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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US propaganda and public radio fundraising campaign</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreedomGram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FreedomGram.jpg/220px-FreedomGram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FreedomGram.jpg/330px-FreedomGram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FreedomGram.jpg/440px-FreedomGram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Message urging <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> to send Freedom-Grams through the Crusade</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Crusade for Freedom</b> was an <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="American propaganda">American propaganda</a> campaign operating from 1950–1960. Its public goal was to raise funds for <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>; it also served to conceal the CIA's funding of Radio Free Europe and to generate domestic support for American <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medhurst_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> inaugurated the Crusade for Freedom on 4 September 1950. The first chairman was <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a>, Eisenhower's successor as <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">military governor of occupied Germany</a>. The Crusade for Freedom, officially managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a> (NCFE), had direct ties to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). </p><p>One of the Crusade's first actions was to create a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a>, designed after the American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>. This bell traveled around the United States, along with a Freedom Scroll for people to sign, and was then sent to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, where it was dedicated by Clay on 24 October 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crusaders also organized rallies, parades, and contests to mobilize support from ordinary Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-grassroots_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grassroots-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade was conceived during 1948–1950 under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wisner" title="Frank Wisner">Frank Wisner</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" title="Office of Policy Coordination">Office of Policy Coordination</a> (OPC). The OPC began seeking ways to implement NSC 20/4, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> directive to "place the maximum strain on the Soviet structure of power and particularly on the relationships between Moscow and the satellite countries." After the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a> (NCFE) was formed in May 1949, its backers decided that to appear legitimate the organization would need to seem independently funded.<sup id="cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medhurst_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NCFE hired <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> experts Abbott Washburn and Nate Crabtree to help create a public image for its efforts. According to Washburn, "They said, 'if we can get something that will raise some money, too, that's great,' but it was clear that their first desire was involvement by the public to make this a volunteer thing."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washburn and Crabtree suggested using the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> as the symbol for the Crusade and, under instructions from the NCFE, sought out General <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a> as its chairman. (Clay had won popularity and recognition through his supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medhurst_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, the Crusade gained promises of support and cooperation from key individuals and groups, including <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, high commissioner in West Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Council">Advertising Council</a>, a high-profile public-relations group previously known as the War Advertising Council.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eisenhower_speech">Eisenhower speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eisenhower speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusade_Stamp_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crusade_Stamp_3.png/220px-Crusade_Stamp_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crusade_Stamp_3.png/330px-Crusade_Stamp_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Crusade_Stamp_3.png/440px-Crusade_Stamp_3.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Crusade for Freedom stamp depicting the Big Truth above the Big Lie</figcaption></figure> <p>The Crusade was launched with a speech by General Eisenhower, who preceded Clay as the military governor of Germany. The speech, given at 11:15PM (EST) on 4 September 1950 (Labor Day), was broadcast to millions of people over all major radio networks. It is now identified by historians as one of the major early public speeches of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medhurst_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower said:<sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>To destroy human liberty and to control the world, the Communists use every conceivable weapon—subversion, bribery, corruption, military attack! Of all these, none is more insidious than propaganda. Spurred by this threat to our very existence, I speak tonight—as another private citizen, not as an officer of the Army—about the Crusade of freedom. This crusade is a campaign sponsored by private American citizens to fight the big lie with the big truth.</p></blockquote> <p>Eisenhower also introduced the concept of the Freedom Scroll: </p> <blockquote><p>In this Battle for Truth, you and I have a definite part to play. During the Crusade, each of us will have the opportunity to sign the Freedom Scroll. It bears a declaration of our faith in freedom, and of our belief in the dignity of the individual, who derives the right of freedom from God. Each of us, by signing the Scroll, pledges to resist aggression and tyranny wherever they appear on Earth. Its words express what is in all our hearts. Your signature on it will be a blow for liberty.</p></blockquote> <p>The text of Eisenhower's speech appeared in all major newspapers, as well as magazines <i>Time</i> and <i>Newsweek</i>, which received the text in advance for inclusion in the September 4 issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_Bell">Freedom Bell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freedom Bell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199,_Berlin,_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P047199%2C_Berlin%2C_Sch%C3%B6neberger_S%C3%A4ngerknaben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>School children pose beneath the massive <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in December 1958.</figcaption></figure> <p>Washburn and Crabtree's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a> in West Berlin was designed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dorwin_Teague" title="Walter Dorwin Teague">Walter Dorwin Teague</a> in New York. Written on the bell were words from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>: "That this world Under God shall have a new birth of freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bell was created in England and shipped to New York City for a parade following Eisenhower's speech. Traveling by truck, it made a circuit around the country and returned to New York by 8 October. It arrived in West Berlin on 21 October and was officially dedicated by Clay on 24 October 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jurisdiction over the Crusade for Freedom was shared among several agencies, and the chain of command was ambiguous. The <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Strategy_Board" title="Psychological Strategy Board">Psychological Strategy Board</a> assumed ultimate control over the project (along with other propaganda and psychological warfare operations) in May 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporate members were many and included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Cowles_Jr." title="Gardner Cowles Jr.">Gardner Cowles Jr.</a>, executive of the Farfield Foundation (another CIA front), donor to the Gardner Cowles Foundation, and sponsor of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/History_(journal)" title="History (journal)">History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crusade also gained the support of religious leaders such as Rabbi Bernard J. Bamberger, president of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_Council_of_America" title="Synagogue Council of America">Synagogue Council of America</a>, and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign benefited from the direct collusion of the American media—including <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i>—which knew of its CIA connections but chose not to report them.<sup id="cite_ref-Cone_1998_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cone_1998-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA">CIA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CIA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CIA provided much of the Crusade for Freedom's funding, spending $5 million in five years (equivalent to upwards of 55 Million in 2023). According to Christopher Simpson's <i>Blowback</i>, the CIA, through the Crusade became the biggest political advertiser in the United States during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Osgood_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osgood_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blowback_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blowback-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crusade for Freedom helped to create public legitimacy for ex-Nazis who collaborated with the U.S. government to call for the downfall of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA also used Crusade for Freedom to send money to this group covertly, by providing funds to a group called the International Refugee.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_in_the_United_States">Activities in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Activities in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade for Freedom gained support from hundreds of national and local organizations, conducting a countless array of events across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-grassroots_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grassroots-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some programs were national in scope: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fundraising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truth_Dollar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Truth_Dollar.jpg/220px-Truth_Dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Truth_Dollar.jpg/330px-Truth_Dollar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Truth_Dollar.jpg/440px-Truth_Dollar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement urges Americans to donate Truth Dollars. The 1954 fundraising campaign (the Crusade's most successful) used images of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> on money as a symbol of American freedom</figcaption></figure> <p>The official domestic goal of the Crusade for Freedom was to solicit donations from American citizens, and it succeeded in raising $1,317,000 in its first year. However, these funds represented only a small portion of the total amount spent on Radio Free Europe and other propaganda activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crusade encouraged Americans to donate "Truth Dollars", small donations that confirmed their investment in the project without creating a major financial barrier. The 1954 fundraising campaign (the Crusade's most successful) used images of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> on money as a symbol of American freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2011_-_Geo_Wash_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2011_-_Geo_Wash-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaping_Lena">Leaping Lena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leaping Lena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leaping_Lena" title="Leaping Lena">Leaping Lena</a> was a homing pigeon, reported lost in early August, 1954 during a routine flight in West Germany, and then found again bearing an anti-Communist note signed "Unbowed <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Pilsen</a>." She was flown to the United States, and treated as a Cold War hero. She was then adopted by <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> and the Crusade as a mascot.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_Scroll">Freedom Scroll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freedom Scroll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade for Freedom asked Americans to sign a "Freedom Scroll" with the following text: </p> <blockquote><p>In the belief that freedom is the most precious of human rights, I gladly sign my name to this Freedom Scroll as evidence of my participation as a free citizen In the Crusade for Freedom, supporting the National Committee for a Free Europe and its striking arm, Radio Free Europe. In so doing, I join hands with millions of other Americans in bringing truth and hope to the courageous freedom-hungry people behind the Iron Curtain.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Over 16 million people signed the scroll over the course of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollywood">Hollywood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade for Freedom successfully generated American support for <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> efforts abroad, promoting messages like "Fight the Big Lie with the Big Truth" and "Help Truth Fight Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2001_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was a major US spokesperson for the campaign. Reagan also starred in pro-Crusade film <i>The Big Truth</i> (1951), which depicts RFE broadcasts into <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Clips of this film were shown as advertisements (produced by the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Corporation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Council">Advertising Council</a>) for the Crusade for Freedom during the 1951–2 fundraising campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Reagan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Reagan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Crusade also secured the cooperation major Hollywood directors and producers, including <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a>, who became a major booster for the campaign in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Wanger_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Wanger-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_Crusade">Youth Crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Youth Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade organized a half hour radio program, with <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> and his four sons, called "Youth Crusade with the Crosbys." Crosby asked young people to donate three cents (giving up three sticks of gum) for the sake of freedom in Europe. Wednesday, 3 October 1951, was declared "Youth Crusade Day", and students of all ages listened to the Crosby radio program in their school classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2011_-_Bing_Crosby_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2011_-_Bing_Crosby-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balloon_launches">Balloon launches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Balloon launches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balloons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balloons.png/220px-Balloons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balloons.png/330px-Balloons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balloons.png/440px-Balloons.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles" title="Fraternal Order of Eagles">Fraternal Order of Eagles</a> launched balloons in the U.S. to parallel the balloon messages sent across the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles" title="Fraternal Order of Eagles">Fraternal Order of Eagles</a> conducted an "Eagles Flight for Freedom", in which 4,164 helium balloons were dispersed across the United States. These balloons were similar to those being sent across the Iron Curtain into Eastern Europe. They carried leaflets, identification cards, and envelopes for Truth Dollar donations. The finder of the furthest-traveling balloon won a $25 bond, and the whole event was covered by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luce" title="Henry Luce">Henry Luce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i> magazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Life_1954_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_1954-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eagles executed similar programs in 1955 and 1956, and also asked respondents to nominate people and organizations for "Freedom Awards".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statement_contests">Statement contests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statement contests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Crusade held statement and essay contests encouraging Americans to draft language for broadcast into Europe. A few of these took place in 1950 and 1951. The concept went into widespread practice in 1958–1959, with the Truth Broadcast contest, which was operated and promoted chiefly by the Advertising Council. Advertisements asked listeners to complete the sentence: "As an American, I support Radio Free Europe because...."<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contest was announced through radio, magazines, newspapers, and journals. It was also promoted in the Educational Edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>, used in 50% of American High Schools, with an exercise asking students to complete the sentence, imagine their own broadcasts, and answer some questions about Radio Free Europe. Winners flew to Munich and read their entries over the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg/220px-Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg/330px-Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Crusade_Pentagon_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Conference at the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Crusade began a second American campaign, led by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a>, on Labor Day (3 September) 1951. Eisenhower, now the Supreme Commander of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> gave another speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These yearly campaigns continued throughout the decade. </p><p>In 1952, Clay stepped down as chairman, concerned that the Crusade was becoming "big business" and that large corporate donations would undermine its image.<sup id="cite_ref-Cummings_2010:_Clay_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cummings_2010:_Clay-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a> took over as chairman (he also became chairman of the American Heritage Foundation, which backed the Crusade).<sup id="cite_ref-Media.Ford.Com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media.Ford.Com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower (introduced over radio by Ford II) gave his third Crusade for Freedom speech on 11 November 1952—one week after he was elected president. In the same broadcast, listeners heard the defeated <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> also express his support for the Crusade, stating: "The programs have a spontaneity and freshness, which no official information agency can have. Freedom speaks most clearly between man and man, when its voice is neither muffled nor amplified by government intervention nor other official trappings."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Eisenhower had reportedly been prepared to order leaflet drops over immigrant communities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamtramck" title="Hamtramck">Hamtramck</a> blaming Stevenson for "betraying" the liberation agenda in Eastern Europe.)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Douglas_Jackson" title="Charles Douglas Jackson">Charles Douglas (C. D.) Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion" title="CIA influence on public opinion">CIA influence on public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird" title="Operation Mockingbird">Operation Mockingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Medhurst_1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medhurst_1997_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMedhurst1997" class="citation journal cs1">Medhurst, Martin J. (Fall 1997). "Eisenhower and the Crusade for Freedom: The Rhetorical Origins of a Cold War Campaign". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 646–661. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551792">27551792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Eisenhower+and+the+Crusade+for+Freedom%3A+The+Rhetorical+Origins+of+a+Cold+War+Campaign&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646-661&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Medhurst&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings, <i>Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom"</i> (2010), pp. 2–3. "The goals of Radio Free Europe and the Crusade for Freedom could be seen as fundamentally the same: winning the hearts and minds of Americans in the ideological struggle against Communism. Their targets were different: Radio Free Europe focused on the hearts and minds of those behind the Iron Curtain; the Crusade for Freedom targeted Americans. Their commonality was to keep the true sponsorship of Radio Free Europe hidden from the public."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Freedom_Bell_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (29 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/11/freedom-bell-in-berlin-updated-march.html">"The Freedom Bell in Berlin (Updated March 2011)"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+Bell+in+Berlin+%28Updated+March+2011%29&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F11%2Ffreedom-bell-in-berlin-updated-march.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grassroots-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grassroots_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grassroots_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings, <i>Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom"</i> (2010), pp. 2, 3. "From 1950 to 1960, millions of Americans throughout the United States willingly and enthusiastically signed 'Freedom Scrolls' and 'Freedom-Grams,' participated in fund-raising dinners and lunches, attended 'Crusader' meetings, marched in parades, launched large balloons filled with leaflets, participated in writing contests, bowled in tournaments, and otherwise were active in the belief that they were individually and collectively supporting Radio Free Europe in the battle against Communist aggression in Europe. [...] Thousands of local volunteer 'Crusaders' used their imagination, creativity, and willpower to keep the campaigns moving for ten years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott Washburn, quoted in Medhurst 1997 (interview with author)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings, <i>Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom"</i> (2010), Chapter One: "How It All Began".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_Labor_Day_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2012" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (31 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2012/08/labor-day-crusade-for-freedom-and-radio.html">"Labor Day, Crusade for Freedom, and Radio Free Europe"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=Labor+Day%2C+Crusade+for+Freedom%2C+and+Radio+Free+Europe&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F08%2Flabor-day-crusade-for-freedom-and-radio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm_2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2010" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm, Andrew (6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2010/09/labor-day-speech-ike-eisenhower-1950.html">"A Labor Day speech from many years ago by a non-president named Dwight Eisenhower"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Labor+Day+speech+from+many+years+ago+by+a+non-president+named+Dwight+Eisenhower&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fwashington%2F2010%2F09%2Flabor-day-speech-ike-eisenhower-1950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, <i>Cultural Cold War</i> (1999), p. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas_1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_1996_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Scott (1 June 1996). "Campaigns of Truth: The Psychological Strategy Board and American Ideology, 1951–1953". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 279–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1996.9640744">10.1080/07075332.1996.9640744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Campaigns+of+Truth%3A+The+Psychological+Strategy+Board+and+American+Ideology%2C+1951%E2%80%931953&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-302&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1996.9640744&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, <i>Cultural Cold War</i> (1999), p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (3 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/12/give-us-this-day-our-daily-truth_03.html">"Give Us This Day ... Our Daily Truth: Rallying with Religion"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=Give+Us+This+Day+...+Our+Daily+Truth%3A+Rallying+with+Religion&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fgive-us-this-day-our-daily-truth_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cone_1998-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cone_1998_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCone1998–1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cone, Stacey (Winter 1998–1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121222235511/http://ics-www.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=141&paper=1226">"Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, the CIA and the News Media"</a>. <i>Journalism History</i>. <b>24</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.1999.12062497">10.1080/00947679.1999.12062497</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ics-www.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&folder=141&paper=1226">the original</a> on 22 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>The unmasking of RFE and RL is significant partly because it took so long, but more so because the press and broadcast media were, in many cases, well aware of the connection between the CIA and the stations and simply chose not to report the link. According to Sig Mickelson, former president of CBS News and later of RFE/RL, Inc., thousands of people knew or had insider knowledge about what was going on, especially as time passed.4 Among these thousands, Mickelson assures readers, were journalists and reporters. In an interview, he acknowledged that he himself knew about the connection while an employee of CBS.5 Beyond remaining silent, many journalists and news media members also knew about and supported a charade that CIA and Radio officials concocted to hide the agency's connections to the stations. The charade, a propaganda campaign called the Crusade for Freedom, successfully persuaded thousands of Americans to donate millions of dollars to the Radios, never telling them that the Radios were already completely funded. The Crusade, in effect, was a cover, making the Radios appear to be supported only through voluntary donations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2C+Radio+Liberty%2C+the+CIA+and+the+News+Media&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1998%2F1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.1999.12062497&rft.aulast=Cone&rft.aufirst=Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fics-www.leeds.ac.uk%2Fpapers%2Fvp01.cfm%3Foutfit%3Dpmt%26folder%3D141%26paper%3D1226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgood_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osgood_2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2002" class="citation journal cs1">Osgood, Kenneth A. (Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/mico3002/ColdWar.pdf">"Hearts and Minds: The Unconventional Cold War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 85–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F152039702753649656">10.1162/152039702753649656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57569857">57569857</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Hearts+and+Minds%3A+The+Unconventional+Cold+War&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-107&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152039702753649656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57569857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fmico3002%2FColdWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blowback-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blowback_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, <i>Blowback</i> (1988) p. 228. "...the CIA's $5 million direct contribution to anti-Communist education through the CFF can serve, at least, as a yardstick for comparing the scope of the crusade promotion to other political propaganda efforts undertaken in this country at about the same time. That $5 million contribution exceeds, for example, the combined total of all the money spent on the Truman/ Dewey presidential election campaign of 1948. It establishes the CIA (through the CFF) as the largest single political advertiser on the American scene during the early 1950s, rivaled only by such commercial giants as General Motors and Procter & Gamble in its domination of the airwaves."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, <i>Blowback</i> (1988) p. 217. "The Central Intelligence Agency did not sever its ties with the extremist exile organizations once they had arrived in this country. Instead, it continued to use them in clandestine operations both abroad and in the United States itself. Before the middle of the 1950s the agency found itself entangled with dozens-and probably hundreds-of former Nazis and SS men who had fought their way into the leadership of a variety of Eastern European emigre political associations inside this country. Instead of withdrawing its support for the extremist groups and for the men and women who led them, the CIA went to considerable lengths to portray these leaders as legitimate representatives of the countries they had fled. At about the same time that the agency initiated the immigration programs ... it dramatically expanded its publicity and propaganda efforts inside the United States itself. A major theme of this effort was to establish the credibility and legitimacy of exiled Eastern European politicians-former Nazi collaborators and non-collaborators alike-in the eyes of the American public. Through the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE) and a new CIA-financed group, the Crusade for Freedom (CFF), the covert operations division of the agency became instrumental in introducing into the American political mainstream many of the right-wing extremist emigre politicians' plans to "liberate" Eastern Europe and to "roll back communism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, <i>Cultural Cold War</i> (1999), p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2001_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2001_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Cissie Dore (30 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902082004/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6270">"Voices of Hope: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty"</a>. <i>Hoover Digest</i>. <b>4</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/6270">the original</a> on 2 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Digest&rft.atitle=Voices+of+Hope%3A+The+Story+of+Radio+Free+Europe+and+Radio+Liberty&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2001-10-30&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Cissie+Dore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpublications%2Fhoover-digest%2Farticle%2F6270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilford, <i>Mighty Wurlitzer</i> (2008), p. 33. "Although Washburn's campaign raised only $2.25 to $3.3 million a year during the 1950s, a fraction of the NCFE's to- tal expenditure, it did manage to divert attention from the organization's main source of funding and succeeded in imaginatively involving the American public in the plight of the captive nations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2011_-_Geo_Wash-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2011_-_Geo_Wash_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2011" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2011/02/when-george-washington-stopped-world_16.html">"When George Washington Stopped World War III"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=When+George+Washington+Stopped+World+War+III&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fwhen-george-washington-stopped-world_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Iron Curtain Bird Here on Crusade". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2 August 1954. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iron+Curtain+Bird+Here+on+Crusade&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1954-08-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Heroine Pigeon Now a 'Citizen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 23 August 1954. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Heroine+Pigeon+Now+a+%27Citizen%27&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1954-08-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (2010). <i>Radio Free Europe's "Crusade for Freedom"</i>. McFarland. pp. 116–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Free+Europe%27s+%22Crusade+for+Freedom%22&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2012_-_1954_FW_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2012" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (12 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2012/02/1954-freedom-week-balloons-and-freedom.html">"1954 Freedom Week, Balloons, and Freedom Scroll: Combining Patriotism with Commercialism at the Grass Roots Level"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=1954+Freedom+Week%2C+Balloons%2C+and+Freedom+Scroll%3A+Combining+Patriotism+with+Commercialism+at+the+Grass+Roots+Level&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F02%2F1954-freedom-week-balloons-and-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Reagan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Reagan_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (2 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/12/saturday-night-at-movies-ronald-reagan_02.html">"Saturday Night at the Movies"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=Saturday+Night+at+the+Movies&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fsaturday-night-at-movies-ronald-reagan_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Wanger-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Wanger_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (9 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/12/from-cocoanuts-to-body-snatchers-walter.html">"From Cocoanuts to Body Snatchers: Walter F. Wanger, Hollywood and Radio Free Europe"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=From+Cocoanuts+to+Body+Snatchers%3A+Walter+F.+Wanger%2C+Hollywood+and+Radio+Free+Europe&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Ffrom-cocoanuts-to-body-snatchers-walter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2011_-_Bing_Crosby-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2011_-_Bing_Crosby_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2011" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2011/02/from-bubble-gum-to-bricks-bing-crosby.html">"From Bubble Gum to Bricks: Bing Crosby and the "Youth Crusade"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=From+Bubble+Gum+to+Bricks%3A+Bing+Crosby+and+the+%22Youth+Crusade%22&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Ffrom-bubble-gum-to-bricks-bing-crosby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_1954-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Life_1954_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37">"Fund raising takes to air"</a>. <i>LIFE</i>. 22 February 1954. p. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE&rft.atitle=Fund+raising+takes+to+air&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1954-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/12/eagles-flight-for-freedom-part-two_31.html">"The Eagles Flight for Freedom, Part Two"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=The+Eagles+Flight+for+Freedom%2C+Part+Two&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Feagles-flight-for-freedom-part-two_31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cummings_2010_-_Truth_contest_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/11/rallying-rfe-1959-truth-broadcast.html">"Rallying 'round RFE: The 1959 Truth Broadcast Contest"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(3 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2010/12/hero-of-berlin-general-lucius-d-clay.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Hero of Berlin' General Lucius D. Clay, Crusade for Freedom and Radio Free Europe"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=%27The+Hero+of+Berlin%27+General+Lucius+D.+Clay%2C+Crusade+for+Freedom+and+Radio+Free+Europe&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F12%2Fhero-of-berlin-general-lucius-d-clay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Media.Ford.Com-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Media.Ford.Com_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019192653/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=3380%22">"Henry Ford II"</a>. <i>Media.Ford.Com</i>. Ford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=3380%22">the original</a> on 19 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media.Ford.Com&rft.atitle=Henry+Ford+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ford.com%2Farticle_display.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D3380%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2011" class="citation news cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coldwarradios.blogspot.com/2011/11/rising-above-partisan-politics-fighting.html">"Rising Above Partisan Politics: Fighting the "Big Lie" with the "Big Truth" in 1952"</a>. <i>Cold War Radios</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+Radios&rft.atitle=Rising+Above+Partisan+Politics%3A+Fighting+the+%22Big+Lie%22+with+the+%22Big+Truth%22+in+1952&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldwarradios.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F11%2Frising-above-partisan-politics-fighting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, <i>Blowback</i> (1988) p. 234. "The gradual merging of the Republicans' election campaign and the Crusade for Freedom reached its logical culmination on the eve of the 1952 election. The party's ethnic division under Lane approved and allocated money for a psychological warfare tactic that had earlier been used by the CIA in Italy and Eastern Europe. Millions of yellow leaflets were slated to be dropped from airplanes 'over places such as Hamtramck,' the large immigrant community near Detroit, plugging Eisenhower and blaming Democrat Adlai Stevenson for the 'betrayal' of the Slavic 'Fatherland and relatives' to the Communists. The yellow paper was to dramatize the leaflet's conclusion. 'If you men and women of Polish and Czech descent can, after reading the above, vote for the Democratic candidate,' the handbill proclaimed, 'you are as yellow as this paper.' Everything was ready to go 'within 48 hours,' according to correspondence in Lane's archives, but Eisenhower's inner circle of election advisers canceled the plan at the last minute."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2010" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Richard H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BO78hXsRebkC"><i>Radio free Europe's "Crusade for freedom" : rallying Americans behind Cold War broadcasting, 1950-1960</i></a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786444106" title="Special:BookSources/9780786444106"><bdi>9780786444106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+free+Europe%27s+%22Crusade+for+freedom%22+%3A+rallying+Americans+behind+Cold+War+broadcasting%2C+1950-1960&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780786444106&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBO78hXsRebkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders">Saunders, Frances Stonor</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_cultural_cold_war_:_the_CIA_and_the_world_of_arts_and_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The cultural cold war : the CIA and the world of arts and letters"><i>The cultural cold war : the CIA and the world of arts and letters</i></a>. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-596-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-596-1"><bdi>978-1-56584-596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+cold+war+%3A+the+CIA+and+the+world+of+arts+and+letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-596-1&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Frances+Stonor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusade+for+Freedom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Simpson, Christopher. <i>Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War</i>. New York: Collier, 1988.</li> <li>Wilford, Hugh. <i>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02681-0">978-0-674-02681-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade_for_Freedom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crusade_for_Freedom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjE6_RAcDho"><span class="plainlinks">American video showing preparation of balloons with leaflets</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qayE8Rhwc_8"><span class="plainlinks">TV commercial for the Crusade for Freedom, starring Ronald Reagan</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m8JDhYAsdA"><span class="plainlinks">Longer video report on the Crusade, 1951</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_14-O_DNywHg/TPjaD_E_JLI/AAAAAAAAAMc/CEd0FIGPoIQ/s1600/Clay+Answers+Question.jpg">Q&A sheet</a> about the Crusade for Freedom and RFE — hosted on Richard H. Cumming's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_14-O_DNywHg/TPjaD_E_JLI/AAAAAAAAAMc/CEd0FIGPoIQ/s1600/Clay+Answers+Question.jpg">Cold War Radios</a></i> blog</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_14-O_DNywHg/TPVYYfZwLxI/AAAAAAAAAJc/teMBlnThdao/s1600/1959+Cartoon.jpg">Cartoon</a> publicizing the Truth Broadcast contest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.648946">Crusade for Freedom</a> a 1956 film produced by Crusade for Freedom</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190142#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131444308">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/641260/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87851694">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crusade for Freedom (organizace)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004244084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vb381x">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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