CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Great Smog of London - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9a87c4c5-07d2-4afb-91a6-25d6d80a516e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Great_Smog_of_London","wgTitle":"Great Smog of London","wgCurRevisionId":1279601819,"wgRevisionId":1279601819,"wgArticleId":294378,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from March 2020","Use dmy dates from March 2022","Coordinates on Wikidata","1952 disasters in the United Kingdom","1952 health disasters","1952 in London","1952 in the environment","Air pollution in the United Kingdom","December 1952 in the United Kingdom","Disasters in London","Environment of London","Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom","Health disasters in England","Health in London","Smog events","Environmental history of the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Great_Smog_of_London","wgRelevantArticleId":294378,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.507,"lon":-0.127},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q913640","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1134"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="756"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="605"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Great Smog of London - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Great_Smog_of_London rootpage-Great_Smog_of_London skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Great+Smog+of+London" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Great+Smog+of+London" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Great+Smog+of+London" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Great+Smog+of+London" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_of_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sources of pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Effect on London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Smog of London</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_1952" title="الضبخان الكبير في 1952 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الضبخان الكبير في 1952" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_duman" title="Böyük duman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük duman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(1952)" title="Голям смог в Лондон (1952) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Голям смог в Лондон (1952)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_boirum_de_Londres_de_1952" title="Gran boirum de Londres de 1952 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran boirum de Londres de 1952" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_smog_1952" title="Velký smog 1952 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký smog 1952" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Mwrllwch_Mawr" title="Y Mwrllwch Mawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Mwrllwch Mawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog-Katastrophe_in_London_1952" title="Smog-Katastrophe in London 1952 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smog-Katastrophe in London 1952" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londoni_suur_sudu" title="Londoni suur sudu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Londoni suur sudu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μεγάλη ομίχλη του Λονδίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλη ομίχλη του Λονδίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Niebla_de_Londres" title="Gran Niebla de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Niebla de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_londona_smogo_de_1952" title="Granda londona smogo de 1952 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda londona smogo de 1952" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952ko_Londresko_Laino_Handia" title="1952ko Londresko Laino Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1952ko Londresko Laino Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مه‌دود بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مه‌دود بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_smog_de_Londres" title="Grand smog de Londres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand smog de Londres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952-ngi%C3%A8n_L%C3%B9n-t%C3%BBn_Y%C3%AAn-vu_S%E1%B9%B3-khien" title="1952-ngièn Lùn-tûn Yên-vu Sṳ-khien – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1952-ngièn Lùn-tûn Yên-vu Sṳ-khien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%B8" title="그레이트 스모그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트 스모그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabut_Asap_London_1952" title="Kabut Asap London 1952 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kabut Asap London 1952" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_smog" title="Grande smog – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande smog" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הערפיח הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הערפיח הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_londoni_szmog" title="Nagy londoni szmog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy londoni szmog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Големиот смог во Лондон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големиот смог во Лондон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Smog_van_1952" title="Grote Smog van 1952 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Smog van 1952" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0" title="ロンドンスモッグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドンスモッグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog" title="Great Smog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Great Smog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_esm%C3%B2g_de_Londres" title="Grand esmòg de Londres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand esmòg de Londres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_smog_londy%C5%84ski" title="Wielki smog londyński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki smog londyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Nevoeiro_de_1952" title="Grande Nevoeiro de 1952 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Nevoeiro de 1952" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Smog_din_1952" title="Marele Smog din 1952 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Smog din 1952" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Великий смог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий смог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Smog of London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_londonski_smog" title="Veliki londonski smog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki londonski smog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DA%98%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="دوومژی مەزنی لەندەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوومژی مەزنی لەندەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_1952._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Велики смог 1952. године (Лондон) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики смог 1952. године (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lontoon_suuri_savusumu" title="Lontoon suuri savusumu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lontoon suuri savusumu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมอกปนควันครั้งใหญ่ของลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมอกปนควันครั้งใหญ่ของลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_%C3%96ld%C3%BCren_Sis%27i" title="Londra Öldüren Sis'i – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Öldüren Sis'i" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Великий смог – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий смог" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF" title="لندن کی عظیم اسموگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن کی عظیم اسموگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1m_s%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_kh%C3%B3i_kh%E1%BB%95ng_l%E1%BB%93_1952" title="Đám sương khói khổng lồ 1952 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đám sương khói khổng lồ 1952" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%A7%E9%9C%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="倫敦大霧霾事件 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦大霧霾事件" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E7%83%9F%E9%9B%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1952年伦敦烟雾事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1952年伦敦烟雾事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q913640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Great_Smog_of_London" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Great_Smog_of_London" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Great_Smog_of_London" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&oldid=1279601819" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Great_Smog_of_London&id=1279601819&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreat_Smog_of_London"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreat_Smog_of_London"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Great_Smog_of_London&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Smog_of_London" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q913640" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Smog_of_London&params=51.507_N_0.127_W_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.507°N 0.127°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.507; -0.127</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 air pollution event</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Great Smog of London</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg/250px-Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg/500px-Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="605" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> during the Great Smog</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">5–9 December 1952<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1952-12-05</span> – <span class="dtend">1952-12-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Smog_of_London&params=51.507_N_0.127_W_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.507°N 0.127°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.507; -0.127</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;">100,000 injured (1952 government estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;">Unknown number affected by breathing difficulties, lung cancer and <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4,000 killed (1952 government estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10,000–12,000 killed (modern estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Smog of London</b>, or <b>Great Smog of 1952</b>, was a severe <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> event that affected <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in December 1952. A period of unusually cold weather, combined with an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticyclone">anticyclone</a> and windless conditions, collected airborne pollutants—mostly arising from the use of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>—to form a thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> over the city. It lasted from Friday 5 December to Tuesday 9 December 1952, then dispersed quickly when the weather changed.<sup id="cite_ref-met_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smog caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severely than previous smog events, called "<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea-soupers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-toxicdarkness_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicdarkness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government medical reports in the weeks following the event estimated that up to 4,000 people had died as a direct result of the smog<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100,000 more were made ill by the smog's effects on the human <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>. More recent research suggests that the total number of fatalities was considerably greater, with estimates of between 10,000 and 12,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London's poor air quality had been a problem since at least the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diarist <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> had written about "the inconveniencie of the aer and smoak of London  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]" in <i><a href="/wiki/Fumifugium" title="Fumifugium">Fumifugium</a></i>, the first book written about air pollution, in 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-Fumifugium_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fumifugium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Great Smog was many times worse than anything the city had ever experienced before: it is thought to be the worst <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air pollution in the United Kingdom">air pollution event</a> in the history of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most significant for its effects on environmental research, government regulation, and public awareness of the relationship between air quality and health.<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fumifugium_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fumifugium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to several changes in practices and regulations, including the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act 1956</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brimblecombe2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_pollution">Sources of pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources of pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battersea_Power_Station,_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_(Our_Generation,_1938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg/250px-Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg/330px-Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg/500px-Battersea_Power_Station%2C_1934_with_only_two_chimneys_%28Our_Generation%2C_1938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="1379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>A period of unusually cold weather preceding and during the Great Smog led Londoners to burn much more coal than usual to keep themselves warm. While better-quality "hard" coals (such as <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a>) tended to be exported to pay off World War II debts,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> post-war domestic coal tended to be of a relatively low-grade, sulphurous variety called "<a href="/wiki/Nutty_slack" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutty slack">nutty slack</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>) which increased the amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> in the smoke. There were also numerous coal-fired electric power stations in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> area, including <a href="/wiki/Fulham_Power_Station" title="Fulham Power Station">Fulham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankside_Power_Station" title="Bankside Power Station">Bankside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Power_Station" title="Greenwich Power Station">Greenwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_Power_Station" title="West Ham Power Station">West Ham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Power_Station,_London" title="Kingston Power Station, London">Kingston upon Thames</a>, all of which added to the pollution. According to the UK's <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>, the following pollutants were emitted each day during the smoggy period: 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 140 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds and 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide which may have been converted to 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-met_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively large size of the water droplets in the London fog allowed for the production of sulphates without the acidity of the liquid rising high enough to stop the reaction, and for the resultant dilute acid to become concentrated when the fog was burned away by the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research suggested that additional pollution-prevention systems fitted at Battersea worsened the air quality. <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a> washing reduced the temperature of the flue gases so they did not rise, but instead slumped to ground level, causing a local nuisance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there was pollution and smoke from vehicle exhaust, particularly from steam locomotives and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>-fuelled buses which had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_London#Abandonment" title="Trams in London">recently abandoned electric tram system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-physics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other industrial and commercial sources also contributed to the air pollution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather">Weather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 December 1952, an <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">anticyclone</a> settled over a windless London, causing a <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversion</a> with relatively cool, stagnant air trapped under a layer of warmer air.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant fog, mixed with smoke from home and industrial chimneys, <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> such as those from motor vehicle exhausts, and other pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, formed a persistent smog, which blanketed the capital the following day. The presence of tarry particles of soot gave the smog its greenish-yellow colour, hence the nickname "pea-souper".<sup id="cite_ref-physics_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allaby_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaby-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of significant wind prevented its dispersal and allowed an unprecedented accumulation of pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brimblecombe2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the event is now widely described as the "London" smog, air pollution, in fact, extended far beyond the capital. According to E.T. Wilkins (of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, whose measurements would make clear the connection between smoke, sulphur dioxide, and rising deaths), fog, white mist, or grimy smog covered "many parts of the British Isles", while "In London and the Thames Valley, fog or smog covered upwards of 1000 square miles".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins1954_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins1954-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was in London that the smog's effects were the greatest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_London">Effect on London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effect on London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no panic, as London was infamous for its fog.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2017b_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2017b-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this one was denser and longer-lasting than any previous "pea-souper".<sup id="cite_ref-50years_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50years-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visibility was reduced to a few metres, with one visitor stating that it was "like you were blind",<sup id="cite_ref-TomCribb_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TomCribb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendering driving difficult or at times impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-toxicdarkness_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicdarkness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public transport ceased, apart from the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, and the ambulance service stopped, forcing individuals to transport themselves to hospitals. The smog was so dense that it even seeped indoors, resulting in the cancellation or abandonment of concerts and film screenings, as visibility decreased in large enclosed spaces, and stages and screens became harder to see from the seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brimblecombe2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outdoor sports events were also cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the inner London suburbs and away from town centres, there was no disturbance by moving traffic to thin out dense fog in the back streets. As a result, visibility could be down to a metre or so in the daytime. Walking out of doors became a matter of shuffling to feel for potential obstacles such as kerbs.<sup id="cite_ref-commins2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commins2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was made even worse at night since each back street lamp was fitted with an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>, which gave no penetrating light onto the pavement for pedestrians to see their feet or even a lamp post. Fog-penetrating <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a> did not become widely available until later in the 1950s. "Smog masks" were worn by those who were able to purchase them from chemists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png/220px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png/330px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png/440px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality.png 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>A 1953 report by the UK government's Committee on Air Pollution included this chart showing a "clear correlation between the pollution by smoke and sulphur dioxide, and the daily death rate in London" during the Great London Smog of December 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-cap1953_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cap1953-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the weeks that ensued, statistics compiled by medical services found that the fog had killed 4,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the victims were very young or elderly, or had pre-existing respiratory or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> problems.<sup id="cite_ref-commins_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1953, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lipton" title="Marcus Lipton">Marcus Lipton</a> suggested in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that the fog had caused 6,000 deaths and that 25,000 more people had claimed <a href="/wiki/Sickness_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickness benefit">sickness benefits</a> in London during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mortality remained elevated for months after the fog.<sup id="cite_ref-cap1953_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cap1953-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A preliminary report, never finalised, blamed those deaths on an <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging evidence revealed that only a fraction of the deaths could be from influenza.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E. T. Wilkins, who, as Officer in Charge of Atmospheric Pollution at the government's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was effectively the UK's top pollution expert at the time, plotted a chart of elevated death rates for the period from December 1952 to March 1953 and found that there had been an additional 8,000 deaths beyond those initially counted, making 12,000 in total.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkins1954_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins1954-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fullergls_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fullergls-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cap1953b_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cap1953b-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the deaths were caused by respiratory tract infections, from <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a> and as a result of mechanical obstruction of the air passages by <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> arising from lung infections caused by the smog.<sup id="cite_ref-PetersDöringWichmann1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetersDöringWichmann1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bell-june2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell-june2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lung infections were mainly <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchopneumonia</a> or acute <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">purulent</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> superimposed upon chronic bronchitis.<sup id="cite_ref-gradwohl_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gradwohl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research published in 2004 suggests that the number of fatalities was about 12,000, around three to four times greater than the official government total at the time, but very close to the figure Wilkins had originally estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fullergls_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fullergls-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long term, individuals who were foetuses or infants at the time of the smog ended up having lower intelligence and worse respiratory health than their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-von_HinkeSørensen2023_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_HinkeSørensen2023-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png/330px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png/500px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png/960px-1952_Great_London_Smog_mortality-2.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>A chart produced by E.T. Wilkins c.1953 showing an apparent excess of 12,000 deaths in London for the winter 1952–1953 (solid line) compared to the previous year (dotted line). The red shaded area shows the original estimate of 4,000 excess deaths. The blue shaded area shows the additional 8,000 excess deaths, which occurred in the months after the smog, and which were originally attributed to influenza.<sup id="cite_ref-cap1953_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cap1953-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental legislation since 1952, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_London_(Various_Powers)_Act_1954&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of London (Various Powers) Act 1954 (page does not exist)">City of London (Various Powers) Act 1954</a> and the Clean Air Acts of <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act 1968">1968</a>, led to a reduction in air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brimblecombe2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial incentives were offered to householders to replace open coal fires with alternatives (such as gas fires), or to burn <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> instead, which produces minimal smoke. Central heating (using gas, electricity, oil, or permitted solid fuel) was rare in most dwellings at that time, not finding favour until the late 1960s onwards. Despite improvements, insufficient progress had been made to prevent <a href="/wiki/1962_London_smog" title="1962 London smog">one further smog event</a> ten years later, in early December 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Great Smog is the central focus of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 1)">season 1</a>, episode 4 of <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a>.</i> The portrayal of the event was regarded as reasonably accurate by critics, although the political importance and the chaos in the hospitals were thought to have been greatly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goon_Show" title="The Goon Show">The Goon Show</a></i> entitled 'Forog', broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Home_Service" title="BBC Home Service">BBC Home Service</a> 21 December 1954, was a thinly veiled satire on the killer fog crisis. The script by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sykes" title="Eric Sykes">Eric Sykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Spike Milligan</a> concerned the statues of London's monuments, who could get up and move about the city undisturbed only at times when it was enveloped in a characteristic smog. Government-sponsored scientific research sought to dispense with the choking fog, to the annoyance of the statues.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Great Smog is the setting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who (TV series)">Doctor Who</a></i> audio play <i>The Creeping Death</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Amorality_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorality Tale">Amorality Tale</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boris_Starling" title="Boris Starling">Boris Starling</a> novel <i>Visibility</i> is set in the 1952 smog event.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the background for <a href="/wiki/E.C.R._Lorac" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C.R. Lorac">E.C.R. Lorac</a>’s 1954 mystery <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Darkness" title="Shroud of Darkness">Shroud of Darkness</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/D._E._Stevenson" title="D. E. Stevenson">D. E. Stevenson</a> novel <i>The Tall Stranger</i> (1957) opens with a dense "fog" that penetrates indoors and endangers hospital patients, in an apparent reference to the 1952 smog event.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/C.J._Sansom" class="mw-redirect" title="C.J. Sansom">C.J. Sansom</a>’s 2012 alternate reality book <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(Sansom_novel)" title="Dominion (Sansom novel)">Dominion</a></i> a key plot point develops during the event. </p><p>Kate Winkler Dawson's book <i>Death in the Air</i> (2017) interweaves the story of the Great Smog of London with that of serial killer <a href="/wiki/John_Christie_(serial_killer)" title="John Christie (serial killer)">John Christie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air pollution in the United Kingdom">Air pollution in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EHP_112_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell,_M.L.Davis,_D.L.Fletcher,_T.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, M.L.; Davis, D.L.; Fletcher, T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">"A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environ Health Perspect</a></i>. <b>112</b> (1, January): <span class="nowrap">6–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.6539">10.1289/ehp.6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">1241789</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14698923">14698923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Health+Perspect&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+Assessment+of+Mortality+from+the+London+Smog+Episode+of+1952%3A+The+Role+of+Influenza+and+Pollution&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1%2C+January&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14698923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6539&rft.au=Bell%2C+M.L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, R (2002). "Counting the Cost of London's Killer Smog". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5601): <span class="nowrap">2106–</span>2107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.298.5601.2106b">10.1126/science.298.5601.2106b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12481106">12481106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32721947">32721947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Counting+the+Cost+of+London%27s+Killer+Smog&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5601&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2106-%3C%2Fspan%3E2107&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32721947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12481106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.298.5601.2106b&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903190137/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teens/case-studies/great-smog">"The Great Smog of 1952"</a>. metoffice.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teens/case-studies/great-smog">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Smog+of+1952&rft.pub=metoffice.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fteens%2Fcase-studies%2Fgreat-smog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_4506000/4506390.stm">"1952: London fog clears after days of chaos"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 December 1952<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1952%3A+London+fog+clears+after+days+of+chaos&rft.date=1952-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fdecember%2F9%2Fnewsid_4506000%2F4506390.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toxicdarkness-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toxicdarkness_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toxicdarkness_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2542315.stm">"Days of toxic darkness"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Days+of+toxic+darkness&rft.date=2002-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F2542315.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe, Peter</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00022470.1976.10470341">"Attitudes and Responses Towards Air Pollution in Medieval England"</a>. <i>Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association</i>. <b>26</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">941–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00022470.1976.10470341">10.1080/00022470.1976.10470341</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/789426">789426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Air+Pollution+Control+Association&rft.atitle=Attitudes+and+Responses+Towards+Air+Pollution+in+Medieval+England&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E941-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00022470.1976.10470341&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F789426&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00022470.1976.10470341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe, Peter</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTKGdPwzYCwC"><i>The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times</i></a>. Methuen. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1136703292" title="Special:BookSources/1136703292"><bdi>1136703292</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Smoke%3A+A+History+of+Air+Pollution+in+London+Since+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1136703292&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTKGdPwzYCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fumifugium-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fumifugium_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fumifugium_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvelyn1661" class="citation book cs1">Evelyn, John (1661). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fumifugium00eveluoft"><i>Fumifugium, or, The Inconveniencie of the Aer and Smoak of London</i></a>. London: W. Godbid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904617061" title="Special:BookSources/9780904617061"><bdi>9780904617061</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fumifugium%2C+or%2C+The+Inconveniencie+of+the+Aer+and+Smoak+of+London&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Godbid&rft.date=1661&rft.isbn=9780904617061&rft.aulast=Evelyn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffumifugium00eveluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKie, Robin & Townsend, Mark. <i>Great Smog is history, but foul air still kills</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/nov/24/greenpolitics.waste">The Observer</a>, 24 November 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFExcell2015" class="citation news cs1">Excell, John (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151221-the-lethal-effects-of-london-fog">"The lethal effects of London fog"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+lethal+effects+of+London+fog&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.aulast=Excell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20151221-the-lethal-effects-of-london-fog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brimblecombe2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brimblecombe2006_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe, Peter</a> (1 November 2006). "The Clean Air Act after 50 years". <i>Weather</i>. <b>61</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Wthr...61..311B">2006Wthr...61..311B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1256%2Fwea.127.06">10.1256/wea.127.06</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8696">1477-8696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1656">0043-1656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123552841">123552841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather&rft.atitle=The+Clean+Air+Act+after+50+years&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123552841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1477-8696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Wthr...61..311B&rft.issn=0043-1656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1256%2Fwea.127.06&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Wills2015" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Wills (24 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/old-smoke-londons-famous-fog/">"Old Smoke: London's Famous Fog"</a>. JSTOR Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Smoke%3A+London%27s+Famous+Fog&rft.pub=JSTOR+Daily&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.au=Matthew+Wills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fold-smoke-londons-famous-fog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawson2017" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Kate Winkler (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinairtruest0000daws_z7w2"><i>Death in the Air: The True Story of a Serial Killer, the Great London Smog, and the Strangling of a City</i></a>. Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-50685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-50685-4"><bdi>978-0-316-50685-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Air%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Serial+Killer%2C+the+Great+London+Smog%2C+and+the+Strangling+of+a+City&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-316-50685-4&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Kate+Winkler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinairtruest0000daws_z7w2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDomonoske2016" class="citation web cs1">Domonoske, Camila (23 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503156414/research-on-chinese-haze-helps-crack-mystery-of-londons-deadly-1952-fog">"Research On Chinese Haze Helps Crack Mystery of London's Deadly 1952 Fog"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+On+Chinese+Haze+Helps+Crack+Mystery+of+London%27s+Deadly+1952+Fog&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Domonoske&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F11%2F23%2F503156414%2Fresearch-on-chinese-haze-helps-crack-mystery-of-londons-deadly-1952-fog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangZhangGomezYang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Gehui; Zhang, Renyi; Gomez, Mario E.; et al. (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137769">"Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>113</b> (48): <span class="nowrap">13630–</span>13635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..11313630W">2016PNAS..11313630W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1616540113">10.1073/pnas.1616540113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137769">5137769</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27849598">27849598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Persistent+sulfate+formation+from+London+Fog+to+Chinese+haze&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13630-%3C%2Fspan%3E13635&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5137769%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27849598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1616540113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..11313630W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gehui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Renyi&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Mario+E.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Lingxiao&rft.au=Levy+Zamora%2C+Misti&rft.au=Hu%2C+Min&rft.au=Lin%2C+Yun&rft.au=Peng%2C+Jianfei&rft.au=Guo%2C+Song&rft.au=Meng%2C+Jingjing&rft.au=Li%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Chunlei&rft.au=Hu%2C+Tafeng&rft.au=Ren%2C+Yanqin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuesi&rft.au=Gao%2C+Jian&rft.au=Cao%2C+Junji&rft.au=An%2C+Zhisheng&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Li%2C+Guohui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jiayuan&rft.au=Tian%2C+Pengfei&rft.au=Marrero-Ortiz%2C+Wilmarie&rft.au=Secrest%2C+Jeremiah&rft.au=Du%2C+Zhuofei&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Jing&rft.au=Shang%2C+Dongjie&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Limin&rft.au=Shao%2C+Min&rft.au=Wang%2C+Weigang&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yao&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuan&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yujiao&rft.au=Li%2C+Yixin&rft.au=Hu%2C+Jiaxi&rft.au=Pan%2C+Bowen&rft.au=Cai%2C+Li&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Yuting&rft.au=Ji%2C+Yuemeng&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Fang&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Liss%2C+Peter+S.&rft.au=Duce%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Kolb%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Molina%2C+Mario+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5137769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2016" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Alan (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-finally-know-what-caused-londons-killer-fog-2016-11">"Scientists finally know what caused a mysterious fog to kill 12,000 people in London in 1952"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Scientists+finally+know+what+caused+a+mysterious+fog+to+kill+12%2C000+people+in+London+in+1952&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fscientists-finally-know-what-caused-londons-killer-fog-2016-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheail1991" class="citation book cs1">Sheail, John (1991). <i>Power in Trust: the environmental history of the Central Electricity Generating Board</i>. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 22, <span class="nowrap">42–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854673-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-854673-4"><bdi>0-19-854673-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Trust%3A+the+environmental+history+of+the+Central+Electricity+Generating+Board&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-854673-4&rft.aulast=Sheail&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physics-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-physics_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physics_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasonHughes2001" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Nigel; Hughes, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen0000maso/page/112"><i>Introduction to Environmental Physics</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen0000maso/page/112">112–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748407651" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748407651"><bdi>978-0748407651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Environmental+Physics&rft.pages=112-13&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0748407651&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoen0000maso%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225064910/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Teaching_Packs/Key_Stage_4/Air_Quality/02.html">"Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme"</a>. Ace.mmu.ac.uk. 4 December 1952. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Teaching_Packs/Key_Stage_4/Air_Quality/02.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atmosphere%2C+Climate+%26+Environment+Information+Programme&rft.pub=Ace.mmu.ac.uk&rft.date=1952-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.mmu.ac.uk%2FResources%2FTeaching_Packs%2FKey_Stage_4%2FAir_Quality%2F02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/case-studies/great-smog">"The Great Smog of 1952"</a>. <i>UK MetOffice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+MetOffice&rft.atitle=The+Great+Smog+of+1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fweather%2Flearn-about%2Fweather%2Fcase-studies%2Fgreat-smog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allaby-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allaby_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2014" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3P5LJe8xHYC"><i>Fog, Smog, and Poisoned Rain</i></a>. Facts on File. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108667" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108667"><bdi>9781438108667</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fog%2C+Smog%2C+and+Poisoned+Rain&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438108667&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3P5LJe8xHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkins1954-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins1954_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkins1954_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkins1954" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, E.T. (January 1954). "Air Pollution and the London Fog of December, 1952". <i>Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute</i>. <b>74</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146642405407400101">10.1177/146642405407400101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-7334">0370-7334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13118590">13118590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41107395">41107395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Sanitary+Institute&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+and+the+London+Fog+of+December%2C+1952&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1954-01&rft.issn=0370-7334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41107395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13118590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F146642405407400101&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=E.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson2017b-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2017b_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawson2017" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Kate Winkler (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinairtruest0000daws_z7w2"><i>Death in the Air: The True Story of a Serial Killer, the Great London Smog, and the Strangling of a City</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-50685-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-50685-4"><bdi>978-0-316-50685-4</bdi></a>. <q>These [death toll] numbers were startling, but they still caused no panic... A city hardened by war still believed the fog was simply a prolonged peasouper, just another byproduct of living in London.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+Air%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Serial+Killer%2C+the+Great+London+Smog%2C+and+the+Strangling+of+a+City&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-316-50685-4&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Kate+Winkler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinairtruest0000daws_z7w2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50years-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50years_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204051/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf"><i>50 years on: The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Greater London Authority. December 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852614285" title="Special:BookSources/1852614285"><bdi>1852614285</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/air_quality/docs/50_years_on.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+years+on%3A+The+struggle+for+air+quality+in+London+since+the+great+smog+of+December+1952&rft.pub=Greater+London+Authority&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=1852614285&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.london.gov.uk%2Fmayor%2Fenvironment%2Fair_quality%2Fdocs%2F50_years_on.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TomCribb-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TomCribb_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNielson" class="citation web cs1">Nielson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=873954">"The Killer Fog of '52"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Killer+Fog+of+%2752&rft.pub=NPR&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D873954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_4506000/4506390.stm">"London fog clears after days of chaos"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 December 1952<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=London+fog+clears+after+days+of+chaos&rft.date=1952-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fdecember%2F9%2Fnewsid_4506000%2F4506390.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2012/12/4/1354639047931/London-fog-Great-Smog-of--001.jpg">"Busy Time for Thieves: Traffic Disrupted"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Busy+Time+for+Thieves%3A+Traffic+Disrupted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.guim.co.uk%2Fsys-images%2FGuardian%2FPix%2Fpictures%2F2012%2F12%2F4%2F1354639047931%2FLondon-fog-Great-Smog-of--001.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commins2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-commins2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-42357608">"Death by smog: London's fatal four-day pea-souper: Interview with Dr Brian Commins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Death+by+smog%3A+London%27s+fatal+four-day+pea-souper%3A+Interview+with+Dr+Brian+Commins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fstories-42357608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutton2014" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Mike (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907976332"><i>Life in 1950s London</i></a>. Stroud, Gloucestershire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-2124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-2124-1"><bdi>978-1-4456-2124-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907976332">907976332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+1950s+London&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907976332&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-2124-1&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F907976332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cap1953-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cap1953_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cap1953_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cap1953_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaver1953" class="citation web cs1">Beaver, Hugh (December 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b32170129/">"Great Britain Committee on Air Pollution: Interim Report"</a>. London: HMSO. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+Committee+on+Air+Pollution%3A+Interim+Report&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953-12&rft.aulast=Beaver&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb32170129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/weather-phenomena/case-studies/great-smog">"The Great Smog of 1952"</a>. metoffice.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Smog+of+1952&rft.pub=metoffice.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Flearn-about-the-weather%2Fweather-phenomena%2Fcase-studies%2Fgreat-smog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commins-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-commins_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-42357608">"Death by smog: London's fatal four-day pea-souper: Interview with Dr Brian Commins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>As many as 100,000 people in London were made ill by the pollution at the time, particularly people with asthma and cardiovascular problems. The very young and the elderly also suffered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Death+by+smog%3A+London%27s+fatal+four-day+pea-souper%3A+Interview+with+Dr+Brian+Commins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fstories-42357608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1953/feb/16/nutty-slack">"Coal: Nutty slack"</a>. <i>Commons Sitting of 16 February 1953</i>. hansard.millbanksystems.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coal%3A+Nutty+slack&rft.btitle=Commons+Sitting+of+16+February+1953&rft.pub=hansard.millbanksystems.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1953%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fnutty-slack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2003-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2003_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2003" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Devra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whensmokeranlike00davi"><i>When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales Of Environmental Deception And The Battle Against Pollution</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01522-1"><bdi>978-0-465-01522-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Smoke+Ran+Like+Water%3A+Tales+Of+Environmental+Deception+And+The+Battle+Against+Pollution&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01522-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Devra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhensmokeranlike00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fullergls-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fullergls_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fullergls_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuller2018" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Gary (2018). "3: The Great Smog". <i>The Invisible Killer: The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution- and How We Can Fight Back</i>. Melville House. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-783-8"><bdi>978-1-61219-783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Great+Smog&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Killer%3A+The+Rising+Global+Threat+of+Air+Pollution-+and+How+We+Can+Fight+Back&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61219-783-8&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cap1953b-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cap1953b_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaver1953" class="citation web cs1">Beaver, Hugh (December 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b32170129/">"Great Britain Committee on Air Pollution: Interim Report"</a>. London: HMSO. p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+Committee+on+Air+Pollution%3A+Interim+Report&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953-12&rft.aulast=Beaver&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb32170129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetersDöringWichmann1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PetersDöringWichmann1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersDöringWichmannKoenig1997" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Annette; Döring, Angela; Wichmann, H-Erich; Koenig, Wolfgang (May 1997). "Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality?". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>349</b> (9065): <span class="nowrap">1582–</span>1587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2901211-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01211-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9174559">9174559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30012028">30012028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Increased+plasma+viscosity+during+an+air+pollution+episode%3A+a+link+to+mortality%3F&rft.volume=349&rft.issue=9065&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1582-%3C%2Fspan%3E1587&rft.date=1997-05&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30012028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9174559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2901211-7&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft.au=D%C3%B6ring%2C+Angela&rft.au=Wichmann%2C+H-Erich&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntAbrahamJudsonBerry2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Andrew; Abraham, Jerrold L; Judson, Bret; Berry, Colin L (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241576">"Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>111</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1209–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.6114">10.1289/ehp.6114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241576">1241576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12842775">12842775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Toxicologic+and+epidemiologic+clues+from+the+characterization+of+the+1952+London+smog+fine+particulate+matter+in+archival+autopsy+lung+tissues&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1209-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12842775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6114&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Jerrold+L&rft.au=Judson%2C+Bret&rft.au=Berry%2C+Colin+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bell-june2001-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bell-june2001_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellDavis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Michelle L.; Davis, Devra Lee (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47095552/download_file?st=MTUxMTQ3MzYyNyw5OC4xOTUuMTcyLjI0MCw0OTg5Njc3MQ%3D%3D&s=swp-toolbar&ct=MTUxMTQ3MzYzMiwxNTExNDczNjM3LDQ5ODk2Nzcx">"Reassessment of the Lethal London Fog of 1952: Novel Indicators of Acute and Chronic Consequences of Acute Exposure to Air Pollution"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>109</b> (Suppl 3): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3434786">10.2307/3434786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3434786">3434786</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240556">1240556</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11427388">11427388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Reassessment+of+the+Lethal+London+Fog+of+1952%3A+Novel+Indicators+of+Acute+and+Chronic+Consequences+of+Acute+Exposure+to+Air+Pollution&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1240556%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11427388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3434786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3434786&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Michelle+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Devra+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fattachments%2F47095552%2Fdownload_file%3Fst%3DMTUxMTQ3MzYyNyw5OC4xOTUuMTcyLjI0MCw0OTg5Njc3MQ%253D%253D%26s%3Dswp-toolbar%26ct%3DMTUxMTQ3MzYzMiwxNTExNDczNjM3LDQ5ODk2Nzcx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gradwohl-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gradwohl_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camps, Francis E (Ed.) (1976). <i>Gradwohl's Legal Medicine</i> (Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd, 3rd ed.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7236-0310-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7236-0310-3">0-7236-0310-3</a>. p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrewAbrahamJudsonBerry2003" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew; Abraham, Jerrold L.; Judson, Bret; Berry, Colin L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241576">"Toxicologic and Epidemiologic Clues from the Characterization of the 1952 London Smog Fine Particulate Matter in Archival Autopsy Lung Tissues Hunt"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>111</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1209–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.6114">10.1289/ehp.6114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241576">1241576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12842775">12842775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Toxicologic+and+Epidemiologic+Clues+from+the+Characterization+of+the+1952+London+Smog+Fine+Particulate+Matter+in+Archival+Autopsy+Lung+Tissues+Hunt&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1209-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12842775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6114&rft.au=Andrew&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Jerrold+L.&rft.au=Judson%2C+Bret&rft.au=Berry%2C+Colin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-von_HinkeSørensen2023-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-von_HinkeSørensen2023_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_HinkeSørensen2023" class="citation journal cs1">von Hinke, Stephanie; Sørensen, Emil N. (December 2023). "The long-term effects of early-life pollution exposure: Evidence from the London smog". <i>Journal of Health Economics</i>. <b>92</b>: 102827. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.11785">2202.11785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhealeco.2023.102827">10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102827</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-6296">0167-6296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37866291">37866291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Economics&rft.atitle=The+long-term+effects+of+early-life+pollution+exposure%3A+Evidence+from+the+London+smog&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=102827&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2202.11785&rft.issn=0167-6296&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37866291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhealeco.2023.102827&rft.aulast=von+Hinke&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Emil+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3251000/3251001.stm">"Choking fog spreads across Britain"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 December 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Choking+fog+spreads+across+Britain&rft.date=1962-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fdecember%2F6%2Fnewsid_3251000%2F3251001.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFullerton2019" class="citation web cs1">Fullerton, Huw (26 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2019-03-26/the-crown-discover-the-real-great-smog-that-brought-london-to-a-standstill/">"The Crown: Discover the real Great Smog that brought London to a standstill"</a>. <i>Radio Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=The+Crown%3A+Discover+the+real+Great+Smog+that+brought+London+to+a+standstill&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Fnews%2F2019-03-26%2Fthe-crown-discover-the-real-great-smog-that-brought-london-to-a-standstill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSykesMilligan" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Sykes" title="Eric Sykes">Sykes, Eric</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spike_Milligan" title="Spike Milligan">Milligan, Spike</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329140748/http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=s05e13_forog">"Goon Show Script: Forog: Series 5 Episode 13"</a>. <i>The Goon Show Site</i>. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Goon+Show+Site&rft.atitle=Goon+Show+Script%3A+Forog%3A+Series+5+Episode+13&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Milligan%2C+Spike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegoonshow.net%2Fscripts_show.asp%3Ftitle%3Ds05e13_forog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-the-creeping-death-1970/">"3.3 Doctor Who: The Creeping Death – Doctor Who – The Tenth Doctor Adventures – Big Finish"</a>. <i>Big Finish</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Big+Finish&rft.atitle=3.3+Doctor+Who%3A+The+Creeping+Death+%E2%80%93+Doctor+Who+%E2%80%93+The+Tenth+Doctor+Adventures+%E2%80%93+Big+Finish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigfinish.com%2Freleases%2Fv%2Fdoctor-who-the-creeping-death-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/395564/doctor-who-amorality-tale-by-david-bishop/9781849909044"><i>Doctor Who: Amorality Tale</i></a>. 12 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctor+Who%3A+Amorality+Tale&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F395564%2Fdoctor-who-amorality-tale-by-david-bishop%2F9781849909044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Starling, London, 2007 ISBN 978-0-525-94996-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1957" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, D.E. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tallstranger0000dest"><i>The Tall Stranger</i></a>. London: Collins. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>For nearly a week London had been shrouded in fog. Today it had lifted a little (just enough for the half-choked inhabitants to see that there was a sun, still shining in the sky) but now it was settling down thicker than ever; it was for all the world like a dirty grey blanket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tall+Stranger&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftallstranger0000dest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotenza2017" class="citation news cs1">Potenza, Alessandra (16 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/16/16778604/london-great-smog-1952-death-in-the-air-pollution-book-review-john-reginald-christie">"In 1952 London, 12,000 people died from smog — here's why that matters now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=In+1952+London%2C+12%2C000+people+died+from+smog+%E2%80%94+here%27s+why+that+matters+now&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft.aulast=Potenza&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F12%2F16%2F16778604%2Flondon-great-smog-1952-death-in-the-air-pollution-book-review-john-reginald-christie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, DV (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241117">"Recollections of the London Fog"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>110</b> (12): A735. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.110-a735">10.1289/ehp.110-a735</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-9924">1552-9924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241117">1241117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12501844">12501844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+the+London+Fog&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=A735&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=1552-9924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.110-a735&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12501844&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=DV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerridgeTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Berridge, Virginia; Taylor, Suzanne, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/assets/icbh-witness/bigsmoke.pdf"><i>The Big Smoke: Fifty years after the 1952 London Smog</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre for History in Public Health: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905165-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-905165-02-1"><bdi>1-905165-02-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Smoke%3A+Fifty+years+after+the+1952+London+Smog&rft.pub=Centre+for+History+in+Public+Health%3A+London+School+of+Hygiene+%26+Tropical+Medicine&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-905165-02-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fsspp%2Fassets%2Ficbh-witness%2Fbigsmoke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrimblecombe1987" class="citation book cs1">Brimblecombe, Peter (1987). "8: The Great Smog and After". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTKGdPwzYCwC"><i>The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times</i></a>. Methuen. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1136703292" title="Special:BookSources/1136703292"><bdi>1136703292</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+The+Great+Smog+and+After&rft.btitle=The+Big+Smoke%3A+A+History+of+Air+Pollution+in+London+Since+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1136703292&rft.aulast=Brimblecombe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbTKGdPwzYCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Devra (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241116">"A Look Back at the London Smog of 1952 and the Half Century Since"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>110</b> (12): A734-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.110-a734">10.1289/ehp.110-a734</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-9924">1552-9924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241116">1241116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12501843">12501843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=A+Look+Back+at+the+London+Smog+of+1952+and+the+Half+Century+Since&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=A734-5&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.eissn=1552-9924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.110-a734&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12501843&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Devra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2002" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Devra (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/great-smog">"The Great Smog"</a>. <i>History Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Great+Smog&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Devra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Ffeature%2Fgreat-smog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuller2018" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Gary (2018). "3: The Great Smog". <i>The Invisible Killer: The Rising Global Threat of Air Pollution- and How We Can Fight Back</i>. Melville House. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61219-783-8"><bdi>978-1-61219-783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Great+Smog&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Killer%3A+The+Rising+Global+Threat+of+Air+Pollution-+and+How+We+Can+Fight+Back&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61219-783-8&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardy2020" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Anne (3 March 2020). "3: Death and the Environment in London:1800–2000". In Luckin, Bill; Thorsheim, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBTYDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Mighty Capital under Threat: The Environmental History of London, 1800-2000</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8744-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8744-4"><bdi>978-0-8229-8744-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Death+and+the+Environment+in+London%3A1800%E2%80%932000&rft.btitle=A+Mighty+Capital+under+Threat%3A+The+Environmental+History+of+London%2C+1800-2000&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8744-4&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBTYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagourney2003" class="citation news cs1">Nagourney, Eric (12 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/12/science/why-the-great-smog-of-london-was-anything-but-great.html">"Why the Great Smog of London Was Anything but Great"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+the+Great+Smog+of+London+Was+Anything+but+Great&rft.date=2003-08-12&rft.aulast=Nagourney&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F08%2F12%2Fscience%2Fwhy-the-great-smog-of-london-was-anything-but-great.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorsheim2006" class="citation book cs1">Thorsheim, Peter (2006). "10: Death Comes from the Air". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AajOxKkjCUYC"><i>Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain Since 1800</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 159-172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821442104" title="Special:BookSources/9780821442104"><bdi>9780821442104</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Death+Comes+from+the+Air&rft.btitle=Inventing+Pollution%3A+Coal%2C+Smoke%2C+and+Culture+in+Britain+Since+1800&rft.pages=159-172&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780821442104&rft.aulast=Thorsheim&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAajOxKkjCUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Smog+of+London" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal" title="Template:Coal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal" title="Template talk:Coal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal types by grade<br /><small>(lowest to highest)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_London282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/20px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/40px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/40px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/60px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/11px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/23px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&oldid=1279601819">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&oldid=1279601819</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_disasters_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1952 disasters in the United Kingdom">1952 disasters in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_health_disasters" title="Category:1952 health disasters">1952 health disasters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_in_London" title="Category:1952 in London">1952 in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_in_the_environment" title="Category:1952 in the environment">1952 in the environment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air_pollution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Air pollution in the United Kingdom">Air pollution in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:December_1952_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:December 1952 in the United Kingdom">December 1952 in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disasters_in_London" title="Category:Disasters in London">Disasters in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_London" title="Category:Environment of London">Environment of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_disasters_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom">Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_disasters_in_England" title="Category:Health disasters in England">Health disasters in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_London" title="Category:Health in London">Health in London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Smog_events" title="Category:Smog events">Smog events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Environmental history of the United Kingdom">Environmental history of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use British English from March 2020">Use British English from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 March 2025, at 13:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Smog of London</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>41 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-b5rgz","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.757","walltime":"0.898","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4649,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":155692,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2956,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":222134,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 765.826 1 -total"," 48.76% 373.392 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.65% 158.164 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.94% 91.441 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.16% 85.463 18 Template:Cite_book"," 10.36% 79.342 1 Template:Coal"," 9.93% 76.048 1 Template:Infobox_event"," 9.33% 71.437 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.75% 67.009 15 Template:Cite_web"," 5.66% 43.367 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.474","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6509240,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-g84cf","timestamp":"20250331025710","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Great Smog of London","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Smog_of_London","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q913640","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q913640","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-12T00:15:02Z","dateModified":"2025-03-09T13:45:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/Nelson%27s_Column_during_the_Great_Smog_of_1952.jpg","headline":"1952 air pollution event in London, England"}</script> </body> </html>