6ebf-4744-9acf-5aee65bb8e53'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["The research never stops...","Smithsonian scientists working towards identifying zoonotic diseases",null,null,null,1],8,"#000000",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Predicting Pandemics","Scientists working to save species around the globe","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLLfLX8vLDFOyNZyNZ-zUktqawAFHAxS1TsQBccmPnIiTHMV1Lfc7C4jvFonq3YTOPAYgJnw","/story/LAVRHUr8BWm_Ow",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:5a037cef-6e58-47f8-8196-1fab6ca6e363","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLLfLX8vLDFOyNZyNZ-zUktqawAFHAxS1TsQBccmPnIiTHMV1Lfc7C4jvFonq3YTOPAYgJnw","O618bZHxS3el-L7FMne95RN3dOQ",[0.49911675,0.43752232,0,0.80658543,0.87504464],null,null,null,[5760,3840]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"LAVRHUr8BWm_Ow"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,"3000 Connecticut Ave NW\n\nWashington, DC, 20008\nUnited States",0,0,"Washington, DC, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TrsgEAvHjbkeLvRHBLS7sX8CE4rh5jOG9cmYdJZYtOOqMucTutcp1es8d51cH_ggPhlD9qMA",400,400,0],"/partner/national-zoological-park"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3dU8kq__GzNjaRGc0AJ54ZTogT8Zr7UOOH-YDPmyvwE5m4YUSbcjMX19Wk1JOHGcn0RdYllc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmithsonian researchers partner with experts in Myanmar studying human and animal health to find out what diseases are present in wildlife and whether they could pose a threat to humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3dU8kq__GzNjaRGc0AJ54ZTogT8Zr7UOOH-YDPmyvwE5m4YUSbcjMX19Wk1JOHGcn0RdYllc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the first time, see these scientists in the field as they collect blood from cave nectar bats, sample saliva from macaques and track the movement of flying foxes across the country.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Why Myanmar?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMyanmar is a biodiversity hotspot with vast rural settings and forests. That habitat supports a large number of species, including bats and other animals that, in other parts of the world, have been known to carry zoonotic and emerging viruses. The \u003ca href\u003d\"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/news/myanmars-extensive-forests-are-declining-rapidly-due-political-and-economic-change\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecountry is also becoming more developed\u003c/a\u003e, which leads to more high-risk interactions between humans and wildlife.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",16.8341704,97.58922899999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcE1QaUdXZW95ZUlaOWR4UTg4eGRFT2UydnhuUWdPRERLZEtkODk4",77.29057012883368,2.673509607091219,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMPiGWeoyeIZ9dxQ88xdEOe2vxnQgODDKdKd898\u003dw1200-h1000-pi-2.6735096-ya-55.70943-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcE1QaUdXZW95ZUlaOWR4UTg4eGRFT2UydnhuUWdPRERLZEtkODk4\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d77.29057012883368\u0026sv_p\u003d2.673509607091219\u0026sv_lat\u003d16.8341704\u0026sv_lng\u003d97.58922899999999",null,133,[10,"AF1QipMPiGWeoyeIZ9dxQ88xdEOe2vxnQgODDKdKd898"],"SvInfo:1b0d53c0-59a1-4766-91fe-ddd83b6aa977"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGlobal Health Program researchers work closely with resident scientists — and collaborate with Myanmar\u0026#39;s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation; Ministry of Health and Sports; and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation — to collect and analyze biological samples from wildlife and the humans they come in contact with.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",20.9369839,96.66200839999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcFA1b3hNX0pLa0NOazQ2UVRfVU91MlhFdFVNLWF0cGxDdFVWTkZF",232.7686641591228,-2.543051781130899,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipP5oxM_JKkCNk46QT_UOu2XEtUM-atplCtUVNFE\u003dw1200-h1000-pi2.5430517-ya-164.23134-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcFA1b3hNX0pLa0NOazQ2UVRfVU91MlhFdFVNLWF0cGxDdFVWTkZF\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d232.7686641591228\u0026sv_p\u003d-2.543051781130899\u0026sv_lat\u003d20.9369839\u0026sv_lng\u003d96.66200839999999",null,37,[10,"AF1QipP5oxM_JKkCNk46QT_UOu2XEtUM-atplCtUVNFE"],"SvInfo:e4e3fc74-9433-4fd9-97ae-6a3744a2bf92"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVG1OK6h_hcr8QISkq5eWJEkzDPpPt--RcN-ZtTkG2FZPvvWzyTZeHesO2GFUYAnLmHHpfuLs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe researchers also investigate domestic animals and coordinate with local healthcare professionals to identify viral risks in humans. PREDICT focuses on high-risk interfaces, or areas where interactions with animals might predispose humans to disease contraction. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVG1OK6h_hcr8QISkq5eWJEkzDPpPt--RcN-ZtTkG2FZPvvWzyTZeHesO2GFUYAnLmHHpfuLs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding which diseases have the capacity to jump species and where that transmission is most likely to occur could lead to earlier detection and potentially life-saving intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"lsSWli_Ylcc"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxR3rYMR4FAr3E30rcYy7Gc4GNWEwDCXxfI4MPh368KFE4wOYHtiwBcF9w4lecG0_1wxXkQiw","Meet Some Scientists",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFollowing a One Health approach — which combines human and veterinary medicine to solve some of the world’s larger health and conservation problems — Myanmar’s PREDICT activities are co-led by Drs. Ohnmar Aung and Marc Valitutto.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxR3rYMR4FAr3E30rcYy7Gc4GNWEwDCXxfI4MPh368KFE4wOYHtiwBcF9w4lecG0_1wxXkQiw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Ohnmar Aung is a medical doctor and social scientist. As the country coordinator for PREDICT in Myanmar, she is responsible for guiding and coordinating the project within the country, alongside Myanmars three ministry partners. Dr. Aung has been a practicing physician for more than 15 years and has extensive experience bringing health infrastructure to communities throughout the country.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RTgVJcL8WqZFCPWsb6LsRZIWiZmHeIHIsPKtfCAUbxltIkkoBnHFRY31EK9R5Y9RowelA_eA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Marc Valitutto is a wildlife veterinarian with SCBI’s Global Health Program and is the global lead for PREDICT in Myanmar. He coordinates and implements wildlife health studies and training in Asia, and his research focuses on One Health related topics, specifically evaluating the transmission of zoonotic diseases from wildlife to humans in Myanmar.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T3JxFsfHHMkmzymQtMuxDDGqJ8OpWC8uXAsxncX6xlNK5Uv8t3IBqwsP-ZBkVlo_6_Ahc-evpR",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kyaw Yan Naing Tun is Myanmar’s PREDICT field veterinary surveillance officer. He is responsible for managing and training a team of Myanmar veterinarians and field assistants for the collection of animals and their samples in the field. He previously worked as a veterinarian for the Nay Pyi Taw Zoo after graduating from veterinary school with a Ph.D. in veterinary nutrition.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8HHRC3t3Aqts3NvGfKd1I4kbKjDjCnJq1huNMyO98PrU42ZPU0F4IDtKUpOSF41iqh3sBzXA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Jennifer Kishbaugh is the Smithsonian’s 2017-2018 Judy and John W. McCarter, Jr. Global Health Veterinary Intern. She leads a pilot project to track Indian flying foxes using GPS collars, alongside the PREDICT Myanmar team.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","The Bats Of Linno Cave",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMore than 500,000 bats roost in Linno Cave, crossing paths with people and livestock every day. The team conducts most of their work at night when the bats emerge from the caves to feed. Working carefully, the researchers collect measurements and samples from each animal they catch.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"pWtpSmlEm9c"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SL4nk1gg_GBdMtljpUsvrcEuaA9YiDdSqNxTTjZrlerhelzF8G8qWlzUm2VI8dXXzstSos2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLinno Cave is home to at least four bat species. So far, the researchers have successfully caught and taken samples from wrinkle-lipped bats and cave nectar bats. The bats are given sugar water before being released to ensure they have the energy to continue their flight — just like a person might receive a sugary juice after a blood drive.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RT7Ym_WGsWiqIGEKoGUZLv76cSPp1eydhqn2SqIvDMksZ6tDfEHpBRTyzSdq5Cng_WB2wuRg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMyanmar scientists at collaborating government laboratories in Yangon analyze the samples from each research site for four viral families:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_IEzIhiKWSuwMtv7ARjKRH8Z34rgD2CtNyiUb9bzcXXYGdTWM-HkTCGot4iPA-SkqolkPhMA","Coronaviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eExamples: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/i\u003eThese viruses are common in many species, including camels and bats. Though most coronaviruses are species-specific, some have spread to humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QEpNkHI6wJYtUYPkOYAGqIB08Oayk9QJxRXMKo_M1v9uUT3K9XahOb41SdvtUSUMgr7D4NBns","Filoviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExample: Ebola\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn primates, including humans, filoviruses can cause hemorrhagic fever — which damages the vascular system and impacts the body\u0026#39;s ability to regulate itself. This viral family has also been detected in pigs and bats. Bats are believed to be the source of recent Ebola outbreaks in Africa.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRUq1wqsRcerLGtYdG6ilGNeLwy17TrXKZxFHWg7zQStO3ZekPEb0w33PVIjHlU-UrBsRNxn4","Paramyxoviruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExamples: Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Measles, Mumps, Canine distemper\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe flying fox is a natural carrier for both Hendra virus and Nipah Virus. Hendra can cause respiratory and neurologic diseases in horses and humans, while Nipah has spread to pigs and humans, causing encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and respiratory illness.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFJ_65v8O3gzdPaoFeCgKi0U07JQcYJVPGLlWhUUnxnxcdXreMojD7n6Q4OKpNV9Fo6mGZv1ad","ParamyxovirusesInfluenza viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eExamples: Bird flu (e.g., H5N1, H7N9), Swine flu (e.g., H1N1)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInfluenza viruses impact many species, including (but not limited to) ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, seals and humans. The flu can spread from person to person, and is most common in the U.S. during the fall and winter.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists sequence the viruses they detect in animals to determine their pathogenicity, or ability to cause disease, in humans. Any viruses detected in samples from animals or humans are also analyzed for pandemic potential. If a virus is considered a concern, the researchers work with Myanmar’s government to determine the immediacy of the issue and whether a response is necessary.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkcRq9XT2thdgs0oIL7pi6L0ohLyOG8mLdRX5XVsuJn-ts6e3mtqT4i8IRsEzAjjnAyYr6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe researchers have already identified two new coronaviruses in saliva and fecal samples from insect-eating bats. One of these viruses had never been detected in the world, and the second had only been identified in Thailand’s bats. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkcRq9XT2thdgs0oIL7pi6L0ohLyOG8mLdRX5XVsuJn-ts6e3mtqT4i8IRsEzAjjnAyYr6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile these new viruses belong to the same family as SARS and MERS, there is no evidence that they pose a threat to people at this time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"F2MuDmxg8zo"]],["","The Monkeys Of Kawgun Cave",[null,"\u003cp\u003eKawgun Cave, another research site in Hpa An, draws locals and travelers for its historic, religious and cultural significance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],["stella.svi",20.9251621,96.65067669999999,"CAoSLEFGMVFpcE8tRDAxZkozM0VwRnk5MDNiNFNsMU4zZzRPb1pKbV9nVVVISm1B",107.8472516046357,-3.448193143558285,null,null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipO-D01fJ33EpFy903b4Sl1N3g4OoZJm_gUUHJmA\u003dw1200-h1000-pi3.448193-ya-153.15276-fo90.0",1,90,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAoSLEFGMVFpcE8tRDAxZkozM0VwRnk5MDNiNFNsMU4zZzRPb1pKbV9nVVVISm1B\u0026sv_f\u003d90.0\u0026sv_h\u003d107.8472516046357\u0026sv_p\u003d-3.448193143558285\u0026sv_lat\u003d20.9251621\u0026sv_lng\u003d96.65067669999999",null,261,[10,"AF1QipO-D01fJ33EpFy903b4Sl1N3g4OoZJm_gUUHJmA"],"SvInfo:171bfa3d-de03-471b-9d23-7e086ca383f3"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S1EU6XlTSvKbWZxFAf9-GuIhdV-b1_hjS6ScW_het4qzBcoI7hM8uvvhc84XjOjF5JyDwpwuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGroups of macaques congregate just outside the cave where visitors often feed them by hand. The team uses a unique method to collect DNA samples from these monkeys.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCQP1YwwjASTs12gEAAgiC4jgH03CPwgVjXXQHOFMjesopaGJeNiWP8n1guky9IPEppdCPzw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSample collection can be challenging, and weather complications can damper the work. PREDICT guidelines require full personal protective equipment, which can be especially cumbersome in intense heat and rain.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ0F4Yg5DH-C1wSEhhMqRvMGUasmT3hW279rk37f6vjgQAv7ko-7ScijS7FQesb5su8XiJgsk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt times, it may also be difficult to ask local participants to wear the protective equipment when they have long interacted with these animals without it. Ultimately, the team’s goal is to put as little stress as possible on their partners in the field, the local community members they interact with and the animals they sample.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","The Animals Of Hlawga National Park",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt Hlawga National Park in Myanmar’s Yangon region, tourists mingle with animals, including sambar deer, Asian elephants, macaques, wild boars, pigs, bats and rodents — some of which are endangered. See what scientists look for and how they gauge the threat of zoonotic diseases to protect both people and animals.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn addition to concerns about viruses spilling over to humans, researchers are also interested in what diseases may spread among the different animals that live in the park.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"zrJvfFtH32U"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe more samples the team collects, the better chance they have of detecting a virus and assessing which species carry certain diseases. At every research site, they collect about 10-12 samples from at least 300 individuals per species, including humans.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWildlife veterinarians are also interested in how an animal’s movement from place to place can inform infectious-disease research. 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Rumours circulated at the time that it would turn people into cows. But by 1801, through extensive testing, it was shown to effectively protect against smallpox. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbEaKkg8AEa0T0VNAgSz2ojk9Sj0TeaA699A_a7_c5cb7Y-K5nLTb_eICDA0Qm3X0Z5-Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccine was soon in use on other continents, where vaccine continued to be inoculated from arm to arm until vaccination programmes were established. Mandatory smallpox vaccination came into effect in Britain and parts of the United States of America in the 1840s and 1850s, as well as in other parts of the world, leading to the establishment of the smallpox vaccination certificates required for travel.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TDWgpue5Ja_vfuHMNGj-vfrC05GHOJjf0eSQAXMGhxjzeogXFogj8ZSsgUcTEOQ1Rcmp_hdyxE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile some European regions eliminated the disease by 1900, smallpox was still ravaging continents and areas under colonial rule, with over 2 million people dying every year. It took another 50 years to achieve global solidarity in the fight against the disease.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEs37QM1zC6Eoxh8qTGkk5iuScww_oziGQaOmaIzl6kdgRd-pVvyWz4dtAPG1LoS6k-YPu0fw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccine research and studies in vaccine delivery were carried out around the world in the search for more resilient and effective vaccines. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy the 1950s, advances in production techniques meant that heat-stable, freeze-dried smallpox vaccines could be stored without refrigeration.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SEghv-eV2H08UXpec6vm43kPu4MHbDbKnBU1YMXaMQAgt0_SO9252uLLVVGi2b4DSR95Yldo4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eVaccination led to smallpox elimination in western Europe, North America and Japan. In the absence of a large-scale coordinated international programme, the disease persisted in other areas.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhBqqnbO45ALkmYIf5sTF548Gza_AvkpCsl1s6igUi07S_v-UzAoBkSMeMzd95u7BnqJI9NsA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1958, the World Health Assembly called for the global eradication of smallpox – the permanent reduction to zero cases – without risk of reintroduction. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnvnrNL5e4OBCPEafpEyKlsnfWKb0y6aaD5fnRceIcX8tbdLhZe1lvf6nqhed17V6ZSIrXKYc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e launched the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eSmallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e in 1959, WHO Member States enhanced their support and cooperation. Good progress was made in many countries with the support of technical assistance and vaccine provision coordinated by WHO.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuOamSciunOYjoPHIp3wjcA0FmGZ1xloKBpssGOW-yhJaieuJ07twVos3gRAbAy_eGtZ-qvQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts were redoubled with the launch of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2010-statue-commemorates-smallpox-eradication\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e in 1967. The Soviet Union provided freeze-dried vaccine, which became the basis for elimination of smallpox from eastern Europe, China and India. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rw41BDybIOxJ0IV73nbrmGyrqJAkA07j4Dg2nWES-Pmnl4LZzbHx45l0docOgpPjo3j4xssiEg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith renewed political commitment and the contributions of hundreds of thousands of local surveillance officers and health workers, even regions with nascent health systems and tremendous logistical challenges made remarkable progress.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOiSA4vZDoVhIysGAA3LbXqzDPVBEaW-NZl3IWROL3v3mx4XdNt9hI2TmsJaN8YBKImLWl2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThroughout this period WHO played a critical role, with international workers supporting legions of national personnel. Epidemiologists from the Soviet Union and the United States of America worked side by side in the middle of a cold war. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QOiSA4vZDoVhIysGAA3LbXqzDPVBEaW-NZl3IWROL3v3mx4XdNt9hI2TmsJaN8YBKImLWl2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, in 1970, an outbreak in south-west India led to over 1300 cases and 123 deaths. In response, all available national and international health personnel were dispatched on a week-long house-by-house search of the area, vaccinating everyone identified as a contact of a recent case. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith this strategy they were able to eliminate highly contagious smallpox from the district within weeks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-MGq8Az00y5GBjF_U0GWGdiBbhGX7GCSSn9wGSoDOaLVwe7xBeL5LhGvg6_7vTH09YjzKww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn higher-risk countries, laboratories began to produce higher-quality freeze-dried \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003evaccines\u003c/a\u003e, and mass production of the innovative and easy-to-use bifurcated needle to administer doses contributed to vaccination efforts. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThanks to the combined efforts of national health agencies, WHO and scientists around the world, smallpox was eliminated from South America in 1971, Asia in 1975 and Africa in 1977.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TOpkqbSTNo-mxtWlvadmhgO6OWvaOFdqKBrtk8Ph7DrG5NOJRvX8_utlQjbVK4fMVMVAfkEw-h",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cost of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eIntensified Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e was approximately US$300 million, two thirds of which came from endemic countries for their own eradication efforts. British, Canadian, Cuban, French, Soviet, and US vaccines were given freely to WHO and distributed onwards, sometimes with the strategic financial support of Sweden.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGRd_cxOLEYpSsZZFSg_aN27I1vkGNkGjvhvz5ziw5lYqaTyStV3eMZyZm_zBZrs-C9jvZHEo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlso important in the 1970s were vaccine technology transfers allowing countries to become producers of their own freeze-dried vaccine and suppliers within their region. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8SNm9AOsNtnp9Fh_MKVis18NqVhLq9XB6WJvjptnaG97QS4xvlhhBQXHUou1oO8r8xvzN1w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough all this, the United States and the Soviet Union worked in rare solidarity. It was an unprecedented demonstration of global unity in the face of a common threat. As a major contributor to the programme, the United States reportedly recoups their investment every 26 days in money not spent on administering further vaccinations and treating new cases. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TCC19bUyK5LjNw7nQtotVePG1C0_8le9pvdXEzAKXWiJe9iLKEZBBXPPcO-Oy8u2KUqCa_sZ8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1980, WHO declared smallpox officially \u003ca href\u003d\"https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/39253/a41438.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eeradicated\u003c/a\u003e: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe world and all its people have won freedom from smallpox, which was the most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest times, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5OUaJmfXOKf4Khfld__Y_we26wH7OXmSdAWT9Gtm_KWMp65wX_r9BEywKj07-KSVRDDSqW0o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO preserves the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/archives/fonds\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eArchives of the Smallpox Eradication Programme\u003c/a\u003e at its headquarters in Switzerland. WHO also maintains a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estockpile\u003c/a\u003e of vaccines as an emergency reserve in Switzerland and in several other countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RC4_Xy2iKzPX8QA7_2sV7A8AZPRTfOmSPT1QNyzlZrCLXy3LQTJXjKev84rF2j6V_1mMndj_E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA cure was never found for smallpox before eradication, with those infected being treated only by cleaning wounds and lessening pain.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tg5paFyKjvcoJK_dLHV2qtUUp86-nNhIEfdaV1Mto_RzN9vqn7BkVQMjTYHj2w37yVaPNOXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInstead, following the discovery of Dr Jenner’s vaccine, eradication was achieved through prevention, as he himself predicted. Bolstered by efforts united around the world, Jenner’s concept survived to defeat a historic scourge.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter 3000 years of suffering and death from the disease, there hasn’t been a recorded case of smallpox in almost half a century.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"freX6WB8Cag",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Polio Vaccine","Vaccinating against a deadly disease","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STylP1QvyXoBtnN2-xJQYVp13GrRVmcTxTFGRixlnO1Mi7eYZOlvgFehbeLWt_smP9c89kCoo","/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:fb52aa84-3469-4a03-8a27-0e880851aeed","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STylP1QvyXoBtnN2-xJQYVp13GrRVmcTxTFGRixlnO1Mi7eYZOlvgFehbeLWt_smP9c89kCoo","6ZimGaer-rOjYsIrihbcUtIDOxc",[0.5200265,0.63206685,0,0.6857143,0.276551],null,null,null,[942,1280]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"6QWhgYkCnslptw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QqBWmjaqd52fLkeJ2kop8ByW0po-coq3qtWPOXzJX4g_1gAf6g3I-t-keLoNOJlpae0O--V88",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePolio\u003c/a\u003e is a highly infectious disease, mostly affecting young children, that attacks the nervous system and can lead to spinal and respiratory paralysis, and in some cases death.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePolio has existed since prehistoric times – ancient Egyptian images show children walking with canes, with withered limbs characteristic of the disease. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHWxRZ67epst7V-NvhvWkMj1UFqptFCCdWv11KOFRUm7vilZdhWlj-aM-drkoEIhCxRZbejQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile it affected children around the world for millennia, the first known clinical description of polio, by British doctor Michael Underwood, was not until 1789, and it was formally recognized as a condition in 1840 by German physician Jakob Heine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R9TH2JxF5BTH8nN4MlYXgp3FzHRwoLzRaBnlvZ-Kt5FRLR-YfaPrnSkXw3iAAsUOL-2HyRUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the late 19th and early 20th centuries, frequent epidemics saw polio become the most feared disease in the world. A major outbreak in New York City in 1916 killed over 2000 people, and the worst recorded US outbreak in 1952 killed over 3000. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7vs5l3W7OC2K5VDWlarbCCTqvugVKwM9Y0ybgSiiRrLpsYI3HnKLVZVSY0Z-gDqM2s1o4kTI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMany who survived the disease faced lifelong consequences. Deformed limbs meant they needed leg braces, crutches or wheelchairs, and some needed to use breathing devices like the iron lung, an artificial respirator invented for treatment of polio patients. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RovKy5Bk9CLolwfkBQHKzK9lGXkyB808H5uO1ZJc7xNFQIfes_JOa2I4xCnx-VGRZSmYrceCaJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy the mid-20th century, the poliovirus could be found all over the world and killed or paralysed over half a million people every year. With no cure, and epidemics on the rise, there was an urgent need for a vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRhvHctG696mFOrHU070lj0euVE2F2R6nCZ1g0gZI5NHGdqJheppzHFOSENpSvOfkGp-jUUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA breakthrough occurred in 1949, when poliovirus was successfully cultivated in human tissue by John Enders, Thomas Weller and Frederick Robbins at Boston Children’s Hospital. Their pioneering work was recognized with the 1954 Nobel Prize.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2XgOHQYy-qRoC3kR38KZ8fQjOMrVPyRhdCbgvjNzYSUXtSF7RNIDvEINPfyb6mF83pSJGQbY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot long afterwards, in the early 1950s, the first successful vaccine was created by US physician Jonas Salk. Salk tested his experimental killed-virus vaccine on himself and his family in 1953, and a year later on 1.6 million children in Canada, Finland and the USA. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TD-6jnVMfu74f_Uqqz1EK0V0DECJVkc0MkhTUnoxR5osBt_MEtXBkgUfzzY0pM6D-cqME9cvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe results were announced on 12 April 1955, and Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was licensed on the same day. By 1957, annual cases dropped from 58 000 to 5600, and by 1961, only 161 cases remained. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Res42d5OVep9MQEVJzb6MQHwIIYIAjkOEj9d8htNQCZ6NHMm-EBkmeIGA1tRE_BZmlpbNsqTo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSalk was committed to equitable access to his vaccine, and understood that elimination efforts would not work without universal low- or no-cost vaccination.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4xay0dykGB3SuMgl0mPoGpdVPobcKC3p3O5oxBagW-IfTR9xmugsyi1ZP8p6HTwZrLuOCOjAQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSix pharmaceutical companies were licensed to produce IPV, and Salk did not profit from sharing the formulation or production processes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QssCwjsoIos8MHTzFvTOUopvsZSF7vpNwP9PLl99lREI87d9WLNwAkf9Se9bEAo2_1JR_TUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a 1955 interview, when asked who owned the patent for IPV, he replied:\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Well, the people, I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?”\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TeUcWVh1zm8M2HzadKTZNbx10AThG5VPt8qlZgYeZQt14D2FO-QmXj8REHc4P_HLwqJQ0_iHo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA second type of polio vaccine, the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by physician and microbiologist Albert Sabin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyriYXg6-cqoOTsAFcy7Xi681hpj01YwE7UyD552eEQewY21XEWsNUjxESAcpLViM6MaTeLDw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSabin’s vaccine was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form) and could be given orally, as drops or on a sugar cube. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2n1lydXHJDows8H_2qqmMRKNRLF6LXbLAP-SnfPOMZq-S30ERFaQ7M77lVmRACzb01u_o8Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the Salk vaccine in wide use by the late 1950s, United States interest in testing this new kind of vaccine was low.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHilary Koprowski had carried out the first test of a live-attenuated vaccine on humans in 1950, and further trials took place in what was then the Belgian Congo (a territory now largely covered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPIZEzgulF9LLplE0dbiYawJETxweQ8YLHD6FzJqeAM7IJrO4KQuLjUT-W0RJWmIkzHlH-0lo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLike Salk, Sabin tested his experimental vaccine on himself and his family; but he had to go further afield for larger-scale trials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QAsSDljojzaVvdnXsx_gSPxuO-mXbHGXigZFmGdOW-jXRxmscJ4hb11xmoPmNPoaWh3zoriIlD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a team of Russian virologists visited his lab in 1956, Sabin travelled to Leningrad and Moscow to work with them later that year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwPIFOo_QHZ_NJxAEb2-85HMzS8zcO-2zTYK9mGQA_DfxACXXtcPXyp1kBYkD93WQGsyCjKD8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe struck up a longstanding collaboration with Mikhail P Chumakov, who was also responsible for tests of the Salk vaccine in the Soviet Union, and Chumakov carried out initial tests of the live-attenuated vaccine using a seed virus that Sabin had provided. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6r7_pDTLF3boDu9TVd245TfQMBIwVd4GjZMO9D_Q9OEPQpDeVbUeHIv4O5vRW8rWo_59ziA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTrials carried out in the Soviet Union, on 20 000 children in 1958 and 10 million children in 1959, and in Czechoslovakia, on over 110 000 children from 1958 to 1959, proved the vaccine was safe and effective. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAVZ0LLszX1m0Cl8iEOnJLb3738EL8PCvxdYNofrqJ0p8ti6qmdCgt7JsjMNUB7-vm7Nw-Fg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIndependent review of the trials for the World Health Organization by United States specialist Dorothy Horstmann endorsed their findings – a crucial validation in the time of the Cold War.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sg4eSHbrKx1-SZAvke6ed8CMb2_7bM705W_iagvEcxFEXTvOjATSgQKwxjqr95AWyPB3Ui_D8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe ease of administering the oral vaccine made it the ideal candidate for mass vaccination campaigns. Hungary began to use it in December 1959 and Czechoslovakia in early 1960, becoming the first country in the world to eliminate polio.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJk_Pi3V7pXEdaXzRFJl2Ou0FG26sSp_e5TRrzqjQ-mE4n7HI9rqnNhN0odbMPBO0Vrlt",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, Cuba began to administer the OPV in nationwide immunization programmes. OPV had an added benefit that paved the road to eradication. While IPV protected the vaccinated child, it did not stop the poliovirus from spreading between children. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q0IoN_kRYJXkWamPi30Xdi1Yo4EkPgfv1wD49pTtK7EnyzCfOMHyhdOEXMxfOheZJq6Qkqg8A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOPV, on the other hand, interrupted the chain of transmission, meaning that this was a powerful vaccine to stop polio outbreaks in their tracks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SlNYguuCNeojMlpSFL4anRZewlvLiJJfPHxIOoiGnUQgsfQYKJMveYMsYkSoeX8yUCZ-h19A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1979 Rotary International started a multi-year project to immunize 6 million children in the Philippines. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn 1988, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to eradicate polio – to achieve its permanent reduction to zero, with no risk of reintroduction – and in the same year, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Polio Eradication Initiative\u003c/a\u003e (GPEI) was launched. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOom5nbUcl55sah5OKH5V9aHnH8oZ2BSd1DGjAFPCL8DWEo_3UGZ27h8uVOStQp-TyZJ69WVu_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Assembly’s work towards this milestone was complemented by the efforts of Rotary International, who wanted to keep the momentum of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-smallpox-eradication-programme---sep-(1966-1980)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esmallpox eradication\u003c/a\u003e going to ensure that no child was unnecessarily paralysed for life ever again.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOLK-eAKL7Bzh47F7tgmhN0qmHm9ISFu9J90l3ddky2w0PrlcOH1xbuIot2nUv03ldCkgQ2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImmense contributions by individual countries were combined with international initiative and assistance, with WHO working to support the global collaboration.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRWR4GUif4oiK_l9l9C-vsc4rUpSpmS2ncSZAkcm_o1Bn0qMr78ioDHSSTMgXn7ib7q1OhWg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith WHO’s assistance, vaccine production was also expanded globally, with significant capacity developed in countries including India and Indonesia. In 1995, mass vaccination campaigns took place in China and India.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TglhV_lWmY7vBn6TVSiEvJy14dTcM2ukr9Qw2BSKYCOqXV-pcBn5JOqc4GZvEynn2vCcy6mQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNational Immunization Days were coordinated in 19 European and Mediterranean countries in 1995, and in 23 African countries in 2004. By 1994, polio had been eliminated from the Americas, and by 2000 the Western Pacific was polio free. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 2003, polio remained endemic in only 6 countries – and by 2006, that number had dropped to 4. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj_7W9rN4m8AKwahfhq7KTz0BiivNXb19hzTlMAtZO8FoCjLuYuq8KSvjeuOHmhnNuIPkUICY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe 21st century saw further advances, with cases brought down by more than 99% worldwide in less than 2 decades.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWHO’s \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/maintaining-polio-free-status/polio-free-certification-of-the-world-health-organization-south-east-asia-region\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eSouth-East Asia region\u003c/a\u003e was certified polio-free in 2014, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/25-08-2020-global-polio-eradication-initiative-applauds-who-african-region-for-wild-polio-free-certification\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eAfrican region\u003c/a\u003e in 2020, and the \u003ca href\u003d\"http://www.emro.who.int/entity/polio/index.html\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEastern Mediterranean region\u003c/a\u003e has restricted the virus’s reach to just a handful of districts. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxHlod0pkv9SHA-RsQf5kub1Ss1vl5mU-uKJS5h31OE1dN8N65VILGoTCoADQXmfwUg-Dpv8P_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs at July 2021, only 2 cases of wild poliovirus have been recorded globally this year to date: one each in Afghanistan and Pakistan.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_fAc6W76zPk9xQ73W9y-4SAswyjKwIpFC9NVdGK5HFEWRQXSKa88S7OGHjIqf_fCSVuBhkg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut alongside the success of the OPV comes a disadvantage: continued use of the vaccine poses a risk to wiping out the disease.\u003cbr\u003eWhile OPV is safe and effective, in areas where vaccination coverage is low, the weakened vaccine virus originally contained in OPV can begin to circulate in undervaccinated communities. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAmMoDf6Tmcf19s2rRZWBrvlj6dJs6RsHdQt9X-GQz9bZ5dek7qFMdWMkiDvVcLe6ljD71Io2b",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen this happens, if it is allowed to circulate for sufficiently long enough time, it may genetically revert to a ‘strong’ virus, able to cause paralysis, resulting in what is known as circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAmMoDf6Tmcf19s2rRZWBrvlj6dJs6RsHdQt9X-GQz9bZ5dek7qFMdWMkiDvVcLe6ljD71Io2b",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf a population is adequately immunized, it will be protected against both wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eWatch this short video and learn how different strains of the polio viruses emerge and how to stop them.\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"CZxqz4bX048",null,null,null,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQm3RlLPDxgohQpuwUXLTK969moELaU1qXOCREsYYPcyAGwt83Z2-GMyI3pNWwhXZ_t4xJDcM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince 2017, cases of cVDPV have outnumbered those of wild poliovirus. For this reason, the global eradication of polio requires OPV to be phased out of routine and supplementary immunization, as soon as possible after the eradication of wild poliovirus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4LZ1GceAUbpaG36ANhWS1jj2X69nhgWouGbKSDUvEkrs0raL4Cj_SZzubQS141UQl3rE65wJN",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBased on global collaboration and countries sharing scientific knowledge, a new vaccine, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003enovel oral polio vaccine type 2\u003c/a\u003e (nOPV2), has been developed to combat the most common strain of vaccine-derived poliovirus\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVznTgjCR277aErgLgo3E4O2iBfYf0o0wj_9xQk3OfBZmtMg9_pw6ajbrAxa9JeWwwg1Dulhw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003enOPV2 is a modified version of the current OPV which clinical trials have shown is comparably safe and effective but more genetically stable, making it less likely to revert into a form which can cause paralysis in low immunity settings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SVznTgjCR277aErgLgo3E4O2iBfYf0o0wj_9xQk3OfBZmtMg9_pw6ajbrAxa9JeWwwg1Dulhw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis groundbreaking vaccine can still be delivered orally – meaning it is easy to administer in outbreak response campaigns. In November 2020, WHO issued an Emergency Use Listing recommendation for the vaccine, and select countries began rolling it out in March 2021.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL76woy4Q0OhvQa6pnQ8UFITy-phTOFqsHoTKHMJ33S13XkDbS1xnXDNHM0ntlf7BCAVfMRhY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe global effort to wipe out polio forever has seen incredible progress, but challenges remain. Barriers to reaching every child with vaccines persist and the global COVID-19 pandemic has been a setback for the programme. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL76woy4Q0OhvQa6pnQ8UFITy-phTOFqsHoTKHMJ33S13XkDbS1xnXDNHM0ntlf7BCAVfMRhY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 10 June 2021, GPEI launched the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://polioeradication.org/gpei-strategy-2022-2026/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePolio Eradication Strategy 2022-2026: Delivering on a Promise\u003c/a\u003e, a roadmap to surmounting the final obstacles to achieving and sustaining a world free of all polioviruses.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwXrrPC58QuYPCe8fHPK2bYjtss_ha_DGpOsBlc-xtX1OSgqr7vs8lX2IzBLDvSI9mXHE9aA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough full implementation of the new strategy, with strong political will and the continued support of donors and stakeholders, the world can achieve this extraordinary public health feat.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video and learn how the wild poliovirus was eradicated in the African Region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"SkSdFnzjNPs",null,null,null,1]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Measles Vaccine","Controlling the spread of the most contagious disease","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sfzxtudq5MWS_3SV6849qmbPEgzDZ7jFg-15hMRJactGY-A6EY8SrdmxpkblUVlYdXLD2h8NfS","/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"hwVRpd7MxQrtmA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQZEUpWcab0bkl38Zx8v05A8p_gelIYxa4gbNiDqWcZvx6sf7ZTGACLdzD3CB9f_xFpbVnLA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/measles#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMeasles\u003c/a\u003e is one of the most contagious diseases humans have ever faced. An ancient disease, it was described as early as the 9th century by Persian physician and scholar Abū Bakr Muhammad Zakariyyā Rāzī (also known by the Europeanized name Rhazes). \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7t5jI_83FG_2WN8D5YNlVNoXNHMHJ9je6qW1hTaxwqk1mIqpcAEUpOJR0w6bKxn-HPsKVl9s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt became more widespread as global exploration increased in the 16th century. In 1757, Scottish doctor Francis Home discovered that measles was caused by a pathogen: he transmitted the disease to healthy individuals using the blood of infected patients and demonstrated that it was caused by an infectious agent.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnQzydd8mCrcaqSwo3ji4UbF5tYvg2dvfAiDhvoZxC7F4CEDl7uVEh4sEzu5vw06vJUb5HlUA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRegions of the world without previous exposure to the measles virus were particularly vulnerable: outbreaks of the virus took devastating effect in isolated communities such as the Faroe Islands in 1846, Hawai`i in 1848, Fiji in 1875 and Rotuma in 1911. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9YFWoZjAg8ly673swD1ATqBjr32i807pK6mNrXvv_Cwvls0OD-oakI4CNmjEZ63eUvkmt09k",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBefore the advent of vaccination, measles had long been endemic around the world – and it remains a worldwide epidemic disease. In developed countries, advances in the health of communities – including better nutrition – meant mortality rates had dropped by the twentieth century. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKddAIY2Yci3CvV0lJuXHbeR0v5zz4Q6JeNy3HC2A5A795U2CIeTbGDoHbm_uwPBACLWt-XTc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe availability of antibiotics, while powerless against the virus itself, could also help fight complications such as bacterial pneumonia. Yet common complications such as ear infections, croup, diarrhoea and pneumonia caused thousands of hospitalizations annually, and encephalitis, a more serious complication involving swelling of the brain, could result in brain damage, loss of hearing or vision, and death. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SqwIY7c_RDOTek990BKuj98u1J8V3DmpQ_OyF3DFeV1wEEy6diHne-S2OG6qKfJzIhTQld5po",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, mortality rates remained high, with approximately 30 million cases and over 2 million deaths occurring each year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T77hXWVru0ta8QEh2DOZ-nIHBjfIXbJDLpYtci1Ekz6zn3wsHjCtzYz6e5oYP-RlOXvo2rLvA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1954, a measles outbreak at a boarding school just outside Boston, Massachusetts provided an opportunity for doctors at Boston Children’s Hospital to try and isolate the measles virus, taking throat swabs and blood samples from infected students. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RmEnGj0WpT1UoVIsPELAtQRqsTnVLflsP-3ZCgEbGHZxAH-8lx4fCM6Z9fVSuXEQu2_gjsLyRL",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe culture that Thomas Peebles, MD obtained from 11-year-old schoolboy David Edmonston successfully led to the virus’s cultivation and enabled doctors to create the first vaccine against measles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QknqJ8oYpL6NnO4h7GFu0q2ysZmGdzr1qfV7OZi3E9ipqc-VdmeKxq5w5TVEU5daAxs1LUEQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eJohn Franklin Enders, Peebles’s boss, often called ‘the father of modern vaccines’, developed the measles vaccine from the ‘Edmonston-B’ strain, named after David and used as the basis for most live-attenuated vaccines to this day. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SgCyMrC2ukQRruYEwihNO0hejkvsKsMDgRlzIwQ2BuJ2lAeKooxjGdtTeVTEXNPhtG2S60LFQE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEnders and his team tested their measles vaccine on small groups of children from 1958 to 1960, before beginning trials on thousands of children in New York City and Nigeria. In 1961 it was hailed as 100% effective and the first measles vaccine was licensed for public use in 1963. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBUjShlYCVFBPVFGtRoLCJP6qqVCUesaCpX9Smn0qdziTBmLWtp0Sri9doM9QLi1CQFVlxCo8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIndividual countries introduced mass vaccination programmes against measles at the national level from the 1960s on, and the first internationally focused measles immunization programmes took place in Africa from 1966.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjPhLh8z40XcL8pA_UMZZv-VE6C4QzRdBLy6IEDzmfR8thZ1yTmeIXDjb-0vaxQBUx5Pxq3ing",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWHO worked with the governments of over 20 newly independent and decolonizing countries in western and central Africa, alongside the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Centres for Disease Control (CDC), to administer vaccinations with the joint aim of controlling measles and eradicating \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003esmallpox\u003c/a\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjOeH3deAC9ELL3QzsK8-iXXbpD1xhb6vgscO4A_lgi0Ob1T5glfouNNgNgPfRX3mdyARaFFlA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDespite challenges such as the difficulty of maintaining the cold chain when transporting and storing the heat-sensitive vaccine, these campaigns provided evidence that vaccination was effective against measles, and by May 1967 The Gambia became the first country in the world in which transmission of the virus was interrupted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T9chu2mtPzlFlZ5GuLJGpjm43MOumSe82ETmdxHAHcxunFTuvt8iirzd8QfOyzyccBFGHs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn improved version of the measles vaccine was created in 1968 when Dr Maurice Hilleman, a pioneer in vaccine development, passed the virus through chick embryo cells 40 times to weaken it, producing a vaccine that did not cause such severe side effects. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SjT4t8VVxIfc9ct_0lpGa1lf8SI9ZN3VaDV5BMGicWDhfBI234O-m_rYpQNpQYqRfEZnjVDhc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis weaker version, known as the Edmonston-Enders strain, was developed into some of the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/tools/MMR_vaccine_rates_information_sheet.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003estrains\u003c/a\u003e still used in measles vaccines today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S2oNfUPwwi1g7LfIesq973heKxXBigY9AvlNONCCSawGuTawbXim4w9ZvQ6p6hp2QqBnLDIzE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1971 Hilleman combined the recently developed vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella into the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccines-quality/measles-mumps-and-rubella-(mmr)\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eMMR vaccine\u003c/a\u003e, administered as a single shot, with one booster dose following – and in 2005, the varicella vaccine was added, to make the combined MMRV vaccine. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjcRnlzC2hRmarL_Itqn0dkF_3RXwxZVVatW0J3CN4aKRf4Ub5NAVMbarjhmYx3Wc7j-uKOA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eStandalone measles vaccines remain available in many countries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RiFL_1P0-Zy-IV8P3g8c8cniPxfcT_Jnmd2ptBN1klMX3Q_h2BtYHqqQf718YY70lQJ4187w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1974, measles was among the first diseases targeted by the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e (WHO) when it established the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI, now the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eEssential Programme on Immunization\u003c/a\u003e) to develop and expand immunization programmes throughout the world. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QV92RyoBFqsV1JgxCrItbEDHjg4p3fSavmclbODJj9aUc6D-HHvptVFiKoZ6HoFF_OK5Dg3wE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWidespread childhood vaccination against measles has drastically reduced disease rates worldwide. WHO now recommends vaccination at 9 months for babies in areas where measles is common, and at 12–15 months for those in other areas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RUoYSkTCiERlc61Qn0jk92SgLmHM-CDvZlsqk-owu4luqrISkZpNskWBYNEyYyWy4fxmi3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA second dose is recommended for all children, essential to protect the approximately 15% of children who don’t develop protective immunity after their first dose.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RqMaOdAfGw-Ndl8xd_rSWTYGzovVrnQ54WLNVpZED23kyegOr-bb4PlZPPrep81nP60HeJhUI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMeasles elimination efforts in the Americas Region started in 1991 and all those 9-15 years of age in the region were vaccinated with an additional dose of measles vaccine. The strategies for elimination in use today were first developed and implemented in the Region of the Americas.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RCFfyjw9QNuRnhvNwEGjCNfaer5lRzX_9SR16UrhizDq9wulvLdtYzqptediMzAZfy6e23",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA minor setback for the success of the measles vaccination programme occurred in 1998, when a fraudulent research paper was published in ‘The Lancet’, asserting a link between the MMR vaccine and autism without any robust scientific evidence. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of this paper, along with systemic misinformation by anti-vaccination groups in high-income countries, resulted in a drop in vaccination rates, below the level required for community protection, which caused a resurgence in measles cases in England and Wales, as well as parts of the USA and Canada.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2010 the British General Medical Council ruled that the study’s lead author engaged in misconduct. The paper was formally retracted by ‘The Lancet’, and its author was banned from practising medicine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqk_nwZezaKSF-m_dxnow_cDp3DajCUqXPFOtyTLi6XMa-Lp1WjNinYe6J1bwZP_dnBG2LNyo"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RvCnePZSdYgzgRUCSr6QSJms6vCixTP1lrQyyVNLTUDoU7OA-ESsGPsXn_X0Z6iS3rLZ5J",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBecause measles has such a high infectivity rate, the threshold for community protection is also very high, requiring at least 95% immunity among the population to prevent epidemics. The failure to maintain very high rates of immunization can result in outbreaks when the disease is reintroduced. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-21Mg--7rFr6yM650kLwvWXqxwbXmE6F1tot85TgGwiV6n-VbWLG4In8prWs5GSRI0C3vUSs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the suffering caused by measles, containing outbreaks is costly and detracts from other health care services. Measles deaths continue to occur in many countries, especially those with gaps in their immunization programmes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNmcsuHWRdifWXqobmaEK9sJHqrpS6bTC-duToqFpwL9gjyww1Kw-Xc0axUvNsmGaoilay6v6P",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2299 people died during the Ebola epidemic of 2018–2020, compared with 7,800 deaths from measles during an outbreak in the same time period.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QoPqlPv6F7RVbWRTLDN9aX3FjUYVZsExycEdGfw0H5vGQBjeucCKF3aI2_EEFmcXnN078ftirm",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe region of the Americas was declared \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.paho.org/en/topics/measles\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003efree of endemic measles\u003c/a\u003e in 2016 by an independent body of experts, becoming the first WHO region to achieve this distinction of having eliminated measles. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBGc3t_sk2KpL3Y872y5xpGu5cY33czDF1ixgot5HQXJLz1bEu9QhFNRlCWzBgommgQ0nz_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut this status was lost two years later due to a measles outbreak, initiated by a social and political crisis in one country where there were gaps in vaccination coverage and delays in implementing a rapid response. The virus spread to neighboring countries where it was successfully controlled.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBOH_kbuooFZ39ycB4SrO88sJ4Qe8WYNGOKEq65ZKJv97Agoo6yAoUZosq0SKrNBcdcCTdGPk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTo address these issues, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, the WHO Regional Office for the Americas), has trained countries in rapid response to avoid measles and rubella virus spreading, improved surveillance, and launched renewed high-quality follow up vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QC5THPF8MPuoW19GgniZ2SHMK0AZpdVAJnwQftjeLmOIeHIl5n8QVhWIKM3d--W0Eba70T1RHw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBetween 2000 and 2020, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 31.7 million deaths worldwide.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlFl-BPMT50uG7js78fp_BmCxg4ARIkWnZf7c2LnL-c6v_oBXxoMMXfqfnHfzpZpenrX210KiJ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut even though a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, global measles deaths \u003ca href\u003d\"https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/incidence/MEASLES.html?CODE\u003dGlobal\u0026amp;DISEASE\u003dMEASLES\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003econtinued to climb\u003c/a\u003e prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019 there were \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/news/item/12-11-2020-worldwide-measles-deaths-climb-50-from-2016-to-2019-claiming-over-207-500-lives-in-2019\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eover 207 000 measles deaths\u003c/a\u003e globally, and the highest number of reported cases in 23 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video and learn the five things to know about measles.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"LL3GBiixQeI",null,null,null,0]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Influenza Vaccine","Ongoing efforts at vaccinating for flu!","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXusT6Klt-6Rn4vk24pEVIqy0Wa_jgb7bbqEZgM1rUX50aIKlasDMNRUmU3JinV60GjiVZx5A","/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"wwVRjxWcNcJiqw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TyTxjkYkBbGOg0px_D4JgzG3ReV0qXSdqt4fsy1i1cWeH67eBxHxO7wL2yxY1LHE7oJhA6lhY\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffffa6",2421,742,0],"/partner/world-health-organization"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TznAgxM8E3-DJWt1fnLa3zlEV1--Xs8sCa9retErlO7gVNcarFPCIdRBJZVI2xuAdM2spWww","What is influenza?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know now that \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/health-topics/influenza-seasonal#tab\u003dtab_1\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003einfluenza\u003c/a\u003e, or flu, is caused by a virus – but for many years it was thought to be caused by a bacterial infection. In 1892, German scientist Richard Pfeiffer isolated a small bacterium from the noses of patients with flu, naming it ‘bacillus influenzae’. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eEarly attempts at a vaccine during the 1918 influenza pandemic were based on this understanding, and it was not until the 1930s, when the influenza virus was identified, that progress towards an effective vaccine could really begin. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvHNYyf5wtZK1LI30FVb2q7kTw9CN9ZOn_iqtJYcqWp1Hw7m3kdOJYpFBwSaEnYok9jWWQhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza – also known as the ‘flu’ – is a highly contagious respiratory illness, which spreads easily through the air or when people touch contaminated surfaces. In many cases the disease is mild, with symptoms such as chills, fever and fatigue, and it can also be spread through asymptomatic infections in people who do not even know they are sick. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RHQpLoRIl0-DOSMnSjxvVBJ3odv3dbz1lZk-opi5U538HoMYDNUpSEAPQ6L0s9YnFpmK2Pa9s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBut the flu can also result in serious complications, particularly in vulnerable people like young children, older persons, pregnant women and people with medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes or heart disease. The most common complication is pneumonia, typically caused by a secondary bacterial infection. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj1um92S6klhK5LftJdJF9C6V4O6UpiLDgsLnDG0tcAIN-f_mQiGGEoP1db__ktuO559oh",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFlu viruses mutate very rapidly, and uncontrolled spread gives rise to many different strains, which fall into 2 main types affecting humans – influenza A and influenza B. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tep3DQlun1ahA2gzKXLRaI6FdvYhhIaBdpEuCM2f_1g4VFzTHzI5laDNhBUrrBSbRWnmFyXA","“The mother of all pandemics”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe H1N1 influenza pandemic that swept across the world from 1918 to 1919, sometimes called “the mother of all pandemics”, involved a particularly virulent new strain of the influenza A virus. The first wave of infections in early 1918 resulted in mild illness, but a second wave later that year was more deadly. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SCgfuYO7dhErkiKZu353GzQ5vmKW-iJx4BxukbZF6FICMmZa7WfS1pVUebyEdsiQbopX4FRw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe 1918 pandemic is estimated to have infected 500 million people worldwide, killing between 20 and 50 million. The resulting death rates were so high that life expectancy rates around the world dropped by several years, and more people are thought to have died as a result of the flu pandemic than over the course of the entire First World War. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVZvcqurSQ-d0WlWN8gOTWrVSKu_3VKIl89n1lK9B5tQMgsEkocpe6Fz0f6IxUX8XAp1WRpn8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers in the United States and Europe raced to find an effective vaccine against influenza during the pandemic years, and their efforts produced hundreds of thousands of doses – but they were targeting the wrong pathogen. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S57ItXmJjQChfJ8W6oPw8yqqQM7fhgVxvqXLB53tCw1uQmUPyaXuw7NdeF1v2suU_JPV5-jBg","Progress toward a vaccine",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1933, British researchers Wilson Smith, C.H. Andrewes and P.P. Laidlaw at London’s National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) made a breakthrough when they isolated and identified the influenza virus. They found no bacteria in throat washings from patients with influenza and discovered that the disease was caused by a virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYvLnYG6tZvy7dWkdIoTx5ac-TuZjmVPx7ZrofYChchj7ZzG1PFAkdVkor17-9elI-ywXCaWk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith support from the US Army, the first inactivated flu vaccine was developed by Thomas Francis and Jonas Salk at the University of Michigan. The vaccine was tested for safety and efficacy on the US military, before being licensed for wider use in 1945. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjZ6zEWDPE7TZTWsA_90AwiUoLEcIPG7i0qUqbHjDlt8HqaRqXkkcfsrrcupEgzLRK4WduUspf","Multiple strains",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers had long suspected that different types of influenza viruses existed, as the blood of some influenza patients did not develop antibodies to the strain isolated in 1933. During the testing period, scientists also discovered the existence of another strain of the virus: influenza B. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThIjSlQ-dMI1kCLqkuzB9K-j6vACy24rEAeV_q4Rpj-i3YZtF9Q0sPh2dy2thybMRY-X78788",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, a new bivalent vaccine was developed that protected against both the H1N1 strain of influenza A and the newly discovered influenza B virus. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxJgF2vY1hPy82SYkxH4QpGzHS1qavMwHiPkwej-t_vQ0XaBJN-ACdJFGyfyPmegH839AcoWI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1947 flu season, researchers discovered that existing vaccines were ineffective against the flu viruses circulating at the time. To investigate the viruses in circulation, the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/a\u003e (WHO) established the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.crick.ac.uk/partnerships/worldwide-influenza-centre\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eWorldwide Influenza Centre\u003c/a\u003e in 1948 and the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.who.int/initiatives/global-influenza-surveillance-and-response-system\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Influenza Surveillance and Response System\u003c/a\u003e (GISRS) in 1952. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIeB1aJrd_gRdXsOJHzSxAv_64wYsOv6F46NIOssgMW-AJD2jtWX1qMdaqP9qPJezGvoVkTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists could now manufacture vaccines based on the monitoring of virus strains in circulation around the world, updating the strains targeted by the vaccine in response. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0_c0qTLvXYbGRrz8GhFoJrAWeUkS2Btf4pXrqolwnCrqmy3jnXFzZ6tuKTtucPvF0gj8xP8dG",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEfforts to track the evolution and emergence of flu viruses continue today, and scientists monitor both seasonal and potentially pandemic flu strains. Because new strains appear frequently, the seasonal flu vaccine usually changes each year, as scientists determine how the virus has mutated and spread. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QPlg_GTLHOIGkXVqxpLvPyB0jbDGIVW3zeFXGRSay0F6FmDvLiyV4SlByT-sqtrpYhcRV2rw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEach year, WHO recommends virus strains for inclusion in flu vaccines for each hemisphere, and different vaccines are developed, targeting 3 or 4 strains of the virus predicted to be most commonly circulating in the coming flu season. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGBLofFAtPTLHnNPRrtoXLM53m7XoxIDulqyvQkXKCLOkBWA__SmTAKNaCjADI1EV-j3UY","Potential for pandemics",[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza pandemics have occurred throughout history: records document at least 3 well before the 1918–19 pandemic, and another 3 have taken hold after, in 1957–58, 1968–69 and 2009–10. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOmB2oiT5rD6B2PkEunxFIPSMmusc-cihYt6kIeYwQxafJ8ONNNoB-3TFf4NdDtJdV9-Q_9g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfluenza viruses with pandemic potential regularly emerge, but not all go on to cause a pandemic. WHO works to monitor influenza viruses with pandemic potential and to prepare for future influenza pandemics.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QjrGNts-GoeEjmz-lzmcoNr3qKAsS83NMl8gJDU9RWidjhS-BJq-wY18Ug9kBIzfzrakKx-wM","Continued efforts",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers are constantly working to develop new vaccine technologies to keep a step ahead of the viruses.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJn466J3GaA7rFtVl9ZUeeaUezmX28LqzPOUvxZiTTJdYSbwk0YSzAfrlhhmIhDRq4ePLR",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA live attenuated vaccine delivered in the form of a nasal spray was first licensed in 2003, a vaccine using recombinant DNA technology was approved in 2013, and additional influenza vaccines based on newer technologies are being tested in clinical trials. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdFruIjaftozgTPjGjtCGklHIxgAgb6o9cNCgXMRJBRbMYOXqWO4iyzR24CFlPdpZBmAvpkyU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDespite these efforts, seasonal influenza still kills up to 650 000 people a year globally. Influenza is a constantly evolving virus, and immunity to a single strain through infection or vaccination does not necessarily protect against new strains that develop. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QxDBU8fljNgQVB_NUdKLhi1maWb7D2bi3Cyl3E2HNYdlZbojqK9JTDWjnDx-jzB-LeBzrHJK0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know from experience there is likely to be another flu pandemic, and we should be as well prepared as possible when it happens. That’s why monitoring the virus and keeping up with vaccination is crucially important. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWatch this video to learn more about the history, symptoms and treatment of Influenza.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRead more on the \u003ca href\u003d\"/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA\"\u003ehistory of vaccination\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"mn710cT4xxs",null,null,null,0]]],"What is influenza","The flu is a highly contagious respiratory illness that can cause serious complications"]]]],null,null,null,3,null,null,null,null,4,"Clusters","EditorialSection:621e6865-8a2d-4063-a172-6d5159fe96f3",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_6"];window.INIT_data['SvInfo:ce753ec9-6a3c-4bcd-8a99-c01597582d72'] = ["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc\u003d",173.2701002795565,-11.355591771661537,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dkQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg\u0026heading\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026pitch\u003d-11.355591771661537\u0026fov\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003d1a9P3SmiPdf_EJl0pVN_ejm9e9A",null,62.05671014695174,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFmtRZy1YaU1mb1ZNQUFBUXJEQ0czdGc%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d62.05671014695174\u0026sv_h\u003d173.2701002795565\u0026sv_p\u003d-11.355591771661537",null,null,[2,"kQg-XiMfoVMAAAQrDCG3tg"],"SvInfo:ce753ec9-6a3c-4bcd-8a99-c01597582d72"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:0449862a-f55c-404e-8baf-16becb7b4285'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Medical equipment made beautiful",null,null,null,null,1],8,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Designing Masks and PPE","How engineers, artists, doctors, and designers sought to improve access to protective equipment","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYoG-mFejQo2mmvIYG3VWwY8X1xIGrLwZ1gEWFV_IFA3wsnQ5SpDOL6kzV7V3p-BHJiM5dNQ","/story/WQXRztEPXw-gKQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"WQXRztEPXw-gKQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//2+East+91st+St%0ANew+York,+10128%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c258a2492a3fb1:0x2028546238b46dfa!2m2!1d-73.9578732!2d40.7843958?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.cooperhewitt.org/","2 East 91st St\nNew York, 10128\nUnited States",40.7843958,-73.9578732,"New York, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg9WLUU8YlSujbI-q9smSGTByc60-VQ_Ilrc4vUCojDdPiBIMHRc_-seOwkpQ98mrj1gZdQZr6\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",400,400,0],"/partner/cooper-hewitt-national-design-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxeIDnU2LITMNleiHsTQa4qFcjYa7dUwuX24XcN-CYgkC4dZCcYO6lLzqNwHiN-tlBeNrVQ6BK","iSphere",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn Open-source, retro-futuristic face shield shaped like a fish bowl to protect wearers against coronavirus\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qj-u7Rmj70vdtm0oSkT1lvbr-l7Xa6HhHSCDEzcjrlqYrdazjNRkzgSdPJ-FzDWD2z_3rNnA","Ýrúrarí knitted mask",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Textile designer Ýrúrarí, who is nominated for this year\u0026#39;s Icelandic Design Award, gives new life to worn-out clothes by adding playful\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.dezeen.com/tag/knitting/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e \u003c/a\u003eknitted details such as eyes, tongues and fingers.\u0026quot; —\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.dezeen.com/2021/01/29/yrurari-icelandic-textile-designer-knitted-body-parts/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eDezeen\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RJENrABZ-uue5rKZoWX4Li5_iG4TgShB26jt6dFEfK7JwLFLoL7KMLJY6n7n0hMJxxloDJ5nA","Oricool Origami Masks",[null,"\u003cp\u003eJiangmei Wu is an interdisciplinary professor at Indiana University Bloomington. Her creative research in art and design involves mathematics, science, and engineering, with an emphasis on origami, the art and science of paper folding. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0-3BZDYzaDkhpibkFrL3cHBEitmN6sEjkCHHGOhYSh-hUhNS48XVbWbwpUNeZ8fQ8B1XB","Zero Waste Scrub Set",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Spring 2020, Danielle Elsener created a design for zero-waste scrubs. This crucial PPE was in short supply in the UK, especially in small and medium sizes. Elsener made her design free to the public online.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1QN_Ej4XTuXGzbK8JScVAkyCAJ2GVW5ZQVPZ_ylE1lH0JH2SXOBoGDD-iJcn2zQzsAoOfgA","BioVYZR",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBioVYZR provides a 360-degree sealed environment around the user as well as positive-pressure air purifying technology. \u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Handmade Masks from Mexico","How local artisans employ their skills to create unique equipment","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkA4TqbD-xCoudmMYuQ8vbKI2HcJgkVd8zr6jOAoiyoIxF3q8-B2Gw_YCufyjWrIadGIn5h_QV","/story/rAUh3loRna2BKA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:64fb40ae-5f75-4ac4-b8ef-a7f9dd53471b","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkA4TqbD-xCoudmMYuQ8vbKI2HcJgkVd8zr6jOAoiyoIxF3q8-B2Gw_YCufyjWrIadGIn5h_QV","D9mj-JLi-thEiQrisrv_m3xii0E",[0.51171035,0.49639627,0,0.9722222,0.7314815],null,null,null,[1080,1080]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"rAUh3loRna2BKA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://www.amigosmap.org.mx/","Revillagigedo No. 11 Col. Centro Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc \n06010 Ciudad de México\nMexico",19.433958099999995,-99.14626299999999,"Ciudad de México, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPs6G5x_4U1wl8LeOQlEgtmIVx0fxyPpfQ8OG7F6z-iWdyovBM6VvS8cPCbub6pHQomgqyRQhB",792,612,0],"/partner/asociación-de-amigos-del-map"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qxna5WiCxJKESSNH_gaDlGytLq2Sccyv85MAlrzQlf3JeOtE7_SDBocZr0XJbS2b0OtUaI1A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe use of masks has become a basic need, where people increasingly worry that it is attractive and that it supports local consumption.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVY7JuZVcZF0_ZSqkl2lZbvlZ2aBkHznVy6EAs2RA2S1VRnGdSaD7TbNeTfrUSnlYuuXigQw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNMLB0s_VsyZcIgxjZxmTIugFcwIfUVeJp0sw6N7v8vRRq-0b35n2pWGWUJK4q7RAbhrea7w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TTzyeCGv03K7yJLfnuHw6iZn3iIJQxMhcKria6WUHbqhJBHE9RD6BtSXYhxM_ATqFugCVzvZQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTenango de Doria embroidery is one of the most attractive, colorful and recognized embroidery; either colored or single color gamut.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe different embroideries that are reflected in beautiful linens, blankets, silks or cotton, can be human, natural or floral figures.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ8IzKmI9jlsTkCvR-trt3Pufgh9OJq-bbZ3T5FWvUAz-1cz2aEYXcjbIa745OXyLLNx9g5nM"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqE49un9ZOfeWz0BlMMrnO3bxGdVsCDZZ5_mO-Z95EEVs9M3GduicHZFwDF21YIpKovvcCew"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7gmdREEdoA9ebLLLmXIbqkn0pY3WZRoPrMe_eMmvlgtbUX8WQPc5oj36BALOzS0KYztthZhAZ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNgVb88G3DGO0Ep42vKutLjHPlLF137CI6WV7BC_74eHeYchnEBhEtSkbBzxJgnEhxDDC2vQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhether by hand to machine, handmade embroidery is always a great option in the new normal we are living in.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNMLB0s_VsyZcIgxjZxmTIugFcwIfUVeJp0sw6N7v8vRRq-0b35n2pWGWUJK4q7RAbhrea7w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1NSH5DGPjO5GYpz8DJV3l6omvBOuckC58qpZbqQ5E2uW8srA0FqyaqwWYrR0feecXMDrRl5c"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R5qNeg3qwwAIcd_qV8CraNT2PirjsI_MIiKa5510Zdfa2_yV0PLapujGUKRWcrig47Gf7mU3A"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHknqRe1Zem6MeUqM8mKNud3zY_GGemfG9dOPGHJyIfKGHRZ4s4LgR5Xr9w9QcbDqy8TLhmLA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rn290L3PlsEGKmGnXp2lXzb353tlu_4wW1X4bKZKflC9xXpLk_WR44yw89S2eELSqLxsRNTvM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Mexican Wrestling is the cultural heritage of Mexico City\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Mexican Wrestling is a set of techniques transmitted from generation to generation, which for its exercise requires particular material and symbolic elements in the same way, it is a sport-show that requires knowledge, technique, physical strength and symbolic value from its protagonists.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGa2nuzvc332g8wNi-9YKc10-SScOn1bfRvfXiRYz1UgbgIgHFi5-3bS24vqY2jYO8V8q1kI0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHuracán Ramírez, a Mexican character who was born with the aim of appearing in the movies, his fame reached such a point that he established himself in the Lucha Libre ring.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZIR-X6WB4FeF5qalDLhIHIN0iWKhLsS_ho8Y3obKI8H-K_0bm99FeONnQr_24tEwHq0OrTg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlfonso Escoboza Huerta, better known as \u0026quot;La Parka\u0026quot; was a wrestler from Lucha Libre, a Sonora nation and died in the ring in early 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RI5FHLMmkNQ4Y4om3sisrNXOxmdUmJg5qJYs97vI_QoZ05c9_E1W6IvZO7M9nEPCvIj8FnXg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tqfpkh-R0UWp2kbTngIzx84u07HDmm6WTrkkRhn4o5UGcKYA6LZEU37l731NC2AJJocq5YQg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rg79AOimIoQHYiR79UShK6HsAEXmKRStqnRZOlarkd0vbgViGdrzeF-luolx0X0ZQW8Tfv",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe handmade masks can be made individually or by patterns\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-cVu1WvfsTgsdG7zDkaKbe9bIbL5UxrH9n-2J0jbEqMjwdCW5Hpg1rCWlQNMRwaMakEfE0g"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQD66GVLWCOG2y-G58Z_b2c7xc884GCQSQ3nVvO_cXGowY8MX5JSo2wEcDHcvGogk0fQ1ykg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKbqwAIOqPdrLVzq6SuXIZyEzRFeEX1Mj9MaXFSejkd5dSW5GKGYjWvdZ1wHnpEAz6_L27jA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9Lacp3a2B-0nk6S2xCil9DYJfJ0LT0nd7u_q2VOxOoA5YaMoM1ziezBz4bM2mjgNdq3r6wg"]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Mask Up!","How NYC artists represent the pandemic","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T5B5OsVZXeABaq3Yu2w7QZ0rD7aH_syGu6xKHRgH3GXSvV6C_Yfr3OaOemNFvtbBDLV0As4AQ","/story/3wURhQa9CdwqLQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"3wURhQa9CdwqLQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//31+Mamaroneck+Ave,+White+Plains,+NY+10601,+USA%0AWhite+Plains,+10601%0AUnited+States/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89c29437258bc3bb:0xcca76c40a8fa86f0!2m2!1d-73.7661111!2d41.031666699999995?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.artswestchester.org/","31 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10601, USA\nWhite Plains, 10601\nUnited States",41.031666699999995,-73.7661111,"White Plains, United States",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TRrBejzRVSYINV6JeRETgbDbRNMgOFNT7xemGXGYHvJxMe5itCjpVrQC42h6643_JhKwHD6g\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000fffffe74",434,165,1],"/partner/artswestchester"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-KXvBCaZ9_jhjkIodxeoEeWwRw0MMHS3EOXhmcgz6T1xw66uJ1S4KFRDAxM0skjrTRPXPeHw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My husband and I live in the Hudson Highlands and we have explored many old forgotten woods roads. We began to see discarded masks lining the roads and trails. They looked like invasive or alien beings. I began to photograph them.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCmgaaO6etFw1czCPe7CED0q9n3Dwyt_WllBP0BTczZSJ588tG_Nzlfa9oWtfqJfXauVE8ISU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I sculpted face masks of bent wood and paint (my primary medium for decades). I installed them on the wall according to the Fibonacci method, which was my attempt to bring stability and order to an otherwise chaotic situation.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBNzphYfRTWO22aQ5r01O44Ee8oUNIiJANWvIDd9yaRm1f4MEPvE24S224RRnGRsz88PihnNU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I wanted the images to have that same feel and message of the informal, the expedient, the un-processed, somehow ‘unfinished’, as this expressed the transitory period we are all experiencing.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1-mIokWOwJE6wZ2exUrD_cLXXwg4s3S_7iM1sXlGFaKqztVgDjEMYA6X1mEX0ZtHUJWR26gk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The main section contains an interpretation of how the virus looks. Along the side I quilted “COVID-19”; across the bottom I added face masks; and finally a heart to represent the hope that eventually we will get through it.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RNVxA3xNDzb5QzwRgWNpNvmERPA2N9vhr6Uc8KHrjQ1zSmX_iRByc_AXayYSN4aQ4Z5CLQVeM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Trying to pass the long hours of lockdown, I happened to be reading an old fairy tale, “Hansel and Gretel,” and it occurred to me that we were in a similar situation, figuratively speaking. So I decided to put paint on a canvas and depict this story as a visual metaphor for pandemic life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TldlN1hMaUTh2r_CKtZGJ1ghAxboK_-3ARbQo0mnDlqfnhqEVXCKUZFUdBvh_ojuFU-1mPgjs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Looking back I can see a progression of my feelings in these works from a sort of confused or gritty enduring feeling in the early months to anger and despair in the middle months.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q61ncmrWkq2g4_yHM1CmGSK7JOFGG3qqZEQYABFnQmDIK1rfjM6bWij4hG4c4GDKNrIei1ltk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I was sent home from Loyola University two months shy of graduation when COVID-19 was spreading across the country. With nothing but time on my hands, I kept feeling the urge to paint something big, beautiful, and challenging.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKPpicbNN9BZDVAE9cglEefJgGs5UrygOrQcS-egSOQaQXKOAYGZZ8fv-STBQDx-YhaipHMg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;As I place each tiny piece of glass, carefully add ground glass and larger pieces of frit, I envision walking the streets and enjoying the landscape forming in my imagination.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8vlJv7GHugPm3m2UnC4pZLH9Zfg81WMbLGicQ31WV_dBefKIZQksvf5TzhNRaFIhsZWxY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I seek to create artwork that brings some meaning to my existence and elevates me above the negativity which I experience during these dismal days.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvlKhg-ayol1zQWIzIqXaKRiBVTGoXebl63seSFACMEKzKGka0ExdUjbSD4L3qsKQzuCfkSQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I reached for my art supplies to create, when all were sleeping. We were in a semi-lockdown. Artistic expression was now a refuge for me. I found solace each day in my work.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxcoEtyTC3Ilegd-1Kn2y3vg_1a9R0hvQm85iYh4syL1ccdSpbGgQhHqeTqFVJ_nnkkTGNmvo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The pandemic is one of the most dangerous challenges this world has faced. One that has made me remember the loss of my sister to another virus MS. I was drawn to paint her in all her beauty and glory, her happiness, her everlasting hope in mankind.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVVugZla9RXVqwxHdPobpVmlkid_99jHicZ2ht7yeRDW0fMWCrMoahGkJcbdFYls3vhaLhViU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;In this kinetic sculpture and light installation, I explore ideas of life, loss and social distancing during the COVID-19 crisis.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QQWP-JnarIp61-jYP8AOO4OarUdaGCViuUvmCnQiebtZn3lct5d11q2sijH1HCP3B7oQOH-Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The lack of personal protective equipment became a true challenge for all frontline workers. The pattern of the vines depict her journey through the emotional rollercoaster of the pandemic.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Quif8F2Ny0aEB-qBdJnirggSG5eJcN1vwQnBbhzq8xSs0I-kNxpPIGq6mnJQ3hk--lQhhAkA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;I began documenting the scattered PPE mid-December when nearly 300,000 people had died of covid in this country. Each of the photographs in this composite represent 1,000 lives lost in the US or close to 5,000 globally; it remains a work in progress.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4Wvolhrk_t8Hh9IF3dILEBe0_QvKYASOP1M2e1dD1qXw2jvxoD3jO0XPPgpM2HruF75sHeQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;The little boy represents all the children who have lost the opportunity to go to school, see their friends, or partake in ordinary activities.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rmcvu1m0NAwG1E_Dt2iJBAhTevDzKWNPayQDyOmEgPxF1FFQm-CDT7BbdGaPgyC0DjocgSgw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Peilin and I met at the riverfront near sunset for a social visit, the first time we had been together since February. In normal times we see each other weekly at our Tai Chi Chuan class.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNlYgeyk90B8P2XjkD66zUeH3lp4z3AO7csWjaOLauR5LmysnFAZ1Gnwap6egiFK36jKrlM9M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;It was at this moment, as the fog mocked the distance we have kept from one another and filled my lungs in a way that no mask could protect, that I felt truly, inescapably isolated.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THZ4AZIrnCme9KpYm5oz1C_dF46Cu8TR2yXuUAOQur0SsOerK8-oX8hPrOE-Q5F6lowatWCg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;While the Covid-19 Pandemic has been both tragic and debilitating, for me, it also allowed for many solitary hours of creative time. In 2020 I made many sculptures which I may otherwise not have done.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tx9_pV79xhOhF6R79gYDuMMiGVSjr5lbydh3izjJ3cXEmwUBDWZgTs2Ls763LSregN9_goJtc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Digital culture has evolved into the prolific use of the emoji and has created a culture of its own - by pairing emojis with blue-and-white porcelain aesthetics I am able to create a dialog about creating works that speak of time and place.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tm7fwZNK1p8uq3MSFdUBtG057IA4is8CfDOIFnT6ajE5WOuX1y17_I_MZxAyHpKrSV26F-WJZd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;“Whisperer” is a hand sewn cotton fabric mask worn to cover and protect the nose and mouth against cross contamination of airborne droplets and particles.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,18,"CardsLarge","EditorialSection:0449862a-f55c-404e-8baf-16becb7b4285",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_5"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:e55aad5a-da73-47ce-8a97-c584a9b51111'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["A Brief History of Vaccination","Centuries of life-saving science summed up",null,"/asset/louis-pasteur-in-his-laboratory-albert-edelfelt/nAGNBdN4BBsNKQ",null,1],24,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","4 (1)",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKZepdIA3DV9IoduJvvMfGNCqptyul01sOOZVNi8QyB9BZ6SGKRguD3LtMXHxMV-NGAZFBZYg","/asset/4-1/fwG7Wsxoh5ujFA",8,null,null,"#b8e1df",null,["fwG7Wsxoh5ujFA",3.0951102,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"5760,1861,950,1498,580,1224,465,2332,598,1856",0,null,"Google Arts \u0026 Culture"],null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[1,"fwG7Wsxoh5ujFA"],null,null,null,null,[1]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"short",1,"HeaderAssets","EditorialSection:e55aad5a-da73-47ce-8a97-c584a9b51111",null,"cu_edi_0",null,"https://storage.cloud.google.com/gac-editorial/A%20brief%20history%20of%20(1)-svg.svg?authuser\u003d0"];window.INIT_data['MicroscopeImage:4fffacd7-d876-4907-808c-0e7c59b08c21'] = ["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:4fffacd7-d876-4907-808c-0e7c59b08c21","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q81Pa8uEKP2SHesBd5_Rc3TgXC05BXHhMRClqm_n52A5JMfQyuFEsXQm4e99TED3EYdmNgIo_k","sc4g2sePt7ixuEQiqFv1bvIV9u0",[0.5169294,0.4403095,0,0.9265568,0.6781234],null,null,null,[4256,2832]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:6e59541a-f8bc-4696-ba55-1ab869e407f2'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Who is the father of modern vaccines?","Clue: He developed the vaccine for smallpox",null,null,null,1],43,"#185471",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["stella.common.cobject","Edward Jenner","From smallpox to Covid-19: How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries.","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThncjBQ4VcGLMqvjwqogAutweZ_vvpcbdoyAJ_aqj8qEBmNJmAnMsnBWx3cu_4FRLhkD-3Sg","/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"https://artsandculture.google.com/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:076fa4be-e613-4b45-ab4b-c60b25cee8bc","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThncjBQ4VcGLMqvjwqogAutweZ_vvpcbdoyAJ_aqj8qEBmNJmAnMsnBWx3cu_4FRLhkD-3Sg","ZesTbkNwe2BBctpAaeWO2TctNvQ",[0.5,0.34293213,0,1.7568041,0.68586427],null,null,null,[2739,3465]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"xgVhSQAObgPsKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SQknQKg-U8k21-0U351qpl-DyUwCOexxVrYzwoj_9l3v331wux9jGjcDAzm6j4tvaCF2_Rbr8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe English country doctor Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed the modern vaccination against smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Bavaria was one of the first countries to introduce \u003cb\u003ecompulsory vaccination\u003c/b\u003e (according to Jenner\u0026#39;s method): On August 26, 1807, the Royal Bavarian Government Gazette published \u0026quot;by royal supreme order\u0026quot; a decree \u0026quot;concerning smallpox vaccination to be introduced by law in all provinces.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn order to extend the protection achieved and to contain the spread of smallpox in the still young Kingdom of Bavaria in the long term, King Max I Joseph ordered that all persons over the age of three who had never had smallpox had to be vaccinated by July 1, 1808. As proof, vaccination certificates were issued attesting to successful vaccination with smallpox.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJRB6u2zv9_ClXkWJfbRY8VqdI1TUJvzkH2UMZrfqM3zeI0Oycbqx64VhsBHqauR50Gz6Gx_M",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026quot;We Maximillian Joseph, by the Grace of God King of Bavaria. We have so far noticed with particular pleasure the excellent progress of smallpox vaccination in Our States, as well as the praiseworthy willingness of a large part of Our subjects to accept this protective remedy against the ravages of smallpox, which has been proven infallible by the experience of physicians. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cb\u003eHowever, the reports submitted from the various provinces of Our Empire have also informed Us of how many people still forego this great benefit out of prejudice or indolence, thereby endangering themselves as well as others.\u0026quot;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe successful vaccination with the \u0026quot;smallpox\u0026quot; was documented by the doctors with so-called vaccination certificates. These were usually simple slips of paper, with the exception of this certificate issued in Graz, Styria, in 1855.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rk-97jNb06VO3HUR6D2JzXl1QXnXflVC2YxqO8mQCwwi97j0dn9z03HgoWVVO7-mzbllPlr6d6",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt shows doctor Edward Jenner with cow inoculating a boy with cowpox on his upper arm, mothers holding out their child to the patron goddess Hygeia, and the saying \u0026quot;Figure, health and protected life.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ3NxZQf5XL4Hj62hNbjlbhE0cgB1Yyip22aPOJu1uNgwGAHXKznUu99cnm_fch_Aj8pq9aI2_",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe vaccination set for smallpox vaccination was made by the Aktiengesellschaft für Feinmechanik, Tuttlingen, and was manufactured between 1920 and 1930.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7MidUj6QV0pEdprdM3HYrPoycK-fj2bONSTbcVEAOnr0uUqcLo92q0YuvPCqO6cVtXPYC7uQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe smallpox vaccination was quickly done by a skilled doctor. The freshly sterilized knife was briefly dipped into the vaccine, and then the smallpox vaccine was introduced into the upper arm with two small cuts.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzN0dJ2cL9sqJ-sEpQKUwWfILTbGnDHZMTAI_JpzoDzUTqMwBITP4257DcaxJ3u7QrySZZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter a few days, a small pustule formed on the upper arm, which scarred characteristically - the vaccination was successful, and the vaccinated person was now protected from the dangerous smallpox. After a worldwide vaccination program, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox eradicated in 1980. Smallpox has not been vaccinated in Germany since 1975.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmS813XYr-wmrdP2yTn8_bcNh-HcueJy2NZV8yUCTSfWkaWydlm2yQqFE7b6VZj9fKoUa6BHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImvanex is a vaccine currently approved for vaccination against \u003cb\u003esmallpox\u003c/b\u003e, developed by Bavarian Nordic based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus strain. It is non-replicable in humans and can therefore be injected subcutaneously and is also approved for vaccination of people with immune deficiencies. Although smallpox is considered eradicated, samples of smallpox virus are still stored in research laboratories in the USA and Russia.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpotted fever vaccine \u003c/b\u003eaccording to Weigl, two ampoules in original packaging from the Institute for Spotted Fever Research (Army High Command) in Krakow from 1943.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TfDN4ojPGuuCjHGYBCECwYRvtH3hNG9vLwSrvPz_cf-El4YaBY8AvQXgwQOSZsPh4O6Jy4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphus is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazeckii.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eClothes lice are responsible for transmission, but the infection does not occur when the louse bites. The bacteria are found in the lice feces, which usually get into the open bite wound and thus into the body when scratched.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q644cL1ypgOXpoQc8hmX0b4DeIjL414hJzE_dgJexzhIp2TygZkiHlKEqHKx8RSbu3jknPXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a professor at Lviv University, the Polish biologist Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) developed a spotted fever vaccine that protected against severe courses of the disease for at least one year. Unlike other research groups, Weigl obtained his vaccine from infected lice intestines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter the invasion of the Wehrmacht, Weigl\u0026#39;s laboratory became a branch of the Institute for Spotted Fever and Virus Research of the Army High Command in Krakow, and production of the coveted spotted fever vaccine was expanded. Rudolf Weigl managed to save the lives of many thousands of people (including Polish university professors and Jewish fellow citizens) by classifying their dangerous work as \u0026quot;lice feeders\u0026quot; as \u0026quot;important to the war effort.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T7W5UIQwMSbFPw19TuYLRTn3mA4rDvnBKwfot_5rTEhIZl3V8DSFfAk3BvxTl0eIOOgWoVTPpf",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTyphoral (this packet dates from the years between 1945 and 1948) was a solid vaccine for \u003cb\u003eoral inoculation against typhoid fever\u003c/b\u003e, which provided protection for about six to twelve months. It contained killed typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria to stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies. Nowadays, a live vaccine containing non-disease-causing Salmonella typhi bacteria is used for oral typhoid vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qs7V72SlZVhB-TXqs4P-WS0DKQzNjo3Wo6MgT4fLhmjPeGwgCYFcv5jIIkqPV1_NSMo3lEcA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIn 1956, polio was vaccinated for the first time in West Germany.\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA vaccine developed by the U.S. physician and immunologist Jonas Salk (1914-95) was used, which contained killed polio viruses and was injected: Virelon (this vial dates from 1959). Only a few people had themselves vaccinated with it. With the oral vaccination according to Albert Sabin, introduced in 1962, the live vaccine was conveniently available on sugar cubes, according to the motto: \u0026quot;oral vaccination is sweet\u0026quot;! Today, the vaccine according to Salk is used again, mostly as part of a combination vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TL696OGYJpCbRt0Zd0t9Zqfj3mm62NusJ6iY9pUky_wOIDgzJ1DTIWX-PGdwu1J1HV58Hx9A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003evaccinated - protected\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_THw-rb6r3ULZw8pqyiOOQw13XogS06LQRG5X_N8ULOnE6O_YI94nIIK9qDGOBowOa2kvoJdA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the suggestion of Prof. Helmut Stickl, then head of the Bavarian State Vaccination Institute, so-called \u0026quot;\u003cb\u003evaccination tokens\u003c/b\u003e\u0026quot; were introduced in Bavaria in 1973, which were handed out to children during voluntary oral polio vaccinations. The \u0026quot;Impftaler\u0026quot; was minted on behalf of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKEMAupiv3M1tj1bycieWZQq0q_e5-ARrmNuQUv86mitSy4v1TSzrSBZQs8pBHIcgjnFHODQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTetanol vaccine against tetanus:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTetanus is usually fatal. The bacterium Clostridium tetani, which lives in the soil, can enter the body even through small wounds. When infected, it forms a powerful toxin: tetanus toxin. The pure toxin can be converted into a non-toxic form called toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Adsorbed to a mineral carrier such as aluminum hydroxide, the toxoid serves as a vaccine. The vaccination should be refreshed every ten years.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9lude3zFDDGJAKvQdwWV9CWFHS0QqgG5Pq8TwtC-iZl44HTFA9_YFtrQUXfd1IAPPuFZcq2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe same procedure every year ...\u003cbr\u003eFor each winter season, the WHO (World Health Organization) selects different virus strains for the northern (but also for the southern) hemisphere that are likely to be responsible for influenza illnesses in the respective \u003cb\u003eflu season\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBdWR7iwj43npBpbKB3Na7eK1D3ieLx2bjzOhhtQldw7Tmgh2_xYsCPl-PtGY5zaGf1nfDLqY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInflusplit Tetra\u003c/b\u003e vaccine is produced in Dresden and contains split antigens for four different virus strains. The influenza vaccine is a seasonal product.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SDISpGjYP7dJnFYJy4l_YplDr-GiAwAXrnTeCfCM4f7CMHoxgvBNSopn9eSzX3kBt1RiS9kxA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCombination vaccines - one prick, triple protection:\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJust one painful prick - and you\u0026#39;re protected against mumps, measles and rubella. Combination vaccines (here the MMR vaccine \u0026quot;Priorix\u0026quot;), which were first used in the 1970s, make this possible! The protective effect is not compromised and fewer additives usually make them better tolerated. Another advantage is that only one appointment with the doctor is necessary. Other combinations include tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio (polio), or hepatitis A and B.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6aZSufhg6gj9RSLUQcIPJNQ0dh68fsmz0nxR8MdCcQF8owIhpKjKc2cjD5uOtanHC9tINkW-g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination protects against cancer!\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe German Nobel Prize winner Harald zur Hausen was able to prove that infection with HPV (wart viruses) plays a decisive role in the development of cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma). The discovery of the trigger of the third most common cancer in women opened up completely new perspectives for prevention and treatment and ultimately led to the development of HPV vaccines, which have been available since 2006. \u003cb\u003eHPV vaccines\u003c/b\u003e specifically protect against certain sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPV). This is a new nine-drug vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. This vaccine is produced by genetic engineering and contains only non-infectious viral envelopes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOMn78snHmN1dnbCMGCHPbIUgrP6RxngaBuAZ8NGhDGHhWlk0kqJQFefcR0LzhuU7F8Q9co_o",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eErvebo is the name of hope in the fight against \u003cb\u003eEbola\u003c/b\u003e, one of the world\u0026#39;s deadliest viruses. For around two-thirds of Ebola patients, the disease is fatal. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn Ervebo, the genetic material for a vaccine antigen is inserted into a carrier virus, which is then injected as a vaccine. The protein of this genetic material is incorporated into the surface of the vector and thus introduced into the body. There, these proteins then trigger the production of antibodies in the vaccinated person. This is the first approved vaccine based on the new \u003cb\u003evector technology\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgqXS1UFU18xvpWkI9XDm_QIOPzWxeSNKtvkskGk_BRl3c7MRFKJD1Jm4QCHQhy1is7oLouws0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an \u003cb\u003emRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine\u003c/b\u003e developed in 2020 by the German pharmaceutical company Biontech in cooperation with the US pharmaceutical company Pfizer against the pandemic viral disease SARS-CoV-2 (\u0026quot;Corona\u0026quot;).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eNaked mRNA is physically and thermally unstable. In order to reach the site of action without prior degradation and to be able to exert its effect, the mRNA is embedded (\u0026quot;packaged\u0026quot;) in lipid nanoparticles (\u0026quot;lipid beads\u0026quot;). After injection, this is taken up by body cells, which then produce the S protein (spike protein) according to the blueprint of the mRNA. This is recognized by the immune system as foreign, which stimulates the production of protective antibodies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn December 21, 2020, the vaccine was conditionally licensed in the European Union for persons over 16 years of age (now for persons 12 years of age and older), and the two ampoules were vaccinated in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKAFK8QHDVrK-vjHhqSox-ANugDAF1gFqnrDMe1MidY64UAItU55FD4rJPN2Grl7EdAB4rUg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDieser Bioreaktor war bei der Produktion der ersten Impfstoff-Charge von BioNTech im Einsatz.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","BioNTech und die mRNA-Revolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePanel-Diskussion mit den BioNTech-Experten Özlem Türeci, Ugur Sahin und Katalin Karikó. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"o4hOzwlRq80",null,null,null,0]]]]],["Louis Pasteur","Edward Jenner","Benjamin Waterhouse","Robert Koch"],1,null,null,null,"Who is the father of modern vaccines?","Clue: He developed the vaccine for smallpox"],null,null,8,"Quiz","EditorialSection:6e59541a-f8bc-4696-ba55-1ab869e407f2",null,"cu_edi_11","cu_edi_12"];window.INIT_data['SvInfo:5694b679-9bb4-47a0-8c68-8b3c50892e61'] = ["stella.svi",null,null,"CAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE\u003d",147.23228836033292,-7.38627796118098,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q\u0026heading\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026pitch\u003d-7.38627796118098\u0026fov\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dK2n3FJWETy7Vq_f1cSH8rBH-wuM",null,90.00000000000003,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFkltU3JYOXZyWlkwQUFBUXJEQ0VOMlE%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d90.00000000000003\u0026sv_h\u003d147.23228836033292\u0026sv_p\u003d-7.38627796118098",null,null,[2,"ImSrX9vrZY0AAAQrDCEN2Q"],"SvInfo:5694b679-9bb4-47a0-8c68-8b3c50892e61"];window.INIT_data['MicroscopeImage:4fae6546-b2eb-4289-9a64-b027efbeb7c4'] = ["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:4fae6546-b2eb-4289-9a64-b027efbeb7c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8","rzehumEurNDolk9rIDy9a253nTo",[0.46320918,0.3913709,0,0.92641836,0.6307446],null,null,null,[3192,2264]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:f16030d2-2c96-4bfb-80bf-6dfd2281939a'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Small stories of hope",null,null,null,null,1],38,null,null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Life Under Covid","An exhibition of illustration and comic works from Israeli artists during COVID-19 pandemic.","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI","/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:68f44437-be5b-44a2-a53e-28a486615f2b","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI","OKms7J_FTMLjAZWLgHqFVaqF2Zk",[0.5,0.686869,0,1.5855676,0.62626195],null,null,null,[4500,5918]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,8,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//TCDC+Bangkok%0AThe+Grand+Postal+Building+%0A1160,+Charoenkrung+Road,+Bangrak,+Bangkok+10500+%0ATCDC+Information+Counter+:+(66)+2+105+7400+%23213,+214%0ATCDC+Office+:+(66)+2+105+7441+%0AFax+:+(66)+2+105+7450+%0AEmail+:+info@tcdc.or.th%0AOpening+Hours%0ATCDC+Information+Counter+:+10.30+-+19.30+hrs.+(Closed+Mondays)%0ATCDC+Office+:+9.30+-+17.30+hrs.+(Monday+-+Friday)%0AFacebook+:+www.facebook.com%2Ftcdc.thailand+%0ATwitter+:+www.twitter.com%2Ftcdc%0ABangkok%0A10500%0AThailand/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x30e29f022db566ff:0x287c0f1b5fbe26f3!2m2!1d100.51562349999999!2d13.7266985?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.tcdc.or.th","TCDC Bangkok\nThe Grand Postal Building \n1160, Charoenkrung Road, Bangrak, Bangkok 10500 \nTCDC Information Counter : (66) 2 105 7400 #213, 214\nTCDC Office : (66) 2 105 7441 \nFax : (66) 2 105 7450 \nEmail : info@tcdc.or.th\nOpening Hours\nTCDC Information Counter : 10.30 - 19.30 hrs. (Closed Mondays)\nTCDC Office : 9.30 - 17.30 hrs. (Monday - Friday)\nFacebook : www.facebook.com/tcdc.thailand \nTwitter : www.twitter.com/tcdc\nBangkok\n10500\nThailand",13.726698500000001,100.51562349999999,"Bangkok, Thailand",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg0UjJs2EneOXDuDdZzW4g2clSm_eDcbP-HCryU2KQJVGx3gBuy9z3fcVJ-VvQsNSV0WdQLsI\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",140,140,0],"/partner/thailand-creative-design-center"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHpwja3aZ0SfaQ9IfttjM91Yh7AYij0iysDnWboqQRiuVkahplqD9GN91jZUd9EDK7UOrbsw","Tai Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePakdee Santaweesuk, namely Tai Kai-Hua-Roh, Thai cartoonist best known for his Baby boy with three hair character, PangPond, inspired by his own son. He is a pioneer of Kai-Hua-Roh and Mahasanook cartoons. Back in those days, Tai offered his drawing to the editor Ban-Lue-Sarn Publisher; Vithit Utsahajit, then he was accepted as a cartoonist of Mahasanook and Kai-Hua-Roh in 1979.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThank you Banluesarn, Banlue Publications.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHpwja3aZ0SfaQ9IfttjM91Yh7AYij0iysDnWboqQRiuVkahplqD9GN91jZUd9EDK7UOrbsw","“Stay away coz we care.”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eShadow is one of the popular elements in Kai-Hua-Roh comic book, now it represents a physical distancing policy during the Coronavirus pandemic. To keep distance from each other is the way to express how much we care about our beloved ones. This cartoon was created by Pakdee, or Tai as a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7lZQ6Z0Y-7gs4M0Xm4K9FJnzuPCJIu-mOG93m_NzFwf2153vYsiI-IcGWgdrMGutRm29-P6o","“One Meter Apart”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTai Kai-Hua-Roh repeats once again that social distancing during COVID-19 cannot ruin our relationship. The cartoon got motivated by the main characters in the Five Feet Apart, a romantic drama movie about two teenagers meet and fall in love, yet with cystic fibrosis disease, they must avoid physical contact.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRnEJQV4cgimFl_UTTmpEGx9N3QlKKgzomBAHthlq0E3ucAqKl5ijs9mEBvzuJ-9Qm2xMlew","Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrawit Mongkolnowrut, namely Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh. Jiew first practiced his cartoon drawing studying from a silent MAD comic book. Finally his dream came true, he showed his talent to the editor Ban-Lue-Sarn Publisher; Vithit Utsahajitgot and got accepted as a cartoonist, Jiew has worked with Kai-Hua-Roh ever since. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThank you Banluesarn, Banlue Publications.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRnEJQV4cgimFl_UTTmpEGx9N3QlKKgzomBAHthlq0E3ucAqKl5ijs9mEBvzuJ-9Qm2xMlew","Hygiene first",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe cat is a creature that keeps a very high healthy level of cleanliness. Jiew Kai-Hua-Roh thus took a cat’s self-clean moment into his drawing to express a higher standard of this cat by using alcohol gel after finishing her routine.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF1QsWQS6kXBmFFslnDzbW0SnrhpxvkNTiwXBcAc5ut671PuYYlW9xhKv66FFd5tTjU4Fz2kJ3","Hehaji Kai-Hua-Roh",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChollanan Kaewpa, namely Hehaji Kai-Hua-Roh \u003cbr\u003eA creative and cartoonist at Banluesarn. Her works are distributed in both Kai-Hua-Roh and Mahasanook comic books. Hehaji owns 2 fantasy-adventure cartoon sets known in Thai as “Spy-Puon Pajonpai” or the adventurous spy.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sfuit7zMzjvRYwh_mlH6Yk3YZLlKriKpgi_m0X3Am5aNlNiBvboQ-BtWReVuu4IjyLR6DjxN0","Keep your guard up",[null,"\u003cp\u003eJiew Kai-Hua-Roh had his athletes sanitize their gloves with alcohol gel and worn medical masks as the boxing requires close physical contact.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF1QsWQS6kXBmFFslnDzbW0SnrhpxvkNTiwXBcAc5ut671PuYYlW9xhKv66FFd5tTjU4Fz2kJ3","“How fast Covid-19 can spread in a week?”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, Hehaji made it easy for the cartoon readers to understand how fast this coronavirus can spread from one to one another in just one week.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T5KW4pUaBydgjNT_rpNWqIr43gRgOlETUQzGa7nR2iJuH6YP88OQmJYQh78dz2M1Me1Jg_mg","“No more superspreaders, physical distancing, please.”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor a model of collective animal behavior, ants following a physical distancing policy by Hehaji represents what humans should be aware of during the COVID-19 outbreak. This cartoon is a collaboration between Kai-Hua-Roh, World Health Organization (Thailand), and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJGSbJx2FNYNWCXLpWyjJwm_XQqRfnSSlDbUZ2i-SxOisHuNKrO-w8erzXGdUsHooYQ85q3lP","HELLO",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe act of \u0026#39;physical distancing\u0026#39; to prevent the spread of Coronavirus is presented through one of the most popular Thai children\u0026#39;s plays, \u0026quot;a paper-cup telephone\u0026quot;. After making telephone out of paper cups and string, two players have to walk away from each other until the string is tight, then one starts talking and another listens.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SAJGSbJx2FNYNWCXLpWyjJwm_XQqRfnSSlDbUZ2i-SxOisHuNKrO-w8erzXGdUsHooYQ85q3lP","Chalita Boonyarittisak",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn artist and Fine Arts student practicing her specialization in sculpture.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkB_c_Yrb9OooFD4MaUJTU3OaSAPk8zBS7dCmmAO0aeaB7ohbPFby818emYmofaEiIxLu6n5o","ease around",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA stationery and lifestyle product owner who creates simple illustrations picked up from his routines.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA life pattern during self-quarantine by ease around.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkB_c_Yrb9OooFD4MaUJTU3OaSAPk8zBS7dCmmAO0aeaB7ohbPFby818emYmofaEiIxLu6n5o","Stay Home Stay Safe",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA giant wave of COVID-19 outbreak happened in Thailand during summer time. Almost everyone missed those moments of the year they could unwind their mind.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWZCMdiamV2Z7vl86_dfp0gGgaEg7xB0t5WHZhAr1vKKAFQq-FKpaFKyE0gNSGXSVkni-f",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHygiene Checked\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe first priority during this time is hygiene. Keep rechecking if you and your family are at risk or not.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWZCMdiamV2Z7vl86_dfp0gGgaEg7xB0t5WHZhAr1vKKAFQq-FKpaFKyE0gNSGXSVkni-f"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5evszm_K5dYSEW7ZOXQW2j0d7yFtSFejmKQm7EbNnMAdw7t7e1i_DzVdqql1Ct7noZoOH34c","FLUKE",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe illustrator and advertising art director with his degree in decorative arts, Silpakorn University\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5evszm_K5dYSEW7ZOXQW2j0d7yFtSFejmKQm7EbNnMAdw7t7e1i_DzVdqql1Ct7noZoOH34c",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehind The Mask\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe have been hiding behind a mask for a while,\u003cbr\u003eWe are waiting for life to get back to normal once again.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9jOwrVnB45o58a0qgU0nF1sQmYEv35wSlEkB0-JsYv4Mx66OPFNFDpsExJVfozMfs3xjDrnQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKawaka\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne stroke brush- a technique of painting with ink and brush by a single slide across the page within \u0026quot;one breath at a time\u0026quot;. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA painting is created freely beyond a border of beauty, \u003cbr\u003eor similarity. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis single stroke is an art for everyone, and of course, can be criticized.\u003cbr\u003eThe art is sometimes accompanied by poetry.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9jOwrVnB45o58a0qgU0nF1sQmYEv35wSlEkB0-JsYv4Mx66OPFNFDpsExJVfozMfs3xjDrnQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHOPE\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere\u0026#39;s always hope among the darkness of pandemic. We all shall get thru it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QucZsD5M4IlNvrei1Zvew-91725W8rkb5RufX209jDYcrpWcS0OV8BsbeXG0lXOTKRjYHPcMoT",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESTART\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis virus will be cured. Just be prepared for the new beginning.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SugiyHj38NIaldgPA-tPfddS-TEjUYpH8YjlI_zHSbzAT9gC8W1jlHxaFW94uloyNDLWjS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCERTAINTY\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe COVID lesson: There is no such certainty.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rc9BYM64vo3GHS9phH6-YfgtKK-vA7uK8-4E2LlXqXeaU6Q1b9mzLH8PI0YgEecSp-peB5Zag",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eKawaka\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SANF2eNw6yKAamoqe-QicHinc8bZ40nibs65q3p5hqrxA17f0sJmscafxRZJePVTaqMcEaX9E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSURVIVAL\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBeing focused and keep educating ourselves may be one of the easiest ways to survive from the COVID.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhdRYjfmBR0zzDWMrlautCnl0iame-1_3RNc0OcWCFoYtqJuU3qsoS9oeIZvbh_5_bSXyQ","Nut Dao",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator based in Bangkok, Thailand. Nut Dao is interested in his innermost feelings or some daily states of being, in which he often uses it as the main subject in his work. Daily objects and humans are implemented as his representation to create scenarios for audiences to understand those feelings or conditions he is implying. The story is usually told by his simple yet detailed drawing lines, which are unique and recognizable.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RhdRYjfmBR0zzDWMrlautCnl0iame-1_3RNc0OcWCFoYtqJuU3qsoS9oeIZvbh_5_bSXyQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMind Detox\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe all have the feeling of stress and being 24-hour overwhelmed by information during the COVID-19 outbreak. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGetting ourselves “a digital detoxify” to clear the body and mind helps us see things clearly and survive in this pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPYMLW1SxUyL6eH_Vy55j4-qcaCv7d0R1kVxFTB07LKk1ZfbC0VYyRN9t7J_AU9W5OGimBIOc","Palim",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator with a degree in digital photography and graphic design.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPYMLW1SxUyL6eH_Vy55j4-qcaCv7d0R1kVxFTB07LKk1ZfbC0VYyRN9t7J_AU9W5OGimBIOc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 days\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStay home and self-isolate after returning from areas where COVID-19 is spreading.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCXEZQIFJF3Ol5lEF30Ekts6IRGiJMfA3E11lmYhyhxzSrR-39_-77iD3UcL1kloeqMAJ08Uk","Plariex",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA cartoonist and illustrator who takes her surroundings as inspirations to create her artworks. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QCXEZQIFJF3Ol5lEF30Ekts6IRGiJMfA3E11lmYhyhxzSrR-39_-77iD3UcL1kloeqMAJ08Uk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNew Normal\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the beginning period of the coronavirus outbreak, we would do everything to prevent and protect the virus from spreading. The work is shown through the act of the shoppers.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGZWBaY3_WplTRsgWXTprO4y-JF6wo2dROC2oHejm9oDKULAOrwySc6XnI3Uk7VwX6kLK59tY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStay Home\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStaying at home is required in order not to spread or to protect ourselves against COVID-19. Let’s see what we can do!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QX7ts3DG7PTapqYVgwGbi_U28aGPAJbBjvBj0e33NUhm_7KszkPzUOc5W9WlXGdlSwLusUhSI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReduce Your Risk\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt started when alcohol gel and spray become ‘must have’ items to fight against COVID-19. This work of art is widely used among Thai people as an information graphic on a bottle, mobile case, laptop, and everyday objects to remind themselves of hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5vfP1DyeReirc4kVhHUNN7EwAcf66zFbOg34jLv5LiNSz4piF96Fboy2JekS9mhYLYrccR-Y","ReenP",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA freelance illustrator and graphic designer.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q5vfP1DyeReirc4kVhHUNN7EwAcf66zFbOg34jLv5LiNSz4piF96Fboy2JekS9mhYLYrccR-Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow far love can travel\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany couples are unavoidably apart during the COVID-19 outbreak.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScJN1U09-hnfeDD6jkrXOH04FgWmFXTmAhv_AqpvKGlGipREgLemjodUBzaN2zqJUl_HPdVCc","Kanda",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn Illustrator and designer based in Thailand. Kanda loves various experimental creations. Her inspiration is usually from emotions, poetry, people, and places.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScJN1U09-hnfeDD6jkrXOH04FgWmFXTmAhv_AqpvKGlGipREgLemjodUBzaN2zqJUl_HPdVCc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Reader\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConcept: Embracing a New Normal\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R40gpISy10jIulTg3jqOL99my-mIv2wXKE8KU6EGBWgOaBK-MtQqo4kSoycEw8opNdTXKiEuA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSuntur\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003eAn illustrator best known for his minimalist artworks.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R40gpISy10jIulTg3jqOL99my-mIv2wXKE8KU6EGBWgOaBK-MtQqo4kSoycEw8opNdTXKiEuA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe artworks portray the life that has been changed during the self-isolation.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjsL0crVEtJZVCg0QZbrwMVG0QGH-wlS9efEv6hvPC6hP2ZvxDlF2jaH2alfNrbbOjDAJ3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough the artist’s lens, life under COVID is filled with gloom and loneliness. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjsL0crVEtJZVCg0QZbrwMVG0QGH-wlS9efEv6hvPC6hP2ZvxDlF2jaH2alfNrbbOjDAJ3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKVUSW3e1RyhSu8GAigI0fxd1f_6WggqNdxwDeJv5WYCwxAFNazEA9UIkLI5CjKJQMVhhRLls",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTanpopoe\u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTogether we are stronger in the fight against the COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rzx-yxklcWI4nZZI0_mHXGY9xiRTAC_RBZVsZKilzam7CzfxcuBy4zghuvm2hT7ozZ5eU2vA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThere’s only me talking and discussing with myself during the self-isolation to prevent the spread of COVID.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rx8R55Xu-B7YhltuxqczQMdE_fxvJdOoi2HM5JCyhl8hlmtqUITSF0woo95qj3gDT621RD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMay you all go away, the Coronavirus!\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Home-Cooking During the Pandemic","Homemade Mexican food, a count of dishes","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpSumlOYpfk4CNdaOvkj7Z9uEbCt-n-zmDi52aYl9BJKeMzWJlgPCwxL3LUdzNWau3jaZs-w","/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,"Cocina Cinco Fuegos\n35 poniente 101\nColonia Huexotitla\n72534 Puebla, Pue.\nMéxico\n\nAtención con cita",null,null,null,null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPQ86g_xBY-dVjIN-Hurx3m_s3ZkOcebrM74XQIs-wBXqPYzfmHMAy1KfMd-NKbBwpUotao0w",1773,1347,0],"/partner/cocina-cinco-fuegos"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo_28KYODhVYMeu22AsuXKNNOyYaKg-CwHE4Yf44T5xAcycowBxb7Ns7ZL-OoAR-5n6L3ZukrT","Lentils",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLentils with potatoes and bacon, a brothy stew to be eaten with a spoon. Lentils thickened with crushed tomato, garlic and onion. Sourdough bread. Cotton tablecloth and napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAaffT-0WOBnusdwUXD9ZYfjBmv0gf3RIuO-LtT9sMQgz5WfiuJ21wZpcqPWiTI7Emsi-FmEc","Steamed fish",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSteamed fish with scallions, onion and pepper. White rice with tomato wedges and avocado. Damask tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAaffT-0WOBnusdwUXD9ZYfjBmv0gf3RIuO-LtT9sMQgz5WfiuJ21wZpcqPWiTI7Emsi-FmEc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSteamed fish with scallions, onion and pepper. White rice with tomato wedges and avocado. Damask tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZB1brHiO4UEGbYF9XwOYo-WnU2f3-jcyyiYZyQaZrSpysn0BsSa7c2TbsUScq6tcX8ePozQvi","Spicy grilled pork",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpicy grilled pork. Poblano chili strips with mushrooms and onions. Red corn tortillas. Cotton tablecloth and napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SIeDYpuuuPpjBF6mQWdQKtQ70_HDw94vL5n8tX-QSuoSbJgiSfhYX3vYUsgdBsriOw0yqvC1Y","Potato soup",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePotato, leek and fried bacon soup. Cubed potatoes, sliced leeks and fried bacon are cooked in chicken broth with epazote.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SIeDYpuuuPpjBF6mQWdQKtQ70_HDw94vL5n8tX-QSuoSbJgiSfhYX3vYUsgdBsriOw0yqvC1Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePedal loom tablecloth from Oaxaca, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, and embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGnW-lPDYM_13O16x-ded2PMSd43uC9pqVsFP8OIdp8yvgpsQpUmoKXnOHN7qAEr-tdDkVQw","Cecina",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRoasted Yecapixtla jerky and red chilaquiles with cheese, cream, onion and avocado. Chilaquiles, chopped corn tortillas cooked in a tomato sauce with dried loco chili, garlic and onion. Damask tablecloth, embroidered cotton placemat and matching napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIPP4fYLAWe5DjJQiWB_5Cz5VR17AOeUTqPiiGC9a_g8N1Sabl7GvaSAiCdOhOVcYNmZ6lYuY","Poblano Chili Cream",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePoblano chile cream. Roasted chilis with the stems removed and cleaned, crushed along with corn kernels and epazote, are cooked in chicken broth. Oaxacan pedal loom tablecloth and cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNpjSyhhQBT_IFjJAxuiJptw5c72wiLlTcN_H4qnGTyX0ExwVFtim2u32NqdUpDcDKwWst9PKX","Sandwiches",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTriangle sandwiches, containing slices of ham, fried bacon, ranchero cheese, panela cheese, tomato, lettuce and chipotles in adobo. Cotton tablecloth.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TTEWbiVJJ4Hh4gfqLXN5YmUlIlHwGUec3HnjBOM2RGrH2FZQ7hRFd90-4nWLkLmvY08gWvKw","Chicken in red wine",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicken in red wine with asparagus and potatoes. Chicken thighs, asparagus, diced potatoes, bacon and whole red pepper, all simmered in red wine. Cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching napkin adorned with herringbone.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpVDln_10WZlnNP71AZQxj1M8Ru0Bfwsz19-VD-9ticSqFy6NrGM2HOLMof6A6KldmfYgi7g","Beef Milanese",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBeef Milanese. Tomato and goat cheese salad dressed with balsamic vinegar. Guacamole: mashed avocados with chopped onions and pipicha. Toasted white bread. Printed cotton tablecloth, Oaxaca pedal loom placemat with cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4asWhiHZfE183VV9IUtaQl_8FglRpSPn4u2KuArsy5H8_DuBkUPkFIJScDRI2kyAcLoCVSkk","Poblana soup",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSopa poblana: Poblano chili strips, mushrooms, squash blossom, cow cheese and onion. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4asWhiHZfE183VV9IUtaQl_8FglRpSPn4u2KuArsy5H8_DuBkUPkFIJScDRI2kyAcLoCVSkk","Tortas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTortas compuestas prepared with sliced ham, ranchero and panela cheeses, lettuce, tomato, avocado and chipotles in adobo. Printed cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching embroidered napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RR0xQXjhrvtLEPBEmOJ0BWsQPucF7jZBZxfgTQq3i5_H4mKuaufIQDCvu76iuI6W8Wde-9tPc","Four-cheese spaghetti",[null,"\u003cp\u003eFour-cheese spaghetti. Spaghetti cooked in water with onion, bay leaf, olive oil, salt and then drained. Baked with butter, gruyere, ranchero, smoked and manchego cheeses and black pepper. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RR0xQXjhrvtLEPBEmOJ0BWsQPucF7jZBZxfgTQq3i5_H4mKuaufIQDCvu76iuI6W8Wde-9tPc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDamask tablecloth, placemat and matching cotton napkin embroidered and adorned with ribbon.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLjeTIsCBQKiPax837koJJIH4fv-YGz4F_Z1ltXM7I0Vkf4Imnu3pgShBaDGO18s0hiATL1Q","Enchiladas",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMole poblano enchiladas sprinkled with sesame seeds and onion. Enchiladas are corn tortillas fried in hot oil, stuffed with cooked and shredded chicken breast, and then formed into a taco and covered with mole. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLjeTIsCBQKiPax837koJJIH4fv-YGz4F_Z1ltXM7I0Vkf4Imnu3pgShBaDGO18s0hiATL1Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMole poblano paste seasoned with chocolate and crushed tomato cooked in chicken broth. Red rice with tomato, peas and carrots. Cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching embroidered napkin with guipure lace appliqué.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S07dP8yxfQ6tnBTdn7vw7bv1ebAqzegYOx9PknjE5Ia8g7IhRDgF1v9lyjBjPS9hjVEza0","Dessert ",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePeach mousse in a glass with prunes. Dessert with sliced peaches, condensed milk and lemon juice beaten in the blender. It is accompanied by very popular cookies called Marías. Cotton tablecloth and matching napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXYl_dUEPW-pWaZivBM36wmb_Ej1R9MZt8azs_qcbw-JcsiEE8TdKjvpH85Hshj_ccYn72iQ","Quiche",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpinach and bacon quiche. Boiled and fried potatoes with pepper flakes. Brocade tablecloth, frayed and embroidered cotton napkin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXYl_dUEPW-pWaZivBM36wmb_Ej1R9MZt8azs_qcbw-JcsiEE8TdKjvpH85Hshj_ccYn72iQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSalad of baby lettuce, endive lettuce and chopped walnuts, dressed with balsamic vinegar. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q-6sFDJcMZSM3Drp5SqC66E5Uw8ypsep30j5TZhZB65uip5Tkz8gr0ZowfIKz0FKarCBcmzFo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicken consommé. Cooked and shredded chicken breast with avocado, onion, cilantro and green serrano chili. Cotton tablecloth, linen placemat, matching napkin with embroidered RA initials and crocheted border.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RaklBMHkpvdys31-UEVPzYaC2_z9d3WYWau_Jz3EtnXs29mtFj0anB_IYNBlVQUUoqq5h1zos","Chicharrón in green chili",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChicharrón in green chili. Chopped chicharrón cooked in green tomato sauce, fresh Tampico chili, cilantro, garlic and onion. Blue corn tortillas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RaklBMHkpvdys31-UEVPzYaC2_z9d3WYWau_Jz3EtnXs29mtFj0anB_IYNBlVQUUoqq5h1zos",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrinted cotton tablecloth, cotton placemat and matching napkin decorated with ribbon and frayed edges. Linen tortilla holder with bias binding and machine embroidered rooster.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qq-pBAIRPKKaJZiDGogRbrp6u0jUZG7bC0FBzz99oIZTbfKfi8dqs7EgciOu8-VUYkpy58bj_n","Fondue",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue. In a pan with garlic, a combination of manchego Colón cheese from Querétaro, Carranco ranchero cheese from San Luis Potosí, smoked cheese from Chipilo, Puebla and white wine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sq3sxwyHePytb_T_LHU_UZzmkcg0RAMCYl-qGFqZ4PAS5bkX3ruhyA7sjQAhSdohUTmKlxjOY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue with cubed white bread and fruit: red grapes, d\u0026#39;anjou pear and Manila mango.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SoWcfbluGqXm8e4NF7jyz4lnmg1P9dbN-TvZmMk-_y8P5heKA0J_M2E0qvHdCCu38uUccrUY8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThree-cheese fondue, bread, fruit and white wine. Printed cotton tablecloth, backstrap loom placemat from Cuetzalan, Puebla, embroidered napkin from Aguascalientes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","My Pandemic Story","Artworks created by Ontario youth to process their pandemic experiences","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tv8mVS3d7E6P0b_p9ybrKGQMozcKdpFxnuupPmLAvj3NyVBoOVfDxbI3ezyE0cKXS_jeRA1w","/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"EAXhRw3CUBzpGg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//100+Queen's+Park%0AToronto,+M5S+2C6%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x882b34baf3dae513:0xc98434e11ec5f592!2m2!1d-79.3947771!2d43.667709699999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.rom.on.ca/","100 Queen's Park\nToronto, M5S 2C6\nCanada",43.667709699999996,-79.3947771,"Toronto, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sbz9w-jWl5auBm-NbH3Q_VhNT9feg1ppHGmnZ6uX8vRjjPNykafEBXiIBzYQgLP6oyzFXC9jqt\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,0a3d0888f4e7f69c",275,279,1],"/partner/royal-ontario-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-5QmUDf_m5dZeayZTTHA8G2WY8y9AFaKoW-rxS9PzpVL08Wcb2-k6383_YZ6XyRvdTmfv6Xo","#MyPandemicStory",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCreated entirely of crowd-sourced artworks from youth aged 4-18, this exhibition is a stirring portrait of the complex journeys of young people during the pandemic. To learn more, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.rom.on.ca/en/exhibitions-galleries/exhibitions/mypandemicstory\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eclick here\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo browse all of the creative and compelling artworks, check out the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://platform.crowdriff.com/m/s-b3puDmZhe3wbcmRv\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cb\u003edigital gallery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGTBJ2yprF6NPQyQlfMmPjyIXrAJjos6qs-iREFfWdMU2xJH3Y7BePU6F_jk7Hd3A-MuiLS0s","The Face of Resilience",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI used different colours and shapes to represent different people from all over the world, united in our fight against COVID-19. The bright colours represent strength, courage, determination, and resilience. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RuczoFsVZ1Pq9H0Gn4dDko7jjmZl7bvi2H3lbrBHkbVy7_NaUiHlYett6Y5dij4-4zqF8Su8PK","Essential Barbie™",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is a Barbie™ that I designed a PPE outfit for using a blue rubber glove. I was inspired by my Mom who is a Registered Nurse. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBiHI5HNg_VQTPrW47_zHsAVEzK2_mhfP4qSMpHAyEUKOeZw1rvKRRQOnBTfrr0pvu-PYjDmc","Smiling Under My Mask",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince masks cover my mouth, you can’t see it. I want people to know I’m always smiling under my mask! \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TniTPMcMMsxnEkfirdDxInTFdDqe3FgkZfsB9gjoI7fy7kvq1MeOKVYcWbCI0V6s6hRdy0eVDd","Air Hugs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is a sculpture of my Papa and me. We had to air hug to keep each other safe. I like real hugs better. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sz9x9cy1FSt7A6sH-3mG3SGWk91-RtBFBHb6bGy0hai75hBK65rybgKc95wksPdKWslTS9","Room to Breathe",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic, the park was my only outlet to feel like myself. It gave to me room to breathe. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QoNRONHGosf9nZRflzxioOgUwpezihqfbwormGRo7A0DpDvXahXFr6NgH9xdt7-Oq5aekeGg","Disconnected",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs a student, I have certainly felt some sort of emptiness having a lack of seeing my friends. You almost feel disconnected at some points. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SrMIVIiol1Wl2EfglGhVaeWg06B96EV0-4jUFyFQpUgiOYJxE0y8Yl8gzvB9F1xd-VXmuhIWs","Cameras Off",[null,"\u003cp\u003eNo one turns their camera on, so this is basically what it\u0026#39;s been like during class time. It has been hard not seeing people\u0026#39;s faces. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4nvOFG39IsJOGn40odm7uFKlfBU6WcBwAbiDfJ7yquseBn1QjDnR3FFLoPnJxQoJa99K5cXJa","Eyedentity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEyes are so important during the pandemic, when masks cover our faces. Despite our identities and appearances, one look into our eyes reveals that we are all human.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qw9cZKYpFAsBMuwl_hXeL7QeA6Ov--gQlCcxkNA6BTMVkq7vW0_-KF4FXVXF0kHoa46I23gYs","“2020 Be Like…”",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMy pandemic story represents what was unleashed on the world in 2020. These are the memories that I will have from this time in my life. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVWYciWCMWKoVfioxhF-fSE0TuZndCGU4XP9Ke2C9-IuRr9tEI17qDzLt_VXlC1HN9Ddit-4Ew","Untitled",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic I started questioning my gender and sexuality. I’ve found comfort in the LGBTQ+ community, and I’m happy to finally say that I am nonbinary. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1h4M671_93OwPA4wJPh4LUDqAZdNf42tLaPpjm0_mJSg83Zxz4tOlZ-4XLKLQkJovC9kNMw","Trapped at home",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis piece represents being trapped at home, where my house is a cage. During the pandemic I\u0026#39;ve gotten into wire bending as a coping mechanism for my stress.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBaaK1BXaN3zpBUrtn9Uk2nN8b1A-jjT32geoXfTMmZ6Xxjsy2-tWbwVR5Upni-ZqkBXucww","Hate is a Virus",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe constant news about xenophobic attacks negatively affected my mental health. I created this piece to show that positivity always overcomes ignorance. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TMtFJpW324h96nTVpwywb_M--ZjfXvOUZiaQPPCmcOpy7IMXljcRoQ0AMopFh42AHMkUOBCr0","Space Cookie",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI wish we could escape to space and have the cookies we\u0026#39;ve always wanted, especially during the pandemic. As a low-verbal autistic, I communicate feelings through texture and colour. Painting is my space cookie at this time.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RBW3J_Wqo7CgT3choNArIW-2Vr7pfAW09PwaKTdY1WlF7cCuF4GGN3b1TL23w3hC2I7575Vfo","Essential Still Life",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI captured the essence of Baroque still life paintings with modern ‘essential’ items. I want them to feel present. Important. They were so valuable during this pandemic. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TwKE-E7SYiYVLAdHaXIYX_47lQWu7TEUcn-7eF9WBzyn95pMUXjngIP5DAyNNG6nVkOHP5Kg","Eight",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2020, I began working at a long-term care home for adults with disabilities. This poem honours the residents who passed away during the pandemic. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TifLgpuD7a8NXeZm7uxlc1PPUjvPVwEsPM0z8DPLXTcgZ1_gdmcFP2ID5M9gVX6trKSLTWnQo","Demons",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI used this self-portrait to express and work through some of my emotions during the pandemic. It represents the ongoing fight with my demons. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-rQSFXU6dsR2mXp4LMzMRdYtFNYlKGSPftrShC95_axCzKEkT_IImDPF8ASYL2VKrGkF82lU","colourful mess",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe hands represent how the media is killing us, and the plastic is being stuck in a bubble. The colours represent how we are losing our beauty. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","COVID-19 and Medicine (a short story)",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDue to COVID-19, I miss my school and friends. I wish to see the world back to normal. In this story, medicine is attacking COVID-19.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"zJWujUDaebA"]],["","Will They Tell My Story?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eI hope to show the struggles children faced during lockdown and provide a sense of hope for a brighter future. Are we making history? Will our stories be told? \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"nmbRuzCOa0w"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qyub8oKLqkaVX5pJF4sP3hYm-pRbwOgNzaJitPbiknXTlM43-on1-GNWzGeg1u5k3MZP5QvfWQ","Hell on Earth",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the pandemic, racism has become an even bigger problem. My art shows the psychological and emotional effects of hate. The leaves represent hope.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic","An exhibition about the role of science, struggle, and mourning","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8fTt0EZX8qzP9MjVJIqEnCTM7kMkQpNLFMamCHPTUcKJQcmplfes_KbkdeGP-1z9hKu4uNJk9","/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"9gVhS6T56XCs0w"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Pra%C3%A7a+Mau%C3%A1,+1+-+Centro,+Rio+de+Janeiro+-+RJ,+20081-262,+Brasil%0ARio+de+Janeiro%0A20081-262%0ABrazil/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x997f5732a12a31:0x316901f971660ce1!2m2!1d-43.1796012!2d-22.8945798?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","","Praça Mauá, 1 - Centro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 20081-262, Brasil\nRio de Janeiro\n20081-262\nBrazil",-22.894579799999995,-43.1796012,"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvFiKVtXE_KMKUVH8t6KsYSCUu7mhI2GQozbUtqUbj65r_ErLUNhPYPrE6FcY6J-k_XGc4Lw\u003dfautolight\u003d1:autobacklight\u003d1",4000,1216,0],"/partner/museu-do-amanhã"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHybYFxUnT8B-SD-X3NsMQcSZuJxp7QjvHqsFHQyk24QVxI8FS4UUISzMusIl04I2aWnp_nzc","A comprehensive view ",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Coronacene” considers 6 areas, which show the impact from Covid-19, the role of science, struggle, and mourning. The exhibit was inaugurated in March 2021, with Luiz Alberto Oliveira, Leonardo Menezes, and Eduardo Carvalho as curators.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],[""],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWpjxEREminClf_SEJTZZrXB2CUcPL4a6VInqRYgVH_eNbPiBGdmGbSTFW-nttPFovjGFHZvHr","Turning point",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMicroorganisms have always shaped human history. Just like the Black Death, the Spanish flu, and HIV. \u003cbr\u003eIn 2020, the new coronavirus affected us all. \u003cbr\u003eWill life ever be the same as it was before? \u003cbr\u003eDo we want that? \u003cbr\u003eWill this struggle prepare us for other global challenges, such as the climate change?\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo","Manifesto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe beheld most of 2020 through the windows of our homes. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe talked, we cried, we had fun, we distracted ourselves, we felt fears and longings, we rediscovered ourselves, and we adapted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe persisted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe needed to keep ourselves in our private spaces. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThere, we were safe.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, essential workers set out to protect us, working in hospitals, supermarkets, and pharmacies; televising news, delivering orders, and researching in labs. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe outside world carried on, albeit differently.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe saw our relationships in a new light. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe realized we can always find time for ourselves, help someone and live together with those we love.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLife needs to go on, and the future will be brighter if we respect the planet’s limits. We are all connected.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R1cb9G4euM3MaEokhj-oJu3u1M1uycCvnZWh2mzKNrY-BXyv-9jn5Ua-ktNbbRMwopQ1quAoo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has shown us that it is time we learn from science and reexamine actions affecting biodiversity. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe virus will continue, and it is up to us to work together to overcome it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhen all of this is over, we want a Tomorrow that is more sustainable, less unequal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q8Opm15Jftb8jt9FR9vgJ2GXNTdOsD9nVAygHndadz-pDMMcOFg093eiR67rvoaAii8gUdTT8","ESSENTIAL",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen everything stopped, they continued because we needed them to. Without these professionals, we would not be able to get medicines, food, access to medication, reliable news and the contents that relieved the stress of the lockdown.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SdI0HuVUbLebsaZNhFa_8Sx87ODvtrXB2-Z20-w1MCQdFPMW82PVHDtuipAn9zhe8G7B_Z","Vanda Ortega Witoto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eShe is an indigenous leader of the Witoto tribe; Vanda helped save many lives in Tribe Park, in Manaus, where 2,500 indigenous people live, from 35 different ethnic groups. She produced masks and collected donations for setting up a campaign hospital. Click \u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/Vanda%20Ortega%20Witoto%20ingl%C3%AAs.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e to read her testimony.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,null,["https://culturalinstitute-audio-serving.storage.googleapis.com/4589324/KAG0yu32XNEboQ/en/1619116643232.mp3","Vanda Ortega Audio"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SfYuFnJMIauAJCv8sW7wTdV_dnufnsGCywnkl1ZIsBDSf5EZHOlc00yYqC1Xfuvs8aLdzJGg","FROM VIRUS TO PANDEMIC",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe first records of the SARS CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, are from the city of Wuhan, China in 2019. The initial outbreak among regulars of an exotic-animal wet market suggests that the disease was transmitted by an animal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"HDujoilB0do"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeLtc3p9Xo0seWFzN0BvBrJaxJW1smT0dlGdWoCwTJuZyDkmWY75Lj2b0T8koy0gt4CVzQ5Jxz","TRANSFORMED SOCIETIES",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHave you ever stopped to think you might go through a pandemic? For many, the answer is no. In 2020, companies went bankrupt, businesses closed its doors and our routines were interrupted due to the new coronavirus. Though it seems like a science fiction film, this really happened.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"X0NpGd6spBM"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-d3Vb4WugqPp-LBo8e-BVVPP-lX670wdk7_c-bAYb8GwEV8-jTH8ix4JJ4_8jZFgzd9HXMA","MEMORIAL TO THOSE WHO HAVE PASSED ",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe futures of thousands of lives were cut short without any warning. \u003cbr\u003eThey passed away, reminding us that life must always go on with the utmost respect for one another and nature. \u003cbr\u003eWith this memorial, we pay our respects to the Brazilian people who lost their lives to COVID-19.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTo watch this video in English, please click \u003ca href\u003d\"/asset/dQHvFNzk5VwUxA\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"ZQ2cyziypO0",null,null,null,0]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI","\"The Two horizons” (Os dois horizontes) - Machado de Assis",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTwo horizons enclose our life: \u003cbr\u003eOne horizon — longing \u003cbr\u003eFor what has passed; \u003cbr\u003eAnother horizon — hope \u003cbr\u003eFor that which is yet to come; \u003cbr\u003eIn the ever shadowy present, Resides the ambitious soul \u003cbr\u003eUnder the voluptuous illusion \u003cbr\u003eOf past and future.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe carefree capering of childhood \u003cbr\u003eUnder maternal wings, \u003cbr\u003eThe flight of swallows, \u003cbr\u003eThe surging wave and fields of roses; \u003cbr\u003eThe joy of love so yearned for \u003cbr\u003eIn a deep and burning gaze, \u003cbr\u003eSuch is in present time \u003cbr\u003eThe horizon of the past.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEither the ambition of grandeur \u003cbr\u003eSilenced in the spirit, \u003cbr\u003eA desire for sincere love \u003cbr\u003eThat the heart has never felt; \u003cbr\u003eOr a life both calm and pure \u003cbr\u003eTo the convalescent soul, \u003cbr\u003eSuch is in present time \u003cbr\u003eThe horizon of the future.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the swift passage of days \u003cbr\u003eUnder the blue sky — such are \u003cbr\u003eThe edges of the sea of life: \u003cbr\u003eLonging or aspiration; \u003cbr\u003eTo our ardent spirit, \u003cbr\u003eIn the fervor of our dreams, \u003cbr\u003eNever is the present past, \u003cbr\u003eNever is the future present.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWg7AMAkXM8P7YSaSjSsHlvv1bm1ekT0nYpyLrEa-pa855hhmsvwjgpiRCIOiEZBGyzuuodKI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhat consumes you? — Lost \u003cbr\u003e In the sea of memories, \u003cbr\u003eI hear a rueful echo \u003cbr\u003eOf illusions past. \u003cbr\u003eFor what do you search? — I seek, \u003cbr\u003eWithin this vastness, \u003cbr\u003eTo decipher the sweet reality \u003cbr\u003eOf the illusions of the future. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTwo horizons enclose out life. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMachado de Assis, from the book ‘Crisálidas’\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tvkqf7ZQM2T_czidmbW4Todwz8Hog8ZlnR68w4rDAxsZs6NXvgCoSzrcQM4SKw8dtL74jj","SCIENCE IS THE PROTAGONIST",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the pandemic, science took its place at the forefront of the response to the coronavirus, developed health guidelines that slowed the infection rate, and prevented healthcare systems from becoming quickly overwhelmed. \u003cbr\u003eNow, scientists work to develop diagnostics and healthcare products.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RgzbBxKBfQyGxQMXHZpviPDk1GGn6fXQPLSJgcGeh_RgDqFj9loyKKgPlwPHofm3TbMsND","Marilda Siqueira",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virologist is the head of the Respiratory Virus and Measles Laboratory of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and led a team that became a benchmark for the World Health Organization of Covid-19 in the Americas. Click \u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/Marilda%20Siqueira%20-%20%20ingl%C3%AAs.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e to read the report on her participation in the pandemic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],null,null,["https://culturalinstitute-audio-serving.storage.googleapis.com/4589324/owF3-Yn_XHu73A/en/1619114203691.mp3","Marilda Siqueira Audio"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"p__l86WTEgY"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QFrwV6tmDh-NDyX13McsYukFqDGsVuLwzgS9blcvJNpqF7jdwH5y4Y8BXFcWEeNMMOx0791g","CULTURE IS THE WAY",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe culture industry was one of the first to feel the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In lockdown at home, the way we experience culture changed. \u003cbr\u003eThe search for digital content increased exponentially and artists harnessed the Internet as a catalyst to work around those restrictions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"g7Rjyg5S5do"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUjaQc21FH0qFW2fI33tocUJYaLixqbVVXK0_vjlxEZg_DtGlHSMGqiVwTU0vgnWHuInwSL3M","Virtual tour",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe time has come for you to explore the pathways of “Coronacene - Reflections in Times of Pandemic”, presents the Museum of Tomorrow, in partnership with Estúdios Globo and GloboNews. \u003cbr\u003eJust follow the arrows and enjoy the tour!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,["stella.svi",-22.89413855723354,-43.17943117976521,"CAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E\u003d",14.252924140517536,-6.30981670163888,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ\u0026heading\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026pitch\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026fov\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dZ0QBMYaA_NlS0ZYVzjrbroTLXtA",0,116.04669381110585,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sv_h\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026sv_p\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026sv_lat\u003d-22.89413855723354\u0026sv_lng\u003d-43.17943117976521",null,null,[2,"ZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ"],"SvInfo:870acedd-d226-42f7-8fca-f7df6fe3d58e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJvpQB7Hfo2bZzU3huY3Va0aDcBCOOwc5vKM3Nz_1J2qMg1JGtJC_cXPKTIOjMYC-ZYPkawkE","Click here to read the exhibition credits:",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://museudoamanha.org.br/sites/default/files/cr%C3%A9ditos%20coronaceno.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eCoronacene credits\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey","Travel back in time during the lockdown 2020 and discover everyday stories in life","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkmrW59OfBYrtMRa5MPzkXH9RpxaTjPlHY8OERP6A9g86S7PpZ-VZamq5yiu1fKVmAfdYpGzFR","/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," "],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,5,[null,null,null,"http://www.sgmf.co.in","38 Maini Sadan\n7th Lavelle Cross Road\nBangalore, 560001\nIndia",12.9741688,77.5987924,"Bangalore, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S91sHiR2TW_SnSQfzxPvCiReUjowE92pkY7MVfP3DLINi4kVmWaHcVPb0Vwi5-HlFiayi7A5va",1800,1200,0],"/partner/the-sandeep-gitanjali-maini-foundation"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rci_v6ZqQJk8WDxxJi4TBoxQnq8rvSvoj8QMakt0wPRvPvTKM4ULJhaQ0nVLVig8p_lpw0jiI","Nowhere To Go",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe all-but-empty platform at the Cantonment station in Bengaluru presents an unreal sight during the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcf9Ae_6xXSFzmk6W3Zjna-JQYUko2Tuyc4PMXrgOsauwZegHxj73NIQgoPKjt-c6XduVyYg07","Stairway to?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe stairs leading to the platforms are usually overcrowded with the onrush of people, making the emptiness here eerie. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcf9Ae_6xXSFzmk6W3Zjna-JQYUko2Tuyc4PMXrgOsauwZegHxj73NIQgoPKjt-c6XduVyYg07",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeetanjali Sachdev: \u0026quot;The photographer\u0026#39;s use of light and shadow render a reflective mood through which to interpret urban street phenomena – which otherwise remain unconscious encounters.\u0026quot;\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SrfPLJpTq35p1J71HCJarPCQ3XXQ5WiWxaOSnbK6kmQ7CHmJmKZl523U9H7SzW7b_BWUDPYA","Jaded \u0026 Jobless",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDaily wage labourers and migrant workers were the most hard-hit during lockdown with no means of livelihood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QB8pd3ytL2327kX_w4GBs195wbEN_79uv3o80gWjMkTJVWdTDo_7uPnipvjbeMJH-BvjsiHc0","Animal Kingdom",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAmbling cows are a common sight on Indian streets, and this bovine probably enjoyed the traffic-free walk.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TK7PF0w5sjf9HyCQNyrn8_oXkdE7V4Dw0ZsCKmew8fH0Rp6Pd0rFYoFHsnSUXEnBR69vrPkQ","Seat of power",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe majestic Vidhana Soudha is captured in the strange and empty world that we were shuttered into, even as policemen urge the photographer to wrap up and move on during the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNdcy9hIr73JMgtZaVmNdIXxtww9CdXlBd8IN3aArZbBhQEPbwPD0EfOU2vC-Q8h286lf8Dww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA partly lit-up Vidhana Soudha provides some comfort during the dark and gloomy days of lockdown. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNdcy9hIr73JMgtZaVmNdIXxtww9CdXlBd8IN3aArZbBhQEPbwPD0EfOU2vC-Q8h286lf8Dww",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA close look at the statue of Ambedkar - a popular selfie point around the seat of power in Bengaluru - remains eerily bereft of selfie-takers.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20,"CardsRibbon","EditorialSection:f16030d2-2c96-4bfb-80bf-6dfd2281939a",null,"cu_edi_25","cu_edi_25",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKtEzk4RF-YWKhbZ-8i9DGRXETxlXZAlf-DnvWlNzOBSqM_XFCbN5f9HhE6Gt3MO_WN4vk_A"]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:a74c0042-3bc0-4bae-b07e-c8382a84ca14'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Enter the Covid-19 vaccine","Get to know the scientists from across the world who tackled the Covid challenge",null,null,null,1],47,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Mass Manufacturing a Vaccine","Discover the engineering team working towards a vaccine for Covid-19","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHWoPRJnlL0doOEtrwEie7i4PfG4SCvD5mWTKEbYiQXyDKTO_BVWIK-dYGxZsDab1-E94NSQ","/story/6wVBUjd3PCfXwQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"6wVBUjd3PCfXwQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,7,[null,null,null,"https://www.raeng.org.uk/","Prince Philip House, 3 Carlton House Terrace, St. James's, London SW1Y 5DG, UK\nSW1Y 5DG\nUnited Kingdom",51.50591549999999,-0.13317729999999997,"United Kingdom",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q1tK-0D2v5tzLB15XDBgT7gYtJlMC_0wOGsPoRZxmRAwH9-e0wLxlDCnh1MVMYEdKIO8fvGhA",7801,2811,0],"/partner/museum-of-engineering-innovation"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y","Racing towards a COVID-19 vaccine: Factory-in-a-box",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists and researchers across the world are hard at work developing a vaccine for Covid-19, but they aren’t the only ones trying to find solutions. Engineers like Professor Harris Makatsoris are also playing a central role in stopping the pandemic. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlong with post-doctoral researcher Dr Ioannis Alissandratos, Professor Makatsoris’ team at King’s College London (KCL) have developed a solution to manufacturing vaccines at a massive scale: a factory-in-a-box. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box minimises the space and equipment needed for making lots of vaccine doses all at once. This means that we could make tons of RNA-based vaccines, one of the types of vaccine that is being developed to combat Covid-19, almost anywhere around the world, at a much faster pace than would otherwise be possible. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RF0wCmGOfJo7al7ZI-DEDb5stFfdGQki7d8JG4wZGe1BIVefjr_5xUzxRfTjbxpBxLmQ0ZZ4Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box uses a computer to mix the fluids that make up a vaccine really efficiently and quickly. In fact, it can produce 600 doses every single minute. And, because it comes in a box, it can sit right on a desk!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub","The problem",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to get Covid-19 under control with a vaccine, we are going to need to vaccinate about 60% of the nearly 8 billion people on earth. Currently, we don’t even know how long immunity from a vaccine will last because Covid-19 is so brand new. We may need one or two doses, or it could be needed every year like the flu jab. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith current manufacturing capacity, we can make up to 5 billion vaccine doses every year, but at least 1.5 billion of those are set aside to tackle the flu. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJ4qtuEf_ZQ6neGUS1lTU8cIxDUg3El9jWqkktYr2m_NYN-E3fGxthGkOOfAP8-Jgiapsf-1Ub",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBuilding a full-scale vaccine manufacturing plant costs between US$150 million and US$300 million and will take at least a year or two to complete. Time is in short supply to tackle this global pandemic, but that’s where engineering comes in...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg","The engineering solution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box that the team at Kings are developing dramatically speeds up the production of RNA-based vaccines, which is one of the types of vaccine being developed to deal with Covid-19. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA-based vaccines work by introducing a tiny genetic code, containing instructions for the body on how to stimulate the immune system and protect us against the virus. The factory-in-a-box produces this type of vaccine by mimicking the natural way our bodies produce defences against viruses like Covid-19, but it does it much faster and in much greater quantities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7aqTN6QAtdvpmjlH5r7ybYoczjBV0A9oV-um8EUxJWFnVbCyc2bb116PhceVrTzu0LfwATg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is created by engineers and is a world first. It can create 600 vaccine doses in one minute, 30,000 in one hour or 300,000 in one full day! \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SB4OhZcCBABkNk4wOY9o2FkKblggZiZ4U84nc5OhqHa_E1xp42UMjyyndrZHZiP9r1sFRuGow","The engineers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is being built by a team of engineers from different backgrounds: chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and many others!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SB4OhZcCBABkNk4wOY9o2FkKblggZiZ4U84nc5OhqHa_E1xp42UMjyyndrZHZiP9r1sFRuGow",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWorking together and combining their knowledge of chemistry, fluid behaviours, data and analysis, they created this amazing device.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWH2NQ75BYoKgmSEoM25mNDMLgQiWGXAESUFS4Pg5Kgagj9AP5vlHexFttFlozv23YkNyfFMM","The Engineers: Harris Makatoris",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHarris is Professor of Sustainable Manufacturing Systems in the Department of Engineering at King’s College London. He and his research group combine mechanical engineering and process systems engineering with computer control to make high value chemicals more easily and efficiently. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QWH2NQ75BYoKgmSEoM25mNDMLgQiWGXAESUFS4Pg5Kgagj9AP5vlHexFttFlozv23YkNyfFMM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe has recently developed this work to include the manufacture of vaccines. Harris is also experienced in technology transfer to industry and has set up several university spinout companies. He is a graduate of Imperial College London and a Chartered Engineer. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbjCGGnWFLCeptgR30dz0HNk2UGnGtvtfN_CW5porlX1kBFKrD-ARjhxYIF2TkYBWe3FARstQ3","The engineers: Eleni Routoula",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEleni Routoula is a postdoctoral research associate in the Kings Department of Engineering. She works as part of Professor Makatsoris’s group and currently focuses on making the factory-in-a-box compliant with regulations and making it quick and easy to build.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QbjCGGnWFLCeptgR30dz0HNk2UGnGtvtfN_CW5porlX1kBFKrD-ARjhxYIF2TkYBWe3FARstQ3",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA big part of her job is ensuring that the quality of the vaccine produced through the factory-in-a-box in remote countries is going to be the same as the vaccine being produced in the UK. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TylyxCjL2Wz2Jht768CUTCQBvjzgyJu_06FcRpMoArCpJ4Rb4b48Y5WT9HVaC3-gVVWCJ-TkvD","The engineers: Rylan Cox",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRylan studied Mechanical Engineering at Brunel University, and continued his education at Cranfield University in Advanced Materials MSc. It was here he joined the Makatsoris group, where he helped drive costs down for pilot scale microalgae cultivation in novel continuous technologies. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TylyxCjL2Wz2Jht768CUTCQBvjzgyJu_06FcRpMoArCpJ4Rb4b48Y5WT9HVaC3-gVVWCJ-TkvD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRylan’s aim is to bridge the gap between biology and engineering, and to contribute to a circular economy. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbdbwwZvZ77tjrfht1GtSfSUFCZNzIx0Y71gBc_aCR_ZZaaBAvYlf3cg390E0FIKa68NTywA","The engineers: Ioannis Alissandratos",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr Ioannis Alissandratos is a post-doctoral research associate in the manufacturing and process engineering group in the Department of Engineering at King’s College London. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbdbwwZvZ77tjrfht1GtSfSUFCZNzIx0Y71gBc_aCR_ZZaaBAvYlf3cg390E0FIKa68NTywA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHis work focuses on improving smart manufacturing strategies for creating new vaccines. He and the team are currently in the middle of one of the biggest feats of engineering we may see in our time: building the factory-in-a-box. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA","Making a difference",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe factory-in-a-box is a world first. It boosts our ability to make substances like the Covid-19 vaccine and could reduce the cost and time we take to respond to pandemics in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis could be a game changer if we can roll it out in time. If it works, we could use it for other treatments too and we could respond to other viruses or diseases like cancer like never before. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4cGBNjCbG7_Ztv8QBauXzZiMaCAf6sT1nTGJjoARamYOxhaCSZs9ur-kEHt92MCQlRvcCEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the work of this team of engineers, the factory-in-a-box will enable us to create life-saving products on demand, right where they’re needed, in a way that avoids a lot of the challenges of normal manufacturing. It also removes any dependency on unreliable distribution networks in the event of an emergency. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLrha6VEo05kfNS6Ge113fgzeOLf0XxVMBmcqrolgN03Fxn2-GM5p-L26QjkRofYyRXEdI","A world first",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a single 24-hour shift, the factory-in-a-box can produce 300,000 vaccine doses. It doesn’t need anyone watching over it and monitoring the process, so it can churn out vaccines on the go.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QLrha6VEo05kfNS6Ge113fgzeOLf0XxVMBmcqrolgN03Fxn2-GM5p-L26QjkRofYyRXEdI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe UK has a population of about 65 million people, so if we placed just 60 of these devices across the country, we could create enough dosages to vaccinate everyone in just a few days.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiDFTpzURj8u6BBLHSZWU7AAAIygKjNoVLOoJ7BUBCeT3eZ-WL_5ppdwkrMeLksNDh8Nym0Tk","What's next?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eProfessor Makatsoris and his team are also working with Professor Robin Shattock, who leads Imperial’s Covid-19 RNA vaccine project. As soon as the factory-in-a-box is fully tested and approved for use, hospitals could house it on site. This means that approved vaccines could be produced right there where they are needed. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiDFTpzURj8u6BBLHSZWU7AAAIygKjNoVLOoJ7BUBCeT3eZ-WL_5ppdwkrMeLksNDh8Nym0Tk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis device can help us develop, test and scale a rapid response against any new pandemic thanks to the incredible manufacturing speed of the factory-in-a-box.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Vaccine Alliance","The international consortium facilitating access to vaccines","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJWh01uz0yJ1eggRye7uthqZNT5Q4Kh-022N9tq-yQvkY1nKm7u9-2lRBgEvHiwxgzaXGENxI","/story/BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RdJyJNJFRGP1bhLOptmbFC3K-qIZsZX7FLKwSUzL317BIjWcp48QSXTNgiAYtYkXYqCKt4ECE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi, the Vaccine Alliance, is an international consortium made up of various public and private entities whose main objective is to facilitate access to vaccines against infectious diseases in the least developed countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q732WZszp3z6-34wfHjBlCoK_4LByCsJ0PIjMpGsmgw8lODBWufGIKsMM1EVc_VHweqpiGrYI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith special attention to childhood vaccination, Gavi (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) estimates that, since its inception in 2000, it has immunized more than 760 million children worldwide, in addition to around 200 million more who have participated in sporadic vaccination campaigns.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the organization’s studies, it is estimated that its work has prevented the death of more than 13 million people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R3fOfMSuAnQ50SsPjYJfgobNLVqYD8wPaufbEbPJzuBVD9ZP3Y0C7RtH8G-jZ_sM8M-fc2849g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLaunched at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2000, Gavi was created on the initiative of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation –2006 Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation–, with the support of UNICEF –2006 Prince of Asturias Award for Concord–, the World Health Organization –2009 Prince Award Asturias International Cooperation– and the World Bank.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qr0JeG_PbuE7b-ALV87SrkEnECw1goULuvxiICu2eQ162vSjktdmm3P5gJx1Nuy2Pd-hs6MpXZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi’s operations network currently spans 73 countries and involves governments, associations, NGOs, development agencies, foundations, companies and other agencies worldwide.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOver the last two decades, it has ensured that practically half of the global population of children is protected via vaccination routines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RovaVYzkNQatxn16YKZHDa0LvWxGkFdWbNxXooK7HfZENhEymClfBAc7rM_YMgUfswDvVU0O-5",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to its work, the number of vaccines available to the inhabitants of the poorest countries has increased from 5 to 17, including the pentavalent vaccine, which protects against five diseases (including diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B), as well as the rotavirus, pneumococcus, meningococcal, cholera, typhus, measles, rubella, yellow fever and polio vaccines.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsgHf0s7XrxnrUJJsqnk5rzsRryEtOPLyO171MBWWrg_LXkdwCtWtb4dBikpJVMuStDdGzmA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt has even assisted in the development of the first Ebola vaccine to receive approval from the European Union and prequalification from the World Health Organization.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIts strategy also includes a long-term view of development aid, as the increase in life expectancy achieved through vaccination has an important economic return for the countries in which the organization operates.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2CxgJ6DrSq3hMlCsPEpktPIKFcvSDdBTWfqwe1Cr5pQxltjgPaQ0jlP36NfNfshzUr7rVYZoW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts work is characterized by applying innovative solutions to funding methods and to a new way of approaching the productive model employed in this industry.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qc9vxoivW8-hXNYTH0jQ7z01rcUc14AS271HTL98tdowg5xnbieiGEUrxg72f82l3o9pUfqIgY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFinancial and institutional instruments created by Gavi, such as the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIM) and the Advance Market Commitment (AMC), have made it possible to raise billions of dollars and foster rapid progress in the research and production of new vaccines and their introduction in the market, controlling both the price and adequate volumes of production.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q2K6DGS9N6b7t2Hr4wIVm29ruZjBE2aqGbuWHx9UKtfJ14TUZrMcMzfs_DTZ4SaEq1zJkd7ezb",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHeld online this June, Gavi’s third donor pledging conference, the Global Vaccine Summit, saw governments, companies and institutions commit to contributing a total of 8,800 million dollars –50 million from the Government of Spain– to immunize more than 300 million children in the world’s poorest countries by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0vNKUN_Az_3jeXaA_Ue4lFh-AER9ru5YOhWqUKRMHI7Rads9UdXYgmaFSQEwLg2VH1AjfJQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGavi’s work contributes directly to the achievement of 14 of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals and aims to reach the figure of 1.1 billion immunized minors and 22 million deaths prevented by 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qv_w07IBcSLIP2TUpXAvAgbjR67wNjUUzU-vKG7hBf-nPzMIQUW1wjvObjj35W8WETWTVmtO4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis year, Gavi has allocated more than $200 million to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries, mainly in Africa and Asia.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Geneva-based organization created the Vaccine Hero Award in 2018, which it grants annually to entities and individuals for their outstanding work in support of this alliance’s global vaccination mission. Gavi received the Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award (USA) in 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,null,null,[null,"BVIpfmV-4yc"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eReading of the minutes of the jury for the 2020 Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"sjmcd5y8z-8"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","The Path of The First Vial","From production to the arm of a Canadian healthcare worker","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RixkEzSsrj7rsc_HjgPzfoMMIZR5r8EwtvTohcLSRonFoF9H8OQVY1s5bfFsB0_ocq3axH_b5n","/story/KwVhBiMtc_WRWA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"KwVhBiMtc_WRWA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//1867+St.+Laurent+Boulevard%0A%0AOttawa,+Ontario,+K1G+5A3%0ACanada/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4cce0f0e3256ca3b:0x77a7002790f7453f!2m2!1d-75.6189059!2d45.403509899999996?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://ingeniumcanada.org/cstm","1867 St. Laurent Boulevard\n\nOttawa, Ontario, K1G 5A3\nCanada",45.4035099,-75.6189059,"Ottawa, Ontario, Canada",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLWdTc6lD_jW6C1nuyFoJUcULC13FG45bJ5hrbVcG8sdSqkeWtwjCM8GVb-3N_Yk2U8CX04eI",675,676,0],"/partner/canada-science-and-technology-museum"],[[["",null,null,null,[null,"Ktuw7nfbvzE",null,null,null,0]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,"Clusters","EditorialSection:a74c0042-3bc0-4bae-b07e-c8382a84ca14",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_17"];window.INIT_data['SvInfo:870acedd-d226-42f7-8fca-f7df6fe3d58e'] = ["stella.svi",-22.89413855723354,-43.17943117976521,"CAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E\u003d",14.252924140517536,-6.30981670163888,null,null,"//maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/streetview?size\u003d1200x1000\u0026pano\u003dZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ\u0026heading\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026pitch\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026fov\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sensor\u003dfalse\u0026client\u003dgoogle-cultural\u0026signature\u003dZ0QBMYaA_NlS0ZYVzjrbroTLXtA",0,116.04669381110585,"/streetview?sv_pid\u003dCAISFlpSaVFPZ1VBUmdvQUFBUkl3cktQa1E%3D\u0026sv_f\u003d116.04669381110585\u0026sv_h\u003d14.252924140517536\u0026sv_p\u003d-6.30981670163888\u0026sv_lat\u003d-22.89413855723354\u0026sv_lng\u003d-43.17943117976521",null,null,[2,"ZRiQOgUARgoAAARIwrKPkQ"],"SvInfo:870acedd-d226-42f7-8fca-f7df6fe3d58e"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:eab9bb00-76f8-462d-b2d3-2882f1d4c75a'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Vaccines vs. viruses",null,null,null,null,1],47,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Viruses","How much do you know about viruses?","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7umNBJDBq3eOEQ1Qa_efvjcMZh1Axsvb5t7TEa_KHVNUnhWrptSfQzMOvN0mmO7Rty_O-k4mu","/story/TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["","Discovery",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePrior to the invention of electron microscopy in 1931, a number of scientists had theories about the existence of viruses. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEven though the microscopes of this time couldn’t be used to see these causative agents, many researchers believed something even tinier than what they were able to view was present. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Tobacco Mosaic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky ruled out bacteria as the cause of a plant-borne illness called tobacco mosaic and hypothesized that what caused the illness was an organism even more microscopic.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Infected Leaf",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe infected cell would be corrupted, forced to host the infection, and unable to perform its original function. The existence of the virus was confirmed after the invention of electron-illuminated magnification. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Healthy Cells",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCross-section of a healthy leaf under a microscope. The high-powered microscope can reveal detail up to 10 million times the actual size of the specimen. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Infected Cells",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCross-section of a leaf, infected with tobacco mosaic under a microscope. Using this tool, the tobacco mosaic virus was finally able to be seen with the human eye. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Electron Microscope",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAn electron microscope can reveal magnifications of up to approximately 10 million times the original size of the specimen. Depending on the type of electron microscope, images can be viewed in 2D or 3D.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Microscope View",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe tobacco mosaic virus as seen under an electron microscope. It can be recognized by its rigid and orderly rods. Although it was first seen in tobacco, this virus can infect over 350 types of plants.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Virus Structure",[null,"\u003cp\u003eViruses, like cells, contain genetic material as well as proteins. Viruses exist in the form of independent particles, known as virions. All virions contain either DNA or RNA, which is encapsulated and protected by a protein coat called a capsid.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Structure",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe tobacco mosaic virus is composed of a strand of RNA and surrounded by a capsid, which resembles fish scales. Viruses are constructed differently depending on what kinds of cells they target for infection.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Bacteriophage",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA bacteriophage is a virus that infects a bacteria cell. It contains a strand of DNA in the head of a turkey baster–shaped capsid. There are 2 basic types of capsids: rod-shaped and spherical.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Tail Fibers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt uses spiderlike tail fibers to attach to cells with matching receptors. Thе tail is a hollow tubе through which thе nuclеic acid passеs during infеction. Thе sizе of thе tail can vary, and somе phagеs do not еvеn havе a tail structurе.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","T4 Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThе T4 bactеriophagе is among thе largеst phagеs, еncoding roughly 200 gеnеs. This virus that infеcts E. coli bacteria has been widely studied and has helped scientists better understand genetics.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","HIV",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHere we see HIV finding and infecting a human cell. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is passed only through direct contact with another person\u0026#39;s body fluids.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Virus Reproduction",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to replicate, the virus has to infect a living cell. Whether the host cell will be bacteria, plant, or animal depends on the virus. Viruses target specific receptors on individual cells. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnce the virus infects a cell, it takes over the control center of the cell: the cell’s genetic material. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe DNA or RNA inside the virus reprograms the host cell’s DNA or RNA, forcing the infected cell to produce more infected cells through the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Lytic Cycle",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the beginning of the lytic cycle, a virus looks for and finds matching receptors on a cell. This is the method it uses to gain entry into the cell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Self-Replication",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus then uses the cell’s machinery to build copies of itself. Afterwards, the copies are released from the cell so they can find other cells to infect.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Lysogenic Cycle",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the lysogenic cycle, the virus still has to find matching receptors on a living cell to gain entry. Once again, the virus’s DNA or RNA reprograms the infected cell’s genetic material.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Reproduction",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the last phase of the lytic and lysogenic cycles, the infected cell reproduces. Going forward now, future generations of the infected cell will also be infected. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Transmission",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn humans and animals, viruses can be spread through contact with an infected person, object, or animal. Not all viruses can be contracted by that means because a virus can only enter cells that have its matching receptors. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis selectivity is why some viruses are called blood-borne, meaning they are only transmitted through contamination with blood and other bodily fluids. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOther viruses are airborne, traveling through the air. They float, clinging to dust particles or water droplets until they reach a cell to infect.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Bless You!",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA passenger on a plane sneezes openly and sends infected particles into the cabin. Because of the small confined area, those particles enter the space of other passengers, putting them at risk of breathing in the virus and becoming infected.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Contamination",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA passenger sneezed into his hand and then opened the overhead compartment. This action contaminated the object as well as all the following people who touched it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Ticks and Lyme Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eA tick lands on a person, and then penetrates their skin. This is how the tick transmits the Lyme Disease virus into a person’s bloodstream.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Common Human Viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCommon human diseases caused by viruses include the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, and cold sores. Many serious diseases are also the result of viruses, such as Ebola fever, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). \u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Itchy Itchy Chickenpox",[null,"\u003cp\u003eChickenpox (Varicella) is mоst cоmmоn in kids under age 12, but anyоne can get this highly contagious rash with blisters that look like dew on a rose petal. Caused by the varicella-zoster virus, it’s closely related to the herpes simplex viruses.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Cold Sores",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome viruses, such as herpes, which can cause cold sores, may exist relatively harmlessly within an organism. They remain dormant in the body for periods of time, also called latency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Latent Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis is an example of a cell containing a latent viral infection. It contains the genetic material of the virus but the virus is not actively using the cell to replicate.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Active Infection",[null,"\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B and C are viruses which can cause lifelong or chronic infections. These viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host\u0026#39;s defense mechanisms. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePeople chronically infected are known as carriers, because they can potentially contaminate others for the rest of their lives. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Outbreaks",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMaps can be used to show a representation of the presence of a virus across a geographical area. Virus outbreaks are categorized as endemic, sporadic, epidemic, or pandemic, depending on where they are found and how fast they spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["","Prevention and Treatment",[null,"\u003cp\u003eBecause viruses use host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eliminate without using drugs that would be toxic to the host. 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Where does the coronavirus name come from? What weapons does the virus possess? We already know a lot about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Genetic profile and first identification",[null,"\u003cp\u003eRNA composed of a single strand of 30,000 bases. 1. december 2019 - fish market in Wuhan - China\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Weapon",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpike protein (S protein). This protein binds to specific receptors on the host cell, through which it enters the cell... like a key in a lock!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ToYy5pkvQcXbHJwkAygomE8EcTAlwXRXBX80Fb5n1A6lkIb3d_lH3XtE8M0ROcjbk2FQUM4Q","Crimes committed",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAgent of Covid-19 disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Curriculum vitae",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this illustration table is represented the history of coronavirus spread and its \u0026quot;evolutionary skills\u0026quot; and its ability to replicate and to continue to spread.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Travels",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt\u0026#39;s assumed that Sars-CoV-2 came from China, but how it spread, we can only imagine...\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RS9eV0x3Pv_q2NDhZG88Jh-3aXzGh93D471Xw3VpriuDe5Zd71qJQvPPc-JGOdrtxtR0y9IQ","Skills",[null,"\u003cp\u003eVariants of Sars-CoV-2 are also developing, we will learn about their characteristics and effect on people over time\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","The Disease",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe know well the prominent aspects of the COVID-19 illness: the way the virus infects our cells, which symptoms occur and why some people can lose their sense of smell.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","How does the infection happen?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe virus uses cell to reproduce damaging the cell in the process\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QeVt-o9gzMgIX4lWL4a5jd7XnwaN1mQuYCqORMchtsFCCzjE7NAG02QLReNeDPBrNverATlA","Affected organs",[null,"\u003cp\u003eLungs, kidneys, liver, hearth, brain, intestines\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","I'm doing my part, too - Scientist",[null,"\u003cp\u003eScientists quickly found the most effective solutions to contain the infections and prevent and treat the disease. Let’s see how vaccines –the only tool ever invented to produce acquired immunity to a particular pathogen– work!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Vaccines",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey cause an immune response and creates a memory of immunity, so the body is ready to respond to future infections\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TEwYzrRXP0UhQA4LffdOSybeBPkhMMZwUamI9KYMGGakdaFBHjuCsZfE75huvc9u9h6AuZ6mgZ","Herd immunity",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIs the ability of a group to resist an infection because a large percentage of the group has immunity\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","I'm doing my part, too - Doctor",[null,"\u003cp\u003eDoctors are also the key players in the central section of this story. They are involved in managing this global emergency, saving many lives and continuing to take care of many patients at the hospital but also at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","Are vaccines safe?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs with any drug, vaccines can also have undesired side effects, which are nevertheless rarer than complications due to the disease\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkvUrgPS51rFuJ3alCo6QUmCCGsLv2S-cZP9n-KEJ0HdJ1hVFtilpC_2dGp22DPnkkmK9JIt8","In-hospital care? Yes, but also at home!"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","I'm doing my part, too - Politician",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pandemic has demonstrated that politics holds great responsibility for people\u0026#39;s lives. The political decisions may seem to conflict with human freedom and rights but, in this global emergency, we are all called upon to protect our health and the health of people around us\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5X2MkQ_7L-R8SHf8F-EtdGnMInPy_Xs_IZgCCKYsNghIzVJY8bB2x4nd3LGdkFuNduEE3","Politic always implies biopolitic",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIts purpose is to discipline bodies and regulate populations. Political choices affect our freedoms, rights and duties, and also our access to a life that is healthy and full of meaning\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","I'm doing my part, too - Communicator",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a great desire to understand and learn more. 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What principles should communication be based on? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","Infodemic"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S0Tu-lFqgKTCLdf4PtQiOx7CadBxyY0bO4FVznXGEcpO8aiF1bdbZ5IBnxA-4A5pS82q7mnSY","How do you get informed?"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","The Coronavirus has made us understand that",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe appearance of the COVID-19 disease has uncovered what we already knew but did not want to face: the urgency of directing efforts towards more sustainable and resilient models of society and development.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Pan-sindemia"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLfUVagin3_Z4PenwisG4ezy_tvExcZ-PXiZPzS9BoSiBJHeBYF95ufxXKXpz-l2g24DJ8bcGg","Time has already run out"]]]],["A jewel","A spot","A crown","A star"],2,null,null,null,"Covid-19's virions look like...","Clue: this is the reason why is called Coronavirus"],null,null,13,"Quiz","EditorialSection:0c0d6f96-e082-4c25-b28b-0644bd1f7cf0",null,"cu_edi_11","cu_edi_12"];window.INIT_data['MicroscopeImage:051b321a-86b4-4023-9e55-1b574fcd71c4'] = ["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:051b321a-86b4-4023-9e55-1b574fcd71c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY","jQs-F47u4a46BoLSxNsv4fDJDRE",[0.5,0.5,0,1.3005873,0.9578629],null,null,null,[3809,2557]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:c961c8c6-9bff-45b1-a9e1-09af46769a47'] = ["stella.edit.sect",null,28,"#FFFFFF",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.","Louis Pasteur, French Chemist and Microbiologist","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmbXXzVqgpZZWG8kXOu2RZa63QcXrh5U318Fn38J9VWk0R2DkxM7a-pzPxpAjX5ZoUQJuS8GeA","",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11,"Quotes","EditorialSection:c961c8c6-9bff-45b1-a9e1-09af46769a47",null,"cu_edi_15","cu_edi_16",null,["stella.microscopeimage",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QtJMmbZEr7zRpomqUcSXqlRz2B1CLV302Uzl6y-MW_fiOITZ4M8WniHGVZEs_IZWRfl47uWw"]];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:febe15ee-8fbe-4f20-be61-b7e1e62bce6e'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["What causes infections?",null,null,null,null,1],17,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Viruses","On Earth for millions of years","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ","/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:2318823e-f2f5-4a26-9045-4129f5c0d906","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ","OK8hkmVF6oAe8kHpb_h5WhIWDgA",[0.5,0.5,0,1.3178992,1.0171863],null,null,null,[6860,4395]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"JgURUoGBE7VmVg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Invalidenstra%C3%9Fe+43%0A10115+Berlin%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x47a85194aaaae5dd:0x7bd0323eded9828c!2m2!1d13.379175499999999!2d52.5305726?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/","Invalidenstraße 43\n10115 Berlin\nGermany",52.5305726,13.379175499999999,"Berlin, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QBrdY5z1L0DbXCC9KtAkEqO6S410s3ASmVnjLLZH1LmAcW6F87hHzYtiByrsQU8BDFt_cgRg",300,300,0],"/partner/museum-fuer-naturkunde-berlin"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBg9PA_eVnQOTSe2MeKQHq_mBYjMhLEnZGkcmAcRTmH8VKCXsdap8idF1foiMfOTMMOXxAfOM","The time traveler",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSomething was wrong with those bones, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/yara-haridy-time-traveler\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eYara Haridy\u003c/a\u003e was sure. The caudal vertebrae of the lizard-like animal that lived in the Permian – 289 million years ago! – were fused together in an unusual way.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RIJPPulOMaPa9AcQtGClp8n8MpAl8N0cg3B1vqliXizg__iNnA_dZxZ0MNBC9WAiOeizSUI3g","Strange bones",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe paleontologist from \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eBerlin’s natural history museum\u003c/a\u003e felt over the seam. Had a disease caused the two vertebrae to fuse? And could this possibly be detected inside the bone? She decided to pursue her curiosity – and found clues about the oldest viruses in the world!\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKUNva7hrc7RY1w0Dcz4P6voOCsqyaWgL2m-N9oKyBFluJyqSNhQ7lNNDohj2CSn3XCFoMOw","The discovery of the past",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2019, together with colleagues from Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Charité Berlin and University of Toronto, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/museum-fur-naturkunde-berlin-detects-oldest-viruses-history-earth\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eshe published her results\u003c/a\u003e: The animal suffered from a bone condition similar to Paget’s disease, identified in an isolated pair of tail vertebrae discovered in an Early Permian cave at Richards Spur, Oklahoma.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SaAMeXdTdvf6OjM4R2jwQY_1k01_xZYNV4F-0JD4GkBDat1fuM-IELFjtUPJ-ZcBb3evvVMA","Cutting-edge research",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMicro-CT scanning at the Museum für Naturkunde allowed to examine both the external and internal structure of the elements, revealing that in some places the bone had been thinned by high levels of reabsorption, while in other areas excessive bone growth had resulted in abnormal bone thickening and the ultimate fusion of the two vertebrae.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKt5-pL7cmjDmo_VY3QUkXZjCBUEq17OwC41zVkIdeaDkqqh9GhMlsHPhjOMrOMFgKAgKRIp0","Jurassic viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the researchers, this condition is most similar to Paget’s disease, a bone metabolic disorder marked by a breakdown in communication between bone building cells and bone destroying cells. Paget’s disease is commonly seen today in the hips and vertebrae of humans and has been diagnosed in other living mammals and reptiles as well as one Early Jurassic dinosaur fossil. The disease has been linked to both a genetic factor and measles-like virus, though its precise cause remains controversial.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QKt5-pL7cmjDmo_VY3QUkXZjCBUEq17OwC41zVkIdeaDkqqh9GhMlsHPhjOMrOMFgKAgKRIp0","Indirect evidences",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith only two vertebrae preserved, it is impossible to say how widespread the disease was in this animal’s body. If it was restricted to the tail, the animal may only have suffered minor pain and stiffness. However, this discovery marked the oldest known occurrence of a Paget-like disease – and suggests that susceptibility to such disorders was already present in our early Permian cousins. It is also the by far oldest \u003ci\u003eindirect\u003c/i\u003e evidence of virus in Earth’s history.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Who's got it right?",[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne thesis says that viruses are genes that have become independent – chromosome particles that can no longer be controlled by the host cells. Or did they develop from bacteria by losing cell building blocks? \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Companions of evolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to a third popular hypothesis, the first existing cell in the history of the Earth was already infected with viruses. In this case, they would have accompanied all evolutionary steps until today and were constantly producing new forms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SuWxI2Tq1eq5IUEVIKWlxxwcry-3D0tLNNM8hrC62mPhY_NP-fLPOsuTc2emTLDpvr4sGBs_o","Viruses and bacteria",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe latest research results assume that viruses and bacteria are very close to each other. So-called megaviruses were discovered that are larger than bacteria and already have building blocks to be able to carry out protein synthesis – which is actually reserved for bacteria as living beings.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxYfGMwRGZy95oWhZZe5iShLsiRXhw2unZeGMcNcB0WvtYkoIXkwpQqEw8ooLxL3Mk-8ivq4o","Mutation and evolution",[null,"\u003cp\u003eCharles Darwin once said that under today\u0026#39;s conditions one can no longer understand the beginning of life. The current state of research is: the Earth was formed 4.5 billion years ago and the first biomolecule 3.8 billion years ago. Scientists still disagree on how these riboenzymes came about. Some believe life came from outer space. These molecules had the ability to duplicate and multiply by adding new molecules, they made copies of themselves. Sometimes that didn\u0026#39;t work properly, there were mutations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SkhHcqHbad7NBHk91T8zGV6TN0DsEl5m3KBnsAXKId-M-qcdrgR6W3s_nlK2Jzz_hVGgqFXA","Quite a long time!",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe first viruses arose before all life. Over time, they adapted to new hosts. The oldest evidence of bacteria is found, for example, in so-called stromatolites, the oldest of which are 3.6 billion years old and were found in Australia. A direct proof of ancient viruses, however, is still not known.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ROkmhnLGDVHu5pfX1Ym-pOrk4K9rWbieuiEMTk0xrn2cuTCQOznm1GoqzYDjXedXvsuSju","The evolution of diseases",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn one field of its research, all types of diseases that manifest themselves in the skeleton of fossil vertebrates are studied – just like Yara Haridy and her team did with the lizard-like animal: paleopathology.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QPv6dOfEZrqgACI4EtUeJ_Hd4yhZEyhI500Oy5gdm3GCTouiGS-KlRw-7_fovr-nd-_j19Sg","Paleopathology",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/science/palaeopathology-fossil-vertebrates\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ePaleopathology\u003c/a\u003e opens a view into the depths of prehistoric times, asks questions about the evolutionary origin and the history of diseases and seeks answers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKsvFG7GGRk7DuX-Wg3VXJEmnyqAhLpGkkzVrnw08fcDn0Curpsu_D6YrX-qOCcbysf5n7vAU","Prehistoric diseases",[null,"\u003cp\u003eAnother object of research, for instance, was Tristan Otto, the famous Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientists examined peculiar swellings at its jaw bones – possibly originating from an infection.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SE1D1ebdbKLDTqJyyPvS43iqVmLcNQi1eyfrIgRMoWdyjl2ouwNmWMT13u7ewdx2aArJjyqw","Triassic \"cancer\"",[null,"\u003cp\u003eMoreover, an international team of paleontologists with the participation of the Museum für Naturkunde, published a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/press/press-releases/bone-cancer-discovered-oldest-known-turtle\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ecancerous disease\u003c/a\u003e of \u003ci\u003ePappochelys rosinae\u003c/i\u003e, a specimen of the oldest turtle in the world from the Triassic period 240 million years ago.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QL963Ido0jaEPruZBWhUiGp9Bat_8VnKq7Nxhszf4TN8EKIcTGUOdX3V3Jlsbkg8-JgvKkxVA","Never ending science",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn this way, scientists continue finding clues to how viruses may have affected life on Earth. One could say that what happened during the Cold War – a mutual arms race – has been practiced by them for millions of years. It cannot be the intention of a virus to kill the host because that would mean its end.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgSOmt8xYj_HskYVVpKBHnYPFpjzY5aGqKbUGcyrgc5469lCMhFsGtthqDlBkGzsCsqUQYfUU","There are viruses... and viruses",[null,"\u003cp\u003eTherefore, in the course of evolutionary interrelationships, there are mutual adjustments, further developments and adjustments again. Sometimes a large number and variety of hosts are available, as is the case with rabies, which can affect many warm-blooded animals. Sometimes the host would become more resilient or the virus not as aggressive – the cold virus, for example.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QYCOC_TtiEk53JZEpCvse2sX0jquT8pRjM2VsnxnDBpOgcYeFzOoVB5cNaBRMAsD0eAkCWav8","Eternal coexistence",[null,"\u003cp\u003eResearchers have been able to prove that viruses have enormously accelerated evolution. Some even see viruses as the engine of evolution, in which viruses have contributed to the exchange of genetic material from the beginning hundreds of millions of years ago.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Bacteria","The incredible world of superbugs","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg6vXsmIXto4aCR2LE9LuxjvTd26PwoI8ZK1DCzqYMPauMRJA8ocJAVqfKi4AUN1U3QxTzEU1j","/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"Story"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"4wWBJL6llDB1Lg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk","Exhibition Road\nSouth Kensington\nLondon\n\nLondon\nSW7 2DD\nUnited Kingdom",51.49803,-0.174502,"London, United Kingdom",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TR9z8P-uQiC011qrEm4ZbfJuua3vnQRnrsQzfry8YF0etufOdGxSwvcCu_CHvNzJ_9xRc1Jw\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,00000000ffffff39",840,331,1],"/partner/science-museum"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TJKY9C4eS1DtfwEV0DM_5dPT064oi-kfQIu62iSxa3Ib_g5-HdMjOGdg6S1nOwoRN0I1Dbe-eI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout five thousand people in England die every year from infections that are resistant to antibiotics, and about 700 thousand people worldwide\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy 2050, we expect antibiotic resistant infections to overtake cancer as a cause of death, killing 10 million people every year. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSuperbugs looks at how bacteria become resistant, how these incredible creatures are changing the world, and what we can do about it.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,"Stories","EditorialSection:febe15ee-8fbe-4f20-be61-b7e1e62bce6e",null,"cu_edi_1","cu_edi_8"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:c9dfd98d-295a-4259-9fb8-ac0a444b7b1e'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Pandemics around the world","A history of public health challenges",null,null,null,1],50,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Outbreaks in India","Epidemics in connected world","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8","/story/YAUB9APzhQ0INA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:4fae6546-b2eb-4289-9a64-b027efbeb7c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8","rzehumEurNDolk9rIDy9a253nTo",[0.46320918,0.3913709,0,0.92641836,0.6307446],null,null,null,[3192,2264]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"YAUB9APzhQ0INA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"http://ncsm.gov.in","33, Block - GN, \nSector - V, \nBidhan Nagar,\n\nKolkata, 700 091\nIndia",22.5395731,88.3962192,"Kolkata, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJmthSUgFLsoU31ucLCcq0VyDzgyk9u53h2c0Sq-Or1Zhu5dNXyFW4SaPsspith7xcQz-SSshx",585,585,0],"/partner/national-council-of-science-museums"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QlDKJnBeVuOuQSxuwcX5AobjOJpSYmHo1r-m3i-_GIXBxqXAsdnT9kny_csL8EpLyNkLX9jw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe risk of death after contracting the disease was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R9slAntoMqJT7gufxIK_pXU0zZyBkvctAkO8ha1nKF30cbserriqh9dVYVDx7mxy6l7peEnU4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSmallpox was caused by infection with \u003ci\u003eVariola virus\u003c/i\u003e, which belongs to the family \u003ci\u003ePoxviridae\u003c/i\u003e, subfamily \u003ci\u003eChordopoxvirinae\u003c/i\u003e, and genus \u003ci\u003eOrthopoxvirus\u003c/i\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjDSJFb6em-M5C95o__OQCZnG-auSKK7pMevPukJM-EuNBcYhdrY3gB3nllBt9Zo7vbFEmwQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBubonic and septicaemic plague are generally spread by flea bites or handling an infected animal. The pneumonic form is generally spread between people through the air via infectious droplets. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosis is typically by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RrNw3Qdqy8YedcDo0-nOy2zuwobrz5utDnT_nAbJxCg8ig8AkjLd_bZVsuZEgjimmpxO-kk2A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThose at high risk may be vaccinated. Those exposed to a case of pneumonic plague may be treated with preventive medication. If infected, treatment is with antibiotics and supportive care. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTypically, antibiotics include a combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone. The risk of death with treatment is about 10% while without it is about 70%.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QcbmexFDEsFjQJVRyjI2xgZWZlUGsmHZUOS886zd_0aKUVKvT1soUqCz7N76XP0hssqQjFZQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eCholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human faeces containing the bacteria. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eUndercooked seafood is a common source. Humans are the only animal affected. Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, and poverty.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QO1DsPfS-soLdu-tV9dfWV256JSCxZ12aojY4S7_V1FxfyYTb4sGFRLhlHbPDHW-GzB2Bh8xI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends focusing on prevention, preparedness, and response to combat the spread of cholera.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSterilization\u003c/b\u003e: Proper disposal and treatment of all materials that may have come into contact with cholera victims\u0026#39; faeces (e.g., clothing, bedding, etc.) are essential. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWater purification\u003c/b\u003e: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, chlorination, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization, etc.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QHWuIa8BFtVTaMUwNZTpLvNORSJmbzf3ruo3Re3zwc50mFM0PGq0_Fc4S8G3zQJ7Zrd7ntUT8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qib4oeB3-kU6zFjRnqfv_POujvAI7iffpI6Hx5u72uSDzYu0YvTbbupcyNkUH2R6vVCnbYnDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInfections can be prevented from occurring in homes as well. In order to reduce their chances to contract an infection, individuals are recommended to maintain a good hygiene by washing their hands after every contact with questionable areas or bodily fluids and by disposing of garbage at regular intervals to prevent germs from growing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tp8n-pdapW8LpKkcQA3hFAmNm0jx5UEi-eRVVfOAguy1Hnc0UDPq8pFQSo7K7pMcYbNvlAzwg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHealth care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDepending on regulation, recommendation, the specific work function, or personal preference, healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B; influenza; measles, mumps and rubella; Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis; N. meningitidis; and varicella.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlBsURnzspBmJXThEDM2gbipk6-ZGMZWxKW5vH3lB7LglFi83qLaJxLGK3nVXiAzDMj1U4mw","Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana",[null,"\u003cp\u003ePradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana of the Government of India aims to provide free access to healthcare for 50 crore people in the country. People using the program access their own primary care services from a family doctor. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlBsURnzspBmJXThEDM2gbipk6-ZGMZWxKW5vH3lB7LglFi83qLaJxLGK3nVXiAzDMj1U4mw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen anyone needs additional care, then PM-JAY provides free secondary health care for those needing specialist treatment and tertiary health care for those requiring hospitalization. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe programme is part of the Indian government\u0026#39;s National Health Policy. It was launched in September 2018 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. That ministry later established the National Health Authority as an organization to administer the program.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt is a centrally sponsored scheme and is jointly funded by both the federal government and the states. By offering services to 50 crore (500 million) people it is the world\u0026#39;s largest government sponsored healthcare program. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T6u6MYxRABmLWEzX5wmiDzlQIgWHOZpD3TetGo6zjDDrb7TREXrfpCGBHajC_PumgMH1Vo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe program is a poverty alleviation programme as its users are people with low income in India.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ReyHsbkyj6sQTGTRLQHatzXVNkccvseap2QHjxNiUq6HC2E9oaV_MaZLA092M2kiTiMKtV","Polio Eradication",[null,"\u003cp\u003eEradicating polio in India was a feat of dedication, commitment and simply doubling down on immunization activities. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGiven India’s vast population, tropical climate in many parts of the country, and other environmental challenges, it would be easy to imagine that if polio couldn’t be stopped, India would be the place to fail.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ReyHsbkyj6sQTGTRLQHatzXVNkccvseap2QHjxNiUq6HC2E9oaV_MaZLA092M2kiTiMKtV",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter all, India constituted over 60% of all global polio cases as recently as 2009.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxOOWtZzRXY25aXu5DFFFjDJUYGP1uppEgrBADQzF2-o2YePNYY6dZaNJIMXt_ezpVqhY5RzKW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, in 2014, India was officially declared polio-free, along with the rest of the South-East Asia Region. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RxOOWtZzRXY25aXu5DFFFjDJUYGP1uppEgrBADQzF2-o2YePNYY6dZaNJIMXt_ezpVqhY5RzKW",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThanks to the singular commitment of the Indian Government at all levels, partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, notably WHO, Rotary International and UNICEF, polio was tackled head-on. India has not had a case single case of wild polio virus since 2011.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RCC-97Bq_ples7Fho5EzvHDizanw8qdUgigM4iVUPeDzFv4R_HWq8EQzmckkK-eUHqrwB8G2Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe objective is to strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory-based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RATFpiVJfVVxQF8l63XW8GNhX80GVe_fCjX154XTe0FXu6PU255zGVvMDdUx1-nqjbPgFPPNE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 2006, the Public Health Foundation of India was started by the Prime Minister of India as both a private and public initiative. The goal of this organisation is to incorporate more public health policies and diverse professionals into web the healthcare sphere.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZBuSUJEjmq7RBNA6_lW2mhbzaY0gsWyTwutMp1Op5x3UzC25I4UYWo3kUcW2Aej7wV9my8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt also collaborates with international public health organisations to gather more knowledge and direct discussions around needs and improvements to the current system. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZBuSUJEjmq7RBNA6_lW2mhbzaY0gsWyTwutMp1Op5x3UzC25I4UYWo3kUcW2Aej7wV9my8g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e Oftentimes officials in policy making positions have a gap in their education about public health, and MPH and PhD programs in public health are lacking in their number of students and resources. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Public Health Foundation aims to further these programs and educate more people in this field. The research discovered would be made transparent to the Indian public at large, so that the entire nation is aware of health standards in the country\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Conquering Epidemics in Germany","From the archives of the Jewish Museum of Berlin","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZUsfMkBulCMIqk5rpbYMkkcngP4AG3cK0ZK3EHKYQB-HuXee_JPayXrwrJx0IPTMMo8sLOD8","/story/pQWBGUSC8h42bQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:00b22062-a7e2-44e7-98a3-9b7bd40444e5","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZUsfMkBulCMIqk5rpbYMkkcngP4AG3cK0ZK3EHKYQB-HuXee_JPayXrwrJx0IPTMMo8sLOD8","pzpTCotovBd5YxnaMm8Sj6T0r_k",[0.5,0.4504744,0,1.2577648,0.86733276],null,null,null,[1285,921]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"pQWBGUSC8h42bQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,1,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Lindenstra%C3%9Fe+9-14%0A10969+Berlin%0AGermany/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x47a851d53dd14af9:0x4c2cd254ede6304f!2m2!1d13.3954469!2d52.5023115?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","http://www.jmberlin.de/main/EN/homepage-EN.php","Lindenstraße 9-14\n10969 Berlin\nGermany",52.50231149999999,13.395446900000001,"Berlin, Germany",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tbi9fGL43cHvaU_p1po6Kob4fn4fSuDZpDsKxhWehWeGhavWxxE4EFLsGw6eV6q4Bbkv18BkU",2000,850,0],"/partner/jewish-museum-berlin"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RfGlIdW3pGBqWwbff08iHFXdGX6H1kRo_QYTuFo7FfulBNMvOn3Wyxr091MbswPPd47wVU8Pk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen the Bubonic Plague was raging across Europe, in the mid-fourteenth century, people tried to protect themselves by covering their faces with cloth or using fragrant herbs and rosewater. There were no effective treatments, although people hoped that bloodletting and emetics would expel the pathogens from the body. During the epidemic, the sick were isolated, their houses were marked, or they were banished to lodging\u0026#39;s outside the cities. During the epidemic, the sick were isolated, their houses were marked, or they were banished to lodging\u0026#39;s outside the cities. A third of the European population died of the plague.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBut the illness was not the only thing spreading: so were conspiracy theories. Jews received most of the blame for causing the “Black Death.” In many cases, accusations of poisoning wells lead to murderous pogroms.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S1rAwNzszOYggXTrihqGNAonzzKlnCawwZD_p3mG2tBHybz-UGztbOXv0vBcuwQ2r4f8xnKfE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA registry of pupils at the Jewish School of Emden, which was maintained from 1890 to 1940, includes a meticulous record of each pupil’s vaccination date.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGvzkRRlzwaTf2Lga0A5HBrdR6fGNMwkzwHTjmP3LgotQZp1V0GnMQ_my0oQtHeQ4runOQqBU","The Reich Vaccine Law of 1874",[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 8 April 1874, the German Empire introduced mandatory vaccinations with the Reich Vaccine law. This was during the aftermath of the major smallpox epidemics of 1870 and 1873. From then on, the smallpox immunization was obligatory for children “before the completion of the calendar year following the year of birth” and another booster vaccination was required at age eleven. If they failed to comply, the parents or guardians faced a fine or even imprisonment. The vaccine was free of charge.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOur Archive preserves vaccine certificates for these smallpox immunizations from the entire territory of the German Empire. The forms are mostly similar, but varied somewhat by region and time period. The form for the first infant vaccination was typically red, whereas the one for the booster shot was green. Usually the documents list the vaccinated person’s name and date of birth, the date of the vaccination, and the name of the physician administering the vaccine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-aCs15PYR_7cH9nrhK-2eGQeo4ihxZcxbjp4blMM6RE6rXvYXF8AJilkDJVixd3PX5DYw81jd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDozens – in fact, hundreds – of vaccine certificates from the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, and the Nazi era have been preserved in family collections. Since 1874, there have usually been two surviving vaccine records per person. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RSl2Y_fMv1lvjnrg5gvzrVG4NF8d-2cG4DdnEh91Sr6nhmiuc32HTK3cuXg37yrQjCQxfcE8H4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor Ruth Grabowski (1907–1981) from Berlin, we even have five – because according to the forms, she was vaccinated “unsuccessfully” three times and the vaccination had to be repeated the following year.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sc2WEWMuDvOSQ6S9cQ5Fcam1KwfG1RRZQDAWkhdr_pJwsQSWY1r5mO7TYmitwsiLItfhmsrA"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SoXVV9vA8ZOvP4zTfCWiVkjRiMZ-3GwIVdcu4j3xuG-x9TtWGQRckblBXLydEaNNKmJhBj9WHs"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TkkSiSkB5u8wLrLArOt1Tb61H6NnPXfktCfebjFveVx__nVemvEZeuQ5YuJgGiDb0gDV_g-g","The Oldest Vaccine Certificates",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe very oldest vaccine certificates in our archive were drawn up long before vaccines became obligatory. In 1844, Salomon Pollak, who was born in Proßnitz in Mähren (now Prostějov, Czechia), was issued a “cowpox vaccination certificate.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Cowpox” does not only afflict cattle, as the name suggests. It can also infect other mammals and even humans. However, it does not pose much of a threat to human health. The British doctor Edward Jenner (1749–1823) discovered that injecting cowpox viruses into humans immunized them against smallpox viruses, which are lethal.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe applied this method for the first time in 1796 and called it “vaccination,” derived from the Latin word “vacca,” meaning cow. This technique quickly spread across the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, and it also became a cornerstone for an extensive campaign against smallpox in other countries. Thanks to this vaccination, the disease has now been globally eradicated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SshDqkwq-XJ-wHuN-9cTj4IVBCKhBC6YgmXhprfzxL--j7FGWIRxPOEuVbxc_igtx3YqeCAA","Other Nineteenth-Century Vaccine Certificates",[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome of the oldest vaccine certificates in our archive from the territory of the German Empire belonged to the banker Ludwig Kohen (1829–1912) and his wife Therese (1845–1875), both of whom were “re-vaccinated” (with a booster) on 31 May 1871 in Hamburg.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tm5q38GQGMlNsDrwxffPm_xAZojX4blbZ1C9imz1xDen3fQ5vkiYWugjlfKG2zdVKClZKZqXQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_2dezZ3jdIe4fx__EY_HHrcjYvuLn8Vd6h0CdDgSiqJ3z7iMtkpDzDX1KgREJDODXfdCvEA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe next one, five years later, belonged to Fanny Krebs (1863–1944), who was “vaccinated with success for the 1st time” at age twelve on 20 May 1875 in Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia (now Tarnowskie Góry, Poland). By then vaccination had become obligatory, and the certificate is the same standard form that would predominate for decades to come.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S__KdFNbYwifD1wSl3AG2xDd728_kW25kwnlOl5xdstwcsu3dc2PzlQ5REjVoa4x1sjlTqkg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1m6iruQXcgMcMmK7zK9-cBxtpI6vklWWFXtoSeS1eH0TpUK7tKYCXoYCIpPz30KfZuuIS4cM",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a letter sent on 12 February 1877 from Mannheim, which is 750 kilometers (466 miles) away as the crow flies, the Grand-Ducal District Authority summoned the parents of the four-month-old Alfred Auscher (1876–1939) to vaccinate their son.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbtUqs_x53tx8ghbl-adsHbD1fgijAg-02b_cAg9BMVUIHysbvdPlhzn2vl3GSHsYTAhEeyL0"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QuZVN1qgPF9q34BAAO4EkOsVf2PNRPtHPJXpcnx30P3iMrP7VPGwPLrK1YB5e9M5FfE7h5Cg","During the First World War",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe pay books of German-Jewish soldiers who fought in the First World War also contain frequent references to vaccinations. In massive armies, infectious diseases quickly spread among the soldiers – notwithstanding the establishment of quarantine stations, epidemic hospitals, and disinfection stations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor example, in 1917–18, the musketeer Daniel Siesel (1897–1978) from Glauberg in Hesse was vaccinated against “smallpox,” “typhus,” and “cholera”.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TpyS6JBGyInqf6cPRLFlpJ9c9AmOpC851jkatEzlhNb6o8XVD2tgdDtaHTQi8iOY8-urhVVg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor example, the soldier Julius Weinberg died of “spotted fever” – typhus – at a military hospital in Damascus. He was only thirty-three. Our archive includes a telegram sent to his widow informing her of his death. You can also find it in our online feature \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.jmberlin.de/en/node/4573\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e12 of 12,000\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGNL56B48Zx2aXXPVW2VuCDWACx0nd1R6ZqX6S08IpiU399wZrgtAm0jvjBz6RXd7jj_kIYtw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe immigration certificates for Palestine even indicates that all immigrants received vaccines against typhus and smallpox upon arrival in the territory of the British Mandate. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6mJIYZ8cdaAe9EnsAhm7nmB-JKQlQq8D3kNqTZKUtZ81TEoqvPBRAEnCIu80Z0EUddVbZgRjO"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TF8lUDpnWRy9uTFZmk8TtJPTBzAB_0XkZPW0LpzLzz4r8GyrKxLvC3O1LbX71-g7RIOOSg118",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eShortly thereafter, he and his wife emigrated to Palestine.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T38JkNCIjZznhBeyEratxpHa0EOsuNy3PmfEOhDjR3NCTK-iktJ7MoGuPrTYjhH7HYr--Pcg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEdith Adler (1913–?), who planned to emigrate with her husband to Argentina, obtained confirmation from the Frankfurt am Main health authority that she \u003ci\u003e“[...] does not suffer from any infectious disease, nor from mental illness, leprosy, elephantiasis, cancer, tuberculosis; is not blind or mute, nor does she show any signs of a paralysis that would impede her from working.”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QigMbmyeK9JcAmQhrMwdHUOGC-DXc6bqB1DEu--au7f9u0MNRRxV86LupzEIjtck8PVHS3Lw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 22 December 1938, she was “vaccinated against smallpox.” After being “vaccinated against typhus” as well in March 1939 at the hospital of the Israelite Community of Frankfurt, she emigrated to Bolivia via France. In La Paz, the twenty-six-year old was vaccinated once more against “viruela” (smallpox) in October 1939.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QC-5Qhz6fHdfVZBvbsKGiCYInOxMt5CMhLxt8060KM93w08pawB9Kxjcpq0zW8Ztni66av9w"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsRGZV1k4ZsD9KI8mEI9QvNjIL17HMpTyD-7z6puk9nqgv98GmlIb39h6WQq2DWtS1wgNWSNYU"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RjXBB7k7dDt_FUmbuPomnQ-3HC4hpzkfVPOIcDkC7qQB_jgVI28CB_l5kMUbBEX86tBJN95yUd",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRudolf Jorysz (1906-1998) receiving a vaccine at the hospital of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Shanghai.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPMhQuq-9zkxhmoXq3quQC4zxELD95Cg0zIj5ZK3zsoxmhzdsrDgRZvypzdx6n4q-LOIdrYW8","Vaccinated Soldiers",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWe have far fewer documents from German-Jewish soldiers who fought in Allied forces against Nazi Germany during the Second World War than from military service in the First World War. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, an “Immunization Register” has survived from Rudolf Mariam (1912–2002), who emigrated to the US in 1938. As a serviceman in the US Army, he was certified to have been vaccinated against “smallpox,” “triple typhoid,” “tetanus,” and “yellow fever.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8HYhp0gTTSJuf53qBwe9SW75YHUhZpnaBTM1Z3R81wuDpUD5R3E74Z2fv0-TD8N6QXFbfu10"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rs2wHYYSblJgyiRNiO14YXgS0KL3BnCeLqVZo_-WbFKPV0L2bC1nZDPeoBSu9WJb9t_E_Skn4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPT4MZCQ_a2KMKc-M6o2bWLZ3cBN74FUb8JSus_iQa-TNw-32pp26hV5np5WN3cBntcj5u"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2gT5X79mrcXNVjBjELnosEMKxZP4VPcnnS5SE6aAQy0oreCCUX5f92rVG0iqtcd8FViu1pg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sbx63PADuHKaGyy1YtEvvKd-YJIXr21CUldni529DYLEkBiGtfCbWA_E4WCldNZoP7GDSpuw"]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Public Health Challenges in Milan","From Black Death in 1348 to Covid-19, a brief history of Milan's challenges in public health","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SczWYkMGPMQT6UaB_vSiPB6WmZKHru-tw_jOwu-Un-hZ7CqH1LOmwes9FBFP2D_p9G3TjR1Z0","/story/ZgVhQ267KKD1_g",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:d3e96d70-6653-4565-94b4-cd1485fa9785","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SczWYkMGPMQT6UaB_vSiPB6WmZKHru-tw_jOwu-Un-hZ7CqH1LOmwes9FBFP2D_p9G3TjR1Z0","_oi_ZVUYE6ktPL0EFpL7FlJkvjU",[0.49622515,0.57210666,0,0.84896314,0.62455475],null,null,null,[2584,2100]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"ZgVhQ267KKD1_g"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Via+Francesco+Sforza+28%0A%0A20122+Milan%0AItaly/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x4786c6a64635b955:0x7628023bf88e14e0!2m2!1d9.1957504!2d45.4604328?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.policlinico.mi.it/beni_culturali/","Via Francesco Sforza 28\n\n20122 Milan\nItaly",45.4604328,9.1957504,"Milan, Italy",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tl7bzcxDobP_8qvcZJG0PjG11AOQmMv3-xxxXPKfX-q-Vio-uAOLGcPRMZodJnH5zpZRWj",1397,1115,0],"/partner/ca-granda"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tukmr0lYNpyFpzKyyEy2UmTockl8Y3AlQi3-dRibudTx7gvnl9MwJyhMajCS-tvWGqtETA44dH",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe famous \u0026quot;black plague\u0026quot; of 1348 that depopulated Europe was almost not noticed in Milan, thanks to the drastic measures adopted and the health laws that were applied thereafter.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tpy59ZJM_R_ghi6ySurdq2id62rn4xTXRgKL6MfLHj_paUSrMxCVdpDnmW6CrgJqwf2pKrNQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne in the vernacular suggests that \u0026quot;i\u003ci\u003ef it was a person who currently has the pestiffy condition, say this prayer over evil: “God destroys you and finally you strep and scatter you from this place and from all the other loci of the living men eradicates you”\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tdz0gDyhlDpZzmvPX72a4GCdu_XCvZHM9R_LQzQLzBOojDir3dZXmWpX4t0YwRUOcTGjAYsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe main defense against infectious forms was the infected isolation. Since 1087, the \u0026quot;unhealthy\u0026quot; hospital of San Lazzaro, known as the \u0026quot;Roman arch\u0026quot; for leprosy patients, had been in operation, welcoming those who came from the Via Emilia outside the city walls.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUjGHRnipyVosy3hRj2zCODDK3NvuJMmcmmfmosn1rKtBQ55ZBhDRI2sRqNq2nrWydF2SgNw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe need for separation during the plague, however, did not have an adequate response until the construction of the Lazzaretto in 1488: an immense construction of almost 400 meters on each side, with 280 rooms and a central area that could house temporary structures. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsCWYr-lOtFoW-46NBDIEj0I2rBoowPdnfROE2LQ1T76dOf_NBESuWFW0eKG8FAxLiMhjcoXo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring the so-called \u0026quot;San Carlo\u0026quot; plague of 1576, and again in 1630, the alternative to the Lazaretto was absentia: that is, segregation in the house (with the risk of dying of hunger rather than disease).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QuxQ0gBoJkUYetEgo29QOxvumq2aO_7QxKslfPgVnt7-D4C4CNSrG24OJ-ndG-h4BPIvPUwtg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIgnorance attributed the spread of the infection to phantom \u0026quot;smearers\u0026quot;, as described by Manzoni in the\u003ci\u003e History of the infamous column.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S5AFiJKf1CsVS0XaW3HYO8zoK_V3RtP4tPitFx3Fao_Dm5vRD3QMWuZpIcnUe6TlfWWbcukoc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Register of those executed assisted by the brotherhood of San Giovanni decollato, also kept in the hospital archive, contains numerous other names of unhappy people, cruelly killed for a non-existent crime, in addition to Gian Giacomo Mora and Guglielmo Piazza.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-3qSxELwJGqH5vL-hXO4JQcXmcfAI9eKAhJQhtCP_95cqhzhD_I91G1IEPYALfF2PXMOe6I8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf the modern age is plagued by syphilis, smallpox, petechial typhus and cholera, Milan is one of the most modern cities in Europe, even in terms of treatment.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGaQSEiX1uZ18OOgHPpPSwNNyo3Qj18weJd-PyXwWvyMtEp1qmYVgiwJgVAw_8AQnilD5O3pkD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eImmediately the doctors of the Ospedale Maggiore Alessandro Giuseppe Giannini and Luigi Sacco, verify and experiment the Jennerian method, and the Cisalpine Republic instructs a Medical-Surgical Commission to validate the results\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TGaQSEiX1uZ18OOgHPpPSwNNyo3Qj18weJd-PyXwWvyMtEp1qmYVgiwJgVAw_8AQnilD5O3pkD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003edoctors Giacomo Locatelli, Giovanni Battista Bertololi; Giovanni Battista Monteggia and Giovanni Battista Palletta.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWEE8L7wzCPUpmTwRApYWtOpYmnZkBmAD-tTXk_o6JAr4CsvqvS9lhJNjptNsNrVQTIQY_oykU","Luigi Sacco",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn particular Luigi Sacco (1769-1836) is recognized as the promoter of smallpox vaccination in Lombardy, spreading its knowledge and application on a large scale in every way and arriving in 1809 to have vaccinated one and a half million inhabitants.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7_vH27LUyrlWMgkNt2CbEdwQIbYQ0KKVcSkVWqgkp5Vz4S3NH24RcAYt2qYqWuXQhNX4W9_8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA commemorative monument, the work of Giovanni Pandiani (1858), depicts Luigi Sacco in the act of vaccinating a baby, taking the substance directly from the cow\u0026#39;s breast.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7_vH27LUyrlWMgkNt2CbEdwQIbYQ0KKVcSkVWqgkp5Vz4S3NH24RcAYt2qYqWuXQhNX4W9_8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the background you can recognize the\u003ci\u003e pious house of the exposed and pregnant women of Santa Caterina alla Ruote\u003c/i\u003e and the enclosure of the Guastalla garden, overlooking the hospital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbRMB7RcNm77S-b0DF5_dw4Vl1UP5uu-AQp91IJDWc-UQ0afRQCpYu-5DNIv4iLjyf5ehNmQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe medical director Pietro Moscati has wax models made to promote vaccination: a cow\u0026#39;s breast, two horse\u0026#39;s legs and the arms of a girl, and sends specimens throughout the Cisalpine Republic\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwB2z1_K0OfcyRZIS5kEgnopwHZfrnpnrLKL95NT2kYKc386QHU23CW9QVWl_tqH3jeCeO-1A","Rabies",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe year following Louis Pasteur\u0026#39;s discovery of the rabies vaccine, the \u0026quot;Committee for the assistance of bitten by hydrophobic animals\u0026quot; was set up at the Ospedale Maggiore in 1886, which initially financed the trip to Paris for the sick. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo then create, in 1889, the Antirabic Institute, a vaccine production and inoculation center, under the guidance of dr. Remo Segré.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SxPNf8Dmn5Utq26idzsA41eSVNnnOlx4iquWkVfNvJBXWZDKJgf6cp3AeWy10XRK0zGjqSQwo","Milanese Serotherapy Institut",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1894, the \u003ci\u003eMilanese Serotherapy Institute \u003c/i\u003ewas created by the bacteriologist Serafino Belfanti, a center for scientific research and production of vaccines, first of all the anti-diphtheria serum, and then against tetanus, smallpox, up to serum against snake venom.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RplHzXGrDFXZL1KT8BGMK8kWrgRJnQbix1DNw0FGpOPYG1jO5eVDVVqY_Xx26Vg0VpEELYEDQ","Municipal Lazzaretto",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1896 the Municipality of Milan inaugurated the \u0026quot;Municipal Lazzaretto\u0026quot; or the infectious hospital in Dergano, named after Agostino Bassi.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4BR_RQLwAaBD7Kzmy-4dU1-qM6Lpm1UZ9cnQKAa0KQJA5WucrrBn0-7oRnnzgOLZXeIMgBQg","Spanish Influencia",[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen the \u0026quot;Spanish\u0026quot; influencia of 1918 appeared, the Ospedale Maggiore was mostly occupied by wounded soldiers of the Great War; a special department had to be created in piazza F.lli Bandiera to accommodate the numerous patients affected by the virus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXsz_60J_ULWLyYLlogPs5tMatOr623y4xnALTxGeJuZiOscqb7h2WbXOvS8PeCt5zwOuCVMT1",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis was remedied with the construction of the Garbagnate Sanatorium, designed by the Municipality of Milan in 1911, and inaugurated in 1923; management was initially entrusted to the Ospedale Maggiore, which managed it until 1949. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RZXB7XcDWN_-PnUxnf7YQ91TQj9lH_TS28vbNAV6YXzhnGDFJt8XvCW2sCVA0q3Av96ONgWuI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe invention of the artificial pneumothorax for the treatment of the disease, in 1888, is due to Professor Carlo Forlanini, who was also head physician at the Polyclinic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Spanish Efforts at Managing Covid-19","Health workers on the front line Against Covid-19","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TNqDTb1u5pMAn-5SW4MHJyoYQMI0lS0SCXPqOZLNq_oXS24Zk8qLDsR-mm6ZwvqIkrh8v7UKOE","/story/wgXRWZvTXzU4IA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"wgXRWZvTXzU4IA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmPSroUBg61wJ3z1n_GwhUoc_v8lQd9w352LomEom3BYT6QIpcq6Nvf-Lt92FXSS4Z2Tgq6A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSpanish health workers in direct contact with patients affected by COVID-19 form the front line in the fight against this disease in our country and have demonstrated a commendable level of professionalism and commitment since the commencement of this healthcare emergency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZATUALMM5f_CXaglv76vrGO8-SH6Ztl_H0dgHdIUN5iz6flqbKQxoPFom1pFQulx7z_zZ_q-V",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eExposed to a high, aggressive viral load, in the face of long working hours, sometimes without suitable equipment or material means, according to complaints from professional and trade union organizations in this sector, their unconditional dedication represents an exercise in exemplary citizenship and in their vocation to serve.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7Qmgy0qqThUsef2gi6alzPhl_LVkyjpu8mYm5r_IuH2WZEpa8Q5cclpXBsIVZCmEXFGqGpA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith an outstanding spirit of personal sacrifice in support of public health and the well-being of society as a whole, they have become a symbol of the fight against the greatest global pandemic that has afflicted humanity in the last century.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPKTnnxN8j2OrV5sYqLjDrLLIh0V1CSAFEWmG5qxo8c078qpf7ZbOzD7qCX_LPFuF5Xe1bdPQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe thousands of professional in public and private healthcare centres, as well as in other services, that have directly treated the infected patients and have carried out their work in the major focal points of the fight against the coronavirus disease offer an example of the most admirable of human values.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rf4Y7YVXAE9o9HyKQ4OuWrxueTqyZLaWWjdZCtEdC73JnhSp3o-hQuKUTfa28_ubbtY4jXVDE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom primary care centres to large hospital complexes, both public and private, this extensive group has placed itself at the forefront of a fight in which other organizations, enterprises and, in a very special way, the Army and the State Security Forces and Corps are also intensely involved.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdPCAY9voEtoEU0ffAAJtxf3_KpuTEVXrsNOG6v1iV6VYwe8J2H3dC2sjbmtReYZS0uOadKT4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe efforts of Spanish health workers against COVID-19 have allowed a very high number of cases of infected patients and fatalities to be attended to, even carrying out, beyond their obligations, work of profound humanity when accompanying hospitalized patients and individuals whose relatives could not be present in their final hours of life.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7WzPWFcXWkc81Z0JovrJb8yVjeYoP0gmlBo-Q6wIhrBRJQIstN7xwpBsoeCxufWbootMhTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis responsibility has placed their own personal health at risk, to the point of being the group that has been most affected by the pandemic in our country, reaching the figures of more than 50,000 infected cases and more than 60 deceased, according to data provided by Spain’s Health Alerts and Emergencies Coordination Centre.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qa-0fOYi4LLNSMncmq_dBN57dYY8cpAN5wh8Q-lXEhR-eMGiNhmaIq6t0jviuSlWzOANFe_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHaving emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan in late 2019, the COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009 Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation) in March and now affects more than six million people in over 180 countries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ta0x2xyQfgWg9Zo6JiEuePAPxu6ooXIaXrFsSh0V9hfYa8XBj8NnAtM8efOsTNtGbf0aiVSd0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWithin this context, Spain is one of the countries to have most virulently suffered its impact, with 239,479 patients diagnosed as of 1st June.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe WHO itself has praised the work of Spanish health workers. Its director for Europe, the German Hans Klugge, has stated, with respect to the situation in Spain, that he felt “deeply impressed by the heroism of front-line workers”.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SP3-KNDZPn7LJrHNQqInvjeWM4JyskGXBLTgGt1vIcoVBk_cLwXkunQq64XGJ86CprnYL50zQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInternational media, such as \u003ci\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/i\u003e newspaper, have also highlighted the efforts of health workers in Spain and have emphasized their self-sacrifice in carrying out their duties.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThese accolades add to the recognition of Spanish society as a whole, which has offered them countless expressions of thanks and solidarity since the beginning of the crisis.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eReading of the minutes of the jury for the 2020 Princess of Asturias Award for Concord.\u003c/p\u003e"],null,[null,"alGu0Kz6pmw"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Dimensions of vaccination campaigns in contemporary Mexico","","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7hrfOnlpOuyUq2RbLVHu0JXU8NFJhuEIO8q5i1Hu_JH--Bpy5egKZAJoIHFhLbKV43O75MQ","/story/CgXBIX4YWDI6iw",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"CgXBIX4YWDI6iw"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Av.+Eduardo+Molina+113,+Penitenciar%C3%ADa%0A15350+Mexico/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1f94d3beca4ef:0x55fad60c5a494fef!2m2!1d-99.1132475!2d19.436322699999998?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.gob.mx/agn","Av. Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T_mGTq0-IG7-lD8ovEHIaZVjaJO2vpqXln5PunKJ23hV8aY1OYQ2Zvnipe09a9l8ArVC7m",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor the first decade of the 20th century, the Balmis arm-to-arm vaccination method was still practiced, although the risks of origin were still present.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TcMx2Y5j7Q7pQnCMvsHC3Es6DBz3PqrqXHHwlc0YaZn9igY8myzDkh939rkMkwZ6QDgx9tJg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the 19th century, the Health Code, created by the Higher Health Council to dictate public hygiene measures, recommended vaccinating children from four months of age. By the beginning of the 20th century, this practice became mandatory and said institution was in charge of providing and registering the number of vaccinations that were mainly carried out in the capital of Mexico.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo_4pXv8NqKMfMQ7bxmh0vFGy3zUEClT5DQgUwcVj0thAcJJZ9pcGFQWApPNymjrVj_nSC",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne of them is exemplified in this document in which, with the creation of the National Bacteriological Institute in 1905, the Health Council was asked to stop using the previous technique because a girl contracted syphilis after being vaccinated.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TuA5NMtcgDFblP3HWXJPQOLKMREZ9gsC3FUeWykZuS4KZyfugaYDvF3rkZxftRBOxMGQgr53Fs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThus, by 1918, variolose vaccination was prohibited from arm to arm and that from cattle had to be used.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1oaxCkaW6tkCuEC28fVOHqUJV8sH6rnRrarJ8ML1G-aPjw_N9-81ueXxCi5ab0eJ9JqmHw4Oj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the National Bacteriological Institute already in place, studies were carried out aimed at the production of serums and vaccines with which to combat diseases and prevent epidemics. Between 1910-1911, despite the economic limitations and pressures exerted by Porfirist officials, great research was done with results such as the preparation of the first vaccine against typhoid fever in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUU2jqVlpaK3XTqOiHxNtox2yig2zOMiRLVrpBNd_ezuTjjbKUEVald6Wu7Jf1eXbtDewM5A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the ravages caused by the armed struggle, in the decade of the 20s, Mexico promoted the health care of the population with multiple measures such as the creation of the Department of Public Health in 1917. The Department contributed to health organization, policy enactment, health workers and campaigns against yellow fever, smallpox and malaria.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QyTdmtpzlWx2I5NebAQEJiPYnp733SWd7nNhRJDIdIr1--1rWNl5bLktFyqS5JAWNoW6CfNg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe installation of dispensaries was necessary for its operation. The document you observe exposes the importance of these and their benefits to combat venereal diseases. It should be noted that the dispensaries favored the health project that was intended to be strengthened throughout the country with campaigns and hygienic education given by nurses, as well as the dissemination of sanitation activities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tybx_2g6Cr1HpwYU3K8grdCkYckavzDP8RqoDIApYm26KsRozZBI92gLwzVVWDljVJmjxkwpI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the presidential time of Plutarco Elías Calles, actions were proposed aimed at innovating in the production and application of immunizations, as well as the promotion of a Department of Public Health in order to generate strategies such as hygienic education programs and the installation of medical services throughout the country.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q11KmfPunUliKcMvdU_128Igw74yHrVEKWf-T42nCZ0BIYmKft6UVQ7iBil4I-9jZrayU1VcE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn preventive practice, the Department faced tensions with the scientific methods developed. On 4 December 1926 it was published in the \u003ci\u003eOfficial Journal\u003c/i\u003e that the Dick and Schick tests would be compulsory for every infant. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RvPwE1tBmhXhtYXt7-H7jFKvEzOdMVW7hlF3AF8cwAhxgsKUmWcfAUeZU9KYUQXUHrJ7F2WlbU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe Dick test sought to generate immunity for scarlet fever and the Schick test sought to detect diphtheria.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8SR_GGnH4_SBEIPCf-lk4OnrsjpWseEzBOpTFo-q_8iufs53mMiJixE_HkEbiunpY5gTgWg"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThGYTrfOIMVJz1kMiChLG7WHJFMsfr0GKuBmNGpm5kddae1Q8I1mT7IDFVoMuznfL8UIYgwmg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHowever, as the document shows, there was resistance and questioning in its application in the school population.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SFXBtea7ukb1zNdnSjtb30NkQjIVloDQk5vLg_8U3VT2UE6ya1RR8fRvycX41aQdInHHS3wg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince the mid-twentieth century, Mexican public health institutions have intensified vaccination. In 1952 smallpox was eradicated, with reinforcement campaigns in 1968 and 1970 for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. In 1953, an intense campaign fought a polio epidemic and continued into the following years. To this end, the infrastructure of existing institutions such as the Ministry of Public Education was used.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TQDaNH2lki8hsGB5_AXA0QWWFxQVMGDlGeqCscilDao8s8rTX37DouxqNwIi6qbwptOApZ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1952, American virologist Jonas Edward Salk developed the first effective polio vaccine without secondary problems. His method was to intramuscularly inject the virus into the kidney tissue of apes to develop antibodies synthetically.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2wUb9MmDJ__RIsQx6YDINMmBaVsLcEmxIIPNaD4pUqZlj7Ej5K4tI_uw5CV5qwBi1XubXsA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Mexico, the first recorded case of polio occurred in Orizaba, Veracruz in 1946 and affected 9,000 people. The Ministry of Health and Public Assistance considered moving apes to the Chapultepec Zoo for breeding and replicating Salk\u0026#39;s vaccine. The application of the method was effective, since by 1990 the last case was registered in the state of Jalisco.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RLL5UFAJ2kzLFPp5Z0wQq6j9tVYlpJfcBq8SwW0sgKdY9SILhC1VjUEUhDPReGGDCzW4gIW0Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSince the mid-twentieth century, Mexican public health institutions have intensified vaccination. In 1952 smallpox was eradicated, with reinforcement campaigns in 1968 and 1970 for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. In 1953, an intense campaign fought a polio epidemic and continued into the following years. To this end, the infrastructure of existing institutions such as the Ministry of Public Education was used.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKlKVgy_cO3FSuzBVM__4dlZDs_wBUmV4apP6IqadZcDsm7WABbLlNqehgpCxlukbLEGqz87s",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1950s and 1960s there were great challenges in the production of vaccines and in the execution of vaccination campaigns; the existing infrastructure was taken advantage of and reached the premises of schools of all levels, as shown by the Higher Normal School of the early 1960s.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0jP5DlJbmdbmc72ur_XO7QRispdD8G_GlVByqyxQakk0P2WgCfyUVfAxQL_XTGpJowyKGBQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, the Consular Migration Service facilitated the entry of Belizean citizens who sought refuge in the country after Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The Mexican Consulate in Belize was instructed not to require a typhoid vaccination certificate. Over time, bilateral epidemiological programmes were tightened and formally established in 1984. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rhg_0skuWXE1rACILfYTNM3vAtOioPSRsCpW5-H2gsUQLduJriCcLgvjBmh5XeKvgwp-qP",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1962, the Consular Migration Service facilitated the entry of Belizean citizens who sought refuge in the country after Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The Mexican Consulate in Belize was instructed not to require a typhoid vaccination certificate. Over time, bilateral epidemiological programmes were tightened and formally established in 1984. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TnbjzLwgtEmAKhiU8G7m7d-eI5jUtTQStZ3-NwL3xdP-yUKBAEbMXf5sXGzMc9cIbYk9ik8A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith a large production capacity for triple diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DPT) vaccines, the National Institute of Hygiene collaborated with international programmes for children.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8dVVFnRt6ec11D6zw8uem_07MwBpsc_Qx3q5IsrUdekd9nMBQXXg7pkj5Zo8sM7BKUPsrNHI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, the United Nations Children\u0026#39;s Fund (UNICEF) purchased 842,000 doses of vaccines from Mexico for international vaccination programs: 650,000 went to Kenya and 192,330 to Paraguay.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUPA9gYsscn877MnfhQ8jazLn2Haeq-cJx37XhGtqi7qlLzriJGQYvYZNa297rPVjZC0pviIiV"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4OWwNo76joF6NKCWmDdUG4YEfVtVlThQJ0M5_5BSSA7HEmAWn0qUuCELWRUwID8MOpbZvXg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMexico has contributed to vaccination campaigns in the midst of international conflicts through humanitarian aid. With the crisis triggered in Africa by Nigeria\u0026#39;s war against Biafra (1967-1970) also came diseases. Mexico expressed solidarity with those affected through its representation at the United Nations and in August 1968 a batch was sent with doses of vaccine against variolose, tetanus toxoid and tetanus antitoxin to support the inhabitants of Biafra.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SfGFyXGg9hZ_ZJXkyXTxf0jW2FtcQorfwXrISfoFW7SqkNKihKhzVLGTFqbWkuwAlJd9lT",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBetween the late 1960s and early 1970s, the capacities of regional vaccination application were refined in Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QaHBb6JoJebI5yLEWlOAKDiJFsqU3LSIG3TE9H1iSJeXM_3TU2pDHs-Yo52wNFq2EgMlBC_Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOne of the cases of gradual extension of local to regional vaccination was carried out in Guerrero, in the south of the country. Before the 1960s, the area of operation was reduced to offices of the Ministry of Health and Assistance in some cities, but by 1970 a mass vaccination was achieved that reached a total of 171,614 children in a total of 1,719 localities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnILo39yYMQBKk_Eae5-xgS-vh8_qjF1N8CcK1UD1lWojDI-XjoSGdc5Ma4BoCiShkVrsWxPI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S_G_Jt4sqLSgsHMe9q13zJtcbYrHYEzYvMkKABeS0eJDy0gOEfkNFj8Ne_kt7O_cismmCtQw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBy the early 1970s, the Coordinated Public Health Services in the states and territories in conjunction with health institutions were functioning in a more articulated manner: the faster distribution of the cholera vaccine was possible, which was exhausted and required accelerating the acquisition of lots.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TlLxWze0lqKjzjnrSfZWWxkCElXuuLrubzezIY6gt5OUCclxe2o3IC0NO3Hkd25dtXVmX3R9w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThese conditions made it possible to implement an ambitious vaccination program throughout the country in 1973. Thus, coverage with six central vaccines was expanded for two decades until the creation of the National Vaccination Program in the 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Managing epidemics in Mexico","From Tuberculosis to Bubonic plague","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY","/story/mgVRemF2GUDizQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:051b321a-86b4-4023-9e55-1b574fcd71c4","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY","jQs-F47u4a46BoLSxNsv4fDJDRE",[0.5,0.5,0,1.3005873,0.9578629],null,null,null,[3809,2557]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"mgVRemF2GUDizQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,"https://www.google.com/maps/dir//Av.+Eduardo+Molina+113,+Penitenciar%C3%ADa%0A15350+Mexico/data\u003d!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x85d1f94d3beca4ef:0x55fad60c5a494fef!2m2!1d-99.1132475!2d19.436322699999998?hl\u003den\u0026gl\u003dUS","https://www.gob.mx/agn","Av. Eduardo Molina 113, Penitenciaría\n15350 Mexico",19.436322699999998,-99.1132475,"Mexico, Mexico",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qo8sxo1kZn2_tA4729WD0nvvYW3KiAJJSPxlLHk0C1_I2KImRZHSU4f-rW-na0NtOWz39hRw",1772,957,0],"/partner/archivo-general-de-la-nacion"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMx_roT8QVODqbuiFJcohyYPI_CiPDV6JgQ0G3W9gLa1QuP-q_n7l69TZ2K7o6xCYzynKE","TUBERCULOSIS",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe present document that \u003cb\u003eprotects the Photographic and Documentary Collection Pérez Andalón\u003c/b\u003e is the certificate of aid issued in 1947 that was delivered to Mrs. Sara Zamora Monsalvo, in gratitude for her altruistic cooperation to continue with the works, works and efforts carried out by the National Committee for the Fight Against Tuberculosis in order to alleviate the extermination caused by the white plague.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMx_roT8QVODqbuiFJcohyYPI_CiPDV6JgQ0G3W9gLa1QuP-q_n7l69TZ2K7o6xCYzynKE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt was in the eighteenth century when tuberculosis reached its peak, specifically in Western Europe. This growth was caused among other reasons by poor ventilation, poor nutrition, poor sanitation... At this time the disease also known as \u0026quot;white plague\u0026quot; became known.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZTD7HeyyIsz41KjZho5XJkGASrSfriHgVazxpyRttDhE6wcpE1g_au0zPrRl4ZqGGR0Rzfsr2","ONCHOCERCIASIS",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThrough the \u003cb\u003eNa Bolom A Cultural Association.C.\u003c/b\u003e we can know the sanitary expedition carried out in the year of 1945, by the archaeologist Frans Blom and the anthropologist Gertrude Duby, coordinated by Manuel Gamio, with the intention of knowing the sites infected by onchocerciasis and trace the route of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZTD7HeyyIsz41KjZho5XJkGASrSfriHgVazxpyRttDhE6wcpE1g_au0zPrRl4ZqGGR0Rzfsr2",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe conditions of the exploration were difficult, in addition to being exposed to contracting the disease. The socio-cultural, economic and health effects of the affected populations were studied.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SO3cebMX7QVq29feAYfFIo8FREqoWP2uVwBzMZFKmgwCmHTCojR3fkQQRze5-cNd4nE287aBs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnchocerciasis is a disease known as \u0026quot;river blindness\u0026quot;, it is a parasitic disease caused by filariae and larvae, which eventually produces blindness. The expedition carried out by Frans Blom and Gertrude Duby, José Parra (doctor) and other companions, lasted 136 days, starting from Unión Juárez, Chiapas to Oaxaca, in which they raised questionnaires to the authorities of each town.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SO3cebMX7QVq29feAYfFIo8FREqoWP2uVwBzMZFKmgwCmHTCojR3fkQQRze5-cNd4nE287aBs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGertrude combined photographs with interviews, Frans created maps of the territory, detailed roads, flora and fauna of the spaces visited. And an extensive record of archaeological sites, a topic of personal interest. Gertrude presented the report \u0026quot;On the migration of onchocerciasis\u0026quot;. The publications and articles presented turned out to be controversial, exhibiting farms where there were totally infected populations and that were exploited for their condition. They also pointed to medical campaigns that had failed or never made it to the sites in need.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Svm2L20wc3DyVc0dhiMeFXzL0VOhD_LAs1LXBb9oLYJk-Q-7GND_qDRdKGRRl81RVv99J_U_c","SPANISH FLU ",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe documents that \u003cb\u003ethe General Archive of the State of Oaxaca\u003c/b\u003e is pleased to present are the testimony of the activities corresponding to the administration of health services in the state and the efforts to manage them, in a coordinated manner, with the national government. We have selected some communications, notices, circulars, telegrams and reports of Public Health. Corresponding to the period from 1918 to 1922.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QdKMrYC3PmjzZqBcwTKpBMUv2Hti7hRpFL4kv2CyNnTLePIJD6wC2-bbDigoRVBLZ9SZzozkw"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RKx0vH2R62ddN5v_GBFRkjGsrEuS2a68_Vz0ji4bcEn525uUTiw3bUQ4bAWlzqHaUH5LX58RQ"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QVkvgfZuo-fjG9BCTLUEwaJrm9yIrBwCXwhQODhtQd6FklvI5DdStvazJO_CqZtRSjSF_4oYI"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R67Hhe2enagby7TZJBv5FfafM4mR2Q6EfPTwV93sfNtDi4XNaQ2IIEzSusB2uUOjLRwu0ygQA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Guillermo Cerqueda, Sanitary Delegate of the Department of General Health of the Republic, sends the governor of the state of Oaxaca, Juan Jiménez Méndez, a copy of the public instructions that he prepared for the fight against Spanish influenza. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SqO_xQCyPCkE_q7d6NWsIwyfWMYKrv5XD7kSZXi62LnoZRrnI1VJuShCQjtZ4OyFjQCHmlXQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDeath registration certificate prepared by the Civil Judge of Huajacan de León, Rafael García R. Where the records of deaths from the Spanish influenza in the month of November 1918 are shown. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_CloiP-gT839eSd7RHYRa9DSkaMo7AGYvLPHwBGZvlGTn7sX5UTcjT1rr9mlcRKUwvPLSIq4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T-fQQ-DkUjX4B_05lKJtuVWJp9a7FvN3HowGWkMqObIA6bQuWt1C7M5znSJ4dTZ77x25ZXgYGS"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TakIHwcIufsmdy1_8PlEFKKCgtUHtdo4SEsBVPXheJDohHhDzeE_YZBjB4rR-PJWzu4pzVmf4"],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R4OjqCJXj7aS5Jr-ZROpnLzuwUT56nDnUjOj_t4TYvBs3NLL-gweDjhSbWoKb2dEsuYJWdiA","SWINE FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis document presented by the \u003cb\u003eMunicipal Historical Archive of Huetamo\u003c/b\u003e inscribes a petition dated 1943, by the head of the Rural Hygiene and Social Medicine service of Huetamo to the municipal president of the same place, where he points out the urgency of suspending the slaughter of the pig before the existence of a mortality; as well as the entry and exit of said animals. African swine fever was first described in 1921, the disease was characterized by high fever, hemorrhages and high mortality rates. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RGBabkup0TroWqDYvcLDAGMChgmmQC_2odoofpHBJGSf9_pBZcbQEDWpva2eu3CaIQWY4hNto","BUBONIC PLAGUE",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeneral Archive of the Municipality of San Miguel de Allende\u003c/b\u003e presents the measures that were taken a hundred years ago in this town to prevent the contagion and spread of the \u0026quot;bubonic plague\u0026quot; described by the authorities as a \u0026quot;terrible evil\u0026quot;, and that hit two municipalities of the neighboring state of San Luis Potosí, Carbonera and Cerritos. By means of a circular from the General Directorate of Public Health of the State of Guanajuato, the municipal presidents were ordered to take the measures they deem appropriate, to prevent the spread of the disease and form the health boards.\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RlIWWiT5iIA2FXHclw6zUo-Nj_7WuApHxWWj24_Iiatg3kgCV8ePZUiwWJ75_FN8PRlvS3wn4","YELLOW FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eHistorical Collection of the Universidad Iberoamericana\u003c/b\u003e shows a Letter from H. T. Hughes to General Porfirio Díaz in which he requests that the steamers that arrive without the disease [cholera] not be stopped, since the determination of the port of Tampico is such that if carried out or continued in any other port of the Mexican Republic, it will completely paralyze all traffic and cause harm to all commerce and the public. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QiWwZEogX80Sc3QP6b6V3bJICxETIM-FK-a8hpIoo7e9uN_Z_ch50EPXUIJBquFtVL2ifisQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMexico at the end of the 19th century had a rapid economic expansion due to the stabilization of a legal framework and a political order, the modernization of transportation and the opening of international markets. It is believed that the cholera epidemics reached the country with the activation of trade and that they entered through the port of Tampico. \u003cbr\u003eAmong the records of the passage of the disease through Mexican soil, serious outbreaks in 1833 and 1850 are recorded. The various affected countries took security measures to prevent the spread of the disease. By 1892, cholera reappeared in New York, but thanks to the installation of a health laboratory, it managed to stay at bay.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsVHC-1VvIDMDJBMoNgu45g7lqIjSC0iWRn4nRBR9FiJEK4bZFyXGbltxjsXQW3dRl0vxDlQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLetter from Juan Aguilera Crespo to General Porfirio Díaz in which he requests an encouragement for Dr. Federico Pedrera, who invented a specific one to counteract the vomiting disease in Yucatán in 1883, which now causes victims in the port of Veracruz. \u003cbr\u003eIt also reports on the certificates of various doctors and military that endorse Dr. Pedrera and on the success of his specific in the Pacific Coast.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RQ7JASrw96tZvQS4AVo8wQROtQdU9dOlhWriQIdkeiykVxSIV53HzGgTmL4h13e6Ah4RIH6wk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eYellow fever or black vomit represented a public health problem since the days of the viceroyalty in New Spain due to frequent epidemics and its high mortality rate. Thanks to the discoveries of Luis Pasteur during the second half of the 19th century, there were important medical advances. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QZapJlQKj2itt5Fj6JdqUEP33eZC41CvBywogyffrwIUfqB538CG8KD_KoTiPFeqBhw1hXVL0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn Mexico, Dr. Federico Pedrera was one of the doctors dedicated to the search for a germ or microbe that caused vomiting and its cure. As a result of his research and positive experiences, in 1883, Specific of Dr. Pedrera was published to cure yellow fever or dark vomit in the Gamboa Guzmán printing press in Mérida. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnqfbXI3IW4FjH_A_obWgG8qhJVlPANro67BLFX3H-u9Z3aai_a_-A1tKhxi00U22qntlq_A","YELLOW FEVER",[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn the document selected by \u003cb\u003ethe General Archive of the State of Quintana Roo\u003c/b\u003e, it exposes in an official letter addressed to the president of the Superior Council of Public Health, dated September 2, 1921 in Payo Obispo, T. de Q. Roo, the measures adopted by the Governor of the Territory to prevent the spread of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QnqfbXI3IW4FjH_A_obWgG8qhJVlPANro67BLFX3H-u9Z3aai_a_-A1tKhxi00U22qntlq_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThis type of outbreak occurred in the context of the national health situation, in which, as part of the measures of the first post-revolutionary governments to deal with the health emergency in 1921, the government of Álvaro Obregón decreed, on January 19, the creation of a \u0026quot;Special Commission for the campaign against Yellow Fever\u0026quot;, who began working in technical and economic collaboration at the Rockefeller Foundation\u0026#39;s Office of International Hygiene. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sx2yn5p9lxmxuJ-KrrtstG5Pnt1AxveP57VCwDCXlWFtucwL1gxNQk7SGG_NUZv1LgWF6Zh-Tx",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn October of the same year, the first Mexican Yellow Fever Convention was held in Mexico and it was decided to divide the national territory into six endemic areas, covering Tampico, Tuxpan and Veracruz; Tehuantepec; Yucatan and Campeche; Colima; Manzanillo and Mazatlan; Culiacán, including the states of Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit. Laboratories were established in Tampico, Veracruz and Mérida, while another in Mexico City, in charge of Dr. Tomás G. Perrín, was in charge of the work of Colima and Manzanillo.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]]]],null,null,null,null,"3",null,null,null,10,"SimpleStack","EditorialSection:c9dfd98d-295a-4259-9fb8-ac0a444b7b1e",null,"cu_edi_5","cu_edi_7"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:d0c505a6-075a-4589-b791-ae49a7de85a1'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Keep exploring...",null,null,null,null,1],31,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject",null,"Exhibits","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TLRf2qQ5FD0pmFa1CeZTmCuApqdTUMKFKEbN_KayFVtoEvEvQ3ZfpwzUIBiE-sAousGqSOQV9W","/search/exhibit?project\u003dhistoryofvaccination",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"View all"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]],["stella.common.cobject",null,"Images","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGcJitewDKQqq4u1QfZQQpPxsHd7JxVm1yBtl8bPpamAv8E1qtSCNcMnQ1X2_W4Iji6qXP1w","/search/asset?project\u003dhistoryofvaccination",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"View all"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]],["stella.common.cobject",null,"Videos","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R8C6_PpKWhXMcvfxxbYQ4l8n5ejri-778pWRoQE63_YiMapngXZ63FmRIpnZYDnmf2JXDb_A","/search/video?project\u003dhistoryofvaccination",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"View all"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]],["stella.common.cobject",null,"Collections","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QtS9bzJ_DnFb922L2n_BrV2-y2OcI5Cdn3W6nzOyLL00fyxpiDZi_mA6KhGfmwlxmbA59w_1F0","/search/partner?project\u003dhistoryofvaccination",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,"View all"],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1]]]],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,23,"NavigationCards","EditorialSection:d0c505a6-075a-4589-b791-ae49a7de85a1",null,"cu_edi_29","cu_edi_28"];window.INIT_data['EditorialSection:1ba39c2e-4022-43a7-982e-829b6f827a39'] = ["stella.edit.sect",["Everyday heroes","Making a difference during the Covid-19 pandemic in India",null,null,null,1],50,"#6bd4cd",null,null,[[["stella.common.cobject","Meet Ehsaas Band from Ahmedabad","Keeping COVID ward patients' spirits up with music","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYJjXBh4ujxLyjwehxtd5W4W9-2S0Zj5zMWMmiN_CqJZMcPlUO21KRo8HIxPzVCyJxZuKC6Yw","/story/3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSpUPe2UsnWguRXzBiZr9VZHynFk035SNJOAkLaaEqJF_QPaj_lZpclRXRUG6DibRLHQ-09q0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMusicians Viral Patel and Parth Shah of Ehsaas band, pose for a photograph outside the hospital. They\u0026#39;d just arrived at the hospital in their casual clothes and shortly would proceed towards the COVID-19 ward.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4AeQz3PWAIGGsF5IDJ7cZOQGw_x_i2J3Jr7eHDvZNRHumfz_tBT9Mf0KLP_CX7I3yk-sV4Go",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA band member wears a PPE kit prior to entering the ward with COVID19 patients.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TmoSqih20zELAUH_ChHHG3R2CN5DwIOddTod4KJtvIO6RpXgBu0_gJ0eDvGi0W2iRUTY9GIw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe musicians climb stairs wearing the PPE kit, and head towards the ward where the COVID-19 patients are admitted. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey will soon begin a live show for patients and hospital staff.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QK-01rI2BwN-8DCz7NG3n9oaTq2UbtkmGjDe2_EoLsZ-ZJ8lOg1kC3QTLExxrFOAnip66ipusD",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey dispose of the used PPE kits outside the hospital in a space designated by Hospital Management, and shower on reaching home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiRxf1N0VNglrKK2Rc1qemIkbfZON0qUy0sLKTv_6J79u1o0f_Syi6--OMSyuSsKFjvRhaoO0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter the live show for patients at the Hospital, Raj Shah inhales steam at his home, as instructed by his family. This is to further reduce potential symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qcnf94xiIUBVo6_k2reMB-YvzYrLPbgwdo1MrcGzG9pG2TwRs5Gavhw8WJxY5l086K6FFf8QY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen he plays, Raj Shah, the lead guitarist, wears rubber gloves - despite how this imposes restrictions on hand movements. Holding the plectrum becomes challenging due to perspiration, and he struggles to complete the \u0026#39;lead\u0026#39; in a specific bar (part of rhythm) time. To hone these skills, Raj wears rubber gloves when he\u0026#39;s practicing playing the guitar at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sw8mF99-FOi7sEqm_TgFnZ4P9wsIflQfB0FDiJGfonQrUC3NguY0mYxboKdNkbgF04KjYPhUI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe band has a jam session each night at the studio, which is now more like their home. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHere, we see them in their studio. In the foreground are photographs of the band playing music for COVID-19 patients in the hospital ward.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjKH4OFvdbMVG7W_irDJ4y0dYl0h_FpOv_wNpW0pPQ5jSL-8a_7q0zeAkH5FvuzRXMoyd3yvQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003ePatients and hospital staff inside the ward express gratitude after the performance. Recovered patients also make video calls to the band, to thank them for the music.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-r7X9MoD3Qpcj9ASwXLkCAu2uwCS-G5CdlmVYraX689E72yUxMH3PStnlaVlx5NsCZYRK-w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSeen here is a photograph of a cellphone screen, showing a video call with a couple that was admitted to the hospital where the band plays music.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S07LxJFHOGTuKPwdLwAHJsG0rAEPoj9KAqVpAvFb3cuuPQG2F6soEiYIJmRBmZAL9h3Rw-pwtm",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEhsaas band has been playing live music for COVID-19 positive patients at the hospital for three months now. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAfter a few shows in the first month, Parth did feel weak and feared he may have been infected. He self-quarantined at the band\u0026#39;s studio till test results came negative.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThN-YrCCspAL7ODSJEFscjC1v0TDPvQK_Bja_qqNap1-Iqbpu_fwbDB3ANbmh-4EIMtVm64MQk",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen Parth self-quarantined himself, he communicated with his family from the other side of the glass separator at home. He was worried, but they gave him solace. Parth would rehearse and keep himself creatively engaged. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLater, tests indicated that Parth may have had a viral fever due to seasonal change.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqCQvNUgoKjuftaqdp9K1xBlQ8xWGnn6WvRDOdsaejHu8abRz6G6HC9zufhEZVnvMYnAsx6O4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eParth, 28, was given a drum set by his uncle as a toddler and has been formally learning music since he was in second grade. An MBA degree holder, Parth left his job to join Viral and is the rhythmist and lyricist at Ehsaas Band.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RSoZOwixpkWmXqaIib4w45P_QysOMnCTNPGfx2JedK51JXFcoIspsasfJiVOBInT-UQcq2WQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eViral Patel, 30, the lead singer, composer, and lyricist of Ehsaas Band poses for a photograph.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn engineer who also holds an MBA, Viral was working in the UK and returned to Ahmedabad in 2016 to pursue music full-time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QUnfgBtLiRKKv-a2lRCt1c5KjqHcNBNhDMK5VA7YHO3TTYQ3vYr-sDEfZIPSFlEegE7xbiCn8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRaj, 28, left his full-time job in 2017 to follow his dream to be a musician. He believes that music heals scars of any kind.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParth and Raj are childhood friends.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SptiByBtg5cdefur6OYh6d60iHBNaxTt_RjpYMldpHnqHCseCenQH6T2ORHj94FG7XLdt85PE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eViral Patel, Parth Bhavsar, Raj Shah of Ehsaas band, based in Ahmedabad, India pose for a photograph at their studio. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026#39;Follow your heart\u0026#39; is what the trio believes in, hence they pose this way to perhaps share the same message. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLeaving their full-time jobs to follow their calling to become musicians is what they have done and wish people to live a life of purpose.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SOwEBn0kqvAc2B7UpPXRgCZpIgIA2_FvQdJOqkrQr7Ornik5O03JzOiVANpzOoUsACeIHa",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHere, they check an article about the band published in a regional newspaper. They value their acknowledgment by the media and hope their music reaches many more people.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGkXoZWdSXFMZWn0yFZ4aCESEIsBCH2GPCOLfpIlS688do8QGkfsUkNDcCv5SRLfV_Dq25xA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe trio poses with a printed photograph of one such moment of them playing music for patients.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMoments they cherish include patients tapping hands to their beats, Garba grooves, medical staff cheering the patients on hospital beds, patients\u0026#39; requests for their favourite songs, elders blessing and thanking the trio for lifting the mood.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGkXoZWdSXFMZWn0yFZ4aCESEIsBCH2GPCOLfpIlS688do8QGkfsUkNDcCv5SRLfV_Dq25xA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThey mention how a couple of them had worrisome thoughts initially before making up their minds to go for their first live show inside the ward.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe band continues to share the gratifying moments they have experienced in over 30 shows now, and believe that these experiences are an important part of their musical journey.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet healthcare workers from across India",null,"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjIHrfq2EPeToBEDBKhsnTiXDAQVZJIxETCEwoln07uhtzf_9ynZJDV9n_bDHhjLDCi8rfuxrl","/story/UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null,null,null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:911e2e1a-8151-49ce-b6c4-6e489d1d43fe","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjIHrfq2EPeToBEDBKhsnTiXDAQVZJIxETCEwoln07uhtzf_9ynZJDV9n_bDHhjLDCi8rfuxrl","RReP10LIlnikg5FUlBRXLhquOIw",[0.5,0.5,0,1.804937,0.89225674],null,null,null,[2500,2500]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q6c7c2WGfCnO0-kioMUagIzx86hYxZ_9sd7nDUUVoElU1faRdgTuWX_v4K6QL8ioOQVYijwsc","Ashfaque Ahmad, Lab Technician, New Delhi",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Ashfaque is one of the most hardworking professionals I\u0026#39;ve witnessed on the frontlines of the pandemic,” says Mayank, sharing a visual of the former collecting nasal swab samples from a child. “He’s mostly found testing seven days a week at the remotest of corners in New Delhi.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q6c7c2WGfCnO0-kioMUagIzx86hYxZ_9sd7nDUUVoElU1faRdgTuWX_v4K6QL8ioOQVYijwsc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAshfaque’s ability to remain kind despite being overworked is one of several reasons that prompt Mayank to pronounce him his 2020 hero. “He pays no heed to the physical and mental stress associated with his job, and still manages to greet you with a big smile.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qttz3gfzOvHRonHoERr1nqGj3wdyEY_YpEw_wmjMH1fywHzPNhwUYHUdvqYeptVeZB-aiz2w","Vinith R, COVID-19 Health Surveyor, Chennai",[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Vinith anna is my 2020 hero,” says Deepika, referring to Mr. Vinith, a door-to-door COVID-19 surveyor from the Greater Chennai Corporation. Another health professional braving the threat of the virus at the forefront of the pandemic, Mr. Vinith surveyed the temperatures of about 150-300 houses around Deepika’s locality. \u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qttz3gfzOvHRonHoERr1nqGj3wdyEY_YpEw_wmjMH1fywHzPNhwUYHUdvqYeptVeZB-aiz2w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“Of course, it\u0026#39;s his duty as a surveyor to inspect us, but it’s his untiring warmth and care which inspires me,” adds Deepika, taking the opportunity to encourage and thank Mr. Vinith.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9ivixreC54Kap_6tLyA4gKOX-QBZnlWZucUFDWeaW58jbzxM0NH__A86-I1na8edDrCKGSw","Mageshwari Sudhakar, Rajiv Gandhi Hospital, Chennai",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My hero is my Chitti, who in these tough times goes to work to save lives,” says Krithika, celebrating her aunt’s work as a health professional. “She has worked at the Rajiv Gandhi Hospital for several years but says she has never seen anything like COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S9ivixreC54Kap_6tLyA4gKOX-QBZnlWZucUFDWeaW58jbzxM0NH__A86-I1na8edDrCKGSw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNow, she works as a frontline worker in the COVID ward,” Krithika adds, shedding light on Mageshwari’s routine of working for 14 days, taking one week off to quarantine, continuing to work again. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“My respect for her grew even more after watching her working during the COVID period. She didn’t miss a single day of work. I can’t imagine the amount of courage and determination it must have taken for her to go to the hospital every day. She made our family very proud. She is my 2020 hero. I love you Chitti!\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9","COVID-19 Health surveyors from Aanganwadi, ASHA and ANM, Shillong",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Workers from Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANMs), Aanganwadi and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) come for house-to-house health surveys. Their reports constitute the base on which the government\u0026#39;s public health response is based,” says Tarun, wondering how they continue to maintain their energy despite receiving adequate income.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e“These days, they’re also trying to convince the govt to support needy families in the containment zone with essential goods.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Kong Sarita proudly tells me that our locality has worked hard to get quarantine provisions so that working-class quarantined homes don\u0026#39;t feel the pinch and don\u0026#39;t feel isolated.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S4KZGMlt1-IvUpDw6pH0vyLvCtlAdN-M-nN0-zr4OE-YBDfpISXAH3YPUh7gXcSpAq_N5srbp9",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eTarun proudly calls them his heroes for the selfless service they do.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6ax-8pKZm1N-_lg_1lD4pCPU0dcDr7n1PC4X9hSyC0Xc5CM2qAkCgTXXUIul8duDIDPDmtDU","Rachana's father, Cardiologist, Hyderabad",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;My 2020 hero is my dad,” says Rachana. “He’s a cardiologist and I’ve always admired his dedication to his profession, but my respect grew even more after watching him during the pandemic.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R6ax-8pKZm1N-_lg_1lD4pCPU0dcDr7n1PC4X9hSyC0Xc5CM2qAkCgTXXUIul8duDIDPDmtDU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eRachana’s dad is one of the numerous health professionals who undertook significant responsibilities by continuing to work during the pandemic. “Given the situation at the time, I can\u0026#39;t begin to imagine the amount of courage and determination it would have taken for him to go out there every day. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChallenges did come his way, but he managed to overcome them. He inspired me to stay positive and strong during these testing times. He\u0026#39;s my hero.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg","Dr. Akhilan, Govt. Hospital, Thiruvallur",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;மருத்துவர் அகிலன். அவர் அரசு மருத்துவமனையில் பணியாற்றி வந்தார். அவருக்கு 2 வயது குழந்தை ஒன்று உள்ளது\u0026quot; என்கிறார் ஜெயஸ்ரீ. \u0026quot;Dr. Akhilan works in a government hospital and he has a two-year old child,\u0026quot; says Jayasree.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;அவர் இந்த ஊரடங்கு அறிவித்த மார்ச் 24 ஆம் நாள் முதல் மருத்துவமனையில் தங்கி பணியாற்றி வந்தார். அவர் தனது முழு நேரப் பணியாக நோயாளிகளை குணப்படுத்துவதில் தான் கவனம் செலுத்தினார். தன்னை நம்பி வந்த கொரோணா நோயாளிகளை முழுமையாக குணப்படுத்த வேண்டும் என்று எண்ணினார். அவர் தனது 2 வயது குழந்தை மற்றும் தனது குடும்பத்தினரைப் பற்றி யோசிக்ககூட அவருக்கு நேரம் இல்லை. இந்நிலையில் மூன்று மாதங்களுக்கு பிறகு அவர் தனது வீட்டிற்கு வந்தார். \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eஆனால் அவர் வந்ததோ இன்பச் செய்தியுடன் அல்ல. அவர் கொரோனாவால் அவதிப்பட்டு வீட்டிற்கு வந்தார். தொடர்ந்து அவர் தன்னைத் தானே தனிமைப்படுத்திக் கொண்டு மீண்டு எழுந்தார். பிறகு இரண்டு மாதங்களுக்கு பின் அவர் முழுமையாக குணமடைந்து மீண்டும் தனது சேவைக்குத் திரும்பினார். \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eஇவரை கண்டு நான் மனம் நெகிழ்ந்தேன். இவரே எனது கதாநாயகன்.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rl9gMB4DU-RmeDnxwAXSxso-jpgbcyYu7fg_j4mKcL1e6e4pbbuJbnwZux1ALvwmOLNst4Gg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eEver since the lockdown came into effect, Dr. Akhilan began to stay back at the hospital to treat patients affected by COVID-19. Determined to completely cure his patients, he could barely spare time to spend with his 2-year-old child or his family. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThree months later, he was affected by the coronavirus. It was only then that he finally went home and isolated himself. It took him two months to make a full recovery, and as soon as he was medically fit, he was back to work.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMoved and inspired by the doctor, Jayasree names him her hero of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Jibran Ahmed, a marvel-ous kid","Nine-year-old Jibran Ahmed of Kanpur, the only boy in a large family, took over household chores to support his parents","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TthG859dT1IrvKqo9wb8k8pa8pxJ6X0Yu5vdL8SH4KBSI6G9rHGMi82CfIjkXIpTn44u6qCX4","/story/TwXRzeCOm-lhLA",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"TwXRzeCOm-lhLA"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QGvBX1SriWg-os_6lpRUeXc13yjuxexeG0MoozNJWn6mf2mQ-jI82AypIq2v16x9Hg8YtV3w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eStudying in Kanpur\u0026#39;s Jaipuria School, the nine-year-old attends all his online classes, not just normal school from 8 AM to 12:45 in the afternoon. Even though like every school student, Jibran would be tired after classes, his mother had already enforced this habit of studying for an hour in the evening as well.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SXzc6IglKg-7slVqCgnIGqaTCm12kC7mrCxDIWSqmv97SdVeYenEG0OL1-7Ocx3dxEVthCYYg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMuslims from all around the world felt emptiness during the 30 days of Ramadan in 2020. With Rooh Afza for drinks, and food like Dahi Phulki, Aloo Pakode, and Chanay being the traditional Iftaar everybody waits for all day long. Making the sharbat and cutting green chilies and onions were the responsibilities Jibran took to help elders.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbUXKochScBV1aOm9fJ7O_ClnYHkLHY1DosBDVtjL5CGBWGbX_AVL8jAW2_xSAp_jxk0qF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile people were obsessing over Dalgona coffee at their homes, this little hero learned how to make breakfast and snacks. He learned to boil eggs in the pot, make cheese-onion sandwiches, toast bun and butter and also bake a chocolate cake. He was turning into a little Masterchef!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T_fGuJYnMr8Qa41MBjWtfchDxZae54l8F9R4geicbwpvXmvLJAbR0I1-nJ2zBy_lRbYwjH6nc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe would also help with the chore of washing the dishes. From his morning Bournvita milk cup to his dinner plates, he washed most of his utensils. His habit of washing, at least his own utensils, continues and is much appreciated by all family members.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TKkc8CeMShkzLtAfa7iup63MLQHzbb3wnRYSxkBYUnjPJhrO9nYG6slQC_BAqxUJVDyNRnio0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough 2020 would be a year marked by hopelessness and anxiety, there were still some people who made the most out of it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e2020 was also a year to become adaptable to change. As a 9-year-old, Jibran used this challenging time to be there for his family in whatever manner possible and showed exemplary signs of maturity.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rj0J-vX7SPAFTFgkpovawak0YX47izc18xPk18TParZXYe8x7QPxnraBbmERJeoQx_z7caPsQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eJibran ironing his father\u0026#39;s kurta pajama for Friday prayers.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDespite being repeatedly asked to iron his school uniform before this lockdown, he didn’t take interest and would leave it for his mother. However, circumstances had changed and he took up the responsibility of ironing clothes.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STRGtlOxUYETp87ZL1sR6SGW0BQCB45vtuktYJRd0xH_zUW_viWc7WVkqKJabF6RAh1evQK3Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIt was a challenging time for parents to keep children engaged, with schools having shut indefinitely. Jibran\u0026#39;s mother came up with a lengthy list that consisted of a wide range of creative indoor activities.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STRGtlOxUYETp87ZL1sR6SGW0BQCB45vtuktYJRd0xH_zUW_viWc7WVkqKJabF6RAh1evQK3Q",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFrom writing a letter to his grandfather to doing a photoshoot of clouds from the terrace, Jibran had his hands full!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R-P20MpGU52QzSPomYJI_sVajKkFx96xd6bftq1zVCh3EOmuvgkEUX8k6hgTT8sH-CadCDlbI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough his clothes got dirty and the mud got stuck onto his nails, the joy Jibran felt after planting a sapling was priceless.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SZ2mxfauzhZsfuMeECU9XMKkb9KENiYrb5hojieprtPx_Cqhpn8FwwvirTzi9ZM-d8ECb1Lyw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWith the help of various YouTube videos and being guided by his grandmother, he was successful in completing the task.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJd4MKs0BPh5y6HscPGfc-sJzcRqIHhooEJYLUilpmxza1YQwGpvRMQp3LFBppUoxYZO3C-qw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAfter 3 months of regularly watering the plant, the fresh and green sapling grew.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJd4MKs0BPh5y6HscPGfc-sJzcRqIHhooEJYLUilpmxza1YQwGpvRMQp3LFBppUoxYZO3C-qw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAlthough it would not be a major matter for adults, Jibran was jumpy all day as the plant finally grew.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SwTVW3as_ODRyJ79asDzWqv57Dj8PJ3pz7bKipgvOwF2DS_6wKU-NGQ03H0dth08Q1FybS",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAmongst the many family members, Jibran helped his younger sister the most. From teaching her to spell “Cat” in English, to helping her learn to count to 100, he did it all with some help from elders.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TWBuQbnkiGzIwR_W-p8I_vBNLUEbjHPzsWdXuGDf6nb7NyiR6-p3ZiCE_DiDjuK9bA3kjMjP5S",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eJust before the lockdown, the kids’ grandmother suggested putting up a swing for the children to enjoy some gala time outdoors in the evening. Even though the swing was a matter of dispute at times, it became a great pastime not only for the sibling duo but elders too.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ten91Wf9OGh0C1ixSKonI5zI7sd_JPwLS4lGmwd0TOIec-IitEphjUorUN2plGCO3TVYxnog",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBefore going to sleep at night, the nine-year-old reads a midnight story to his sister, Samarah.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe stories include Winnie the Pooh, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, etc. Among all these Jungle Book is her favourite book and Baloo, the favourite character as he looks just like her.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYMbaaPX7ZsJ4SQItCQNwGb_Jl9ZO_FwsyKc67w_LGzrNpA5AKt_szmhz4PNGRQkuLL0Kfs6m7",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;What if\u0026quot; is a 10-liner poem about what Jibran wants to be in the future. Nevertheless, the professions are not doctors or engineers, but characters of Avengers like Thor and Iron Man. Little does he know that he\u0026#39;s already become the real-life Superhero of 2020 for his family!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7JzMHX_2q_e4jG3x45MbJU-T0qf4KnRCoY3nPhKKMH2oYvN487638WOK1zOSKSHCnvhH_EyE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eThe little one has a very strong liking towards Marvel which is pretty evident from his school bag, colouring box, pouch, slippers, and books.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7JzMHX_2q_e4jG3x45MbJU-T0qf4KnRCoY3nPhKKMH2oYvN487638WOK1zOSKSHCnvhH_EyE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNot just the merchandise, the sparkling eyes of his when people talk about Avengers is evident to all, when he recites all the movies.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q2cQNYJQhv1dtcAjyqjsEE3Awn2HOA-6ZvYe4spvy62wypPNXc8wfMg-Fidkuh1pu1cnb_AO8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSamarah’s bhaijaan took inspiration from his sister as she made different hairstyles for her dolls. Even though his little sister doesn’t let anybody touch her hair, this time was different. She taught her brother to handle long hair as well as to tie a ponytail.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SvDRo6m14fODtL0lzalIWdgAIuHwQz-zu9oqLnbqyA8qeThBWgNXgCDpL5JjUQSu1QrMoj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHis sister, Samarah, a 6-year-old who is mostly found playing with her dolls and dressing them up, asked her Bhaijaan to paint her nails. Though Jibran was skeptical of doing the task, his little sister patiently taught him how to go about it as he painted her nails with light pink nail polish.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Simhasthita Singh","A volunteer working towards animal rescue and care","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T638GdtnnWgFJSyMEJBUnexR9MSrbTkN1dUyKc-W7-Ib86MU792JGgy-DPZUXiJrC4ultOhg","/story/1AVxz4gW8ikmKg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"1AVxz4gW8ikmKg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ScQhHOVFI7QmJgwCsIago9XB1OcAt_F1axun8guFgSc_V8_IiDZNbFlMKS806kdiEG9o2X42w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh volunteering/at work at Samabhava, an NGO at the Palace Grounds, Bangalore, India. She helped raise INR 75,000 during the lockdown through her self-directed videos. In these, she introduced Samabhava and the work they do. When shared on social media, they helped raise funds for Samabhava.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sm6p3AVCqmlVTONbIxUvbugwr_LfkiZsJ87kEAz6nDe4Neki6AQeGoCSGfU4o6uF184wa89w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh grooms Survivor, a pony rescued by Samabhava.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGrooming is an important part of horse care, and doing so daily allows the handler to check on the horse’s general health and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QzJ4EdqTIjkTrWPBemgl8ilkuA2V8dCQjd1Vyzutvs_1l7UZB8D042QX7E1e95wqUmvMAKfQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh gets the horses and ponies feed ready at Samabhava. She mixes the sprouts with oats, bran, and puts them into separate bowls which are fed to the horses.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tgp3y8Kg53AApDl7irmifNRVHxKxG2kYDseUsfydLopd6kXffomXDw9-kcfImZ8RssRLAoo5Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh gives Sultan his food and watches over him while he eats at Samabhava.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RRuWSvIGCgcKbPTORRlJyN1_6QaXN7mltaPX_mh2XGXvHUrKlmBaEdNhKLnR-0T9eaoXk1J7Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh with one of her favourite ponies, Sultan.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSultan was found amidst heavy traffic on the streets of Bangalore, and was suffering from a painful and deadly hoof disease called ‘Founder’ or ‘Laminitis’. He was barely able to walk. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith lots of care from the NGO, he lives a secure life.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RbnYmfZv4k3DqLeAsS_LTSRBvMN-f5zOFrpnRFZJy8cL5X_qpsoZF20hG9TK8VIb57U5CmBfla",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh stacks up the horse feed in an auto. The feed is then transported to the rescued horses and ponies that have gone out to graze at different locations.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSx8nlMi1rY_QlpuaXKtPcK-EjVvSWuGFIJR9UNcG2mmfSmQgNnEOn_HnBBmT0EFCtL2kpY3Xj",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthitha Singh records another YouTube video.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe has made different videos for Samabhava - introducing the NGO, talking about the work they do, introducing the rescued horses and ponies and their injuries and handicaps, and the cats and dogs at the NGO.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe makes one more video with the hope to raise more funds, as Samabhava has two new horses, one with grievous injuries.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TqeaUPZFyXWdNV0de1trRgqPwxyJo3altLPxXd5VMjR6WCuVTkiUmMi3-gls0Yj0Z7kgbe5mY",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh checks to see if everything is OK with the recording she’s made. She usually records the videos with the help of her brother, and he helps her edit the videos.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SBevjxjayriKYWoEVMPuQuBtAKGnYnqE_9BDGDwmbLX6okXznpdDNSheYC0LeGH8EwxySjEg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh discusses with Sandesh, the founder of Samabhava. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey identify the tasks she\u0026#39;s done for the day, what\u0026#39;s planned for the week, and talk about the injuries of the rescued horses and ponies, as well as what needs to be done for each horse and pony.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_StoaqPThGhI6u3javW8tnswj3k8Sa67_58T2B8wBwk_TvuQ_x2kTJDaeiZXfeXqVzhgVrIZvo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSeen in the photo is the first video that Simhasthita Singh made on Samabhava which helped raise 75,000 INR for the NGO. It was subsequently shared on social media to raise additional funds.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SJx3YSfwdYy__dvaFspB-LZmnK7QmArPWCpPY7kN1GZwZQv8YEknj0YcDkPX1uTOgn527Fmz4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh watches an India-Australia match with her family. She loves playing cricket and receives training at a cricket camp.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TVdFwDR5hN0G09A6Rlc6UMvXXvkv50vZiH31Mwq_SFGq_axVSNEOrmFzZI8gZfRV9J4M5g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh during her online class at home in Bangalore, India. During the pandemic, schools were closed and classes were conducted online.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tnne18kQ0hhaB2HLRHGhLiKaHcnzF6isHsVfw3X4MKisOYq7hCxrAGjE5vkCgMWmyjJMjRFh_A",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh hugs Mo.\u003c/i\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMo was taken in by Simhasthita’s family from CUPA, a shelter for stray animals. He began going out to graze with the ponies rescued by Samabhava and eventually became a part of their herd. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMo now spends most of his time at Samabhava in Bangalore, India.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QaJlCDpEaTm_SQUdQRUArP0DKNZo3C2TnGKZ6WMYSMzVRcuUwXTnAbaMrI5Uv-uFBEbWpdTw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh rubs Mo’s head.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe says they love each other, and he loves the head scratches she gives him.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RoI-5oVVxeLvNzDAG7ZVxMi_8PJyfulgMz28ptG-0WM_LtZH46_e2CQAzwmDJYaAe7GZfLuBc",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eMo, the donkey, tries to rub his head on Simhasthita. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSimhasthita and Mo share a special bond, and he loves rubbing his head on her.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBbgE39BDUpQmFAMOMPHyPrSGJpLbRVh0qcX-raJy28DwlBoLKeY13yvS2x0UNccdXb1pKNtA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSamabhava is an NGO at the Palace Grounds in Bangalore. The NGO works for the well-being, welfare, and protection of abandoned horses, ponies and working animals.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qzk8ichSeD0BT1kyI-HrWbwW8PoKMCyOnRlKA9lxC9Lr_GvOUq2Uof8sPuRFZL96rKTsdGjMLi",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eMany NGOs and volunteers came together to cook food and feed the street dogs/Indies. Food was delivered to different areas. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne such area is the Palace Grounds, which has over 500 street dogs. The dogs were dependent on food and scraps from the wedding halls. With no weddings happening, the dogs were deprived of food. Food was cooked and dropped off every evening by volunteers at the different gates of the palace grounds. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSimhasthita, along with her father and a few volunteers would feed over 100 dogs every day.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QIW5BEtyqyvENqRwg6MDH5Yb3Qhqp6S2jneZktwW72SEgOC0SfhGBs_l2SMRCWmDq3OL-zBk4",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eA few street dogs at the Palace Grounds, Bangalore, India.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring the lockdown, millions of street dogs went hungry. With shops and restaurants shut, garbage scraps - the canines’ main source of sustenance - were gone. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMany NGOs and volunteers came together to cook food and feed the street dogs/ Indies. During the lockdown, Simhasthita helped feed over 100 street dogs every evening.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TBrRRicZ9V01ZlAjhRPrK0o63hVJHTvei_rRgO4cWup09hfNgBXx2x3Bn1q1V4sNSQaWaMmuE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSimhasthita Singh gets Thunder ready for her riding lessons. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eShe helps the groom with saddling Thunder up for the lessons.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkEegQQdot38G7GOhFridlWTBkQqKrQ2fqeds4KOLRbpg4yyidJx2IhzWjQxB_Dix7aG_Uc18",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSimhasthita Singh at her riding lessons at home in Bangalore, India. She rides three to four times a week.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Captain Titli Thind, an airline pilot","Flying stranded citizens home","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RNuDIQo3jBdbVlOmHMR_TJmMUN43fXAYGSKbpvYDYP1aGSVdwW13_uKI6vbZ76VXfSJ_Qd_Os","/story/9QVBPxnZD6YRLg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"9QVBPxnZD6YRLg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SRINz0YuNrQV4ByioOxLyYxB4Fijbu-ttuQ-Yh_5X_QnW-MSWu1yy-dGkFuYyIu1D5GlkEjA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen people from all over the world stayed home for the fear of contracting the virus, Captain Thind put her life on the line and flew stranded citizens home as part of the Vande Bharat Mission.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SSO0AjoFae--WcbVDY-Esm5tKOmQuvbF_jFaEG-m3x9cqUrzDNvMOCnW312liN5ZwCTpxZvEs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhen her airline reached out to their crew to volunteer to operate repatriation flights, Captain Thind spent a couple of days debating this decision with her family. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt wasn’t an easy decision, given the uncertainty of the situation and lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 virus. In the end, however, she knew what she had to do.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S_8f1MJglApanxSqSBFAtlomvsSNbIF2Ut4spZhP8NanrzoZ__XS129YrV74Mrh3wKSdN9BJw",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInitially, in the repatriation effort, citizens had to register themselves with Indian Missions in their countries of residence, following which preference was given to the people in dire need of returning home - those who had lost a family member, had medical concerns, had been laid off, or were students.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt was expected to continue until March 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RDA72cqviyUo-vToKhw85FF5_A8kbcNfaXgaUAD7Yi4d3VSjgW-HWMnPIVJm_9GwxK2sq3z3VI",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kavita Kapoor, Captain Thind’s grandmother, worried about the uncertain times Titli was flying under. However, being the wife of an Indian Air Force pilot, she understood her granddaughter’s call to duty.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAn artist, designer, and someone very active for her age, Dr. Kapoor felt a great degree of isolation the pandemic brought with it. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhile Titli was away flying or quarantining at home, Dr. Kapoor busied herself by identifying thirty deserving families in Mumbai\u0026#39;s Geeta Nagar and providing them with rations and funds to get through the lockdown.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QpDMRtsqWHSOtUSTm0DMWIE-P_0mO1n1pN6fpt7T_rCwByrAqJxewjGOjBPLCdZr7taqzFwBU",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAs Captain Thind and her fellow crew members geared up to fly, at a time when little was known about the virus - except for the alarming rate at which it could spread and take lives - new protocols were put in place, extensive training given, and personal protective equipment was provided by the airline\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWearing PPE on repatriation flights, the crew regulated food and water intake in an attempt to avoid using restrooms until after the flight had landed and all passengers had deplaned.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSometimes, de-boarding wasn’t always an option, and they would turn around and fly home the same day.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QcMF63sbmiJK598fNi0x3cKgLMBTkCxMgY4bBu7ZxklU_DrQ8xxxambuwDBK_iszMJNKibDUrL",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eCurrently with Air India Express, Captain Thind has been flying for twelve years. She is the first woman airline pilot in her family.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QilhNiMgRVF4yl5qUuDU6Ma72BsPuWoqFyoH1wzpO6HLJJ_jK_xdIryhyf3Rjds9DLtp1imQg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHailing from a family of pilots, Captain Thind’s flight bag has her father’s badge pinned on it, at all times. She also wears an aviator watch given by him to her in 2008, when she got her first job as a pilot with Jet Airways. She considers it her good luck charm.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TAepVLDMHg7HZFYeQNDEEHvtaCiSymmh4aLnwtykABwqYatIFwzznxlcrnvYmKc0sm7IG_iSQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn order to be well balanced in her room during multiple isolation periods, Captain Thind organized her living spaces into rest and productivity zones. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInspired by a video titled \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\u003dsnAhsXyO3Ck\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eLockdown Productivity: Spaceship You\u003c/a\u003e, this method helped Captain Thind’s days not be a blur as she read, ate, wrote, played guitar and chatted with friends, all while seated on her desk.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QRWpGCgw4k6_826xz5jJPNvWsGz1iEV1Voth4A2dJfnsK9FgCQmMtISisrhOcMQ2rdjerLTuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDancing to Joni Mitchell in her room, music has been an important means of getting through isolation for Captain Thind.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TPwvnvhJ-E9RIqDFaRFwosYYCju7k7-_faotI2E77VppdHalqgOTLFiUzP6cYAdvy3MIRr8-0",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eInitially, since very little was known about the virus and how it spread, Captain Thind took all sorts of precautions to limit her interaction with others.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMore recently, since there is a greater understanding of how the virus spreads and how viral loads work, Captain Thind gets to spend some isolation time outside her room too.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RdYHsftOo94t3PYWju7Y2oReZIFFrXfgjJY9PHaD_S6cs8Nvt9ZpP726V4ZdxKW9V_J5VDXMdr",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA pilot with Air India Express, Captain Thind recalled how over 1,60,000 expats had registered on the Department of Non-Resident Keralite Affairs portal by the end of April 2020, expressing an interest in returning home during what was increasingly becoming an uncertain time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs of 19th December 2020, 3.9 million passengers have been repatriated to India thanks to the Vande Bharat Mission.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy its seventh phase of repatriation flights, the Vande Bharat Mission had twenty-three active air bubbles under which flights operated, since all commercial international air operations were suspended till the end of 2020.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7QwQaW6ik2rUyUbkPp9MPffMoGEcZEM70a4mLMtJb3SS6KQZw54EpKIz-Gt_MioSeWluJJQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring her early isolation periods, Captain Thind realized that the act of making her bed or not made a big difference to how she spent her day.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLearning from a video where US Navy Admiral William McRaven talks about how the simple act of making one’s bed can make a huge difference, Captain Thind saw a drastic shift in her productivity by doing this first thing in the morning.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SRbBG3XO0JCgXsM2SJHTX5J0-X60TqKRmGsosPXcNhDWm8epAxfK-Rb9g4lQw-OfH_d7ImDME",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Kapoor felt strongly about how more people needed to step up and share resources with those who were going through a tough time during the lockdown.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThrough her social work efforts, she came across people from younger generations who provided food and other resources to those who were making long journeys home and was greatly impressed by them.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rb2zct52u8VYvr7qBlMHP3i2DAdBfLkV0ggSimJKWPdVtg2aBAlC431L_Rydf79xF8jZe_y6w",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn 20th March 2020, Captain Thind was put under a two-week home quarantine in Mumbai as 20 passengers on a flight she flew to Mangalore had tested positive for COVID-19. The Government of Karnataka proactively kept in touch to monitor any symptoms and provide her assistance as needed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith restrictions imposed on everyone on 24th March, a friend ensured rations were made available to Captain Thind and her grandmother.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SWrwGuLWypKYmgDSgC58IBOZdlrRi7YE821M237AzmB8s_sm-JIMZUsnZEjYYkVke5GGnWANE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eA photograph of Captain Thind’s father sits on her dressing table at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R5n1fZpzv1ZvUkVWpZKTKJh6-sTi4UAfnEVMrat79BhvYBGZojc7TL9rXuarNJRMMmt7tN3g",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eBeing at similar exposure levels, Captain Thind and her partner, who have both flown repatriation flights, can follow a different set of protocols when it comes to isolation and quarantine as compared to those followed at home.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RPaF2m1jP_LGXOlSUDiXdZGiGoHhoIuNOUuv5ogsJwZqV_PY5Pf7pZU3eX-IxaCI8s2iPJzUs",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eWhile Captain Thind is based out of Mumbai, she has regularly been operating repatriation flights out of other cities having a greater influx of people returning home.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe efforts of the airline and their crews have been critical to the high volume of citizens who have been brought home.\u003c/p\u003e"]]]]],["stella.common.cobject","Meet Ganesh Bhatt, The Emergency Driver","How he converted his low-powered car into an ambulance","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgZzXJyz07uAs2yp5z5U51Xetfw5lGeJHr3pbpTK_r8AI3qkafUIT9Mz5a_VhtV0XK-o693AXA","/story/8wWxQb3TBFbcIg",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,[null,null," ",null,["stella.microscopeimage","MicroscopeImage:c2c4967e-a161-458c-92ef-e74325d9f970","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgZzXJyz07uAs2yp5z5U51Xetfw5lGeJHr3pbpTK_r8AI3qkafUIT9Mz5a_VhtV0XK-o693AXA","RwvNJAw5iPGdT7ZoqXIV_bMmlDY",[0.5040165,0.5572357,0,0.9539283,0.68883663],null,null,null,[6000,4000]]],null,null,null,null,[2],null,null,null,[4,"8wWxQb3TBFbcIg"],null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,[null,null,null,"https://my2020hero.in","38, Kamaraj Ave 2nd St,\nVenkata Rathinam Nagar, Adyar\nChennai, 600020\nIndia",13.0015784,80.2524823,"Chennai, India",null,null,null,["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SGfAY1ZFmwYOHOPRcnjDPvAxkh03FueYnOTONi0zYlj6aidtCFw8iaRbo5VENodn-CTaYnKg\u003dfcrop64\u003d1,012d1093fed1c160",0,0,0],"/partner/covidheroes"],[[["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QvLAvXqJ0iKXWez5e5Dbkx2ntDcHime-Q6sZM8it4N9zBsYTjcLfSqzQyenIhsAe51uw2Bqv2F",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDuring Janta Curfew starting March 22, the National Highway 58, a 538 km long road running across three states (Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) was closed, with no public or private passenger vehicles running at that time. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh’s car was on the road making two to four trips a day for 42 days, sometimes at night too. The nearest hospital from Bhallegaon is 20 kilometres away.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Reo_GaMasPY9ThiXExiNIQrdczGJKzCEJ4ouec6iCsdIVLMjTiahkLaknxu71G-J7H8VRupMdE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eGanesh Bhatt, a resident of the village Bhallegoan, District Tehri Garhwal stands for a portrait next to his Tata Nano car. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOne resident of the village called the car \u0026quot;the lifeline of their region\u0026quot;. During the lockdown period, Ganesh turned his car into an emergency vehicle carrying patients to the hospital, helping the elderly with ration and medical supplies and at times, dropping walking migrant workers to their respective villages.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T4ogh7dxXSX2cFvkVacHZcEQ7aAcMu61AeoNR_LD6UsG_x_pJTYKY3ue-CeBQ_psmLhryE",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNational Highway 58 goes through Ganesh’s village Bhallegaon in Tehri District. This particular highway connects the hilly region with the rest of the country, bringing livelihood to people, as many popular tourist and pilgrim destinations are on this highway. Also, people living in the far remote villages, where the roads haven’t reached yet, are dependent on this highway for all basic needs as well all kinds of emergencies including medical. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eArun Rai, who has been living in Bhallegaon for the 35 years, said earlier he could get a public bus or a private passenger jeep from the main road which is hardly 100 meters away from his house. However, during the lockdown period, there was no public transport available.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TxklzghH4lNMaKIpnzhqLfkn4L9d6_W9LSlaxq-Nw29Bc9OikBZlkEZ-ApdHBJFG7TavmlMD-T",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e“It seemed only my car was running on the road at that time”, Ganesh recalls. \u003c/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJyoti Bangwal, who runs a roadside restaurant in Bhallegaon says, “those days, people were too scared to even step outside their homes, people dreaded going to hospitals or coming in contact with anyone who had any kind of sickness. There are more than 20-25 cars in our village but nobody wanted to take the risk.” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to Sandeep, another resident of Bhallegaon, “some didn’t want to go as they thought the police might bother them if they didn’t have proper vehicle papers.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSome 30 years ago, Arun was hired by BRO (Border Roads Organisation) as a construction worker along with other people from Jharkhand and were brought to Bhallegaon while the highway was being constructed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eArun said he doesn’t know where the others are, but he stayed.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eFor years, he did many small jobs in the village and earned for himself until 2017, when he slipped from a bamboo ladder and got injured. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince then, he walks with the aid of a stick and is unable to earn a livelihood. According to Ganesh, Arun is in need of a knee transplant surgery as per the diagnosis of a doctor in the hospital in Srinagar, Uttarakhand. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, at the moment, Arun has neither any savings nor a way to earn a living.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T1rrHVH40KtOiwwvEaAIg8m2S3rngw79VAO8KsGi4qUyUxxXxOL5gT3R8U6JdFC-BNgXaqDQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eArun lives by himself. Since his accident, he mostly gets help from his neighbours and at times, from Ganesh with monthly ration and medical supplies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew, Arun had a fall again, was in extreme pain, and asked his neighbours to contact Ganesh. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eGanesh took Arun to the hospital in Srinagar, 20 kilometres away, in his Tata Nano car on 6th April. \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-VG5Zsek0TnglKatBfJ0FO5nkTFaRD7ITVgksGsG_bphTBHvZXABLsBhIv7JJbdHWgUY4o4I",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePoonam Devi (aged 23), with her baby girl, outside her house in Bhallegaon, Tehri District, Uttarakhand. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew on April 28th, Poonam was taken by Ganesh in his Tata Nano Car to Srikot Hospital, 23 kilometres away, due to an emergency.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S-VG5Zsek0TnglKatBfJ0FO5nkTFaRD7ITVgksGsG_bphTBHvZXABLsBhIv7JJbdHWgUY4o4I",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to Poonam, her husband had called few other people, but most refused, saying either they didn’t have the permission to go or were scared as they didn’t have proper vehicle papers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePoonam was 7 months pregnant at that time.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QsRZg6-YAo7IodrdelZQNdLoP7IRCKkQZWB6IaWzaFAKdLW2EulCSZ4LHvpcM98nwW8p7zYWQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn the morning of 30th March, their 15-year-old son was taken to the hospital in Srinagar by Ganesh in his TATA Nano car. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanga Devi said, “suddenly the previous night, our son complained of chest pain. We waited till morning and then called Ganesh ji. Our son is a heart patient and has already undergone surgery in 2015. We were scared.” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMeharban said he had got to know about Ganesh’s initiative through Facebook. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis year during Janta Curfew, Meharban lost his job at a local restaurant as a helper in the kitchen which would bring in an earning of six to seven thousand rupees a month.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q3d1Xpn_RBMEUwLU2iqL5E9BM3BQVBvI00iGI74wymNVCraQ2zWYAciUsIXoAwou0yD7WAAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBabita Devi (35) outside her home in Badoli village in Tehri District, Uttarakhand. \u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn 26th April, Babita was taken to the hospital in Srinagar (24 kms away) by Ganesh in his Tata Nano car after Babita had injured her foot. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh recalls, “it was Sunday and there was no doctor at emergency, then I posted a message on Facebook. After some time, a few local journalists reached the hospital - they were the ones who called the doctor. There was no electricity, but a generator was arranged and finally an X-ray done.\u0026quot;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBabita’s house is around 500 metres from the main road. On that day, 2 people along with Ganesh helped carrying Babita to the main road, where the car was parked.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXfIaNfyhSH1cMGVSMtEyYogytTfFfbchgYuEtQc74ckJSRfgq8pmEUFnf3IemE9GcK6oEP-Y","Dharmkot as seen from Badoli, Tehri District",[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAtop this hill is Dharmkot village called Dharmkot, of Tehri district in Uttarakhand.\u003c/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDuring Janta Curfew in April, a woman named Sushma Devi (age 45) fell from a tree while collecting wood in the forest and injured her arm.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QXfIaNfyhSH1cMGVSMtEyYogytTfFfbchgYuEtQc74ckJSRfgq8pmEUFnf3IemE9GcK6oEP-Y",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eAt that time Rajendra Singh, her only son, was in Delhi and unable to come home as state borders were closed. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThat is when he reached out to Ganesh through Facebook and asked for his help. Next morning, Sushma Devi walked along with her nephew around 1.5 km from her house to the motorable road, where Ganesh was waiting. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSince her accident, Sushma Devi has been driven by Ganesh thrice to the hospital for treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R_A52WZhi9xpzPGfyKYiLodvLUMbFGhDidzKXuYn0Qcuk2pzxUt-hEJ_X8_07UpA8ySXhqRCA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOn March 16th, a few days before the lockdown, Prem met with an accident while travelling on a loaded truck. He was immediately taken to the hospital in Srinagar by Ganesh in his car. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePrem describes his current situation, “my neighbours leave this little baby goat with me, tied to my cot, knowing that it is safe here!” \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAt the moment, Prem can barely walk, as he had to undergo surgery. Until now he was the only bread earner in his family, now his wife Guddi sells cow milk and does odd jobs to feed the family of 5.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMhk7sGRt6owByZogr5jCpd-_aQZk4rOD1WrwT8jeeCLi5Eh1b2CHXpCR5xbFVtK3U2zZ0rhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSandeep was one of the first people to join Ganesh in his initiative to help people with medical emergencies. Considering the tough terrain of the region and inaccessibility to the road, often Ganesh would need extra hands to help, lifting patients and bringing them to the main road. Sandeep said, “Ganesh bhai’s love for the mountains and his courage to help people, has drawn me to join hands with him. My wife was pregnant at the time and needed to be taken for an ultrasound, it\u0026#39;s when I called Ganesh Bhai, as I didn\u0026#39;t have a car. And he immediately came to help!”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RMhk7sGRt6owByZogr5jCpd-_aQZk4rOD1WrwT8jeeCLi5Eh1b2CHXpCR5xbFVtK3U2zZ0rhA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eSandeep has a roadside restaurant which has been non-functional since March 22, 2020. Before the lockdown, he would earn between 15k-20k a month depending on the tourist season. He had taken a loan of worth Rupees 10 lakh to make the restaurant and is still remaining to give. With rising interest and no income, he fears he might have to sell off the place. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCurrently, Sandeep is also fighting another battle with some other young people from his village against the Stone Crushing company. He fears that if the stone crusher starts he might lose his farmland, he won’t be able to grow anything due to dust pollution, the crusher creates. He along with other people have been on a sit-in protest for more than a month now and soon might go into a hunger strike if there are no steps taken.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STQpqfMivn9pCToiwIJVp7zGLyJFbW_kb6_9n_pAC1a5aEqdIXZCwRAqvzlgq8j5kf7wU_72E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGovind is one of the people, who came forward to pay a portion of the instalment for Ganesh’s car when the bank recently had come to take his car away due to non-payment of the instalment. Govind described that afternoon, \u0026quot;I was standing with Ganesh in the marketplace; when two men came from the bank to take away the car. I requested them to give us 5 days to pay, but they stringently refused. Then I gave 14 thousand rupees to Ganesh and asked him to pay the bank.\u0026quot; That money Govind gave, was saved by him to buy a scooty for his family.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STQpqfMivn9pCToiwIJVp7zGLyJFbW_kb6_9n_pAC1a5aEqdIXZCwRAqvzlgq8j5kf7wU_72E",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGovind\u0026#39;s hotel was demolished as part of the widening of road for the All Weather Char Dham Road Project last year in November. There were 14 rooms in the hotel and Govind would earn 15-20 k a month. His brother would live on the first floor of the hotel. Govind has been given a compensation of 5 lakh rupees by the government. However, he says, \u0026quot;How one can start a hotel with just Rupees 5 lakhs in today\u0026#39;s times? I have filed an appeal at District court, now waiting to hear from them.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYakGJDYch2GsahZpwoTJMoKbjv6GPqJOoXv6__y9qMrmHxn6np5h_ojeOqUZg_nLHbX9aPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDharam is one of the people, who came forward to pay a portion of the instalment for Ganesh’s car when two men from the bank had come to take the car away due to non-payment of the instalment. However, for Dharam, it is just not any car!\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RYakGJDYch2GsahZpwoTJMoKbjv6GPqJOoXv6__y9qMrmHxn6np5h_ojeOqUZg_nLHbX9aPA",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eHe added, \u0026quot;there are millions and billions of cars, but this one is not among them. It has saved so many lives, 24,000 is nothing for it! When those men were taking the car away, I was standing at my shop only. I was feeling as if my life was being taken away. I could even see tears in Ganesh Bhai’s eyes, the car is like his family member. It is our pride. If we don’t see this car standing in the market for a few days, something feels incomplete\u0026quot;. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGanesh paid 11,000 rupees to those men from the bank that afternoon. For Dharam Singh, Ganesh is their hero. He says, “he might not have money to pay the bank, but he has certainly earned people through his actions, and as we all know, people who are poor, are generally the ones who always are at true service of people.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QNase6-fvTjOpEK8nx5Z3dUuY-agWMeFgz0AZKvFYa6Tia4_WCGL_Le7CipbhM8AAbHnTt3f8",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eDr. Lokesh Saluja at Government Combined Hospital, Srinagar, Pauri District Uttarakhand. Dr.Saluja remembers one critical case brought in by Ganesh, \u0026quot;A young man in his 20s was paralysed, with no lower limbs. He had no motion for a week. His abdomen was distended and required urgent treatment. Me and Ganesh must have removed 1-2 kg of faeces from his body.”\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RsXwSVIjoFNF7ye5U-S_WHaSKDikoyM1zTGIboWU3U-rdMkeDmZrS4ttehLPRDRT8WJ9bQ7kg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn support of Ganesh’s initiative, the Doctor said, “When I saw Ganesh consecutively with 4-5 patients, I wondered, how could anyone be related to so many patients! And then, he told me that he is providing this service free of cost. Patients were very needy at that time, therefore this kind of service was a big relief for many people\u0026#39;\u0026#39;. Doctor Garima did recall many patients who were coming to her clinic from far off places, booking taxis worth more than 1-2 thousand rupees during those days.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qyh_zpFOFdHk9PYuTOOPyoIn2U_JYjk9e5HWHQJ1g98MZlxDSyoUJmZPdK3JJ4eD54hE6OKlVo",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh started two computer centres; one in 2008 and another one in 2010, to provide young students with computer education. He had taken a loan to start his business and also a loan for the car. During the lockdown, he had to sell most of the computers. Eventually, closed down both the centres as no students were coming. He was unable to afford the rent.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T2fjjqB9y1eMrmfLp0CTVkgTqI-TaFX71-fwhnEFyZfKdF8_kuamHtm96v-HNNPtK46ogzIAg",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh explained, “In case if tomorrow there is any legal inquiry, I want to make sure I have proper documentation of all the cases. Also, I wanted to post them on Social Media, so that more people in need could reach out.” Out of 62 cases, 51 got in touch with Ganesh through social media, mostly Facebook.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TeSPIRPZ7TUbjA_V6f4i8qb69GYj8zHiJN3_7TeLth03LihnLcXPfztfvo-boFJZv9kw1WuQ",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh Bhatt’s first post on Facebook on March 23, about his initiative; urging others to join him. Ganesh explained, “In case if tomorrow there is any legal inquiry, I want to make sure I have proper documentation of all the cases. Also, I wanted to post them on Social Media, so that more people in need could reach out.” Out of 62 cases, 51 got in touch with Ganesh through social media, mostly Facebook.\u003c/p\u003e"]],["//lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TiBAOz7QvHz7YOi5QuzECUo1KXqBExIM4w_sMtCuEtCsgH4Ded1GtLPbKKw88CYEMDWVh6uCHF",null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eGanesh says, “Now everybody seems to know my car, even the local policemen. There is only one such blue TATA Nano car in this area. People wave or at times honk when they pass by, while I am driving. 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/></span></a></div></div><a class="e0WtYb U8AC8d cu_edi_1 bbATKc" href="/search/partner?project=historyofvaccination" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_2_clicked" data-galabel="viewAll_/search/partner?project=historyofvaccination" data-gaeditorialindex="2" data-gaeditorialname="PartnerLogos" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="and 39 more collections" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">and 39 more collections</span></span></a></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="3" data-name="Stories" data-edu="12_01_23" 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jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="How Vaccines Save Lives" data-url="/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_1_/story/iwWBM_p0KsCMkA" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHUDTYFXyA9vBmjtAjjV7JOznxYyjf-ZSAxHUJr-vh1PQBUMEuNuAVYQbIdfMmNzwBoo4BdwE"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce p9Nwte rw97Ub B0hYxd xLR5Vd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "How Vaccines Save Lives"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" 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data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How vaccines save lives</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From eradicating smallpox to controlling the spread of influenza</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_6"><div class="QC52Cd" data-cards-count="4"><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Smallpox Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_4_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_1_/story/qAURxyAnf5tcXg" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SNqv6UVODIdCoX6TvJ5OBg9o0npxpXWe6BDXK39sl_v1AkmmmJi6DVJRS_TYmo-tNUjOvh6bp2" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Smallpox Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Smallpox Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="The only human disease to be eradicated so far" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The only human disease to be eradicated so far</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Polio Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_4_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_2_/story/6QWhgYkCnslptw" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_STylP1QvyXoBtnN2-xJQYVp13GrRVmcTxTFGRixlnO1Mi7eYZOlvgFehbeLWt_smP9c89kCoo" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.6857143044471741" data-ch="0.2765510082244873" data-mw="942" data-mh="1280" data-xp="0.5200265049934387" data-yp="0.6320668458938599"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Polio Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Polio Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Vaccinating against a deadly disease" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccinating against a deadly disease</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Measles Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_4_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_3_/story/hwVRpd7MxQrtmA" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Sfzxtudq5MWS_3SV6849qmbPEgzDZ7jFg-15hMRJactGY-A6EY8SrdmxpkblUVlYdXLD2h8NfS" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Measles Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Measles Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Controlling the spread of the most contagious disease" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Controlling the spread of the most contagious disease</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Influenza Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_4_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_4_/story/wwVRjxWcNcJiqw" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TXusT6Klt-6Rn4vk24pEVIqy0Wa_jgb7bbqEZgM1rUX50aIKlasDMNRUmU3JinV60GjiVZx5A" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Influenza Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Influenza Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Ongoing efforts at vaccinating for flu!" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Ongoing efforts at vaccinating for flu!</h4></div></span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="5" data-name="Clusters" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF JsQ3Kc FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #6bd4cd;"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_5"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccines vs. viruses</span></h2></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_7"><div class="QC52Cd" data-cards-count="2"><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Viruses" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_5_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_1_/story/TQVBkBXQlHFgLQ" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7umNBJDBq3eOEQ1Qa_efvjcMZh1Axsvb5t7TEa_KHVNUnhWrptSfQzMOvN0mmO7Rty_O-k4mu" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Viruses" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Viruses</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="How much do you know about viruses?" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How much do you know about viruses?</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/3QUxsVesXuOndQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Vaccines" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_5_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_2_/story/3QUxsVesXuOndQ" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q81Pa8uEKP2SHesBd5_Rc3TgXC05BXHhMRClqm_n52A5JMfQyuFEsXQm4e99TED3EYdmNgIo_k" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.9265568256378174" data-ch="0.678123414516449" data-mw="4256" data-mh="2832" data-xp="0.5169293880462646" data-yp="0.4403094947338104"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Vaccines" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccines</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="How much do you know about vaccination?" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How much do you know about vaccination?</h4></div></span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="6" data-name="Stories" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #6bd4cd;"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_1"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">What causes infections?</span></h2></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_8"><div class="m0MoKd"><div class="c2Yf5e QqVQEe ctkBAc"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Viruses" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_6_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_1_/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg" data-gaeditorialindex="6" data-gaeditorialname="Stories" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.317899227142334" data-ch="1.0171862840652466" data-mw="6860" data-mh="4395" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.5"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Story</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Viruses" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Viruses</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="On Earth for millions of years" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">On Earth for millions of years</h4><div class="n8xtxd"><span class="ll2YRb o713je" aria-hidden="true" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Read</span></div></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Viruses" data-url="/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_1_/story/JgURUoGBE7VmVg" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SMFpc_AUQWNiZnPknTgFNNN7csxek8zbFhvbnjH_ou5MTic9gucmw3NCW5faXfWDE1G1sKbQ"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce p9Nwte rw97Ub B0hYxd xLR5Vd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Viruses"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e QqVQEe"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Bacteria" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_6_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_2_/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg" data-gaeditorialindex="6" data-gaeditorialname="Stories" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg6vXsmIXto4aCR2LE9LuxjvTd26PwoI8ZK1DCzqYMPauMRJA8ocJAVqfKi4AUN1U3QxTzEU1j" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Story</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Bacteria" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Bacteria</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="The incredible world of superbugs" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The incredible world of superbugs</h4><div class="n8xtxd"><span class="ll2YRb o713je" aria-hidden="true" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Read</span></div></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Bacteria" data-url="/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_2_/story/4wWBJL6llDB1Lg" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qg6vXsmIXto4aCR2LE9LuxjvTd26PwoI8ZK1DCzqYMPauMRJA8ocJAVqfKi4AUN1U3QxTzEU1j"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce p9Nwte rw97Ub B0hYxd xLR5Vd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Bacteria"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="7" data-name="SimpleStack" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #FFFFFF;" data-anchor="2"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QM1soVffQFILv_zlkmkzNY_fB0BneVcP6tK41a4A0y596GfqkRUMl_pHN6mRxrHajlTHGicS0" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_9"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The long road to a little jab</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccine development across the centuries</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_10"><div class="uIrnse" jscontroller="dglYtc" jsaction="mouseover:enRSme(ibnC6b); mouseout:Eg1VOd(ibnC6b); touchstart:jcWz(ibnC6b);IBB03b:rXxpye;GvneHb:og1FDd;"><div class="lBGoSc" jsname="SmKAyb"><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="0" data-steps-from-center="2" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/XAXBwj6OxM9xKA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of the Rabies Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/XAXBwj6OxM9xKA" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7WrVrgAaJHr39M0KTTvfZbCyuOr2RgQKN_EYALZtvvP5V76qg8cO-rC5_YcPYskBQStE5Vg" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of the Rabies Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Louis Pasteur: Pioneer of the Rabies Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Explore Pasteur's house" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore Pasteur's house</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="1" data-steps-from-center="1" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="From Small-pox to Covid-19" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QT_381Ev52YXpqSctu0VLZEgy6nVDlLY6I536QTWdYvlPOXJLtMnhJe0rEqYyL_UgnPF5EUJk" data-ct="c" data-cw="2.669543743133545" data-ch="0.8755545616149902" data-mw="660" data-mh="980" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.4634400010108948"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="From Small-pox to Covid-19" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From Small-pox to Covid-19</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How immunization has been used to fight germ attacks for centuries</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve s4l1N" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="2" data-steps-from-center="0" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/pwWxYPvd9PiuLQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany: A Science Fanboy" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/pwWxYPvd9PiuLQ" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R02bb0Q4He3VWzO6-xdFw91zLrLNAmHzlvWE3UYLPn5DzgKe_bXAUKoGVaiJHlu0FtxqH9sbUv" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Grand Duke of Tuscany: A Science Fanboy" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Grand Duke of Tuscany: A Science Fanboy</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Get to Know Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine, the Duke who contributed to smallpox inoculation" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Get to Know Peter Leopold of Habsburg-Lorraine, the Duke who contributed to smallpox inoculation</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="3" data-steps-from-center="1" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb qrsiNe"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/SQXR79_F6foELA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Development of the Rabies Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/SQXR79_F6foELA" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkcJy_jKDAyvR5KcmT98vpmEFJLXzMvVaO7OZuEa7_Skfn9gcY7n5n1juupqT26xRwWU7AGDA" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Development of the Rabies Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Development of the Rabies Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="How Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="4" data-steps-from-center="2" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb qrsiNe"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/ugUBP0D2x-JygA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="How Animals Help In The Fight Against Diseases" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_7_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/ugUBP0D2x-JygA" data-gaeditorialindex="7" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RrgEMwTvka_D4ZpLe9ySBsDMCSjOfaWlNnSgFy6qjDx4kWyUD6UQL05pJ-NSDeSFoDvNlvZw" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="How Animals Help In The Fight Against Diseases" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How Animals Help In The Fight Against Diseases</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="From rabies to diphtheria" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From rabies to diphtheria</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="8" data-name="Quiz" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #185471;"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_12"><div class="AeQnub" jscontroller="Iw5aRe" jsaction="click:KjsqPd" data-choice0="Louis Pasteur" data-choice1="Edward Jenner" data-choice2="Benjamin Waterhouse" data-choice3="Robert Koch" data-correctchoiceindex="1" data-gotourl="/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg" data-mygacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-mygaaction="section_8" data-mygalabel="historyofvaccination_Quiz" data-mygadimensions="undefined"><div class="OZnhr cu_edi_11"><div class="AkQGUb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en" tabindex="0">Who is the father of modern vaccines?</div><div class="ipFa6" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en" tabindex="0">Clue: He developed the vaccine for smallpox</div></div><div class="fB9MGd"><div class="ZDwG7"><div class="OFaymf" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_ThncjBQ4VcGLMqvjwqogAutweZ_vvpcbdoyAJ_aqj8qEBmNJmAnMsnBWx3cu_4FRLhkD-3Sg" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.75680410861969" data-ch="0.685864269733429" data-mw="2739" data-mh="3465" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.3429321348667145"></div></div><div class="MsPfIb"><div class="e1Rd4e"><svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="y72ON MgYaCb"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M18.3 5.71c-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0L12 10.59 7.11 5.7c-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0-.39.39-.39 1.02 0 1.41L10.59 12 5.7 16.89c-.39.39-.39 1.02 0 1.41.39.39 1.02.39 1.41 0L12 13.41l4.89 4.89c.39.39 1.02.39 1.41 0 .39-.39.39-1.02 0-1.41L13.41 12l4.89-4.89c.38-.38.38-1.02 0-1.4z"/></svg><span jsname="rDkI8b"></span></div><div class="KXTUSd" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"><svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="y72ON EsaoXc"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M9 16.17L5.53 12.7c-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0-.39.39-.39 1.02 0 1.41l4.18 4.18c.39.39 1.02.39 1.41 0L20.29 7.71c.39-.39.39-1.02 0-1.41-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0L9 16.17z"/></svg>Edward Jenner</div></div><div class="ocMsge" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"></div></div><div class="rd4Dhb cu_edi_12" jsname="OVkoRd"><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Louis Pasteur</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Edward Jenner</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Benjamin Waterhouse</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Robert Koch</div></span></a></div><div class="mrvo0"><a class="e0WtYb Ysm4pc" href="/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_8_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Quiz_learnMore_/story/xgVhSQAObgPsKg" data-gaeditorialindex="8" data-gaeditorialname="Quiz" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR">Learn more</span></a></div><div class="wQEvud"><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Ysm4pc" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR">Learn more</span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="9" data-name="Clusters" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF JsQ3Kc FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #ffe570;"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TP6f5XI5YFbBzeEFew5__whhLr6U2XH-wCD5QGW4nYx1NLFM0jwDNYtXSkk2-wflHRJ3Xts-eF" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_13"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Science in action</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccine production around the world</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_14"><div class="QC52Cd" data-cards-count="3"><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/JAUxal8kPsk9zQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Influenza and Polio Vaccine" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_9_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_1_/story/JAUxal8kPsk9zQ" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Ryy2m3f0GKsjGV0vY_dmcqQHdPVRxuE1c9q1zaaHMvS8ISNiuBXoPctafGpYrGraKLR8FyHw" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Influenza and Polio Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Influenza and Polio Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Development of the combined vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Development of the combined vaccine</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/tQVBrGl0mkTE6g" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Combined Vaccine Production" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_9_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_2_/story/tQVBrGl0mkTE6g" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Raqb4ycIlBZRhGSY3jiryO7qUXYe9ka47jaBgIZh3oYdl87eG1g-cs_6W9YzOO6FqfAeVlHf4" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.5162500143051147" data-ch="0.8228963017463684" data-mw="800" data-mh="1022" data-xp="0.5356049537658691" data-yp="0.4557887017726898"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Combined Vaccine Production" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Combined Vaccine Production</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Canadian vaccine development for smallpox, diphtheria, and tetanus" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Canadian vaccine development for smallpox, diphtheria, and tetanus</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/HgVBjgkdsh9cTw" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Vaccination in Mexico" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_9_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_3_/story/HgVBjgkdsh9cTw" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q_YlxzGJWb30gOSTn5jm072V7NAsxyxYvxrK3tup3D3qLI-lrl_ZsabXO0ImwzeP8Yv4lnjn1W" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.3403279781341553" data-ch="1.2374999523162842" data-mw="1656" data-mh="1073" data-xp="0.4997173845767975" data-yp="0.5004247426986694"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Vaccination in Mexico" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Vaccination in Mexico</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Discover Mexico's history of vaccination" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Discover Mexico's history of vaccination</h4></div></span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="10" data-name="SimpleStack" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #6bd4cd;" data-anchor="3"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_5"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Pandemics around the world</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A history of public health challenges</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_7"><div class="uIrnse" jscontroller="dglYtc" jsaction="mouseover:enRSme(ibnC6b); mouseout:Eg1VOd(ibnC6b); touchstart:jcWz(ibnC6b);IBB03b:rXxpye;GvneHb:og1FDd;"><div class="lBGoSc" jsname="SmKAyb"><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="0" data-steps-from-center="3" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/mgVRemF2GUDizQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Managing epidemics in Mexico" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/mgVRemF2GUDizQ" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkDIQP31RJY6Rf9ropYkV-MHrKqoxILXpaVtAmPc7KbKoWUSLStICXu1jiloRx9iNUuc2vdSY" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.3005872964859009" data-ch="0.957862913608551" data-mw="3809" data-mh="2557" data-xp="0.5" 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touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Spanish Efforts at Managing Covid-19" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/wgXRWZvTXzU4IA" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TNqDTb1u5pMAn-5SW4MHJyoYQMI0lS0SCXPqOZLNq_oXS24Zk8qLDsR-mm6ZwvqIkrh8v7UKOE" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Spanish Efforts at Managing Covid-19" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Spanish Efforts at Managing Covid-19</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Health workers on the front line Against Covid-19" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Health workers on the front line Against Covid-19</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="2" data-steps-from-center="1" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/pQWBGUSC8h42bQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Conquering Epidemics in Germany" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/pQWBGUSC8h42bQ" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TZUsfMkBulCMIqk5rpbYMkkcngP4AG3cK0ZK3EHKYQB-HuXee_JPayXrwrJx0IPTMMo8sLOD8" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.2577648162841797" data-ch="0.8673327565193176" data-mw="1285" data-mh="921" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.45047441124916077"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Conquering Epidemics in Germany" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Conquering Epidemics in Germany</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="From the archives of the Jewish Museum of Berlin" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From the archives of the Jewish Museum of Berlin</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve s4l1N" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="3" data-steps-from-center="0" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/YAUB9APzhQ0INA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Outbreaks in India" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/YAUB9APzhQ0INA" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R7cOmsqzrNGN4DSkphRNO6McuG3myB19YMJlq48Gx5ZUIgUW6IPFBbfkc9XCr0VKJUBJeVpZ8" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.9264183640480042" data-ch="0.6307445764541626" data-mw="3192" data-mh="2264" data-xp="0.4632091820240021" data-yp="0.39137089252471924"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Outbreaks in India" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Outbreaks in India</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Epidemics in connected world" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Epidemics in connected world</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="4" data-steps-from-center="1" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb qrsiNe"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/ZgVhQ267KKD1_g" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Public Health Challenges in Milan" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/ZgVhQ267KKD1_g" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SczWYkMGPMQT6UaB_vSiPB6WmZKHru-tw_jOwu-Un-hZ7CqH1LOmwes9FBFP2D_p9G3TjR1Z0" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.8489631414413452" data-ch="0.6245547533035278" data-mw="2584" data-mh="2100" data-xp="0.49622514843940735" data-yp="0.572106659412384"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Public Health Challenges in Milan" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Public Health Challenges in Milan</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="From Black Death in 1348 to Covid-19, a brief history of Milan's challenges in public health" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From Black Death in 1348 to Covid-19, a brief history of Milan's challenges in public health</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="5" data-steps-from-center="2" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb qrsiNe"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/CgXBIX4YWDI6iw" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Dimensions of vaccination campaigns in contemporary Mexico" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_10_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/CgXBIX4YWDI6iw" data-gaeditorialindex="10" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S7hrfOnlpOuyUq2RbLVHu0JXU8NFJhuEIO8q5i1Hu_JH--Bpy5egKZAJoIHFhLbKV43O75MQ" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Dimensions of vaccination campaigns in contemporary Mexico" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Dimensions of vaccination campaigns in contemporary Mexico</h3></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="11" data-name="Quotes" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF bl2dxd FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #FFFFFF;"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QtJMmbZEr7zRpomqUcSXqlRz2B1CLV302Uzl6y-MW_fiOITZ4M8WniHGVZEs_IZWRfl47uWw" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_16"><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr lop4Ed" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_11_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Quotes_item_1" data-gaeditorialindex="11" data-gaeditorialname="Quotes" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><div class="gEZtye" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SmbXXzVqgpZZWG8kXOu2RZa63QcXrh5U318Fn38J9VWk0R2DkxM7a-pzPxpAjX5ZoUQJuS8GeA" data-ct="c"></div></span></a><span class="VQu9ie" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.</span><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_11_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Quotes_item_1" data-gaeditorialindex="11" data-gaeditorialname="Quotes" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR Suh9Jd"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Louis Pasteur, French Chemist and Microbiologist</span></span></a></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="12" data-name="Clusters" data-edu="12_01_23" 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data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SHWoPRJnlL0doOEtrwEie7i4PfG4SCvD5mWTKEbYiQXyDKTO_BVWIK-dYGxZsDab1-E94NSQ" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Mass Manufacturing a Vaccine" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Mass Manufacturing a Vaccine</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Discover the engineering team working towards a vaccine for Covid-19" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Discover the engineering team working towards a vaccine for Covid-19</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e n9YQJf dxOld lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Vaccine Alliance" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_12_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Cluster_item_2_/story/BgWhxKWIFkTLIQ" data-gaeditorialindex="undefined" data-gaeditorialname="undefined" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QJWh01uz0yJ1eggRye7uthqZNT5Q4Kh-022N9tq-yQvkY1nKm7u9-2lRBgEvHiwxgzaXGENxI" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Vaccine Alliance" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Vaccine Alliance</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="The international consortium facilitating access to vaccines" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The international consortium facilitating access to 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data-target-language="en">The Path of The First Vial</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="From production to the arm of a Canadian healthcare worker" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">From production to the arm of a Canadian healthcare worker</h4></div></span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="13" data-name="Quiz" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #185471;"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_12"><div class="AeQnub" jscontroller="Iw5aRe" jsaction="click:KjsqPd" data-choice0="A jewel" data-choice1="A spot" data-choice2="A crown" data-choice3="A star" data-correctchoiceindex="2" data-gotourl="/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA" data-mygacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-mygaaction="section_13" data-mygalabel="historyofvaccination_Quiz" data-mygadimensions="undefined"><div class="OZnhr cu_edi_11"><div class="AkQGUb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en" tabindex="0">Covid-19's virions look like...</div><div class="ipFa6" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en" tabindex="0">Clue: this is the reason why is called Coronavirus</div></div><div class="fB9MGd"><div class="ZDwG7"><div class="OFaymf" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QgBqV9zL8bXdLr3oHvTWwnZxYPsVI7LiLUaN6xw7_JAVdGGpthuNH9kxs1ytmhoa_frvRvaMc" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="MsPfIb"><div class="e1Rd4e"><svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="y72ON MgYaCb"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M18.3 5.71c-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0L12 10.59 7.11 5.7c-.39-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0-.39.39-.39 1.02 0 1.41L10.59 12 5.7 16.89c-.39.39-.39 1.02 0 1.41.39.39 1.02.39 1.41 0L12 13.41l4.89 4.89c.39.39 1.02.39 1.41 0 .39-.39.39-1.02 0-1.41L13.41 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data-target-language="en">A jewel</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A spot</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" tabindex="0" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR fCpTlb"><div class="I5b2je"></div><div data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A crown</div></span></a><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Lg6Rjf Sel2Fb" jsmodel="nDkrdf" 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more</span></a></div><div class="wQEvud"><a class="e0WtYb RdyUr Ysm4pc" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR">Learn more</span></a></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="14" data-name="CardsLarge" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF XVsP6d pSGwVc FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #000000;"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TbP5sbIo407KQA3Il0HN508WrjYj4m5P1gdBCPltzQwTUj6YjAQzv-DQlU180V6bCvBE2XV4rm" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_18"><h2 class="erzEIf 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3.78-.33 3.12-.62c.86-.32 1.64-.65 2.35-1V8.13a20.206 20.206 0 0 0-18 0v3.93c.28.13.57.27.91.42L7 13.68z"/><path d="M12.03 8.53L10 7v6l2.03-1.53L14 10z"/></svg></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">360 Video</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Bat Caves of Myanmar" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Bat Caves of Myanmar</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Explore Linno cave in 360°" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore Linno cave in 360°</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="The Bat Caves of Myanmar" data-url="/asset/field-in-focus-linno-cave-360/FwGefc2oSJrORQ" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsLarge_item_2_/asset/field-in-focus-linno-cave-360/FwGefc2oSJrORQ" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rc7l9BEjwsdITX_a-B3puuHkBr03OoSqswKAEVdiShQKoFsqM0ngn8NDX9PVMsXUM7WY3zy20"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "The Bat Caves of Myanmar"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="15" data-name="Stories" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0cSdb7BwuvLtR9TR3vWbZzWYWK9eslS4DznJppmGw9ot6Qf85m-MgYu92ud6lgi79zedoCw" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_20"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The challenging 2020s</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The decade that began in a global pandemic</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_21"><div class="m0MoKd"><div class="c2Yf5e QqVQEe ctkBAc"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="What We Know about Sars-Cov-2" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_15_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_1_/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA" data-gaeditorialindex="15" data-gaeditorialname="Stories" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TMr3Pb4gPSPWGd-PpM9mKpvqIUKoe44eN6Uif_I0WNuHDP8cb7MPP41Z2yg2kicPYBpjtpkg" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Online Exhibit</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="What We Know about Sars-Cov-2" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">What We Know about Sars-Cov-2</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="An illustrated guide by MUSE - The Science Museum about what we know so far" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">An illustrated guide by MUSE - The Science Museum about what we know so far</h4><div class="n8xtxd"><span class="ll2YRb o713je" aria-hidden="true" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Read</span></div></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="What We Know about Sars-Cov-2" data-url="/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_Stories_item_1_/story/2QVxkHLyyY7CwA" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TMr3Pb4gPSPWGd-PpM9mKpvqIUKoe44eN6Uif_I0WNuHDP8cb7MPP41Z2yg2kicPYBpjtpkg"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce p9Nwte rw97Ub B0hYxd xLR5Vd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "What We Know about Sars-Cov-2"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="16" data-name="SimpleStack" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #6bd4cd;"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_5"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Everyday heroes</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Making a difference during the Covid-19 pandemic in India</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_7"><div class="uIrnse" jscontroller="dglYtc" jsaction="mouseover:enRSme(ibnC6b); mouseout:Eg1VOd(ibnC6b); touchstart:jcWz(ibnC6b);IBB03b:rXxpye;GvneHb:og1FDd;"><div class="lBGoSc" jsname="SmKAyb"><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="0" data-steps-from-center="3" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/8wWxQb3TBFbcIg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Meet Ganesh Bhatt, The Emergency Driver" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/8wWxQb3TBFbcIg" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TgZzXJyz07uAs2yp5z5U51Xetfw5lGeJHr3pbpTK_r8AI3qkafUIT9Mz5a_VhtV0XK-o693AXA" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.9539282917976379" data-ch="0.6888366341590881" data-mw="6000" data-mh="4000" data-xp="0.5040165185928345" data-yp="0.5572357177734375"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Meet Ganesh Bhatt, The Emergency Driver" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Meet Ganesh Bhatt, The Emergency Driver</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="How he converted his low-powered car into an ambulance" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">How he converted his low-powered car into an ambulance</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="1" data-steps-from-center="2" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/1AVxz4gW8ikmKg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Meet Simhasthita Singh" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/1AVxz4gW8ikmKg" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T638GdtnnWgFJSyMEJBUnexR9MSrbTkN1dUyKc-W7-Ib86MU792JGgy-DPZUXiJrC4ultOhg" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Meet Simhasthita Singh" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Meet Simhasthita Singh</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="A volunteer working towards animal rescue and care" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A volunteer working towards animal rescue and care</h4></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="2" data-steps-from-center="1" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb oyCJYc"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Meet healthcare workers from across India" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/UAUBoxL8HSTAJQ" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TjIHrfq2EPeToBEDBKhsnTiXDAQVZJIxETCEwoln07uhtzf_9ynZJDV9n_bDHhjLDCi8rfuxrl" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.8049370050430298" data-ch="0.8922567367553711" data-mw="2500" data-mh="2500" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.5"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Meet healthcare workers from across India" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Meet healthcare workers from across India</h3></div></span></a></div><div class="n14XAf" jsname="VbfJvb"></div><div class="ZKg6we"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gRX0ve s4l1N" jsname="ibnC6b" data-index="3" data-steps-from-center="0" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_hovered" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="G3jmoc lNZdwd"><div class="G3jmoc LHjn9e"><div class="G3jmoc O4DHN"><div class="G3jmoc gcG0rb"><div class="c2Yf5e NQwUHc lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Meet Ehsaas Band from Ahmedabad" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_16_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_SimpleStack_/story/3AVhlMPEe7k2Ig" data-gaeditorialindex="16" data-gaeditorialname="SimpleStack" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TYJjXBh4ujxLyjwehxtd5W4W9-2S0Zj5zMWMmiN_CqJZMcPlUO21KRo8HIxPzVCyJxZuKC6Yw" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><h3 class="icXnic" title="Meet Ehsaas Band from Ahmedabad" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Meet Ehsaas Band from Ahmedabad</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" 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mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_19_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsLarge_item_1_/story/agXhHkJ74HAufw" data-gaeditorialindex="19" data-gaeditorialname="CardsLarge" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUWuO6qJ1kjbwTkET32wx13snsvZ5DfhhiV3pB_UgE2Oxa_69fX5qJszzZfC7qhV8QVJLgbG2i" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.6672152280807495" data-ch="1.2374999523162842" data-mw="2000" data-mh="1333" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.5"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Online Exhibit</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="3 Italian museums take on a new challenge" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">3 Italian museums take on a new challenge</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites" data-url="/story/agXhHkJ74HAufw" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsLarge_item_1_/story/agXhHkJ74HAufw" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_TUWuO6qJ1kjbwTkET32wx13snsvZ5DfhhiV3pB_UgE2Oxa_69fX5qJszzZfC7qhV8QVJLgbG2i"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Turning Museums into Vaccination Sites"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/1gXxN1R4NQv0KA" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_19_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsLarge_item_2_/story/1gXxN1R4NQv0KA" data-gaeditorialindex="19" data-gaeditorialname="CardsLarge" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzpVVaFz_Vpfm2U5tqykvtQYlrPogc2P4UOr7CV5LTbVXYA-X4S28_NXCTN3D2KPT7SHbH0g" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.9530909061431885" data-ch="0.8751009702682495" data-mw="4472" data-mh="3508" data-xp="0.5101658701896667" data-yp="0.5183103084564209"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Online Exhibit</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Places of scientific discovery in UK" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Places of scientific discovery in UK</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'" data-url="/story/1gXxN1R4NQv0KA" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsLarge_item_2_/story/1gXxN1R4NQv0KA" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RzpVVaFz_Vpfm2U5tqykvtQYlrPogc2P4UOr7CV5LTbVXYA-X4S28_NXCTN3D2KPT7SHbH0g"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Discover the Jenner Hut a.k.a. the 'Temple of Vaccinia'"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="20" data-name="CardsRibbon" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_SKtEzk4RF-YWKhbZ-8i9DGRXETxlXZAlf-DnvWlNzOBSqM_XFCbN5f9HhE6Gt3MO_WN4vk_A" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_25"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Small stories of hope</span></h2></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_25"><div class="AqOCId"><div class="dxztSe" jsaction="JZCswc:PkMYQd;IBB03b:rXxpye;" jscontroller="dar0Ff" data-center-on="C5m2fc" jsshadow><div class="bYeTje T0wJse" jsaction="click:RfjPw;" aria-hidden="true" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_leftArrow" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="A4B6ub" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="LKARhb"><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"/></svg></span></div></div><div class="bYeTje CMCEae" jsaction="click:nDU51d;" aria-hidden="true" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_rightArrow" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="A4B6ub" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="LKARhb"><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"/></svg></span></div></div><div class="z1JkWd NJ4rnc" jsname="vzJc7b"><span jsslot><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Life Under Covid" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_1_/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.585567593574524" data-ch="0.6262619495391846" data-mw="4500" data-mh="5918" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.6868690252304077"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"> </span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Life Under Covid" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Life Under Covid</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="An exhibition of illustration and comic works from Israeli artists during COVID-19 pandemic." data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">An exhibition of illustration and comic works from Israeli artists during COVID-19 pandemic.</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Life Under Covid" data-url="/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_1_/story/IQWBqrNFrDB4LQ" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S6qifqX5TaCfCTYIvW9XOc0QVwKZim46Z8FBkW6EsShm8yey7kCdKB-ROZuE_-JJPnSkn4vgI"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Life Under Covid"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Home-Cooking During the Pandemic" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_2_/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpSumlOYpfk4CNdaOvkj7Z9uEbCt-n-zmDi52aYl9BJKeMzWJlgPCwxL3LUdzNWau3jaZs-w" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"> </span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Home-Cooking During the Pandemic" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Home-Cooking During the Pandemic</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Homemade Mexican food, a count of dishes" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Homemade Mexican food, a count of dishes</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Home-Cooking During the Pandemic" data-url="/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_2_/story/BQXBFCA0_NgmaQ" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RpSumlOYpfk4CNdaOvkj7Z9uEbCt-n-zmDi52aYl9BJKeMzWJlgPCwxL3LUdzNWau3jaZs-w"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Home-Cooking During the Pandemic"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="My Pandemic Story" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_3_/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tv8mVS3d7E6P0b_p9ybrKGQMozcKdpFxnuupPmLAvj3NyVBoOVfDxbI3ezyE0cKXS_jeRA1w" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"> </span><h3 class="icXnic" title="My Pandemic Story" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">My Pandemic Story</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Artworks created by Ontario youth to process their pandemic experiences" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Artworks created by Ontario youth to process their pandemic experiences</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="My Pandemic Story" data-url="/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_3_/story/EAXhRw3CUBzpGg" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Tv8mVS3d7E6P0b_p9ybrKGQMozcKdpFxnuupPmLAvj3NyVBoOVfDxbI3ezyE0cKXS_jeRA1w"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "My Pandemic Story"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_4_/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8fTt0EZX8qzP9MjVJIqEnCTM7kMkQpNLFMamCHPTUcKJQcmplfes_KbkdeGP-1z9hKu4uNJk9" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"> </span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="An exhibition about the role of science, struggle, and mourning" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">An exhibition about the role of science, struggle, and mourning</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic" data-url="/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_4_/story/9gVhS6T56XCs0w" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_S8fTt0EZX8qzP9MjVJIqEnCTM7kMkQpNLFMamCHPTUcKJQcmplfes_KbkdeGP-1z9hKu4uNJk9"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Coronacene: Thoughts in Times of Pandemic"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div><div class="c2Yf5e iI1ZM"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_20_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_5_/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ" data-gaeditorialindex="20" data-gaeditorialname="CardsRibbon" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkmrW59OfBYrtMRa5MPzkXH9RpxaTjPlHY8OERP6A9g86S7PpZ-VZamq5yiu1fKVmAfdYpGzFR" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb mKJNXe"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en"> </span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Travel back in time during the lockdown 2020 and discover everyday stories in life" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Travel back in time during the lockdown 2020 and discover everyday stories in life</h4></div></span></a><div class="cCNe0 lXkFp" jscontroller="acWgwb" jsaction="JIbuQc:UEmoBd; click: UEmoBd(ru89He),UEmoBd(FQhpwf);R7KM6d:r1oohb;AqyeSc:wiqaSb;" data-title="Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey" data-url="/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_CardsRibbon_item_5_/story/FwUh2Kct6cAPZQ" data-image="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_RkmrW59OfBYrtMRa5MPzkXH9RpxaTjPlHY8OERP6A9g86S7PpZ-VZamq5yiu1fKVmAfdYpGzFR"><div role="button" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od rw97Ub B0hYxd iT6Vrc M9Bg4d" jscontroller="VXdfxd" jsaction="click:cOuCgd(preventDefault=true); mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; touchmove:FwuNnf; touchend:yfqBxc(preventDefault=true); touchcancel:JMtRjd;" jsshadow jsname="ymIaV" aria-label="Share "Life On Hold: Lockdown in Shades of Grey"" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" title="Share"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -12px"><svg width="18" height="20" class="Wdgiwc"><path d="M15 14c-.79 0-1.5.31-2.03.81L5.91 10.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.53.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.48.09.7L5.04 7.81C4.5 7.31 3.79 7 3 7c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.05 4.12c-.05.22-.09.45-.09.69 0 1.66 1.34 3 3 3s3-1.34 3-3-1.34-3-3-3zm0-12c.55 0 1 .45 1 1s-.45 1-1 1-1-.45-1-1 .45-1 1-1zM3 11c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1zm12 7c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1s.45-1 1-1 1 .45 1 1-.45 1-1 1z"/></svg></span></span></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="21" data-name="TableOfContentsTiles" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #FFFFFF;"><div class="jV9E3d Xnf5Cd EyUYR" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_R0cSdb7BwuvLtR9TR3vWbZzWYWK9eslS4DznJppmGw9ot6Qf85m-MgYu92ud6lgi79zedoCw" data-nms="true"></div><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_26"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Creativity during Covid</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore projects using the arts to cope with the Covid-19 crisis</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_10"><div class="FPK5Ae"><div class="dxztSe" jsaction="JZCswc:PkMYQd;IBB03b:rXxpye;" jscontroller="dar0Ff" jsshadow><div class="bYeTje T0wJse" jsaction="click:RfjPw;" aria-hidden="true" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_leftArrow" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="A4B6ub" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="LKARhb"><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"/></svg></span></div></div><div class="bYeTje CMCEae" jsaction="click:nDU51d;" aria-hidden="true" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_rightArrow" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false"><div class="A4B6ub" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;;" jscontroller="V99V9" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="LKARhb"><path d="M20 11H7.83l5.59-5.59L12 4l-8 8 8 8 1.41-1.41L7.83 13H20v-2z"/><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"/></svg></span></div></div><div class="z1JkWd NJ4rnc" jsname="vzJc7b"><span jsslot><div class="c2Yf5e U3el0b lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/project/arts-health" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Arts + Health" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_/project/arts-health" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Rf84Ojk-ZSwL02tE9BRZh652OHEAinwkB9I_0bYs2QhxWgtviV-43ttZ6BiOXgu4po7M06x5g" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.368333339691162" data-ch="0.6977518796920776" data-mw="1200" data-mh="1201" data-xp="0.45530810952186584" data-yp="0.43907618522644043"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Arts + Health" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Arts + Health</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="A toolkit with arts & culture activities for your health and wellbeing" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A toolkit with arts & culture activities for your health and wellbeing</h4></div><div class="MTxi0"><span class="gwS9Xb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e U3el0b lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/project/healing-breath" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Healing Breath" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_/project/healing-breath" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_QkFqjdKoafRnPDiUOVLhergg615NycEeE1ebC2k1XbZFRbatA8O1YIL6KwV1Fl4weatf16-13B" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Healing Breath" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Healing Breath</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="A series of breathing exercises for your health & wellbeing" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A series of breathing exercises for your health & wellbeing</h4></div><div class="MTxi0"><span class="gwS9Xb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e U3el0b lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/story/FAUBMibXn56u0A" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="The Way I See It" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_/story/FAUBMibXn56u0A" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Q7QqJ5-B7teOHy9cZJD_7FDe3W9nQCuy1czRFpX_YZozxYnTH_q0dXxywsOAnvYBoGtaFYXFYJ" data-ct="c" data-cw="0.6367085576057434" data-ch="0.6186379790306091" data-mw="4024" data-mh="2892" data-xp="0.565847635269165" data-yp="0.5836876630783081"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="The Way I See It" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">The Way I See It</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="See the experiences and artworks of children and young people during lockdown" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">See the experiences and artworks of children and young people during lockdown</h4></div><div class="MTxi0"><span class="gwS9Xb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e U3el0b lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/project/culture-of-comfort" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Culture of Comfort with Yo-Yo Ma" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_/project/culture-of-comfort" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_T--dbiDh_J7DjT7tQl0FAPplLdxmZyhRmx0yzQ3q0h_on9XF77_FIwppXxHCblvH3IxplE20w" data-ct="c"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Culture of Comfort with Yo-Yo Ma" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Culture of Comfort with Yo-Yo Ma</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="Inspired by Yo-Yo Ma's Songs of Comfort, discover how the artist and other creatives find comfort in culture" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Inspired by Yo-Yo Ma's Songs of Comfort, discover how the artist and other creatives find comfort in culture</h4></div><div class="MTxi0"><span class="gwS9Xb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span></div></span></a></div><div class="c2Yf5e U3el0b lXkFp"><a class="e0WtYb" href="/project/room-with-a-view" jsmodel="nDkrdf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md; mousedown:jScpfc; touchstart:jScpfc; touchmove:NI7Syc; mouseup:nHXBQb; touchend:nHXBQb; mouseleave:FfcXAd; blur:ll011b;" jscontroller="V99V9" title="Room With a View" data-gacategory="editorial_projectpage" data-gaaction="section_21_clicked" data-galabel="historyofvaccination_TableOfContents_/project/room-with-a-view" data-gaeditorialindex="21" data-gaeditorialname="TableOfContentsTiles" data-gaeditorialpers="false" jsshadow><div class="TgRqnd" jsname="ksKsZd" aria-hidden="true"></div><span jsslot class="WMuzR NRZ8Qd"><div class="C5m2fc"><div class="mRtnL" data-bgsrc="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ci/AL18g_Qm23E3Ce9_h8Xk7EV25Zf0TIUcg1r3uU-24FnUwnE1ieYm-hUkHrJLbP8zDdh1HCKn437DL20" data-ct="c" data-cw="1.1472294330596924" data-ch="0.6182562112808228" data-mw="2480" data-mh="3214" data-xp="0.5" data-yp="0.5681285262107849"></div></div><div class="vxLcHb"><span class="M2QpMe" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span><h3 class="icXnic" title="Room With a View" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Room With a View</h3><h4 class="gDqesd" title="When schools around the world closed, students found ways to express themselves from their homes" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">When schools around the world closed, students found ways to express themselves from their homes</h4></div><div class="MTxi0"><span class="gwS9Xb" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Explore</span></div></span></a></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></section><section jscontroller="TMXtO" jsaction="B0tf1d:UVxRE;BVcIYb:xriZZd;BilGBc:CREi5e;htGtEd:zBFPOe;MFzXR:IF3MFb;JZCswc:PkMYQd;" data-lazy-load="true" jsmodel="nDkrdf" data-index="22" data-name="SmallBanner" data-edu="12_01_23" data-pers="false" class="wWQRF perj0e yh923d ysapGc FwXXie utgD8" style="--section-background-color: #6bd4cd;" data-anchor="lesson-plans"><div class="wsxVE LWxO0d"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_27"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">Are you a Teacher or Parent?</span></h2><h3 class="y4FzZb oxUh3d" data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A downloadable lesson plan</h3></div><div class="yOHDud p0TSbe cu_edi_28"><div class="pRW4xf lXkFp"><div class="s9Cgjd"><div class="VDJ8te cu_edi_27"><h2 class="erzEIf bHI58b"><span data-language="en-GB" data-target-language="en">A Brief History of Vaccination</span></h2></div><div class="TuUn3c"><a class="e0WtYb o713je EanbMd FVIKjc" 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