CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Watch - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5df629c7-13c7-4fbb-899b-7e961606167b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Watch","wgTitle":"Watch","wgCurRevisionId":1284728272,"wgRevisionId":1284728272,"wgArticleId":60883,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles needing additional references from June 2014","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Watches","Wrist"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Watch","wgRelevantArticleId":60883,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178794","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/1200px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/800px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/640px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Watch - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Watch rootpage-Watch skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Watch" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Watch" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Watch" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Watch" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wristwatches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wristwatches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wristwatches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wristwatches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Automatic watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Electric watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quartz_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quartz_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Quartz watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quartz_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Smart watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Hybrid watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mechanical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_watches_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_watches_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Automatic watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_watches_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Electronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Display</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Display-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Display subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tactile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Illuminated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Speech synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Handedness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scuba_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scuba_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Scuba diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scuba_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Watch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horlosie" title="Horlosie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Horlosie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ساعة يد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساعة يد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="হাতঘড়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাতঘড়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurier" title="Eurier – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eurier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellotge_(complement)" title="Rellotge (complement) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rellotge (complement)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodinky" title="Hodinky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hodinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriawr" title="Oriawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oriawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reloj_(complemento)" title="Reloj (complemento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reloj (complemento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlojua_(osagarria)" title="Erlojua (osagarria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlojua (osagarria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8C" title="ساعت مچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساعت مچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montre_(horlogerie)" title="Montre (horlogerie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montre (horlogerie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uairead%C3%B3ir" title="Uaireadóir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uaireadóir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaireadair" title="Uaireadair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uaireadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%B4%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%A9_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%84" title="휴대용 시계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휴대용 시계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="घड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horlojo" title="Horlojo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Horlojo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_tangan" title="Jam tangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jam tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%95%E1%93%95%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᑕᓕᐊᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑕᓕᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_tangan" title="Jam tangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jam tangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕೈಗಡಿಯಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಗಡಿಯಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont" title="Mont – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mont" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandraluo" title="Tandraluo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tandraluo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermbandoer" title="Ermbandoer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ermbandoer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="വാച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_tangan" title="Jam tangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jam tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%AB-bi%C4%93u" title="Chiū-biēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chiū-biēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauhcaxitl" title="Cauhcaxitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cauhcaxitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horloge" title="Horloge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horloge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallozie" title="Hallozie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hallozie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="हातेघडी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हातेघडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%95%E6%99%82%E8%A8%88" title="腕時計 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腕時計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%E2%80%99l_soati" title="Qo’l soati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qo’l soati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AA%DA%BE_%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%8C" title="ہتھ گھڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہتھ گھڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegarek" title="Zegarek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zegarek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_pacha_tupuq" title="Maki pacha tupuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maki pacha tupuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Портативные устройства измерения времени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портативные устройства измерения времени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahati_i_dor%C3%ABs" title="Sahati i dorës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sahati i dorës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch" title="Watch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Watch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%99%D9%8A" title="گھڙي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گھڙي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saac_(faah_faahin)" title="Saac (faah faahin) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saac (faah faahin)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کاتژمێری دەستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاتژمێری دەستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Лични сат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лични сат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rloji" title="Érloji – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Érloji" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கைக்கடிகாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைக்கடிகாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="గడియారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గడియారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="นาฬิกาข้อมือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาฬิกาข้อมือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_saati" title="Kol saati – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kol saati" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Особистий годинник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Особистий годинник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%DA%91%DB%8C" title="گھڑی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھڑی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_h%E1%BB%93_%C4%91eo_tay" title="Đồng hồ đeo tay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng hồ đeo tay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsusul-ot_nga_orasan" title="Ginsusul-ot nga orasan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ginsusul-ot nga orasan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%8C%B6" title="手錶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="手錶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%A8" title="手表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="手表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88rluji_tangan" title="Èrluji tangan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èrluji tangan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Watch" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Watch"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Watch"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Watch" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Watch" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&oldid=1284728272" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Watch&id=1284728272&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWatch"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWatch"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Watch&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Watch" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Budget_Watch_Collecting" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178794" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Personal timepiece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Watch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Watch (disambiguation)">Watch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/220px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/330px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG/440px-Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A modern wristwatch featuring solar charging and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> capabilities</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg/250px-Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg/330px-Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg/500px-Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A 1983 <a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a> watch with touchscreen</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>watch</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">timepiece</a> carried or worn by a person. It is designed to keep a consistent movement despite the motions caused by the person's activities. A <b>wristwatch</b> is designed to be worn around the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>, attached by a <a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">watch strap</a> or other type of <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelet</a>, including metal bands or <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> straps. A <a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket watch</a> is carried in a <a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">pocket</a>, often attached to a chain. A <a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a> is a watch that measures intervals of time. </p><p>During most of their history, beginning in the 16th century, watches were mechanical devices, driven by <a href="/wiki/Clockwork" title="Clockwork">clockwork</a>, powered by winding a <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a>, and keeping time with an oscillating <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>. These are called <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical watches</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s the electronic <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock"><i>quartz watch</i></a> was invented, powered by a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> and keeping time with a vibrating <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz crystal">quartz crystal</a>. By the 1980s it took over most of the watch market, in what was called the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crisis" title="Quartz crisis">quartz revolution</a> (or the quartz crisis in Switzerland, whose <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Swiss_Watch_Industry" title="Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry">renowned watch industry</a> it decimated).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, <i><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatches</a></i> emerged, small wrist-worn computers with <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreens</a>, with functions that go far beyond timekeeping. </p><p>Modern watches often display the day, date, month, and year. Mechanical watches may have extra features ("<a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">complications</a>") such as moon-phase displays and different types of <a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">tourbillon</a>. Quartz watches often include <a href="/wiki/Timer" title="Timer">timers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronographs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alarm_clock" title="Alarm clock">alarm</a> functions. Smartwatches and more complicated electronic watches may even incorporate <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Epson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> technology or have heart-rate monitoring capabilities, and some use <a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">radio clock</a> technology to regularly correct the time. </p><p>Most watches used mainly for timekeeping have quartz movements. But expensive <a href="/wiki/Collectible" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectible">collectible</a> watches, valued more for their elaborate craftsmanship, aesthetic appeal, and glamorous design than for timekeeping, often have traditional mechanical movements, despite being less accurate and more expensive than their electronic counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_watches_sold_at_auction" title="List of most expensive watches sold at auction">most expensive watch ever sold at auction</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Philippe</a> Grandmaster Chime for US$31.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_watches" title="History of watches">History of watches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_(Melanchthon%27s_Watch)_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg/250px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg/330px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg/500px-German_-_Spherical_Table_Watch_%28Melanchthon%27s_Watch%29_-_Walters_5817_-_View_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>A pomander watch from 1530, which once belonged to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> and is now in the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watches evolved from portable <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">spring-driven</a> clocks, which first appeared in 15th-century Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century beginning in the German cities of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, were transitional in size between clocks and watches.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> clockmaker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Henlein" title="Peter Henlein">Peter Henlein</a> (or Henle or Hele) (1485–1542) is often credited as the inventor of the watch.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlisle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Usher_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usher-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other German clockmakers were creating miniature timepieces during this period, and there is no evidence Henlein was the first.<sup id="cite_ref-Usher_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Usher-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossum_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossum-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watches were not widely worn in pockets until the 17th century. One account suggests that the word "watch" came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <i>woecce</i> – which meant "watchman" – because town <a href="/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)" title="Watchman (law enforcement)">watchmen</a> used the technology to keep track of their shifts at work.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another says that the term came from 17th-century sailors, who used the new mechanisms to time the length of their shipboard <a href="/wiki/Watch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch system"><i>watches</i></a> (duty shifts).<sup id="cite_ref-Haven_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haven-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rise in accuracy occurred in 1657 with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a> to the balance wheel, an invention disputed both at the time and ever since between <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>. This innovation significantly improved the accuracy of watches, reducing errors from several hours a day<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to approximately 10 minutes per day,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">minute hand</a> on watch faces in Britian around 1680 and in France by 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increased accuracy of the balance wheel focused attention on errors caused by other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movement</a>, igniting a two-century wave of watchmaking innovation. The first thing to be improved was the <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>. The verge escapement was replaced in quality watches by the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_escapement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder escapement">cylinder escapement</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tompion" title="Thomas Tompion">Thomas Tompion</a> in 1695 and further developed by <a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(clockmaker)" title="George Graham (clockmaker)">George Graham</a> in the 1720s. Improvements in manufacturing – such as the tooth-cutting machine devised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> – allowed some increase in the volume of watch production, although finishing and assembling was still done by hand until well into the 19th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blancpain_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blancpain_logo.svg/250px-Blancpain_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blancpain_logo.svg/330px-Blancpain_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Blancpain_logo.svg/500px-Blancpain_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="147" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1735, <a href="/wiki/Blancpain" title="Blancpain">Blancpain</a> is the oldest registered watch brand in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>A major cause of error in balance-wheel timepieces, caused by changes in <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a> from temperature changes, was solved by the bimetallic <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">temperature-compensated balance wheel</a> invented in 1765 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Roy" title="Pierre Le Roy">Pierre Le Roy</a> and improved by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earnshaw" title="Thomas Earnshaw">Thomas Earnshaw</a> (1749–1829). The <a href="/wiki/Lever_escapement" title="Lever escapement">lever escapement</a>, the single most important technological breakthrough, though invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mudge_(horologist)" title="Thomas Mudge (horologist)">Thomas Mudge</a> in 1754<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tourbillon_Chronicles_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tourbillon_Chronicles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improved by Josiah Emery in 1785,<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_of_Clocks_and_Watches_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline_of_Clocks_and_Watches-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only gradually came into use from about 1800 onwards, chiefly in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Neha_S._Bajpai_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neha_S._Bajpai-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi,_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg/250px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg/330px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg/500px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_II_orologi%2C_1737_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13458392.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>A watch drawn in <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a></i>, 1737</figcaption></figure> <p>The British predominated in watch manufacture for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, but maintained a system of production that was geared towards high-quality products for the élite.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Watch Company modernized clock manufacture with <a href="/wiki/Mass-production" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-production">mass-production</a> techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery in 1843. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Lufkin_Dennison" title="Aaron Lufkin Dennison">Aaron Lufkin Dennison</a> started a factory in 1851 in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>, and by 1861 a successful enterprise operated, incorporated as the <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Watch_Company" title="Waltham Watch Company">Waltham Watch Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe1916_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe1916-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wristwatches">Wristwatches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wristwatches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg/250px-Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg/330px-Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg/500px-Wrist_Watch_WWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>Early wristwatch by <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Watch_Company" title="Waltham Watch Company">Waltham</a> with a metal guard over the crystal, worn by soldiers in World War I (<a href="/wiki/German_Clock_Museum" title="German Clock Museum">German Clock Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg/250px-Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg/330px-Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg/500px-Campaign_Watch_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mappin_%26_Webb" title="Mappin & Webb">Mappin & Webb</a>'s wristwatch, advertised as having been in production since 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. In 1571, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> of England received a wristwatch, described as an "armed watch", from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton183_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton183-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17th century French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> is said to have worn a watch on his left-wrist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving wristwatch (then described as a "bracelet watch") is one made in 1806, and given to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton183_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton183-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women – men used pocket watches up until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolu_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, the watch-maker <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Breguet" title="Abraham-Louis Breguet">Abraham-Louis Breguet</a> made a wristwatch for the Queen of Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Swiss wristwatch was made in the year 1868 by the Swiss watch-maker <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Philippe</a> for Countess Koscowicz of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wristwatches were first worn by military men towards the end of the 19th century, having increasingly recognized the importance of synchronizing maneuvers during war without potentially revealing plans to the enemy through signaling. The Garstin Company of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> patented a "Watch Wristlet" design in 1893, but probably produced similar designs from the 1880s. Officers in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> began using wristwatches during colonial military campaigns in the 1880s, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Anglo-Burma War</a> of 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolu_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> of 1880–1881, the importance of coordinating troop movements and synchronizing attacks against highly mobile Boer insurgents became paramount, and the use of wristwatches subsequently became widespread among the <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> class. The company <a href="/wiki/Mappin_%26_Webb" title="Mappin & Webb">Mappin & Webb</a> began production of their successful "campaign watch" for soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">campaign in the Sudan in 1898</a> and accelerated production for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> of 1899–1902 a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolu_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolu-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental Europe, <a href="/wiki/Girard-Perregaux" title="Girard-Perregaux">Girard-Perregaux</a> and other Swiss watchmakers began supplying German naval officers with wristwatches in about 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruton183_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruton183-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early models were essentially standard pocket-watches fitted to a leather strap, but by the early 20th century, manufacturers began producing purpose-built wristwatches. The Swiss company <a href="/wiki/Dimier" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimier">Dimier</a> Frères & Cie patented a wristwatch design with the now standard wire lugs in 1903. In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cartier" title="Louis Cartier">Louis Cartier</a> produced a wristwatch to allow his friend <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> to check flight performance in his airship while keeping both hands on the controls as this proved difficult with a pocket watch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartier still markets a line of Santos-Dumont watches and sunglasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartier_sun_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartier_sun-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg/250px-Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg/330px-Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg/500px-Vacheron_Constantin_Patrimony_gold_watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="2449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vacheron_Constantin" title="Vacheron Constantin">Vacheron Constantin</a> patrimony wristwatch</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wilsdorf" title="Hans Wilsdorf">Hans Wilsdorf</a> moved to London, and set up his own business, Wilsdorf & Davis, with his brother-in-law Alfred Davis, providing quality timepieces at affordable prices; the company became <a href="/wiki/Rolex" title="Rolex">Rolex</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilsdorf was an early convert to the wristwatch, and contracted the Swiss firm Aegler to produce a line of wristwatches.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> of 1914–1918 dramatically shifted public perceptions on the propriety of the man's wristwatch and opened up a mass market in the postwar era.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Creeping_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeping barrage">creeping barrage</a> artillery tactic, developed during the war, required precise synchronization between the artillery gunners and the infantry advancing behind the barrage. Service watches produced during the war were specially designed for the rigors of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>, with luminous dials and unbreakable glass. The UK <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> began issuing wristwatches to combatants from 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, almost all enlisted men wore a wristwatch (or <a href="/wiki/Trench_watch" title="Trench watch">wristlet</a>), and after they were demobilized, the fashion soon caught on: the British <a href="/wiki/British_Horological_Institute" title="British Horological Institute"><i>Horological Journal</i></a> wrote in 1917, that "the wristlet watch was little used by the sterner sex before the war, but now is seen on the wrist of nearly every man in uniform and of many men in civilian attire."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, the wristwatch vastly exceeded the pocket watch in market share by a decisive ratio of 50:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automatic_watches">Automatic watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Automatic watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Harwood_(watchmaker)" title="John Harwood (watchmaker)">John Harwood</a> invented the first successful <a href="/wiki/Self-winding_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-winding watch">self-winding</a> system in 1923. In anticipation of Harwood's patent for self-winding mechanisms expiry in 1930, <a href="/wiki/Glycine_Watch_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycine Watch SA">Glycine</a> founder Eugène Meylan started development on a self-winding system as a separate module that could be used with almost any 8.75 ligne (19.74 millimeter) watch movement. Glycine incorporated this module into its watches in October 1930, and began mass-producing automatic watches.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_watches">Electric watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electric watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Elgin_National_Watch_Company" title="Elgin National Watch Company">Elgin National Watch Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Watch_Company" title="Hamilton Watch Company">Hamilton Watch Company</a> pioneered the first <a href="/wiki/Electric_watch" title="Electric watch">electric watch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first electric movements used a battery as a power source to oscillate the balance wheel. During the 1950s, Elgin developed the model 725, while Hamilton released two models: the first, the Hamilton 500, released on 3 January 1957, was produced into 1959. This model had problems with the contact wires misaligning, and the watches returned to Hamilton for alignment. The Hamilton 505, an improvement on the 500, proved more reliable: the contact wires were removed and a non-adjustable contact on the balance assembly delivered the power to the balance wheel. Similar designs from many other watch companies followed. Another type of electric watch was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Bulova" title="Bulova">Bulova</a> company that used a tuning-fork resonator instead of a traditional balance wheel to increase timekeeping accuracy, moving from a typical 2.5–4 Hz with a traditional balance wheel to 360 Hz with the tuning-fork design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quartz_watches">Quartz watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quartz watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The commercial introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz watch">quartz watch</a> in 1969 in the form of the Seiko <a href="/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)" title="Astron (wristwatch)">Astron 35SQ</a>, and in 1970 in the form of the Omega <a href="/wiki/Omega_Electroquartz" title="Omega Electroquartz">Beta 21</a> was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel, which oscillated at perhaps 5 or 6 beats per second, these devices used a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">quartz-crystal</a> <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a>, which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillator circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most quartz-watch oscillators now operate at 32,768 Hz, though quartz movements have been designed with frequencies as high as 262 kHz. Since the 1980s, more quartz watches than mechanical ones have been marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smart_watches">Smart watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Smart watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Timex_Datalink" title="Timex Datalink">Timex Datalink wristwatch</a> was introduced in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Timex Datalink Smartwatches realized a wireless data transfer mode to receive data from a PC. Since then, many companies have released their own iterations of a smartwatch, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch" title="Samsung Galaxy Watch">Samsung Galaxy Watch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Watch" title="Huawei Watch">Huawei Watch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_watches">Hybrid watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hybrid watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hybrid smartwatch is a fusion between a regular mechanical watch and a smartwatch.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement and case are the basic parts of a watch. A <a href="/wiki/Watch_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch band">watch band</a> or bracelet is added to form a wristwatch; alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Watch_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch chain">watch chain</a> is added to form a pocket watch.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The case is the outer covering of the watch. </p><p>The case back is the back portion of the watch's case. Accessing the movement (such as during battery replacement) depends on the type of case back, which are generally categorized into four types: </p> <ul><li>Snap-off case backs (press-on case backs): the watch back pulls straight off and presses straight on.</li> <li>Screw-down case backs (threaded case backs): the entire watch back must be rotated to unscrew from the case. Often it has 6 notches on the external part of the case back.</li> <li>Screw back cases: tiny screws hold the case back to the case</li> <li>Unibody: the only way into the case involves prying the crystal off the front of the watch.</li></ul> <p>The crystal, also called the window or watch glass, is the transparent part of the case that allows viewing the hands and the dial of the movement. Modern wristwatches almost always use one of 4 materials:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Acrylic glass (<a href="/wiki/Plexiglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Plexiglass">plexiglass</a>, hesalite glass): the most impact-resistant ("unbreakable"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and therefore used in dive watches and most <a href="/wiki/US_military_watches" title="US military watches">military watches</a>. Acrylic glass is the lowest cost of these materials, so it is used in practically all low-cost watches.</li> <li>Mineral crystal: a <a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">tempered glass</a>.</li> <li>Sapphire-coated mineral crystal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic sapphire">Synthetic sapphire</a> crystal: the most scratch-resistant; it is difficult to cut and polish, causing watch crystals made of sapphire to be the most expensive.</li></ul> <p>The bezel is the ring holding the crystal in place.<sup id="cite_ref-fogle_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fogle-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lugs are small metal projections at both ends of the wristwatch case where the watch band attaches to the watch case.<sup id="cite_ref-fogle_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fogle-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case and the lugs are often machined from one solid piece of stainless steel.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg/250px-Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg/330px-Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg/500px-Watch_Mechanical_Quartz_Comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>Different kinds of movements move the hands differently as shown in this 2-second exposure. The left watch has a <a href="/wiki/24-hour_analog_dial" title="24-hour analog dial">24-hour analog dial</a> with a mechanical 1/6s "sweep" movement, while the right one has a more common 12-hour dial and a "1s" <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">quartz</a> movement.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg/220px-000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg/330px-000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg/440px-000_0rysdf251_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>A Russian mechanical watch movement with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exhibition_case_back&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exhibition case back (page does not exist)">exhibition case back</a>, showing its movement.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg/220px-Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg/330px-Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg/440px-Montre_mysterieuse-IMG_4639.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>A so-called <a href="/wiki/Mystery_watch" title="Mystery watch">mystery watch</a>, it is the first transparent watch,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c. 1890. The movement is fitted with a cylinder escapement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">movement</a> of a watch is the mechanism that measures the passage of time and displays the current time (and possibly other information including date, month, and day).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movements may be entirely mechanical, entirely electronic (potentially with no moving parts), or they might be a blend of both. Most watches intended mainly for timekeeping today have electronic movements, with mechanical hands on the <a href="/wiki/Watch_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch face">watch face</a> indicating the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">Mechanical watch</a></div> <p>Compared to electronic movements, mechanical watches are less accurate, often with errors of seconds per day; are sensitive to position, temperature,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and magnetism;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are costly to produce; require regular maintenance and adjustments; and are more prone to failures. Nevertheless, mechanical watches attract interest from consumers, particularly among watch collectors. <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_watch" title="Skeleton watch">Skeleton watches</a> are designed to display the mechanism for aesthetic purposes. </p><p>A mechanical movement uses an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> mechanism to control and limit the unwinding and winding parts of a spring, converting what would otherwise be a simple unwinding into a controlled and periodic energy release. The movement also uses a <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Balance_spring" title="Balance spring">balance spring</a> (also known as a hairspring), to control the gear system's motion in a manner analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum clock</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">tourbillon</a>, an optional part for mechanical movements, is a rotating frame for the escapement, used to cancel out or reduce <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> bias. Due to the complexity of designing a tourbillon, they are expensive, and typically found in prestigious watches. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pin-lever_escapement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-lever escapement">pin-lever escapement</a> (called the Roskopf movement after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Frederic_Roskopf" title="Georges Frederic Roskopf">Georges Frederic Roskopf</a>), which is a cheaper version of the fully levered movement, was manufactured in huge quantities by many Swiss manufacturers, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group_USA" title="Timex Group USA">Timex</a>, until it was replaced by quartz movements.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Bulova" title="Bulova">Bulova</a> in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Electric_watch#Types_of_electric_watches" title="Electric watch">tuning-fork watches</a> use a type of electromechanical movement with a precise frequency (most often <span class="nowrap">360 Hz</span>) to drive a mechanical watch. The task of converting electronically pulsed fork vibration into rotary movements is done via two tiny jeweled fingers, called pawls. Tuning-fork watches were rendered obsolete when electronic quartz watches were developed. </p><p>Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a <a href="/wiki/Mainspring" title="Mainspring">mainspring</a> as its power source that must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique pocket watches were wound by inserting a key into the back of the watch and turning it. While most modern watches are designed to run <span class="nowrap">40 hours</span> on a winding, requiring winding daily, some run for several days; a few have 192-hour mainsprings, requiring once-weekly winding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automatic_watches_2">Automatic watches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Automatic watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automatic_watch" title="Automatic watch">Automatic watch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg/220px-Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg/330px-Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg/440px-Jaeger-Lecoultre-p1000838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Automatic_watch" title="Automatic watch">Automatic watch</a>: An eccentric weight, called a rotor, swings with the movement of the wearer's body and winds the spring.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg/170px-Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg/255px-Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg/340px-Grand_Seiko_Automatic_Hi-Beat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="4142" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grand_Seiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Seiko">Grand Seiko</a> Automatic watch</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>self-winding</i> or <i>automatic</i> watch is one that rewinds the mainspring of a mechanical movement by the natural motions of the wearer's body. The first self-winding mechanism was invented for pocket watches in 1770 by Abraham-Louis Perrelet,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first "<a href="/wiki/Self-winding_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-winding watch">self-winding</a>", or "automatic", wristwatch was the invention of a British watch repairer named <a href="/wiki/John_Harwood_(watchmaker)" title="John Harwood (watchmaker)">John Harwood</a> in 1923. This type of watch winds itself without requiring any special action by the wearer. It uses an eccentric weight, called a winding rotor, which rotates with the movement of the wearer's wrist. The back-and-forth motion of the winding rotor couples to a <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(device)" title="Ratchet (device)">ratchet</a> to wind the mainspring automatically. Self-winding watches usually can also be wound manually to keep them running when not worn or if the wearer's wrist motions are inadequate to keep the watch wound. </p><p>In April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Swatch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Swatch Group">Swatch Group</a> launched the <i>sistem51</i> wristwatch. It has a mechanical movement consisting of only 51 parts,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 19 <a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">jewels</a> and a novel self-winding mechanism with a transparent oscillating weight.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten years after its introduction, it is still the only mechanical movement manufactured entirely on a fully automated assembly line, including adjustment of the balance wheel and the escapement for accuracy by <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low parts count and the fully automated assembly make it an inexpensive automatic Swiss watch.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic">Electronic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_watch" title="Electric watch">Electric watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz_clock" title="Quartz clock">Quartz clock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Csem-beta1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Csem-beta1.jpg/250px-Csem-beta1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Csem-beta1.jpg/330px-Csem-beta1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Csem-beta1.jpg/500px-Csem-beta1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>First quartz wristwatch BETA 1 developed by CEH, Switzerland, 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic movements, also known as quartz movements, have few or no moving parts, except a <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> which is made to vibrate by the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric effect">piezoelectric effect</a>. A varying electric voltage is applied to the crystal, which responds by changing its shape so, in combination with some electronic components, it functions as an <a href="/wiki/Quartz_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz oscillator">oscillator</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonates</a> at a specific highly stable frequency, which is used to accurately pace a timekeeping mechanism. Most quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive mechanical hands on the face of the watch to provide a traditional analog display of the time, a feature most consumers still prefer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1959 <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a> placed an order with <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> (a subsidiary company of Seiko and the 'brain' behind the quartz revolution) to start developing a quartz wristwatch. The project was codenamed 59A. By the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics</a>, Seiko had a working prototype of a portable quartz watch which was used as the time measurements throughout the event.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first prototypes of an electronic quartz wristwatch (not just <em>portable</em> quartz watches as the Seiko timekeeping devices at the Tokyo Olympics in 1964) were made by the CEH research laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland. From 1965 through 1967 pioneering development work was done on a miniaturized 8192 Hz quartz oscillator, a thermo-compensation module, and an in-house-made, dedicated integrated circuit (unlike the hybrid circuits used in the later Seiko Astron wristwatch). As a result, the BETA 1 prototype set new timekeeping performance records at the International Chronometric Competition held at the <a href="/wiki/Observatory_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatory of Neuchâtel">Observatory of Neuchâtel</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, 18 manufacturers exhibited production versions of the beta 21 wristwatch, including the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Electroquartz" title="Omega Electroquartz">Omega Electroquartz</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Philippe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolex_Oysterquartz" title="Rolex Oysterquartz">Rolex Oysterquartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piaget_SA" title="Piaget SA">Piaget</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiko_35A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seiko_35A.jpg/220px-Seiko_35A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seiko_35A.jpg/330px-Seiko_35A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seiko_35A.jpg/440px-Seiko_35A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Quartz Movement of the Seiko <a href="/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)" title="Astron (wristwatch)">Astron</a>, 1969 (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Inv. 2010-006)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first quartz watch to enter production was the <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)" title="Astron (wristwatch)">35 SQ Astron</a>, which hit the shelves on 25 December 1969, swiftly followed by the Swiss Beta 21, and then a year later the prototype of one of the world's most accurate wristwatches to date: the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Marine_Chronometer" title="Omega Marine Chronometer">Omega Marine Chronometer</a>. Since the technology having been developed by contributions from Japanese, American and Swiss,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nobody could patent the whole movement of the quartz wristwatch, thus allowing other manufacturers to participate in the rapid growth and development of the quartz watch market. This ended – in less than a decade – almost 100 years of dominance by the mechanical wristwatch legacy. Modern quartz movements are produced in very large quantities, and even the cheapest wristwatches typically have quartz movements. Whereas mechanical movements can typically be off by several seconds a day, an inexpensive quartz movement in a child's wristwatch may still be accurate to within half a second per day – ten times more accurate than a mechanical movement.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a consolidation of the mechanical watch industry in Switzerland during the 1970s, mass production of quartz wristwatches took off under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Swatch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Swatch Group">Swatch Group</a> of companies, a Swiss conglomerate with vertical control of the production of Swiss watches and related products. For quartz wristwatches, subsidiaries of Swatch manufacture <a href="/wiki/Watch_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch battery">watch batteries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renata_(battery)" title="Renata (battery)">Renata</a>), oscillators (<a href="/wiki/Oscilloquartz" title="Oscilloquartz">Oscilloquartz</a>, now Micro Crystal AG) and integrated circuits (Ebauches Electronic SA, renamed <a href="/wiki/EM_Microelectronic-Marin" class="mw-redirect" title="EM Microelectronic-Marin">EM Microelectronic-Marin</a>). The launch of the new <a href="/wiki/Swatch" title="Swatch">SWATCH</a> brand in 1983 was marked by bold new styling, design, and marketing. Today, the Swatch Group maintains its position as the world's largest watch company. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a>'s efforts to combine the quartz and mechanical movements bore fruit after 20 years of research, leading to the introduction of the Seiko <a href="/wiki/Spring_Drive" title="Spring Drive">Spring Drive</a>, first in a limited domestic market production in 1999 and to the world in September 2005. The Spring Drive keeps time within quartz standards without the use of a battery, using a traditional mechanical gear train powered by a spring, without the need for a balance wheel either. </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Miyota_(watch_movement_manufacturer)" title="Miyota (watch movement manufacturer)">Miyota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Watch</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> introduced a newly developed movement that uses a 3-pronged quartz crystal that was exclusively produced for <a href="/wiki/Bulova" title="Bulova">Bulova</a> to be used in the Precisionist or Accutron II line, a new type of quartz watch with ultra-high frequency (262.144 kHz) which is claimed to be accurate to +/− 10 seconds a year and has a smooth sweeping second hand rather than one that jumps each second.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junghans_Mega.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Junghans_Mega.jpg/220px-Junghans_Mega.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Junghans_Mega.jpg/330px-Junghans_Mega.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Junghans_Mega.jpg/440px-Junghans_Mega.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>World's first <a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">radio clock</a> wrist watch, <a href="/wiki/Junghans_Mega" title="Junghans Mega">Junghans Mega</a> (analog model)</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio time signal watches are a type of electronic quartz watch that synchronizes (<a href="/wiki/Time_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time transfer">time transfers</a>) its time with an external <a href="/wiki/Radio_time_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio time signal">time source</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>, time signals from <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> navigation satellites, the German <a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a> signal in Europe, <a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a> in the US, and others. Movements of this type may, among others, synchronize the time of day and the date, the <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap-year</a> status and the state of <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> (on or off). However, other than the radio receiver, these watches are normal quartz watches in all other aspects. </p><p>Electronic watches require electricity as a power source, and some mechanical movements and hybrid electronic-mechanical movements also require electricity. Usually, the electricity is provided by a replaceable <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. The first use of electrical power in watches was as a substitute for the mainspring, to remove the need for winding. The first electrically powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Watch_Company" title="Hamilton Watch Company">Hamilton Watch Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>Watch batteries (strictly speaking cells, as a battery is composed of multiple cells) are specially designed for their purpose. They are very small and provide tiny amounts of power continuously for very long periods (several years or more). In most cases, replacing the battery requires a trip to a watch-repair shop or watch dealer; this is especially true for watches that are water-resistant, as special tools and procedures are required for the watch to remain water-resistant after battery replacement. Silver-oxide and lithium batteries are popular today; mercury batteries, formerly quite common, are no longer used, for environmental reasons. Cheap batteries may be alkaline, of the same size as silver-oxide cells but providing shorter life. Rechargeable batteries are used in some <a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_watch" title="Solar-powered watch">solar-powered watches</a>. </p><p>Some electronic watches are powered by the movement of the wearer. For instance, Seiko's <a href="/wiki/Automatic_quartz" title="Automatic quartz">kinetic-powered quartz watches</a> use the motion of the wearer's arm: turning a rotating weight which causes a tiny <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> to supply power to charge a rechargeable battery that runs the watch. The concept is similar to that of self-winding spring movements, except that electrical power is generated instead of mechanical spring tension. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_powered_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar powered watch">Solar powered watches</a> are powered by light. A <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic cell">photovoltaic cell</a> on the face (<a href="/wiki/Dial_(measurement)" title="Dial (measurement)">dial</a>) of the watch converts light to electricity, which is used to charge a <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>. The movement of the watch draws its power from the rechargeable battery or capacitor. As long as the watch is regularly exposed to fairly strong light (such as sunlight), it never needs a battery replacement. Some models need only a few minutes of sunlight to provide weeks of energy (as in the Citizen <a href="/wiki/Eco-Drive" title="Eco-Drive">Eco-Drive</a>). Some of the early solar watches of the 1970s had innovative and unique designs to accommodate the array of solar cells needed to power them (Synchronar, Nepro, Sicura, and some models by Cristalonic, <a href="/wiki/Alba_(watch)" title="Alba (watch)">Alba</a>, Seiko, and Citizen). As the decades progressed and the efficiency of the solar cells increased while the power requirements of the movement and display decreased, solar watches began to be designed to look like other conventional watches.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rarely used power source is the temperature difference between the wearer's arm and the surrounding environment (as applied in the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch_Co.,_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Watch Co., Ltd">Citizen</a> <a href="/wiki/Eco-Drive" title="Eco-Drive">Eco-Drive</a> Thermo). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Display">Display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog">Analog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg/250px-Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg/330px-Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg/500px-Poljot-Aviator-3133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poljot" title="Poljot">Poljot</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronograph</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio_AE12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Casio AE12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casio_AE12.jpg/220px-Casio_AE12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casio_AE12.jpg/330px-Casio_AE12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Casio_AE12.jpg/440px-Casio_AE12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Casio AE12 LCA (liquid-crystal-analog) watch</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, watches have displayed the time in analog form, with a numbered dial upon which are mounted at least a rotating hour hand and a longer, rotating minute hand. Many watches also incorporate a third hand that shows the current second of the current minute. In quartz watches this second hand typically snaps to the next marker every second. In mechanical watches, the second hand may appear to glide continuously, though in fact it merely moves in smaller steps, typically one-fifth to one-tenth of a second, corresponding to the beat (half period) of the balance wheel. With a <i>duplex</i> escapement, the hand advances every two beats (full period) of the balance wheel, typically <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-second; this happens every four beats (two periods, 1 second), with a <i>double duplex</i> escapement. A truly gliding second hand is achieved with the <i>tri-synchro regulator</i> of <a href="/wiki/Spring_Drive" title="Spring Drive">Spring Drive</a> watches. All three hands are normally mechanical, physically rotating on the dial, although a few watches have been produced with "hands" simulated by a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a>. </p><p>Analog display of the time is nearly universal in watches sold as jewelry or collectibles, and in these watches, the range of different styles of hands, numbers, and other aspects of the analog dial is very broad. In watches sold for timekeeping, analog display remains very popular, as many people find it easier to read than digital display; but in timekeeping watches the emphasis is on clarity and accurate reading of the time under all conditions (clearly marked digits, easily visible hands, large watch faces, etc.). They are specifically designed for the left wrist with the stem (the knob used for changing the time) on the right side of the watch; this makes it easy to change the time without removing the watch from the wrist. This is the case if one is right-handed and the watch is worn on the left wrist (as is traditionally done). If one is left-handed and wears the watch on the right wrist, one has to remove the watch from the wrist to reset the time or to wind the watch. </p><p>Analog watches, as well as clocks, are often marketed showing a display time of approximately 1:50 or 10:10. This creates a visually pleasing smile-like face on the upper half of the watch, in addition to enclosing the manufacturer's name. Digital displays often show a time of 12:08, where the increase in the number of active segments or pixels gives a positive feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tactile">Tactile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tactile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tissot" title="Tissot">Tissot</a>, a Swiss luxury watchmaker, makes the Silen-T wristwatch with a touch-sensitive face that vibrates to help the user to tell time eyes-free. The bezel of the watch features raised bumps at each hour mark; after briefly touching the face of the watch, the wearer runs a finger around the bezel clockwise. When the finger reaches the bump indicating the hour, the watch vibrates continuously, and when the finger reaches the bump indicating the minute, the watch vibrates intermittently.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eone Timepieces, a Washington D.C.–based company, launched its first tactile analog wristwatch, the "Bradley", on 11 July 2013 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a></i> website. The device is primarily designed for sight-impaired users, who can use the watch's two ball bearings to determine the time, but it is also suitable for general use. The watch features raised marks at each hour and two moving, magnetically attached ball bearings. One ball bearing, on the edge of the watch, indicates the hour, while the other, on the face, indicates the minute.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A digital display shows the time as a number, e.g., 12:08 instead of a short hand pointing towards the number 12 and a long hand 8/60 of the way around the dial. The digits are usually shown as a <a href="/wiki/Seven-segment_display" title="Seven-segment display">seven-segment display</a>. </p><p>The first digital <em>mechanical</em> pocket watches appeared in the late 19th century. In the 1920s, the first digital mechanical wristwatches appeared. </p><p>The first digital <i>electronic</i> watch, a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a> LED prototype in 1970, was developed jointly by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Watch_Company" title="Hamilton Watch Company">Hamilton Watch Company</a> and Electro-Data, founded by George H. Thiess.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Bergey, the head of Hamilton's Pulsar division, said that he was inspired to make a digital timepiece by the then-futuristic digital clock that Hamilton themselves made for the 1968 science fiction film <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>. On 4 April 1972, the Pulsar was finally ready, made in an 18-carat gold case and sold for $2,100. It had a red <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) display. </p><p>Digital LED watches were very expensive and out of reach to the common consumer until 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> started to mass-produce LED watches inside a plastic case. These watches, which first retailed for only $20,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced to $10 in 1976, saw Pulsar lose $6 million and the Pulsar brand sold to <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBA-800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DBA-800.jpg/250px-DBA-800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DBA-800.jpg/330px-DBA-800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DBA-800.jpg/500px-DBA-800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>A Casio DBA-800 databank watch with phone dialling capabilities, c. 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>An early LED watch that was rather problematic was <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch_(wristwatch)" title="Black Watch (wristwatch)">The Black Watch</a> made and sold by British company <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Radionics" title="Sinclair Radionics">Sinclair Radionics</a> in 1975. This was only sold for a few years, as production problems and returned (faulty) product forced the company to cease production. </p><p>Most watches with LED displays required that the user press a button to see the time displayed for a few seconds because LEDs used so much power that they could not be kept operating continuously. Usually, the LED display color would be red. Watches with LED displays were popular for a few years, but soon the LED displays were superseded by <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a> (LCDs), which used less battery power and were much more convenient in use, with the display always visible and eliminating the need to push a button before seeing the time. Only in darkness would a button needed to be pressed to illuminate the display with a tiny light bulb, later illuminating LEDs and electroluminescent backlights.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first LCD watch with a six-digit LCD was the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a> 06LC, although various forms of early LCD watches with a four-digit display were marketed as early as 1972 including the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Gruen_Watch_Co." title="Gruen Watch Co.">Gruen</a> Teletime LCD Watch, and the Cox Electronic Systems Quarza. The Quarza, introduced in 1972 had the first Field Effect LCD readable in direct sunlight and produced by the International Liquid Crystal Corporation of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Switzerland, Ebauches Electronic SA presented a prototype eight-digit LCD wristwatch showing time and date at the MUBA Fair, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, in March 1973, using a <a href="/wiki/Twisted_nematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted nematic">twisted nematic</a> LCD manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown, Boveri & Cie</a>, Switzerland, which became the supplier of LCDs to <a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a> for the <i>CASIOTRON</i> watch in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A problem with LCDs is that they use <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>. If, for example, the user is wearing polarized sunglasses, the watch may be difficult to read because the plane of polarization of the display is roughly perpendicular to that of the glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the light that illuminates the display is polarized, for example if it comes from a blue sky, the display may be difficult or impossible to read.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1980s onward, digital watch technology vastly improved. In 1982, Seiko produced the Seiko TV Watch<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had a television screen built-in,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Casio produced a digital watch with a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> (the TS-1000) as well as another that could translate 1,500 Japanese words into English. In 1985, Casio produced the <a href="/wiki/Casio_CFX-400" class="mw-redirect" title="Casio CFX-400">CFX-400</a> scientific calculator watch. In 1987, Casio produced a watch that could dial telephone numbers (the DBA-800) and Citizen introduced one that would react to voice. In 1995, Timex released a watch that allowed the wearer to download and store data from a computer to their wrist. Some watches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Timex_Datalink#Timex_Datalink_USB" title="Timex Datalink">Timex Datalink USB</a>, feature <a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix" title="Dot matrix">dot matrix</a> displays. Since their apex during the late 1980s to mid-1990s high technology fad, digital watches have mostly become simpler, less expensive timepieces with little variety between models. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumphour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cortébert digital mechanical pocket watch (1890s)"><img alt="Cortébert digital mechanical pocket watch (1890s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jumphour.jpg/330px-Jumphour.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jumphour.jpg/500px-Jumphour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jumphour.jpg/540px-Jumphour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A9bert_(watch_manufacturer)" title="Cortébert (watch manufacturer)"><i>Cortébert</i></a> digital mechanical pocket watch (1890s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortjump1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cortébert digital mechanical wristwatch (1920s)"><img alt="Cortébert digital mechanical wristwatch (1920s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cortjump1.jpg/270px-Cortjump1.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cortjump1.jpg/405px-Cortjump1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Cortjump1.jpg/540px-Cortjump1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cortébert</i> digital mechanical wristwatch (1920s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PulsarLED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A silver Pulsar LED watch from 1976"><img alt="A silver Pulsar LED watch from 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PulsarLED.jpg/330px-PulsarLED.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PulsarLED.jpg/500px-PulsarLED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PulsarLED.jpg/960px-PulsarLED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A silver <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> watch from 1976</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timex_T5E901_Ironman_Triathlon_30_Lap_FLIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Timex digital watch with an always-on display of the time and date"><img alt="A Timex digital watch with an always-on display of the time and date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Timex_T5E901_Ironman_Triathlon_30_Lap_FLIX.jpg/172px-Timex_T5E901_Ironman_Triathlon_30_Lap_FLIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Timex_T5E901_Ironman_Triathlon_30_Lap_FLIX.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group" title="Timex Group">Timex</a> digital watch with an always-on display of the time and date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_(i).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A digital LCD watch with electroluminescent backlight"><img alt="A digital LCD watch with electroluminescent backlight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg/330px-Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg/500px-Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg/960px-Casio_W-86_digital_watch_electroluminescent_backlight_%28i%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A digital LCD watch with electroluminescent backlight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galaxy_Watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samsung Galaxy Watch series smartwatches with OLED displays"><img alt="Samsung Galaxy Watch series smartwatches with OLED displays" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_Watch.jpg/270px-Galaxy_Watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_Watch.jpg/405px-Galaxy_Watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_Watch.jpg/540px-Galaxy_Watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_series" title="Samsung Galaxy Watch series">Samsung Galaxy Watch series</a> smartwatches with <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> displays</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminated">Illuminated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Illuminated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This subsection <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Watch" title="Special:EditPage/Watch">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this subsection. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Watch%22">"Watch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Watch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Watch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Watch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Watch%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Watch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg/250px-Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg/330px-Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg/500px-Seiko_Chronograph_radium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>An illuminated watch face, using a luminous compound</figcaption></figure> <p>Many watches have displays that are illuminated, so they can be used in darkness. Various methods have been used to achieve this. </p><p>Mechanical watches often have <a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">luminous paint</a> on their hands and hour marks. In the mid-20th century, radioactive material was often incorporated in the paint, so it would continue to glow without any exposure to light. <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> was often used but produced small amounts of radiation outside the watch that might have been hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a> was used as a replacement, since the radiation it produces has such low energy that it cannot penetrate a watch glass. However, tritium is expensive – it has to be made in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> – and it has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of only about 12 years so the paint remains luminous for only a few years. Nowadays, tritium is used in specialized watches, e.g., for military purposes (see <a href="/wiki/Tritium_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritium illumination">Tritium illumination</a>). For other purposes, luminous paint is sometimes used on analog displays, but no radioactive material is contained in it. This means that the display glows soon after being exposed to light and quickly fades. </p><p>Watches that incorporate batteries often have electric illumination in their displays. However, lights consume far more power than electronic watch movements. To conserve the battery, the light is activated only when the user presses a button. Usually, the light remains lit for a few seconds after the button is released, which allows the user to move the hand out of the way. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Backlit_LCD_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Backlit_LCD_display.jpg/220px-Backlit_LCD_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Backlit_LCD_display.jpg/330px-Backlit_LCD_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Backlit_LCD_display.jpg/440px-Backlit_LCD_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Views of a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a>, both with <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescent</a> backlight switched on (top) and switched off (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg/250px-Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg/330px-Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg/500px-Timex_Ironman_Indiglo_backlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Digital LCD wristwatch <a href="/wiki/Timex_Ironman" title="Timex Ironman">Timex Ironman</a> with electroluminescent backlighting</figcaption></figure> <p>In some early digital watches, <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> displays were used, which could be read as easily in darkness as in daylight. The user had to press a button to light up the LEDs, which meant that the watch could not be read without the button being pressed, even in full daylight. </p><p>In some types of watches, small <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> lamps or LEDs illuminate the display, which is not intrinsically luminous. These tend to produce very non-uniform illumination. </p><p>Other watches use <a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">electroluminescent</a> material to produce uniform illumination of the background of the display, against which the hands or digits can be seen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech_synthesis">Speech synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Speech synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Talking</a> watches are available, intended for the <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">blind or visually impaired</a>. They speak the time out loud at the press of a button. This has the disadvantage of disturbing others nearby or at least alerting the non-<a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> that the wearer is checking the time. Tactile watches are preferred to avoid this awkwardness, but talking watches are preferred for those who are not confident in their ability to read a tactile watch reliably. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handedness">Handedness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Handedness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wristwatches with analog displays generally have a small knob, called the crown, that can be used to adjust the time and, in mechanical watches, wind the spring. Almost always, the crown is located on the right-hand side of the watch so it can be worn of the left wrist for a right-handed individual. This makes it inconvenient to use if the watch is being worn on the right wrist. Some manufacturers offer "left-hand drive", aka "destro", configured watches which move the crown to the left side<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making wearing the watch easier for left-handed individuals. </p><p>A rarer configuration is the bullhead watch. Bullhead watches are generally, but not exclusively, <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronographs</a>. The configuration moves the crown and chronograph pushers to the top of the watch. Bullheads are commonly wristwatch chronographs that are intended to be used as stopwatches off the wrist. Examples are the Citizen Bullhead Change Timer<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Seamaster" title="Omega Seamaster">Omega Seamaster</a> Bullhead.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital watches generally have push-buttons that can be used to make adjustments. These are usually equally easy to use on either wrist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG/250px-Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG/330px-Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG/500px-Royal_Oak_Offshore_watch_by_Audemars_Piguet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronograph</a> wristwatch by <a href="/wiki/Audemars_Piguet" title="Audemars Piguet">Audemars Piguet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breguet_MG_2573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Breguet_MG_2573.jpg/250px-Breguet_MG_2573.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Breguet_MG_2573.jpg/330px-Breguet_MG_2573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Breguet_MG_2573.jpg/500px-Breguet_MG_2573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Breguet_(watch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet (watch)">Breguet</a> squelette watch 2933 with <a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">tourbillon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/250px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/330px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/500px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual calendar</a> wristwatch by <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Philippe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Customarily, watches provide the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Time of day">time of day</a>, giving at least the hour and minute, and often the second. Many also provide the current date, and some (called "complete calendar" or "triple date" watches) display the day of the week and the month as well. However, many watches also provide a great deal of information beyond the basics of time and date. Some watches include <a href="/wiki/Alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alarm">alarms</a>. Other elaborate and more expensive watches, both pocket and wrist models, also incorporate <a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">striking mechanisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Repeater_(horology)" title="Repeater (horology)">repeater</a> functions, so that the wearer could learn the time by the sound emanating from the watch. This announcement or striking feature is an essential characteristic of true clocks and distinguishes such watches from ordinary <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">timepieces</a>. This feature is available on most digital watches. </p><p>A <i>complicated watch</i> has one or more functions beyond the basic function of displaying the time and the date; such a functionality is called a <a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">complication</a>. Two popular complications are the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronograph" title="Chronograph">chronograph</a></i> complication, which is the ability of the watch movement to function as a <a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a>, and the <i>moonphase</i> complication, which is a display of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phase</a>. Other more expensive complications include <a href="/wiki/Tourbillon" title="Tourbillon">Tourbillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minute_repeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute repeater">Minute repeater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a>. A truly complicated watch has many of these complications at once (see <a href="/wiki/Calibre_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibre 89">Calibre 89</a> from <a href="/wiki/Patek_Philippe" title="Patek Philippe">Patek Philippe</a> for instance). Some watches aimed at <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> can both indicate the <a href="/wiki/Qibla_compass" title="Qibla compass">direction of Mecca</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have alarms that can be set for all daily prayer requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among watch enthusiasts, complicated watches are especially collectible. Some watches include a second 12-hour or 24-hour display for <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> or <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>. </p><p>The similar-sounding terms <i>chronograph</i> and <i>chronometer</i> are often confused, although they mean altogether different things. A chronograph is a watch with an added duration timer, often a <a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a> complication (as explained above), while a <a href="/wiki/Chronometer_watch" title="Chronometer watch">chronometer watch</a> is a timepiece that has met an industry-standard test for performance under pre-defined conditions: a chronometer is a high quality mechanical or a thermo-compensated movement that has been tested and certified to operate within a certain standard of accuracy by the <a href="/wiki/COSC" title="COSC">COSC</a> (Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres). The concepts are different but not mutually exclusive; so a watch can be a chronograph, a chronometer, both, or neither. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG/250px-Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG/330px-Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG/500px-Datalink_USB_Dress_Edition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timex_Datalink" title="Timex Datalink">Timex Datalink</a> USB Dress edition from 2003 with a dot matrix display; the <i>Invasion</i> video game is on the screen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic sports watches, combining timekeeping with GPS and/or <a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity tracker">activity tracking</a>, address the general <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a> market and have the potential for commercial success (<a href="/wiki/Garmin_Forerunner" title="Garmin Forerunner">Garmin Forerunner</a>, Garmin Vivofit, Epson,<sup id="cite_ref-Epson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced model of <a href="/wiki/Swatch" title="Swatch">Swatch</a> Touch series<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watches</a> have analog displays with raised bumps around the face to allow blind users to tell the time. Their digital equivalents use <a href="/wiki/Synthesised_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesised speech">synthesised speech</a> to speak the time on command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve,_ca._1890.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/220px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/330px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg/440px-Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%2C_ca._1890.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>A so-called "<a href="/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Boule de Genève">Boule de Genève</a>" (Geneva ball), c. 1890, 21.5k yellow <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. A type of pendant watch intended to be used as an accessory for women. They usually came with a matching brooch or chain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wristwatches and antique pocket watches are often appreciated as <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Collectible" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectible">collectible</a> works of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> rather than just as timepieces.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT012113_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT012113-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has created several different markets for wristwatches, ranging from very inexpensive but accurate watches (intended for no other purpose than telling the correct time) to extremely expensive watches that serve mainly as personal adornment or as examples of high achievement in miniaturization and precision mechanical engineering. </p><p>Traditionally, dress watches appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Informal_attire" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal attire">informal</a> (business), <a href="/wiki/Semi-formal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-formal">semi-formal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">formal</a> attire are <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, thin, simple, and plain, but increasingly rugged, <a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">complicated</a>, or sports watches are considered by some to be acceptable for such attire. Some dress watches have a <a href="/wiki/Cabochon" title="Cabochon">cabochon</a> on the crown or <a href="/wiki/Facet" title="Facet">faceted</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> on the face, <a href="/wiki/Bezel_setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezel setting">bezel</a>, or bracelet. Some are made entirely of faceted <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>). </p><p>Many fashions and <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a> offer a variety of less-expensive, trendy, "<a href="/wiki/Costume_jewelry" title="Costume jewelry">costume</a>" watches (usually for women), many of which are similar in quality to basic quartz timepieces but which feature bolder designs. In the 1980s, the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Swatch" title="Swatch">Swatch</a> company hired graphic designers to redesign a new annual collection of non-repairable watches. </p><p>Trade in <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_watch" title="Counterfeit watch">counterfeit watches</a>, which mimic expensive brand-name watches, constitutes an estimated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1 billion</span> market per year.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space">Space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg/250px-OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg/330px-OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg/500px-OMEGA-Speedmaster-Professional-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Omega_Speedmaster" title="Omega Speedmaster">Omega Speedmaster</a>, selected by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> for use on space missions in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">zero-gravity</a> environment and other extreme conditions encountered by <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> require the use of specially tested watches. </p><p>The first-ever watch to be sent into space was a Russian "<a href="/wiki/Pobeda_(watch)" title="Pobeda (watch)">Pobeda</a>" watch from the <a href="/wiki/Petrodvorets_Watch_Factory" title="Petrodvorets Watch Factory">Petrodvorets Watch Factory</a>. It was sent on a single orbit flight on the spaceship <a href="/wiki/Korabl-Sputnik_4" title="Korabl-Sputnik 4">Korabl-Sputnik 4</a> on 9 March 1961. The watch had been attached without authorisation to the wrist of Chernuchka, a dog that successfully did exactly the same trip as <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, with exactly the same rocket and equipment, just a month before Gagarin's flight.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 April 1961, Gagarin wore a Shturmanskie (a transliteration of <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Штурманские</span></span> which actually means "navigator's") wristwatch during his historic first flight into space. The Shturmanskie was manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Poljot" title="Poljot">First Moscow Factory</a>. Since 1964, the watches of the First Moscow Factory have been marked by the trademark "<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Полёт</span></span>", transliterated as "POLJOT", which means "flight" in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and is a tribute to the many space trips its watches have accomplished. In the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Poljot" title="Poljot">Poljot</a> launched a new <a href="/wiki/Chronometer_watch" title="Chronometer watch">chrono</a> movement, the 3133. With a 23 jewel movement and manual winding (43 hours), it was a modified Russian version of the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Valjoux" title="Valjoux">Valjoux</a> 7734 of the early 1970s. Poljot 3133 were taken into space by astronauts from Russia, France, Germany and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. On the arm of <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Polyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriy Polyakov">Valeriy Polyakov</a>, a Poljot 3133 chronograph movement-based watch set a space <a href="/wiki/World_record" title="World record">record</a> for the longest space flight in history.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts088-359-037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sts088-359-037.jpg/250px-Sts088-359-037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sts088-359-037.jpg/330px-Sts088-359-037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sts088-359-037.jpg/500px-Sts088-359-037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Nancy_J._Currie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy J. Currie">Nancy J. Currie</a> wears the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Datalink" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironman Datalink">Timex Ironman Triathlon Datalink</a> model 78401 during <a href="/wiki/STS_88" class="mw-redirect" title="STS 88">STS 88</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the 1960s, a large range of watches was tested for durability and precision under extreme <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> changes and vibrations. The <a href="/wiki/Omega_Speedmaster_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega Speedmaster Professional">Omega Speedmaster Professional</a> was selected by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency, and it is mostly known thanks to astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> who wore it during the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing. <a href="/wiki/TAG_Heuer" title="TAG Heuer">Heuer</a> became the first Swiss watch in space thanks to a Heuer Stopwatch, worn by <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> in 1962 when he piloted the <i><a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a></i> on the first crewed U.S. orbital mission. The <a href="/wiki/Breitling_Navitimer" title="Breitling Navitimer">Breitling Navitimer</a> Cosmonaute was designed with a <a href="/wiki/24-hour_analog_dial" title="24-hour analog dial">24-hour analog dial</a> to avoid confusion between AM and PM, which are meaningless in space. It was first worn in space by U.S. astronaut <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a> on 24 May 1962 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora 7">Aurora 7</a></i> Mercury capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1994 <a href="/wiki/Fortis_Uhren_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis Uhren AG">Fortis</a> is the exclusive supplier for crewed space missions authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a> (CNSA) astronauts wear the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiyta (page does not exist)">Fiyta</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spacewatches. At <a href="/wiki/BaselWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="BaselWorld">BaselWorld</a>, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a> announced the creation of the first watch ever designed specifically for a space walk, Spring Drive Spacewalk. <a href="/wiki/Timex_Datalink" title="Timex Datalink">Timex Datalink</a> is flight certified by NASA for space missions and is one of the watches qualified by NASA for space travel. The <a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a> <a href="/wiki/G-Shock" title="G-Shock">G-Shock</a> DW-5600C and 5600E, DW 6900, and DW 5900 are Flight-Qualified for NASA space travel.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_5-8_Article_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_5-8_Article-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_9-12_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_9-12-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various Timex Datalink models were used both by cosmonauts and astronauts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scuba_diving">Scuba diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scuba diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG/250px-Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG/330px-Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG/500px-Seiko_7002-7020_Diver%27s_200_m_on_a_4-ring_NATO_style_strap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2649" /></a><figcaption>Seiko 7002–7020 Diver's 200 m on a 4-ring NATO style strap</figcaption></figure> <p>Watch construction may be water-resistant. These watches are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Diving_watches" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving watches">diving watches</a> when they are suitable for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) issued a standard for water-resistant watches which also prohibits the term "<a href="/wiki/Waterproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a>" to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted. In the United States, advertising a watch as waterproof has been illegal since 1968, per <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> regulations regarding the "misrepresentation of protective features".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water-resistance is achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">gaskets</a> which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of the case must also be tested in order to pass as water-resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the tests defined by <a href="/wiki/ISO_2281" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 2281">ISO 2281</a> for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water-resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standards for diving watches are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/ISO_6425" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6425">ISO 6425</a> international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200-metre rating will be water-resistant if it is stationary and under 250 metres of static water. The testing of the water-resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100-metre depth rating, ISO 6425 also provides eight minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches for scuba diving (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements). For diver's watches for mixed-gas saturation diving two additional ISO 6425 requirements have to be met. </p><p>Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to the following (1 metre = 3.281 feet):<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main article <a href="/wiki/ISO_6425#Water_resistance_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6425">ISO 6425</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th nowrap="nowrap">Water-resistance rating</th> <th>Suitability</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resistant or 30 m</td> <td>Suitable for everyday use. Splash/rain resistant.</td> <td><u>Not</u> suitable for diving, swimming, snorkeling, water-related work, or fishing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resistant 50 m</td> <td>Suitable for swimming, white-water rafting, non-snorkeling water related work, and fishing.</td> <td><u>Not</u> suitable for diving. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resistant 100 m</td> <td>Suitable for recreational surfing, swimming, snorkeling, sailing, and water sports.</td> <td><u>Not</u> suitable for diving. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water Resistant 200 m</td> <td>Suitable for professional marine activity and serious surface water sports.</td> <td>Suitable for diving. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diver's 100 m</td> <td>Minimum ISO standard for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> at depths not requiring helium gas.</td> <td>Diver's 100 m and 150 m watches are generally old(er) watches. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diver's 200 m or 300 m</td> <td>Suitable for scuba diving at depths not requiring helium gas.</td> <td>Typical ratings for contemporary diver's watches. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diver's 300<sup>+</sup> m helium safe</td> <td>Suitable for <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a> (helium-enriched environment).</td> <td>Watches designed for helium mixed-gas diving will have additional markings to indicate this. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some watches use <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> instead of meters, which may then be multiplied by 10, and then subtract 10 to be approximately equal to the rating based on metres. Therefore, a 5 bar watch is equivalent to a 40-metre watch. Some watches are rated in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmospheres</a> (atm), which are roughly equivalent to bar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Direction-finding_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction-finding watch">Direction-finding watch</a></div> <p>There is a traditional method by which an <a href="/wiki/Analog_watch" title="Analog watch">analog watch</a> can be used to locate north and south. The Sun appears to move in the sky over a 24-hour period while the hour hand of a 12-hour <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">clock face</a> takes twelve hours to complete one rotation. In the northern hemisphere, if the watch is rotated so that the hour hand points toward the Sun, the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate south. For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north. During <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>, the same method can be employed using 1 o'clock instead of 12. This method is accurate enough to be used only at fairly high latitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Boule de Genève">Boule de Genève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_watch" title="Coin watch">Coin watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_watches_sold_at_auction" title="List of most expensive watches sold at auction">List of most expensive watches sold at auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_watch_manufacturers" title="List of watch manufacturers">List of watch manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movado_Ermeto_watch" title="Movado Ermeto watch">Movado Ermeto watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch" title="Shock-resistant watch">Shock-resistant watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart watch">Smart watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachymeter_(watch)" title="Tachymeter (watch)">Tachymeter (watch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_clock" title="Talking clock">Talking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Trinity_(horology)" title="The Holy Trinity (horology)">The Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrey_(watches)" title="Obrey (watches)">Obrey (watches)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christopherward.com/blog/quartz-vs-automatic/">"CWorld | Christopher Ward | QUARTZ VS AUTOMATIC"</a>. <i>www.christopherward.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110354/https://www.christopherward.com/blog/quartz-vs-automatic/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christopherward.com&rft.atitle=CWorld+%7C+Christopher+Ward+%7C+QUARTZ+VS+AUTOMATIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christopherward.com%2Fblog%2Fquartz-vs-automatic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151916/https://est1897.co.uk/what-is-a-watch-movement-quartz-automatic-manual-kinetic">"What is a Watch Movement? Quartz vs Automatic vs Manual vs Kinetic | Est.1897"</a>. <i>est1897.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://est1897.co.uk/what-is-a-watch-movement-quartz-automatic-manual-kinetic">the original</a> on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=est1897.co.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Watch+Movement%3F+Quartz+vs+Automatic+vs+Manual+vs+Kinetic+%7C+Est.1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fest1897.co.uk%2Fwhat-is-a-watch-movement-quartz-automatic-manual-kinetic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/four-revolutions-quartz-revolution">"Four Revolutions: Part 1: A Concise History Of The Quartz Revolution - HODINKEE"</a>. <i>HODINKEE</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193005/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/four-revolutions-quartz-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HODINKEE&rft.atitle=Four+Revolutions%3A+Part+1%3A+A+Concise+History+Of+The+Quartz+Revolution+-+HODINKEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hodinkee.com%2Farticles%2Ffour-revolutions-quartz-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-16/a-concise-history-of-the-quartz-watch-revolution">"A Concise History of the Quartz Watch Revolution"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 16 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127113414/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-16/a-concise-history-of-the-quartz-watch-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Quartz+Watch+Revolution&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-11-16%2Fa-concise-history-of-the-quartz-watch-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2814819/epson-world-lightest-gps-watch-japan">"Epson announces world's lightest GPS watch"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. 21 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091156/http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2814819/epson-world-lightest-gps-watch-japan">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Epson+announces+world%27s+lightest+GPS+watch&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2012%2F2%2F21%2F2814819%2Fepson-world-lightest-gps-watch-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-04/how-mechanical-watches-survived-after-quartz-a-concise-history">"Mechanical Watches Almost Disappeared Forever. Here's How They Didn't"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 4 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118004903/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-04/how-mechanical-watches-survived-after-quartz-a-concise-history">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Watches+Almost+Disappeared+Forever.+Here%27s+How+They+Didn%27t&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-01-04%2Fhow-mechanical-watches-survived-after-quartz-a-concise-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahle2019" class="citation web cs1">Kahle, Laurie (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/patek-philippes-31-million-grandmaster-chime-becomes-most-expensive-watch-ever-sold-01573504221">"Patek Philippe's $31 Million Grandmaster Chime Becomes Most Expensive Watch Ever Sold"</a>. Barrons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717113751/https://www.barrons.com/articles/patek-philippes-31-million-grandmaster-chime-becomes-most-expensive-watch-ever-sold-01573504221">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patek+Philippe%27s+%2431+Million+Grandmaster+Chime+Becomes+Most+Expensive+Watch+Ever+Sold&rft.pub=Barrons&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Farticles%2Fpatek-philippes-31-million-grandmaster-chime-becomes-most-expensive-watch-ever-sold-01573504221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilham1945" class="citation book cs1">Milham, Willis I. (1945). <i>Time and Timekeepers</i>. New York: MacMillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7808-0008-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7808-0008-7"><bdi>0-7808-0008-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Timekeepers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=0-7808-0008-7&rft.aulast=Milham&rft.aufirst=Willis+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlisle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carlisle_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2004" class="citation cs2">Carlisle, Rodney P. (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl"><i>Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries</i></a></span>, USA: John Wiley & Sons, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/143">143</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471244104" title="Special:BookSources/0471244104"><bdi>0471244104</bdi></a>, <q>watch clock henlein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American+Inventions+and+Discoveries&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0471244104&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Rodney+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientificameric0000carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Usher-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Usher_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Usher_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUsher1988" class="citation book cs1">Usher, Abbot Payson (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305"><i>A History of Mechanical Inventions</i></a>. Courier Dover. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25593-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25593-X"><bdi>0-486-25593-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112708/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mechanical+Inventions&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Courier+Dover&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-486-25593-X&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=Abbot+Payson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuDDqqa8FlwC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossum-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossum_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDohrn-van_Rossum1997" class="citation book cs1">Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121"><i>History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders</i></a>. Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-15510-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-15510-2"><bdi>0-226-15510-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113720/https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Hour%3A+Clocks+and+Modern+Temporal+Orders&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-226-15510-2&rft.aulast=Dohrn-van+Rossum&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53K32RiEigMC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iZqYfRWH_0C&q=watchmen+watch+clock+henlein">"Watch"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition</i>. Vol. 4. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1983. pp. <span class="nowrap">746–</span>747. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-400-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-400-X"><bdi>0-85229-400-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Watch&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+15th+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E746-%3C%2Fspan%3E747&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-85229-400-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iZqYfRWH_0C%26q%3Dwatchmen%2Bwatch%2Bclock%2Bhenlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haven-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haven_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaven2006" class="citation book cs1">Haven, Kendall F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&q=sailor+watch+clock+henlein&pg=PA65"><i>100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time</i></a>. Libraries Unlimited. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-264-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-264-4"><bdi>1-59158-264-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114257/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&q=sailor+watch+clock+henlein&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Greatest+Science+Inventions+of+All+Time&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59158-264-4&rft.aulast=Haven&rft.aufirst=Kendall+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gBwjLTUzEMC%26q%3Dsailor%2Bwatch%2Bclock%2Bhenlein%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milham 1945, p.226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-revolution">"A Revolution in Timekeeping"</a>. <i>A Walk Through Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013184811/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Walk+Through+Time&rft.atitle=A+Revolution+in+Timekeeping&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Ftime-and-frequency-division%2Fpopular-links%2Fwalk-through-time%2Fwalk-through-time-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atena.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13458392&search_terms=DTL59"><i>Acta Eruditorum</i></a>. Leipzig. 1737. p. 123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114222/http://atena.beic.it/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=13458392.xml&dvs=1688384463351~191&locale=en_US&search_terms=DTL59&show_metadata=true&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&divType=">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acta+Eruditorum&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1737&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatena.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D13458392%26search_terms%3DDTL59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Tourbillon_Chronicles-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Tourbillon_Chronicles_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForster" class="citation web cs1">Forster, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the1916company.com/blog/tourbillon-origins.html">"The Tourbillon Chronicles: Birth Of The Tourbillon"</a>. <i>www.the1916company.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the1916company.com&rft.atitle=The+Tourbillon+Chronicles%3A+Birth+Of+The+Tourbillon&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the1916company.com%2Fblog%2Ftourbillon-origins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline_of_Clocks_and_Watches-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_of_Clocks_and_Watches_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwatch.com/clock-history/clock-timeline/">"Timeline of Clocks and Watches"</a>. <i>History of Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Watch&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+Clocks+and+Watches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwatch.com%2Fclock-history%2Fclock-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neha_S._Bajpai-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neha_S._Bajpai_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBajpai" class="citation web cs1">Bajpai, Neha S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wristcheck.com/discover/watch-101/an-introduction-to-british-watchmaking">"An introduction to British watchmaking"</a>. <i>WristCheck</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WristCheck&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+British+watchmaking&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=Neha+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwristcheck.com%2Fdiscover%2Fwatch-101%2Fan-introduction-to-british-watchmaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlasmeier,_Amy2000" class="citation book cs1">Glasmeier, Amy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUSauNST8EC&q=British+Watch+Company+mass+production"><i>Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry, 1795–2000</i></a>. Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572305892" title="Special:BookSources/9781572305892"><bdi>9781572305892</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113711/https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUSauNST8EC&q=British+Watch+Company+mass+production">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Time%3A+Global+Competition+in+the+Watch+Industry%2C+1795%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781572305892&rft.au=Glasmeier%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVUSauNST8EC%26q%3DBritish%2BWatch%2BCompany%2Bmass%2Bproduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roe1916-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roe1916_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoe1916" class="citation cs2">Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ"><i>English and American Tool Builders</i></a>, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16011753">16011753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113712/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+American+Tool+Builders&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16011753&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Wickham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX-EJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span>. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (<a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/27024075">27-24075</a>); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-73-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917914-73-7">978-0-917914-73-7</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruton183-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton183_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton183_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruton183_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruton2000" class="citation book cs1">Bruton, Eric (2000). <i>The History of Clocks & Watches</i>. Little, Brown and Company. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316853550" title="Special:BookSources/0316853550"><bdi>0316853550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Clocks+%26+Watches&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0316853550&rft.aulast=Bruton&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaws2017" class="citation book cs1">Caws, Mary Ann (2017). <i>Blaise Pascal: Miracles and Reason</i>. Reaktion Books. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaise+Pascal%3A+Miracles+and+Reason&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Caws&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolu-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evolu_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evolu_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evolu_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208200615/http://vintagewatchstraps.com/wristwatches.html">"The Evolution of the Wristwatch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/wristwatches.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Wristwatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintagewatchstraps.com%2Fwristwatches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breguet.com/en/history/inventions/first-wristwatch">"First wristwatch"</a>. Breguet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124233618/https://www.breguet.com/en/history/inventions/first-wristwatch">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+wristwatch&rft.pub=Breguet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breguet.com%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Finventions%2Ffirst-wristwatch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patek.com/en/company/history#1839-1877">"Company | History"</a>. Patek Philippe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728122613/http://www.patek.ch/contents/default/en/timeline.html#1839-1877">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+%26%23124%3B+History&rft.pub=Patek+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patek.com%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fhistory%231839-1877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelcher2013" class="citation news cs1">Belcher, David (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/fashion/wrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html#:~:text=The%20first%20wristwatch%20was%20made,not%20so%20easy%20to%20pinpoint.">"Wrist Watches: From Battlefield to Fashion Accessory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111346/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/fashion/wrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html#:~:text=The%20first%20wristwatch%20was%20made,not%20so%20easy%20to%20pinpoint.">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wrist+Watches%3A+From+Battlefield+to+Fashion+Accessory&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.aulast=Belcher&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F23%2Ffashion%2Fwrist-watches-from-battlefield-to-fashion-accessory.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520first%2520wristwatch%2520was%2520made%2Cnot%2520so%2520easy%2520to%2520pinpoint.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interwatches.com/cartier-history">"The History of Cartier"</a>. InterWatches. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826050741/https://www.interwatches.com/cartier-history">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartier&rft.pub=InterWatches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interwatches.com%2Fcartier-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Aviation Pioneer Scored A First in Watch-Wearing." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 25 October 1975. Retrieved: 21 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>100 Designs/100 Years: A Celebration of the 20th Century</i> (aka <i>100 Designs/100 Years: Innovative Designs of the 20th Century</i>) (with Arlette Barré-Despond), Hove, UK: RotoVision, 1999 | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88046-442-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-88046-442-0">2-88046-442-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartier_sun-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartier_sun_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cartier sunglasses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartier.com/show-me/accessories/t8200853-santos-dumont-rimmed-sunglasses#/show-me/accessories/t8200853-santos-dumont-rimmed-sunglasses">"Cartier rimmed sunglasses" (English).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806200550/http://www.cartier.com/show-me/accessories/t8200853-santos-dumont-rimmed-sunglasses#/show-me/accessories/t8200853-santos-dumont-rimmed-sunglasses">Archived</a> 6 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cartier.com. Retrieved: 9 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolex Jubilee Vade Mecum published by the Rolex Watch Company in 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrozek" class="citation web cs1">Brozek, John E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qualitytyme.net/pages/rolex_articles/history_of_wristwatch.html">"The History and Evolution of the Wristwatch"</a>. International Watch Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611233904/http://qualitytyme.net/pages/rolex_articles/history_of_wristwatch.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Evolution+of+the+Wristwatch&rft.pub=International+Watch+Magazine&rft.aulast=Brozek&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualitytyme.net%2Fpages%2Frolex_articles%2Fhistory_of_wristwatch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi2016" class="citation web cs1">Choi, David (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watches-after-wwi-the-male-accessory-2016-5">"WWI vets popularized the most important accessory in a gentleman's wardrobe"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210507/https://www.businessinsider.com/watches-after-wwi-the-male-accessory-2016-5">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=WWI+vets+popularized+the+most+important+accessory+in+a+gentleman%27s+wardrobe&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwatches-after-wwi-the-male-accessory-2016-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Paul (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wingsofmadnessal0000hoff"><i>Wings of Madness: Alberto Santos-Dumont and the Invention of Flight</i></a></span>. Hyperion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-8571-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-8571-8"><bdi>0-7868-8571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Madness%3A+Alberto+Santos-Dumont+and+the+Invention+of+Flight&rft.pub=Hyperion+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7868-8571-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwingsofmadnessal0000hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2DxDwAAQBAJ&q=the+wristlet+watch+was+little+used+by+the+sterner+sex+before+the+war%2C+but+now+is+seen+on+the+wrist+of+nearly+every+man+in+uniform+and+of+many+men+in+civilian+attire&pg=PP4"><i>Ordnance Maintenance Wrist Watches, Pocket Watches, Stop Watches and Clocks</i></a>. Read Books Ltd. 1945. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5287-6620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5287-6620-3"><bdi>978-1-5287-6620-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114726/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2DxDwAAQBAJ&q=the+wristlet+watch+was+little+used+by+the+sterner+sex+before+the+war%2C+but+now+is+seen+on+the+wrist+of+nearly+every+man+in+uniform+and+of+many+men+in+civilian+attire&pg=PP4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Maintenance+Wrist+Watches%2C+Pocket+Watches%2C+Stop+Watches+and+Clocks&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-1-5287-6620-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2DxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bwristlet%2Bwatch%2Bwas%2Blittle%2Bused%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bsterner%2Bsex%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2Bwar%252C%2Bbut%2Bnow%2Bis%2Bseen%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bwrist%2Bof%2Bnearly%2Bevery%2Bman%2Bin%2Buniform%2Band%2Bof%2Bmany%2Bmen%2Bin%2Bcivilian%2Battire%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoskett2021" class="citation web cs1">Foskett, Stephen (19 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grail-watch.com/2021/07/19/eugene-meylan-glycine-and-the-fight-over-the-first-automatic-watch/">"Eugène Meylan, Glycine, and the Fight Over the First Automatic Watch"</a>. <i>Grail Watch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144634/https://grail-watch.com/2021/07/19/eugene-meylan-glycine-and-the-fight-over-the-first-automatic-watch/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grail+Watch&rft.atitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Meylan%2C+Glycine%2C+and+the+Fight+Over+the+First+Automatic+Watch&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Foskett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrail-watch.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Feugene-meylan-glycine-and-the-fight-over-the-first-automatic-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wornandwound.com/hamilton-electric-the-race-to-create-the-worlds-first-battery-powered-watch/">"Hamilton Electric: the Race to Create the World's First Battery-Powered Watch"</a>. <i>wornandwound.com</i>. 31 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702135356/https://wornandwound.com/hamilton-electric-the-race-to-create-the-worlds-first-battery-powered-watch/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wornandwound.com&rft.atitle=Hamilton+Electric%3A+the+Race+to+Create+the+World%27s+First+Battery-Powered+Watch&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwornandwound.com%2Fhamilton-electric-the-race-to-create-the-worlds-first-battery-powered-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2020" class="citation web cs1">Frei, Armin H. (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/First-Hand:The_First_Quartz_Wrist_Watch">"First-Hand: The First Quartz Wrist Watch"</a>. Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205074716/https://ethw.org/First-Hand:The_First_Quartz_Wrist_Watch">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Hand%3A+The+First+Quartz+Wrist+Watch&rft.pub=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki+%28ETHW%29&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Armin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FFirst-Hand%3AThe_First_Quartz_Wrist_Watch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMondschein2020" class="citation book cs1">Mondschein, Kenneth C. (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hgb5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%221980s%22,+more+%22quartz+watches%22+than+mechanical+ones+have+been+marketed&pg=PA166"><i>On Time: A History of Western Timekeeping</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3827-6"><bdi>978-1-4214-3827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Time%3A+A+History+of+Western+Timekeeping&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-3827-6&rft.aulast=Mondschein&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgb5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25221980s%2522%2C%2Bmore%2B%2522quartz%2Bwatches%2522%2Bthan%2Bmechanical%2Bones%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bmarketed%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarion2022" class="citation book cs1">Farion, Christine (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnqWEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Timex+Datalink+wristwatch+,+was+introduced+in+1994&pg=PA6"><i>The Ultimate Guide to Informed Wearable Technology: A hands-on approach for creating wearables from prototype to purpose using Arduino systems</i></a>. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80324-447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80324-447-1"><bdi>978-1-80324-447-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Informed+Wearable+Technology%3A+A+hands-on+approach+for+creating+wearables+from+prototype+to+purpose+using+Arduino+systems&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Packt+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-80324-447-1&rft.aulast=Farion&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnqWEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BTimex%2BDatalink%2Bwristwatch%2B%2C%2Bwas%2Bintroduced%2Bin%2B1994%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ8oAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Timex+Datalink+wristwatch+,+was+introduced+in+1994"><i>Research & Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Information not visible in web-based source.)</span>. Vol. 37. Chicago: Technical Publishing Company. 1 July 1995. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+%26+Development&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Technical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZ8oAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BTimex%2BDatalink%2Bwristwatch%2B%2C%2Bwas%2Bintroduced%2Bin%2B1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/22/business/business-technology-timex-and-microsoft-team-up-on-a-watch.html">"Timex and Microsoft Team Up on a Watch"</a>. <i>BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY</i>. The New York Times. Reuters. 22 June 1994. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BUSINESS+TECHNOLOGY&rft.atitle=Timex+and+Microsoft+Team+Up+on+a+Watch&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1994-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F06%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-technology-timex-and-microsoft-team-up-on-a-watch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOiBwXJvkVwC&dq=%22Hybrid+watches%22&pg=PA257"><i>Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics</i></a>. Academic Press. 1 September 1980. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-057716-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-057716-6"><bdi>978-0-08-057716-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Electronics+and+Electron+Physics&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1980-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-08-057716-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOiBwXJvkVwC%26dq%3D%2522Hybrid%2Bwatches%2522%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States International Trade Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DBzHzS07mgC">"Report to the Committee on Ways and Means on Watches and Parts Therefor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426210458/https://books.google.com/books?id=_DBzHzS07mgC">Archived</a> 26 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1977. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aarniwood.com/mineral-glass-or-sapphire-crystal/">"Mineral or Sapphire Glass – What is the Difference Between Watch Glasses?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105620/https://aarniwood.com/mineral-glass-or-sapphire-crystal/">Archived</a> 26 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Unbreakable Crystals" section of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldt4EAAAQBAJ">"A General History of Horology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327112540/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldt4EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 27 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2022. p. 486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oren Hartov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wornandwound.com/military-watches-of-the-world-great-britain-part-1-the-boer-war-through-the-second-world-war/">"Military Watches of the World: Great Britain Part 1—The Boer War Through The Second World War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105616/https://wornandwound.com/military-watches-of-the-world-great-britain-part-1-the-boer-war-through-the-second-world-war/">Archived</a> 26 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fogle-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fogle_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fogle_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katelyn Fogle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewelersmutual.com/the-jewelry-box/10-parts-watch-you-should-actually-know">"10 Parts of a Watch You Should Actually Know"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111227/https://www.jewelersmutual.com/the-jewelry-box/10-parts-watch-you-should-actually-know">Archived</a> 23 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Japan Clock & Watch Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcwa.or.jp/en/time/qa/qa03.html">"What are the part names of watches?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105616/https://www.jcwa.or.jp/en/time/qa/qa03.html">Archived</a> 26 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214832/http://ahsoc.contentfiles.net/media/assets/file/Juan_Deniz_-_The_first_transparent_watch_wm6.pdf">"Juan F. Déniz, The first transparent watch. Antiquarian Horology Journal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahsoc.contentfiles.net/media/assets/file/Juan_Deniz_-_The_first_transparent_watch_wm6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juan+F.+D%C3%A9niz%2C+The+first+transparent+watch.+Antiquarian+Horology+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahsoc.contentfiles.net%2Fmedia%2Fassets%2Ffile%2FJuan_Deniz_-_The_first_transparent_watch_wm6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wu-6Led6dEMC&dq=The+movement+of+a+watch+is+the+mechanism+that+measures+the+passage+of+time+and+displays+the+current+time&pg=PA723"><i>Silicon Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition</i></a>. ScholarlyEditions. 21 June 2013. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4816-9238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4816-9238-0"><bdi>978-1-4816-9238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Compounds%E2%80%94Advances+in+Research+and+Application%3A+2013+Edition&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=ScholarlyEditions&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4816-9238-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwu-6Led6dEMC%26dq%3DThe%2Bmovement%2Bof%2Ba%2Bwatch%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bmechanism%2Bthat%2Bmeasures%2Bthe%2Bpassage%2Bof%2Btime%2Band%2Bdisplays%2Bthe%2Bcurrent%2Btime%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.tagheuer.com/#/temperature">"Temperature"</a>. <i>Advice on Your Timepiece</i>. Tag Heuer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303150149/http://us.tagheuer.com/#/temperature">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advice+on+Your+Timepiece&rft.atitle=Temperature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.tagheuer.com%2F%23%2Ftemperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.tagheuer.com/#/magnetism">"Magnetism"</a>. <i>Advice on Your Timepiece</i>. Tag Heuer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303150149/http://us.tagheuer.com/#/magnetism">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advice+on+Your+Timepiece&rft.atitle=Magnetism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.tagheuer.com%2F%23%2Fmagnetism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205103752/http://www.musketeer.ch/Bilder/uhr_bild/RoskAnker.jpg">"The original pin-pallet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musketeer.ch/Bilder/uhr_bild/RoskAnker.jpg">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+original+pin-pallet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musketeer.ch%2FBilder%2Fuhr_bild%2FRoskAnker.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401150312/http://www.musketeer.ch/watches/roskopf.html">"The Roskopf Watch"</a>. Musketeer.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musketeer.ch/watches/roskopf.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roskopf+Watch&rft.pub=Musketeer.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musketeer.ch%2Fwatches%2Froskopf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watkinsr.id.au/buffat.html">"Buffat The Roskopf watch"</a>. <i>Watkinsr.id.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204219/http://watkinsr.id.au/buffat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Watkinsr.id.au&rft.atitle=Buffat+The+Roskopf+watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watkinsr.id.au%2Fbuffat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011232012/http://www.worldtempus.com/fr/encyclopedie/index-encyclopedique/lhorlogerie-dans-le-monde/lhorlogerie-europeenne-en-chine-watches-wonders/">"Watchmaking in Europe and China: Watches & Wonders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Richemont" title="Richemont">Richemont</a></i>. Worldtempus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtempus.com/fr/encyclopedie/index-encyclopedique/lhorlogerie-dans-le-monde/lhorlogerie-europeenne-en-chine-watches-wonders/">the original</a> on 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richemont&rft.atitle=Watchmaking+in+Europe+and+China%3A+Watches+%26+Wonders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtempus.com%2Ffr%2Fencyclopedie%2Findex-encyclopedique%2Flhorlogerie-dans-le-monde%2Flhorlogerie-europeenne-en-chine-watches-wonders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonika_Schramm2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Monika Schramm (29 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/technik-motor/swatch-bringt-bunte-sistem51-auf-den-markt-13003950.html">"Vollautomatisch vom Band"</a>. <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Vollautomatisch+vom+Band&rft.date=2014-06-29&rft.au=Monika+Schramm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ftechnik-motor%2Fswatch-bringt-bunte-sistem51-auf-den-markt-13003950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrice_Goulard2016" class="citation web cs1">Brice Goulard (4 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watchtime.com/blog/monochrome-monday-our-review-of-the-swatch-sistem51/">"Reviewing the Swatch Sistem51"</a>. <i>WatchTime</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WatchTime&rft.atitle=Reviewing+the+Swatch+Sistem51&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.au=Brice+Goulard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.watchtime.com%2Fblog%2Fmonochrome-monday-our-review-of-the-swatch-sistem51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGisbert_L._Brunner2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gisbert L. Brunner (19 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uhrenkosmos.com/swatch-sistem51-werk-und-konstruktionsweise/">"Swatch Sistem51 – ein Uhrwerk mit System"</a>. <i>uhrenkosmos.com</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uhrenkosmos.com&rft.atitle=Swatch+Sistem51+%E2%80%93+ein+Uhrwerk+mit+System&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.au=Gisbert+L.+Brunner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhrenkosmos.com%2Fswatch-sistem51-werk-und-konstruktionsweise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Pulvirent2013" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Pulvirent (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/exclusive-hands-on-look-at-the-swatch-sistem51">"An Exclusive Look At The Swatch Sistem51, A Revolutionary Mechanical Watch"</a>. <i>hodinkee.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hodinkee.com&rft.atitle=An+Exclusive+Look+At+The+Swatch+Sistem51%2C+A+Revolutionary+Mechanical+Watch&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.au=Stephen+Pulvirent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hodinkee.com%2Farticles%2Fexclusive-hands-on-look-at-the-swatch-sistem51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Milestones:Pioneering_Work_on_the_Quartz_Electronic_Wristwatch,_1962-1967">"Milestones: Pioneering Work on the Quartz Electronic Wristwatch, 1962–1967"</a>. ETHW. 31 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204234636/http://ethw.org/Milestones:Pioneering_Work_on_the_Quartz_Electronic_Wristwatch,_1962-1967">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones%3A+Pioneering+Work+on+the+Quartz+Electronic+Wristwatch%2C+1962%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=ETHW&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3APioneering_Work_on_the_Quartz_Electronic_Wristwatch%2C_1962-1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013191116/http://www.ieee-uffc.org/main/history/step.pdf">"In the late 1960s teams of engineers working independently in Japan, Switzerland, and the United States used newly created electronic components to completely reinvent the wristwatch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee-uffc.org/main/history/step.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+late+1960s+teams+of+engineers+working+independently+in+Japan%2C+Switzerland%2C+and+the+United+States+used+newly+created+electronic+components+to+completely+reinvent+the+wristwatch.&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee-uffc.org%2Fmain%2Fhistory%2Fstep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quartz mechanisms usually have a resonant frequency of 32768  Hz, chosen for ease of use (being 2<sup>15</sup>). Using a simple 15 stage divide-by-two circuit, this is turned into a 1 pulse per second signal responsible for the watch's timekeeping.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310131803/http://www.crunchgear.com/2010/03/23/bulova-introduces-the-most-accurate-watch-in-the-world-the-precisionist/">"Bulova introduces the most accurate watch in the world, the Precisionist"</a>. Crunch gear. 23 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crunchgear.com/2010/03/23/bulova-introduces-the-most-accurate-watch-in-the-world-the-precisionist/">the original</a> on 10 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulova+introduces+the+most+accurate+watch+in+the+world%2C+the+Precisionist&rft.pub=Crunch+gear&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchgear.com%2F2010%2F03%2F23%2Fbulova-introduces-the-most-accurate-watch-in-the-world-the-precisionist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812141728/http://www.soluhr.com/">"History of the Solar Wristwatch"</a>. <i>Soluhr.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soluhr.com/">the original</a> on 12 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soluhr.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Solar+Wristwatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soluhr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/business/media/28adco.html">"Why Time Stands Still for Watchmakers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 28 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416220236/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/business/media/28adco.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Time+Stands+Still+for+Watchmakers&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F28adco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Mikkelson2011" class="citation web cs1">Barbara Mikkelson (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/business/market/clockhands.asp">"The Ten Ten Tenet"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. Barbara and David P. Mikkelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114724/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-ten-ten-tenet/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=The+Ten+Ten+Tenet&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.au=Barbara+Mikkelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmarket%2Fclockhands.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230208/http://support.tissot.ch/usersmanual/137-en.pdf">"Tissot Silen-T User's Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Support.tissot.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.tissot.ch/usersmanual/137-en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Support.tissot.ch&rft.atitle=Tissot+Silen-T+User%27s+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.tissot.ch%2Fusersmanual%2F137-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Li2013" class="citation web cs1">Anita Li (14 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2013/07/13/tactile-watch-bradley/">"Innovative Tactile Watch Helps You 'Feel What Time it Is'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mashable</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716000923/http://mashable.com/2013/07/13/tactile-watch-bradley/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=Innovative+Tactile+Watch+Helps+You+%27Feel+What+Time+it+Is%27&rft.date=2013-07-14&rft.au=Anita+Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2013%2F07%2F13%2Ftactile-watch-bradley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallum_Borchers2013" class="citation news cs1">Callum Borchers (12 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/07/11/watch-for-blind-kickstarter/0dt8VUnqc0hZ3z3gxUXROP/story.html">"Thanks to Kickstarter, tactile watch debuts"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714122829/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/07/11/watch-for-blind-kickstarter/0dt8VUnqc0hZ3z3gxUXROP/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Thanks+to+Kickstarter%2C+tactile+watch+debuts&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.au=Callum+Borchers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F07%2F11%2Fwatch-for-blind-kickstarter%2F0dt8VUnqc0hZ3z3gxUXROP%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texascooppower.com/texas-stories/people/all-in-good-time">"All in Good Time: HILCO EC director donates prototype of world's first working digital watch to Smithsonian"</a>. <i>Texas Co-op Power</i>. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209021425/http://www.texascooppower.com/texas-stories/people/all-in-good-time">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Co-op+Power&rft.atitle=All+in+Good+Time%3A+HILCO+EC+director+donates+prototype+of+world%27s+first+working+digital+watch+to+Smithsonian&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texascooppower.com%2Ftexas-stories%2Fpeople%2Fall-in-good-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818043131/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/coolwatches/20watch.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"TI $20 Watch", The Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, [Smithsonian Institution]"</a>. <i>Invention.smithsonian.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/quartz/coolwatches/20watch.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invention.smithsonian.org&rft.atitle=%22TI+%2420+Watch%22%2C+The+Jerome+and+Dorothy+Lemelson+Center+for+the+Study+of+Invention+and+Innovation%2C+%5BSmithsonian+Institution%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvention.smithsonian.org%2Fcenterpieces%2Fquartz%2Fcoolwatches%2F20watch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029012925/http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/nerdwatch/">"Nerd Watch - Vintage Electronics Have Soul – The Pocket Calculator Show Website"</a>. <i>Pocketcalculatorshow.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/nerdwatch/">the original</a> on 29 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pocketcalculatorshow.com&rft.atitle=Nerd+Watch+-+Vintage+Electronics+Have+Soul+%E2%80%93+The+Pocket+Calculator+Show+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpocketcalculatorshow.com%2Fnerdwatch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4096550">U.S. patent 4,096,550</a></span>: Walter Boller, Marco Donati, Juerg Fingerle, Peter Wild, <i>Illuminating Arrangement for a Field-Effect Liquid-Crystal Display as well as Fabrication and Application of the Illuminating Arrangement</i>, filed 15 October 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415005859/http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/magicalgadget/index3.html">"Casio TA-1000 Electronic Clock & Calculator"</a>. <i>Magical Gadgets, Sightings & Brags</i>. Pocket Calculator Show. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pocketcalculatorshow.com/magicalgadget/index3.html#teletime">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magical+Gadgets%2C+Sightings+%26+Brags&rft.atitle=Casio+TA-1000+Electronic+Clock+%26+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpocketcalculatorshow.com%2Fmagicalgadget%2Findex3.html%23teletime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._Wild" class="citation web cs1">Peter J. Wild. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/First-Hand:Liquid_Crystal_Display_Evolution_-_Swiss_Contributions">"First-Hand:Liquid Crystal Display Evolution - Swiss Contributions"</a>. ETHW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703123209/http://ethw.org/First-Hand:Liquid_Crystal_Display_Evolution_-_Swiss_Contributions">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First-Hand%3ALiquid+Crystal+Display+Evolution+-+Swiss+Contributions&rft.pub=ETHW&rft.au=Peter+J.+Wild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FFirst-Hand%3ALiquid_Crystal_Display_Evolution_-_Swiss_Contributions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstdiekBord2012" class="citation book cs1">Ostdiek, Vern; Bord, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeYJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Inquiry into Physics</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71150-6"><bdi>978-1-133-71150-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+Physics&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-71150-6&rft.aulast=Ostdiek&rft.aufirst=Vern&rft.au=Bord%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeYJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeYJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">Extract of page 343</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreithaupt2001" class="citation book cs1">Breithaupt, Jim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSPzV9R08nsC"><i>Physics</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-6243-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7487-6243-4"><bdi>0-7487-6243-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7487-6243-4&rft.aulast=Breithaupt&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSPzV9R08nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSPzV9R08nsC&pg=PT151">Extract of page 151</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeWu2010" class="citation book cs1">Ge, Zhibing; Wu, Shin-Tson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Sp1avgTedMC"><i>Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68906-6"><bdi>978-0-470-68906-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transflective+Liquid+Crystal+Displays&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-68906-6&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Zhibing&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shin-Tson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Sp1avgTedMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Sp1avgTedMC&pg=PA39">Extract of page 39-40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090525/http://hightechies.com/gadgets/the-seiko-tv-watch.html">"The Seiko TV Watch"</a>. HighTechies.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seiko+TV+Watch&rft.pub=HighTechies.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhightechies.com%2Fgadgets%2Fthe-seiko-tv-watch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taschenfernseher.de/doku/doku-seikotvwatch.pdf">"T001 Instruction Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070456/http://www.taschenfernseher.de/doku/doku-seikotvwatch.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T001+Instruction+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taschenfernseher.de%2Fdoku%2Fdoku-seikotvwatch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alanwatch.homestead.com/page9.html">"Alan's Vintage Watches"</a>. Radium Watch Dial Pattern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131942/http://alanwatch.homestead.com/page9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alan%27s+Vintage+Watches&rft.pub=Radium+Watch+Dial+Pattern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falanwatch.homestead.com%2Fpage9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wornandwound.com/a-guide-to-destro-watches-from-sinn-muhle-citizen-and-more/">"A Guide to "Destro": Watches from Sinn, Mühle, Citizen, and More - Worn & Wound"</a>. <i>Wornandwound.com</i>. 10 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823124119/http://wornandwound.com/a-guide-to-destro-watches-from-sinn-muhle-citizen-and-more/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wornandwound.com&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+%22Destro%22%3A+Watches+from+Sinn%2C+M%C3%BChle%2C+Citizen%2C+and+More+-+Worn+%26+Wound&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwornandwound.com%2Fa-guide-to-destro-watches-from-sinn-muhle-citizen-and-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CITIZEN "BULLHEAD" CHALLENGE TIMER</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/hands-on-with-the-omega-seamaster-bullhead-live-pics-pricing">"Hands-On: With The Omega Seamaster Bullhead (Live Pics + Pricing)"</a>. <i>Hodinkee.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210638/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/hands-on-with-the-omega-seamaster-bullhead-live-pics-pricing">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hodinkee.com&rft.atitle=Hands-On%3A+With+The+Omega+Seamaster+Bullhead+%28Live+Pics+%2B+Pricing%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hodinkee.com%2Farticles%2Fhands-on-with-the-omega-seamaster-bullhead-live-pics-pricing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928004218/http://www.watchismo.com/search.aspx?find=muslim">"Muslim watches"</a>. Watchismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watchismo.com/search.aspx?find=muslim">the original</a> on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+watches&rft.pub=Watchismo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watchismo.com%2Fsearch.aspx%3Ffind%3Dmuslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfajr.com/">"Islamic Watch & Clock"</a>. ALFAJR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404130128/http://www.alfajr.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Watch+%26+Clock&rft.pub=ALFAJR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfajr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hug, Daniel : <i>Swatch lanciert 2015 eine intelligente Uhr.</i> In: <i>NZZ am Sonntag</i>, 27 July 2014, page 26 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT012113-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT012113_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNazanin_Lankarani2013" class="citation news cs1">Nazanin Lankarani (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/fashion/21iht-acaw-pocket21.html">"Buying Back a Forgotten Chinese Heritage"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105060659/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/fashion/21iht-acaw-pocket21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>We try to explain why it makes sense to spend $500,000 on a watch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Buying+Back+a+Forgotten+Chinese+Heritage&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.au=Nazanin+Lankarani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F21%2Ffashion%2F21iht-acaw-pocket21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havocscope.com/counterfeit-watches-market-value/">"Havocscope Counterfeit Watches Market Value: $1 billion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506003715/http://www.havocscope.com/counterfeit-watches-market-value/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Havocscope+Counterfeit+Watches+Market+Value%3A+%241+billion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.havocscope.com%2Fcounterfeit-watches-market-value%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgessDubbs2007" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC"><i>Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-49678-8"><bdi>978-0-387-49678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Space%3A+From+Research+Rockets+to+the+Space+Shuttle&rft.pages=213&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-49678-8&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Dubbs%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSdHVIpsrKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC&pg=PA213">Extract of page 213</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netgrafik.ch/russian_space_watches.htm">"Russian Space Watches History"</a>. Netgrafik.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212073856/http://www.netgrafik.ch/russian_space_watches.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Space+Watches+History&rft.pub=Netgrafik.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netgrafik.ch%2Frussian_space_watches.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breitling.com/us-en/watches/navitimer/">"Navitimer, the aviator favourite watch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Breitling_SA" title="Breitling SA">Breitling</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404200807/https://www.breitling.com/us-en/watches/navitimer/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breitling&rft.atitle=Navitimer%2C+the+aviator+favourite+watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breitling.com%2Fus-en%2Fwatches%2Fnavitimer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115191903/http://www.fiyta.com.cn/">"Fiyta.com.cn"</a>. <i>Fiyta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiyta.com.cn">the original</a> on 15 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fiyta&rft.atitle=Fiyta.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiyta.com.cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_5-8_Article-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_5-8_Article_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061114025319/http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_5_8a.php?id=02-024&gl=58">"NASAexplores 5-8 Article: What Time is It?"</a>. 14 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_5_8a.php?id=02-024&gl=58">the original</a> on 14 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASAexplores+5-8+Article%3A+What+Time+is+It%3F&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaexplores.com%2Fshow2_5_8a.php%3Fid%3D02-024%26gl%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_9-12-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_9-12_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080304191551/http://www.nasaexplores.com/search_nav_9_12.php?id=02-024&gl=912">"NASAexplores - Express Lessons and Online Resources"</a>. 4 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaexplores.com/search_nav_9_12.php?id=02-024&gl=912">the original</a> on 4 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASAexplores+-+Express+Lessons+and+Online+Resources&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaexplores.com%2Fsearch_nav_9_12.php%3Fid%3D02-024%26gl%3D912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Timex_Blog" class="citation web cs1">The Timex Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timex.com/the-timex-blog/what-makes-a-watch-water-resistant.html">"WHAT MAKES A WATCH WATER-RESISTANT?"</a>. <i>Timex</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183413/https://www.timex.com/the-timex-blog/what-makes-a-watch-water-resistant.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timex&rft.atitle=WHAT+MAKES+A+WATCH+WATER-RESISTANT%3F&rft.au=The+Timex+Blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timex.com%2Fthe-timex-blog%2Fwhat-makes-a-watch-water-resistant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Trade_Commission1997" class="citation web cs1">Federal Trade Commission (16 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/1997/06/ftcs-guides-advertising-and-marketing-watches-review">"FTC's Guides for Advertising and Marketing Watches Up for Review"</a>. <i>FTC.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183419/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/1997/06/ftcs-guides-advertising-and-marketing-watches-review">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FTC.gov&rft.atitle=FTC%27s+Guides+for+Advertising+and+Marketing+Watches+Up+for+Review&rft.date=1997-06-16&rft.au=Federal+Trade+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-releases%2F1997%2F06%2Fftcs-guides-advertising-and-marketing-watches-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCode_of_Federal_Regulations1997" class="citation web cs1">Code of Federal Regulations (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-1997-title16-vol1/pdf/CFR-1997-title16-vol1-sec245-5.pdf">"16 CFR 245.5 - Misrepresentation of protective features"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>govinfo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227183408/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-1997-title16-vol1/pdf/CFR-1997-title16-vol1-sec245-5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=16+CFR+245.5+-+Misrepresentation+of+protective+features&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.au=Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCFR-1997-title16-vol1%2Fpdf%2FCFR-1997-title16-vol1-sec245-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218121615/http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/waterresistance.jsp">"Watch Industry Questions and Answers: Water-Resistance"</a>. <i>Europa Star</i>. VNU eMedia Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europastar.com/europastar/watch_tech/waterresistance.jsp">the original</a> on 18 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europa+Star&rft.atitle=Watch+Industry+Questions+and+Answers%3A+Water-Resistance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europastar.com%2Feuropastar%2Fwatch_tech%2Fwaterresistance.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewatchpages.com/is-your-watch-really-water-resistant/">"What you need to know about water resistance"</a>. <i>The Watch Pages</i>. 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Watch+Pages&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+water+resistance&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewatchpages.com%2Fis-your-watch-really-water-resistant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jwnz.co.nz/page/watches.aspx">"Watches"</a>. <i>Jwnz.co.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715033823/http://www.jwnz.co.nz/page/watches.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jwnz.co.nz&rft.atitle=Watches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jwnz.co.nz%2Fpage%2Fwatches.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beckett,_1st_Baron_Grimthorpe" title="Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe">Beckett, Edmund</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17576"><i>A Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells</i></a>, 1903, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Berner, G.A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhs.ch/berner/?l=en"><i>Illustrated Professional Dictionary of Horology</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Swiss_Watch_Industry" title="Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry">Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry</a> FH 1961–2012</li> <li>Daniels, George, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWq8c0xvGxsC"><i>Watchmaking</i></a>, London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 1981 (reprinted 15 June 2011)</li> <li>De Carle, Donald, (Illustrations by E. A. Ayres), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalwatchre0000deca"><i>Practical Watch Repairing</i></a>, 3rd edition, New York : <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Pub." class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse Pub.">Skyhorse Pub.</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-357-8">978-1-60239-357-8</a>. Significant information on watches, their history, and inner workings.</li> <li>Denn, Mark, "The Tourbillon and How It Works," <i>IEEE Control Systems Magazine</i>, June 2010, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Control_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Control Systems Society">IEEE Control Systems Society</a>, DOI 10.1109/MCS.2010.936291.</li> <li>Donzé, Pierre-Yves. "Dynamics of innovation in the electronic watch industry: a comparative business history of Longines (Switzerland) and Seiko (Japan), 1960-1980." <i>Essays in Economic & Business History</i> 37.1 (2019): 120-145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/ebhs/article/download/6/6">online</a></li> <li>Donzé, Pierre-Yves (2022). <i>The business of time: A global history of the watch industry</i>. Manchester University Press.</li> <li>Grafton, Edward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlIEAAAAQAAJ"><i>Horology, a popular sketch of clock and watch making</i></a>, London: Aylett and Jones, 1849</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watkinsr.id.au/david.html">American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876 by Jacques David</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/HistoryCultureCollections/SIL-029-015/pdf/SIL-029-015.pdf">The Watch Factories of America Past and Present by Henry G. Abbott (1888)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhs.ch/">Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB218487&F=0">UK patent GB218487, Improvements relating to wrist watches</a>, 1923 patent resulting from John Harwood's invention of a practical self-winding watch mechanism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Watches" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Watches">Watches</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Budget_Watch_Collecting" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Budget Watch Collecting">Budget Watch Collecting</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/120px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/250px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/120px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002937-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wrist watches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86005044">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Montres-bracelets"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121426775">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Montres-bracelets"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121426775">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01136932">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hodinky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120771&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560795705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch&oldid=1284728272">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch&oldid=1284728272</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Watches" title="Category:Watches">Watches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wrist" title="Category:Wrist">Wrist</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2014">Articles needing additional references from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 April 2025, at 10:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Watch</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>54 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66746b6d6c-wxtl7","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.031","walltime":"1.264","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7858,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":255995,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4476,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":377721,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 981.538 1 -total"," 48.20% 473.122 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.68% 252.082 58 Template:Cite_web"," 7.87% 77.282 19 Template:Cite_book"," 7.87% 77.221 2 Template:Lang"," 7.01% 68.828 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.88% 67.559 1 Template:Jewellery"," 6.48% 63.640 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.45% 43.687 4 Template:Fix"," 4.11% 40.366 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.585","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17989353,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5f74495684-vjbmw","timestamp":"20250409124217","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Watch","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watch","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178794","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178794","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-07T05:53:37Z","dateModified":"2025-04-09T10:30:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Casio_OCEANUS_OCW-S1350PC-1AJR_01.JPG","headline":"personal timepiece"}</script> </body> </html>