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href="#Regulation_of_civilian_firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regulation of civilian firearms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation_of_civilian_firearms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation of civilian firearms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_civilian_firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_and_regional_gun_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_and_regional_gun_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>International and regional gun control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_and_regional_gun_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-sectional_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-sectional_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Cross-sectional studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-sectional_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_of_individual_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_of_individual_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Studies of individual laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_of_individual_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_studies_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_studies_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Other studies and debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_studies_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>National groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gun control</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_d%27armes_de_foc" title="Control d'armes de foc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Control d'armes de foc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffenkontrolle_(Recht)" title="Waffenkontrolle (Recht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waffenkontrolle (Recht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%87" title="کنترل اسلحه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل اسلحه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_des_armes_%C3%A0_feu" title="Contrôle des armes à feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contrôle des armes à feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="총기 규제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="총기 규제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_senjata" title="Politik senjata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik senjata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%83%E8%A6%8F%E5%88%B6" title="銃規制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銃規制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controle_de_armas_de_fogo" title="Controle de armas de fogo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controle de armas de fogo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Контроль над оружием – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контроль над оружием" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrolli_i_arm%C3%ABve" title="Kontrolli i armëve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kontrolli i armëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gun control" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Laws or policies that regulate firearms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For international arms restrictions, see <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a>. For techniques for the safe handling, possession, and storage of firearms, see <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a>. For the debate about gun control in the U.S., see <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg/300px-Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg/450px-Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg/600px-Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Firearm guiding policy by country according to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a><sup id="cite_ref-sydney_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (April 2022) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00137F; color:white;"> </span> Permissive</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Restrictive</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Not included</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gun control</b>, or <b>firearms regulation</b>, is the set of laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> by civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most countries allow civilians to own firearms, but have strong firearms laws to prevent violence. Only a few countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are categorized as permissive.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jurisdictions that regulate civilian access to firearms typically restrict ownership of certain lethal firearms, and require a mandatory gun safety course or <a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">firearms license</a> to own or carry a weapon. </p><p>In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">the United States</a>, gun control measures can be implemented at the national, state, or local levels. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_context">Terminology and context</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_arms_and_light_weapons" title="Small arms and light weapons">Small arms and light weapons</a></div> <p>Gun control refers to domestic and international attempts to regulate, and harmonize the regulation of, the private and industrial manufacture, trade, possession, use, and transport of a class of weapons typically identified as <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a>. This class of arms commonly includes <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a>, self-loading <a href="/wiki/Pistols" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistols">pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, and some categories of <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the term <i>gun control</i> itself is considered politicized.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many gun control advocates prefer the use of terms like "gun-violence prevention", "gun safety", or "common-sense regulation" to describe their objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, a global supply of 875 million small arms were estimated to be in the hands of civilians, law enforcement agencies, and national armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp200739-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these firearms, 650 million, or 75%, were estimated to be held by civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp200739-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. civilians account for 270 million of this total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp200739-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 200 million are controlled by national military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law enforcement agencies may have some 26 million small arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-state armed groups<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have about 1.4 million firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, gang members hold between 2 and 10 million small arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, the small arms arsenals of non-state armed groups and gangs have been estimated to account for, at most, 1.4% of the global total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_of_civilian_firearms">Regulation of civilian firearms</h2></div> <p>With few exceptions,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most countries in the world actually allow some form of civilian firearm ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20111_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 survey of 28 countries over five continents<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that a major distinction between different national gun control regimes is whether civilian gun ownership is seen as a right or a privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201136_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that both the United States and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> were distinct from the other countries surveyed in that they viewed gun ownership as a basic right of citizenship, and therefore their gun control policies were more permissive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201136_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the remaining countries sampled, civilian gun ownership is considered a privilege and their corresponding gun control policies are more restrictive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201136_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_and_regional_gun_control">International and regional gun control</h3></div> <p>At the international and regional level, diplomatic attention has tended to focus on the cross-border illegal trade in small arms as an area of particular concern rather than the regulation of civilian-held firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mid-1990s, however, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC) adopted a series of resolutions relating to the civilian ownership of small arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These called for an exchange of data on national systems of firearm regulation and for the initiation of an international study of the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1997, ECOSOC issued a resolution that underlined the responsibility of UN member states to competently regulate civilian ownership of small arms and which urged them to ensure that their regulatory frameworks encompassed the following aspects: firearm safety and storage; penalties for the unlawful possession and misuse of firearms; a licensing system to prevent undesirable persons from owning firearms; exemption from criminal liability to promote the surrender by citizens of illegal, unsafe or unwanted guns; and, a record-keeping system to track civilian firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the UN published a study based on member state survey data titled the <i>United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation</i> which was updated in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study was meant to initiate the establishment of a database on civilian firearm regulations which would be run by the Centre for International Crime Prevention, located in Vienna. who were to report on national systems of civilian firearm regulation every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plans never reached fruition and further UN-led efforts to establish international norms for the regulation of civilian-held firearms were stymied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113–4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113–4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to pressure from the U.S. government,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlley200453–54_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlley200453–54-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> any mention of the regulation of civilian ownership of small arms was removed from the draft proposals for the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the issue is no longer part of the UN policy debate, since 1991 there have been eight regional agreements involving 110 countries concerning aspects of civilian firearm possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bamako Declaration,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was adopted in Bamako, Mali, on 1 December 2000 by the representatives of the member states of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuma200639_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuma200639-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisions of this declaration recommend that the signatories would establish the illegal possession of small arms and light weapons as a criminal offence under national law in their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20114_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20114-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gun_control##" title="Talk:Gun control">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_control&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gun_control" title="Talk:Gun control">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>High rates of gun mortality and injury are often cited as a primary impetus for gun control policies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 National Research Council critical review found that while some strong conclusions are warranted from current research, the state of our knowledge is generally poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council20053,_6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Research_Council20053,_6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the scarcity of relevant data is that gun control is one of the most fraught topics in American politics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranas_et_al.2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranas_et_al.2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars remain deadlocked on a variety of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranas_et_al.2009_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranas_et_al.2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, since 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Dickey_Amendment" title="Dickey Amendment">Dickey Amendment</a> was first inserted into the federal spending bill, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) has been prohibited from using its federal funding "to advocate or promote gun control", thwarting gun violence research at the agency at the time. The funding provision's author has said that this was an over-interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the amendment still had a chilling effect, effectively halting federally funded firearm-related research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetzRanneyWintemute2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetzRanneyWintemute2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the amendment, the CDC has continued to research gun violence and publish studies about it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although their funding for such research has fallen by 96% since 1996, according to <a href="/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors Against Illegal Guns">Mayors Against Illegal Guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a spokesman, the CDC has limited funding and has not produced any comprehensive study aimed at reducing gun violence since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <p>A 1998 review found that suicide rates generally declined after gun control laws were enacted, and concluded, "The findings support gun control measures as a strategy for reducing suicide rates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambertSilva1998_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambertSilva1998-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review found that laws banning people under <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining orders</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> convictions from accessing guns were associated with "reductions in intimate partner homicide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeoliMalinskiTurchan2016_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeoliMalinskiTurchan2016-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2016 review identified 130 studies regarding restrictive gun laws and found that the implementation of multiple such laws simultaneously was associated with a decrease in gun-related deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantaella-Tenorio_et_al.2016_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantaella-Tenorio_et_al.2016-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)"><i>Vox</i></a>, "The authors are careful to note that their findings do not conclusively prove that gun restrictions reduce gun deaths. However, they did find a compelling trend whereby new restrictions on gun purchasing and ownership tended to be followed by a decline in gun deaths."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011 UN study, after identifying a number of methodological problems, it stated "notwithstanding such challenges, a significant body of literature tends to suggest that firearm availability predominantly represents a risk factor rather than a protective factor for homicide. In particular, a number of quantitative studies tend towards demonstrating a firearm prevalence–homicide association."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Gun law in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">Gun culture in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">Gun violence in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg/280px-2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg/420px-2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg/560px-2000-_Gun_sales_and_NICS_firearm_background_checks_-_U.S.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>U.S. gun sales have risen in the 21st century, peaking in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-Trace_20231231_FBI_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trace_20231231_FBI-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "NICS" is the FBI's National Instant Background Check System.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, gun rights activists argue gun laws are too restrictive or should not be altered, and gun control activists argue gun laws are too permissive. Both camps center their arguments upon the legal and traditional interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Amendment">Second Amendment</a> to the U.S. Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg/280px-2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg/420px-2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg/560px-2019_Gun_ownership_rates_and_gun_homicide_rates_-_developed_world_-_scatter_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption> Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_20211126_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_20211126-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg/280px-1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg/420px-1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg/560px-1970-_Gun_production_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Annual gun production in the U.S. has increased substantially in the 21st century, after having remained fairly level over preceding decades.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTrace_20240409_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTrace_20240409-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, a majority of U.S. states allowed adults to carry concealed guns in public.<sup id="cite_ref-TheTrace_20240409_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheTrace_20240409-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross-sectional_studies">Cross-sectional studies</h4></div> <p>In 1983, a <a href="/wiki/Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">cross-sectional study</a> of all 50 U.S. states found that the six states with the strictest gun laws (according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>) had suicide rates that were approximately 3/100,000 people lower than in other states, and that these states' suicide rates were 4/100,000 people lower than those of states with the least restrictive gun laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedoffMagaddino1983_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedoffMagaddino1983-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="American Journal of Preventive Medicine">American Journal of Preventive Medicine</a></i> looked at the restrictiveness of gun laws and suicide rates in men and women in all 50 U.S. states and found that states whose gun laws were more restrictive had lower suicide rates among both sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnerZhong2003_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnerZhong2003-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, another study found that the effect of state gun laws on gun-related homicides was "limited".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriceThompsonDake2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriceThompsonDake2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 study looked at all 50 states in the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and found that no gun laws were associated with reductions in firearm homicide or suicide, but that a "<a href="/wiki/Shall-issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shall-issue">shall-issue</a>" concealed carry law (mandatory issue of a license when legal criteria met) may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosengart_et_al.2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosengart_et_al.2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study found that firearm regulation laws in the United States have "a significant deterrent effect on male suicide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodríguez_AndrésHempstead2011_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodríguez_AndrésHempstead2011-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 study by the American Medical Association found that in the United States, "a higher number of firearm laws in a state are associated with a lower rate of firearm fatalities in that state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleegler_et_al.2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleegler_et_al.2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> found that of 25 laws studied, and in the time period examined (2008–2010), nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality (including both homicide and suicide), nine were associated with increased mortality, and seven had an inconclusive association. The three laws most strongly associated with reduced firearm mortality were laws requiring <a href="/wiki/Universal_background_check" title="Universal background check">universal background checks</a>, background checks for ammunition sales, and identification for guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalesan_et_al.2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalesan_et_al.2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an accompanying commentary, <a href="/wiki/David_Hemenway" title="David Hemenway">David Hemenway</a> noted that this study had multiple limitations, such as not controlling for all factors that may influence gun-related deaths aside from gun control laws, and the use of 29 <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Explanatory variable">explanatory variables</a> in the analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemenway2016_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies comparing gun control laws in different U.S. states include a 2015 study which found that in the United States, "stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates" for nonfatal gun injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonetti_et_al.2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonetti_et_al.2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study that also looked at the United States found that children living in states with stricter gun laws were safer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafavi_et_al.2014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafavi_et_al.2014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study looking specifically at suicide rates in the United States found that the four handgun laws examined (<a href="/wiki/Waiting_periods" class="mw-redirect" title="Waiting periods">waiting periods</a>, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations) were associated with "significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms." The study also found that all four of these laws (except the waiting-period one) were associated with reductions in the overall suicide rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnestisAnestis2015_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnestisAnestis2015-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study, published the same year, found that states with permit to purchase, registration, and/or license laws for handguns had lower overall suicide rates, as well as lower firearm suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnestis_et_al.2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnestis_et_al.2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study found that states that required licensing and inspections of gun dealers tended to have lower rates of gun homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvin_et_al.2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvin_et_al.2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study published the same year, analyzing <a href="/wiki/Panel_data" title="Panel data">panel data</a> from all 50 states, found that stricter gun laws may modestly reduce <a href="/wiki/Gun_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun deaths">gun deaths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanza2014_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanza2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 study found that U.S. military veterans tend to commit suicide with guns more often than the general population, thereby possibly increasing state suicide rates, and that "the tendency for veterans to live in states without handgun legislation may exacerbate this phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnestisCapron2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnestisCapron2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California has exceptionally strict gun sales laws, and a 2015 study found that it also had the oldest guns recovered in crimes of any states in the U.S. The same study concluded that "These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierceBragaWintemute2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierceBragaWintemute2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_(stacked_bar_chart).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg/280px-2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg/420px-2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg/560px-2000-_Outcomes_of_active_shooter_attacks_%28stacked_bar_chart%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption> A <i>New York Times</i> study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "good guy with a gun" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_20220622_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_20220622-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another 2016 study found that stricter state gun laws in the United States reduced suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKposowaHamiltonWang2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKposowaHamiltonWang2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2016 study found that U.S. states with lenient gun control laws had more gun-related child injury hospital admissions than did states with stricter gun control laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETashiro_et_al.2016_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETashiro_et_al.2016-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study found that suicide rates declined more in states with universal background check and mandatory waiting period laws than in states without these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnestisAnestisButterworth2017_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnestisAnestisButterworth2017-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2017 study found that states without universal background check and/or waiting period laws had steeper increases in their suicide rates than did states with these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnestisSelbyButterworth2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnestisSelbyButterworth2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third 2017 study found that "waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucaMalhotraPoliquin2017_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucaMalhotraPoliquin2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Journal" title="The Economic Journal">Economic Journal</a></i> found that mandatory handgun purchase delays reduced "firearm-related suicides by between 2 and 5 percent with no statistically significant increase in non-firearm suicides," and were "not associated with statistically significant changes in homicide rates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards_et_al.2018_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards_et_al.2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2017 study showed that laws banning gun possession by people subject to intimate partner violence restraining orders, and requiring such people to give up any guns they have, were associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiez_et_al.2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiez_et_al.2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study found that firearm purchase delay laws reduced homicide – the authors suggested that it was driven by reductions in gun purchases by impulsive customers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reviews">Reviews</h4></div> <p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(academic)" title="Daniel Webster (academic)">Daniel Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garen_Wintemute" title="Garen Wintemute">Garen Wintemute</a> reviewed studies examining the effectiveness of gun laws aimed at keeping guns out of the hands of high-risk individuals in the United States. They found that some laws prohibiting gun possession by people under <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining orders</a> or who had been convicted of violent <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a> were associated with lower violence rates, as were laws establishing more procedures to see if people were prohibited from owning a gun under these laws. They also found that multiple other gun regulations intended to prevent prohibited individuals from obtaining guns, such as "rigorous permit-to-purchase" laws and "comprehensive background checks", were "negatively associated with the diversion of guns to criminals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterWintemute2015_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterWintemute2015-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 systematic review found that restrictive gun licensing laws were associated with lower gun injury rates, while concealed carry laws were not significantly associated with rates of such injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrandall_et_al.2016_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrandall_et_al.2016-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another systematic review found that stricter gun laws were associated with lower gun homicide rates; this association was especially strong for background check and permit-to-purchase laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee_et_al.2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_et_al.2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 review of almost 13,000 studies by RAND Corporation found only 123 that met their criteria of methodological rigor, "a surprisingly limited base of rigorous scientific evidence...". Only 2 of the 18 gun policies examined had supporting evidence. Among the policies for which RAND found supporting evidence were that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm injuries and deaths among children and that "stand-your-ground" laws increase firearm homicides. RAND also noted that the limited evidence currently available "does not mean that these policies are ineffective ... Instead, it partly reflects shortcomings in the contributions that science has made to policy debates."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studies_of_individual_laws">Studies of individual laws</h4></div> <p>Other studies have examined trends in firearm-related deaths before and after gun control laws are either enacted or repealed. A 2004 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i> found evidence that <a href="/wiki/Child_access_prevention_law" title="Child access prevention law">child access prevention laws</a> were "associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster_et_al.2004_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster_et_al.2004-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two 2015 studies found that the permit-to-purchase law passed in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> in 1995 was associated with a reduction in firearm suicides and homicides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrifasi_et_al.2015_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrifasi_et_al.2015-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolph_et_al.2015_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph_et_al.2015-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these studies also found that the repeal of Missouri's permit-to-purchase law was associated with "a 16.1% increase in firearm suicide rates,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrifasi_et_al.2015_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrifasi_et_al.2015-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2014 study by the same research team found that the repeal of this law was associated with a 16% increase in homicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebsterCrifasiVernick2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebsterCrifasiVernick2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2000 study designed to assess the effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act</a> found that the law was not associated with reductions in overall homicide or suicide rates, but that it was associated with a reduction in the firearm suicide rate among individuals aged 55 or older.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudwigCook2000_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudwigCook2000-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1991 study looked at <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Firearms_Control_Regulations_Act_of_1975" title="Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975">Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975</a>, which banned its residents from owning all guns except certain <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotguns</a> and sporting <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, which were also required to be unloaded, disassembled, or stored with a <a href="/wiki/Trigger_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger lock">trigger lock</a> in their owners' homes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that the law's enactment was associated with "a prompt decline in homicides and suicides by firearms in the District of Columbia."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoftin_et_al.1991_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoftin_et_al.1991-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1996 study reanalyzed this data and reached a significantly different conclusion as to the effectiveness of this law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittKleckBordua1996_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittKleckBordua1996-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_studies_and_debate">Other studies and debate</h4></div> <p>In 1993, Kleck and Patterson analyzed the impact of 18 major types of gun control laws on every major type of gun-involved crime or violence (including suicide) in 170 U.S. cities, and found that gun laws generally had no significant effect on violent crime rates or suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleckPatterson1993_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleckPatterson1993-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (October 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, a 1997 study found that gun control laws had only a small influence on the rate of gun deaths in U.S. states compared to socioeconomic variables like poverty and unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKwon_et_al.1997_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwon_et_al.1997-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (February 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Philosophy professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a> argues that gun control may be morally wrong, even if its outcomes would be positive, because individuals have a prima facie right to own a gun for self-defense and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2003_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2003-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 article published by the <i>Journal of Injury Prevention</i> states that approximately 60% of firearms used to commit violent crime can be traced to 1% of licensed dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding indicates that, although gun laws effectively regulate approximately 99% of purchases made from licensed dealers, a majority of gun-related violent crimes are perpetrated using guns that were purchased in violation of regulations. The <i>Journal of Injury Prevention</i> article advocates for increased monitoring of gun vendors in tandem with the optimization of gun sale regulation, as a means to decrease violent crime perpetrated with a firearm.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_Law_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health Law Research (page does not exist)">Public Health Law Research</a> program,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an independent organization, published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health, that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety. Among their findings: </p> <ul><li>There is not enough evidence to establish the effectiveness of "shall issue" laws, as distinct from "may issue" laws, as a public health intervention to reduce violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of waiting period laws as public health interventions aimed at preventing gun-related violence and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Although child access prevention laws may represent a promising intervention for reducing gun-related morbidity and mortality among children, there is currently insufficient evidence to validate their effectiveness as a public health intervention aimed at reducing gun-related harms.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is insufficient evidence to establish the effectiveness of such bans as public health interventions aimed at reducing gun-related harms.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is insufficient evidence to validate the effectiveness of firearm licensing and registration requirements as legal interventions aimed to reduce firearm related harms.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> did a study that demonstrates that background checks may decrease suicides and violent crime; child-access prevention laws may decrease the number of suicides and unintentional injuries and deaths; minimum age requirements may decrease suicides; and prohibitions associated with mental illness may decrease suicides and violent crimes. On the other hand, concealed-carry laws may increase violent crimes and suicides, while stand-your-ground laws may increase violent crime. Bans on the sale of assault weapons and high-capacity magazines may increase the sale price for these items.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An August 2019 article entitled, "Gun control really works" published by <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> looks at a dozen studies by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">The Journal of the American Medical Association</a>,</i> Rand Corporation, the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Preventive_Medicine_(journal)" title="Preventive Medicine (journal)">Preventive Medicine</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Everytown_for_Gun_Safety" title="Everytown for Gun Safety">Everytown for Gun Safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and others. They conclude that mirroring the <a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">firearms regulations in Switzerland</a> such as banning the sale of new assault weapons, denying concealed-carry licenses to some individuals, and prohibiting firearm sales to people convicted of multiple alcohol-related offenses will decrease gun-related deaths and injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun laws in Canada">Gun laws in Canada</a></div> <p>Rifles and shotguns are relatively easy to obtain, while handguns and some <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle" title="Semi-automatic rifle">semi-automatic rifles</a> are restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a gun control law passed in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1977, some studies have found that it was ineffective at reducing homicide or robbery rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauserHolmes1992_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauserHolmes1992-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauserMaki2003_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauserMaki2003-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study even found that the law may have actually increased robberies involving firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauserMaki2003_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauserMaki2003-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1993 study found that after this law was passed, gun suicides decreased significantly, as did the proportion of suicides committed in the country with guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesterLeenaars1993_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesterLeenaars1993-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 study found that this law "may have had an impact on suicide rates, even after controls for social variables,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeenaars_et_al.2003_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeenaars_et_al.2003-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2001 study by the same research team concluded that the law "may have had an impact on homicide rates, at least for older victims."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeenaarsLester2001_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeenaarsLester2001-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1994 study found that after this law came into force in 1978, suicide rates decreased over time in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and that there was no evidence of method substitution. The same study found that "These decreases may be only partly due to the legislation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarringtonMoyer1994_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarringtonMoyer1994-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Canada implemented the gun control law Bill C-17. According to a 2004 study, after this law was passed, firearm-related suicides and homicides, as well as the percentage of suicides involving firearms, declined significantly in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridges2004_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridges2004-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study found that after this law was passed, firearm suicides declined in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> among men, but acknowledged that this may not represent a causal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagne_et_al.2010_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagne_et_al.2010-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Canada promulgated the Canadian Firearms Act, which aimed at ensuring that guns were stored safely. A 2004 study found that although firearm suicide rates declined in the Quebec region <a href="/wiki/Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue" title="Abitibi-Témiscamingue">Abitibi-Témiscamingue</a> after the law was passed, overall suicide rates did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaron2004_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaron2004-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2005 also found that overall suicide rates did not change after passage of Bill C-17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheungDewa2005_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheungDewa2005-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study reached similar conclusions with regard to the entire Quebec province; this study also found that C-17 did not seem to increase the rate at which the firearm suicide rate was declining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaronJulienHuang2008_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaronJulienHuang2008-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers have criticized this 2008 study for looking at too short a time period and not taking account of the fact that the regulations in C-17 were implemented gradually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagne_et_al.2010_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagne_et_al.2010-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1990 study compared suicide rates in the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada metropolitan area (where gun control laws were more restrictive) with those in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a> area in the United States. The overall suicide rate was essentially the same in the two locations, but the suicide rate among 15 to 24 year olds was about 40 percent higher in Seattle than in Vancouver. The authors concluded that "restricting access to handguns might be expected to reduce the suicide rate in persons 15 to 24 years old, but ... it probably would not reduce the overall suicide rate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESloan_et_al.1990_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloan_et_al.1990-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study that looked at provincial gun ownership rates, and associated suicide rates found no significant correlations with overall suicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandurand1998_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandurand1998-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 study looked at gun control passed in Canada between 1974 and 2004 and found that gun laws were responsible for 5 to 10 percent drops in homicides. The study found that the homicide reduction effects of Canadian gun legislation remained even after accounting for sociodemographic and economic factors associated with homicide rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlaisGagnéLinteau2011_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlaisGagnéLinteau2011-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 study looked at gun control laws passed in Canada from 1974 to 2008 and found no evidence that these laws had a beneficial effect on firearm homicide rates in that country. According to the study, "other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangmann2012_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangmann2012-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 study of the 1995 Canadian gun control law <a href="/wiki/Firearms_Act,_1995" title="Firearms Act, 1995">Firearms Act, 1995</a> reported little evidence that this law significantly reduced rates of lethal gun violence against women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhedranMauser2013_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhedranMauser2013-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 1, 2020, after <a href="/wiki/2020_Nova_Scotia_attacks" title="2020 Nova Scotia attacks">deadly shootings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau's</a> Liberal government banned 1,500 kinds of military-style semi-automatic rifles, including the popular <a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a> and its variants. The ban was enacted via an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order In Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study examining laws passed from 1981 to 2016 found no significant changes in overall homicide or suicide rates following changes in legislation. In addition, it also found that firearm ownership by province was not correlated to overall suicide rates by province.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 21, 2022, under Justin Trudeau's government, Bill C-21 came into effect, aiming to address gun violence and strengthen gun control. The legislation introduced a national freeze on the sale, purchase, or transfer of handguns by individuals within Canada. It also established new "red flag" and "yellow flag" laws, allowing courts and Chief Firearms Officers (CFOs) to issue emergency weapons prohibition orders and temporarily suspend licenses, respectively. Moreover, the bill increased maximum penalties for firearms-related offenses, including smuggling and trafficking, from 10 to 14 years imprisonment. Additionally, Bill C-21 prohibited mid-velocity 'replica' airguns that closely resemble real firearms and discharge projectiles at a velocity between 366 and 500 feet per second.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun laws in Australia">Gun laws in Australia</a></div> <p>In 1988 and 1996, gun control laws were enacted in the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, both times following <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shootings</a>. A 2004 study found that in the context of these laws, overall firearm-related deaths, especially suicides, declined dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzanne-Smith_et_al.2004_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzanne-Smith_et_al.2004-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1995 study found preliminary evidence that gun control legislation enacted in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, reduced suicide rates there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantorSlater1995_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantorSlater1995-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 study by gun lobby-affiliated researchers Jeanine Baker and Samara McPhedran found that after Australia enacted the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Agreement" title="National Firearms Agreement">National Firearms Agreement</a> (NFA), a gun control law, in 1996, gun-related suicides may have been affected, but no other parameter appeared to have been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerMcPhedran2006_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerMcPhedran2006-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2006 study, led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Chapman_(academic)" title="Simon Chapman (academic)">Simon Chapman</a>, found that after this law was enacted in 1996 in Australia, the country went more than a decade without any mass shootings, and gun-related deaths (especially suicides) declined dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersAghoJones2006_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersAghoJones2006-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter of these studies also criticized the former for using a time-series analysis despite the fact that, according to Chapman et al., "calculating mortality rates and then treating them as a number in a time series ignores the natural variability inherent in the counts that make up the numerator of the rate." Chapman et al. also said that Baker and McPhedran used the <a href="/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Jenkins_method" title="Box–Jenkins method">Box–Jenkins model</a> inappropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersAghoJones2006_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersAghoJones2006-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study looking at the effect of the NFA on gun-related deaths found that the law "did not have any large effects on reducing firearm homicide or suicide rates,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeSuardi2010_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeSuardi2010-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although David Hemenway has criticized this study for using a <a href="/wiki/Structural_break" title="Structural break">structural break</a> test despite the fact that such tests can miss the effects of policies in the presence of lags, or when the effect occurs over several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemenway2009_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway2009-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study, published the same year, found that Australia's gun buyback program reduced gun-related suicide rates by almost 80%, while non-gun death rates were not significantly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighNeill2010_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighNeill2010-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research has argued that although gun suicide rates fell after the NFA was enacted, the NFA may not have been responsible for this decrease and "a change in social and cultural attitudes" may have instead been at least partly responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlieveBarnesDe_Leo2009_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlieveBarnesDe_Leo2009-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study found that "Australia's prohibition of certain types of firearms" has not prevented mass shootings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Chapman co-authored another study that found that after the NFA was passed, there were no mass shootings in the country (as of May 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_control&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), and that gun-related death rates declined more quickly after the NFA than they did before it. The study also found, however, that non-gun suicide and homicide rates declined even more quickly after the NFA, leading the authors to conclude that "it is not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be attributed to the gun law reforms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersJones2016_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapmanAlpersJones2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1208px;max-width:1208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:602px;max-width:602px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Longgunlaws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Longgunlaws.svg/600px-Longgunlaws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Longgunlaws.svg/900px-Longgunlaws.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Longgunlaws.svg/1200px-Longgunlaws.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Possession of long guns by country:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <b>No permit required</b> for both repeating and semi-automatic long guns</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2ad4ff; color:black;"> </span> <b>Partially licensed</b> – repeating long guns permitless, semi-automatic with permit</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> <b>Allowed with permit</b> – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason<sup>1</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <b>Allowed with permit</b> – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required<sup>1</sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2a2a; color:black;"> </span> <b>Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice</b> – few licenses are issued</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b30000; color:white;"> </span> <b>Prohibited</b> – civilians are banned from obtaining long guns</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:white;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #ff2a2a;border-bottom: 1.25em solid white;"> </span></span> Different rules regarding shotguns and rifles</div> <sup>1</sup><small>Some countries in these categories may place additional restrictions or ban semi-automatic long guns</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:602px;max-width:602px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handgunlaws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Handgunlaws.svg/600px-Handgunlaws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Handgunlaws.svg/900px-Handgunlaws.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Handgunlaws.svg/1200px-Handgunlaws.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Possession of handguns by country:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <b>No permit required</b> – permits or licenses are not required to obtain handguns</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> <b>Allowed with permit</b> – no good reason required or simple declaration of reason</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <b>Allowed with permit</b> – good reason (like sport shooting license or proving danger to life) required</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2a2a; color:black;"> </span> <b>Prohibited with exceptions or prohibited in practice</b> – few licenses are issued</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b30000; color:white;"> </span> <b>Prohibited</b> – civilians are banned from obtaining handguns</div></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><small><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Notes</span>:<br /> <p><b>-</b> Map describes policy regarding obtaining new firearms regardless whether firearms that were produced before ban were <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfathered</a>.<br /> </p> </small></div></div></div></div> <p>A 2007 study found evidence that gun control laws <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_Austria" title="Gun law in Austria">passed in Austria</a> in 1997 reduced the rates of firearm suicide and homicide in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapusta_et_al.2007_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapusta_et_al.2007-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, after disarmament laws were passed in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gun-related mortality declined by 8% in 2004 relative to the previous year, the first decline observed in a decade. Gun-related hospitalizations also reversed their previous trend by decreasing 4.6% from 2003 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Souza_et_al.2007_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Souza_et_al.2007-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 study found that after gun control laws were <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">passed in New Zealand</a> in 1992, suicides committed with guns declined significantly, especially among youth. This study however found that overall suicide rates did not change significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeautraisFergussonHorwood2006_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeautraisFergussonHorwood2006-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case-control study conducted in New Zealand found that gun ownership was significantly associated with a greater risk of gun suicides, but not suicides overall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeautraisJoyceMulder1996_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeautraisJoyceMulder1996-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study looked at the effect of a policy adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> that restricted access to guns among adolescents on suicide rates, and found that "Following the policy change, suicide rates decreased significantly by 40%." The authors concluded that "The results of this study illustrate the ability of a relatively simple change in policy to have a major impact on suicide rates."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubin_et_al.2010_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubin_et_al.2010-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study showed that after the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Switzerland">Military of Switzerland</a> adopted the Army XXI reform, which restricted gun availability, in 2003, suicide rates – both overall and firearm-related – decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisch_et_al.2013_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisch_et_al.2013-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2013 study looking at four restrictive gun laws <a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Norway" title="Firearms regulation in Norway">passed in Norway</a> found that two of them may have reduced firearm mortality among men, but that the evidence was more inconclusive with respect to all of the laws they studied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGjertsenLeenaarsVollrath2013_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGjertsenLeenaarsVollrath2013-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 study found that after <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Firearm_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm Control Act">Firearm Control Act</a> was passed in 2000, homicide rates in the country declined, and concluded that "stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period [2001–2005]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzopoulosThompsonMyers2014_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzopoulosThompsonMyers2014-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2000 study found that a ban on carrying guns in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> was associated with reductions in homicide rates in two cities in the country, namely, <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillaveces_et_al.2000_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillaveces_et_al.2000-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">List of most-produced firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gun_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by gun ownership">List of countries by gun ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Assault weapons legislation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_after_the_Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_show_loophole" title="Gun show loophole">Gun show loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_gun_control_in_the_United_States" title="Public opinion on gun control in the United States">Public opinion on gun control in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_gun_violence_protests" title="2018 United States gun violence protests">2018 United States gun violence protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sydney-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sydney_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sydney_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As of April 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_control&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen, and Zambia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This figure excludes older, pre-automatic small arms from military and law enforcement stockpiles or 'craft-produced' civilian firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp200739-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Composed of 'insurgents and militias, including dormant and state-related groups'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, as of 2009, active non-state armed groups, numbering about 285,000 combatants, control only about 350,000 small arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010121_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010121-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Republic of China) prohibit civilian ownership of firearms in almost all instances. Eritrea and Somalia also prohibit civilian possession of firearms as part of their implementation of the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms. In the Solomon Islands, civilian firearm ownership is restricted to members of the Regional Assistance Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The survey, carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a> included 28 countries (42 jurisdictions in total). The countries included in the sample were: <ul><li>Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda;</li> <li>Americas: Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, United States, Venezuela;</li> <li>Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Turkey, Yemen;</li> <li>Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom;</li> <li>Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20112_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20112-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> The study states that "while the sample is diverse and balanced, it may not be representative of the systems in place in countries outside the sample".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The impetus behind this study was twofold: firstly, there were concerns over the incidence of firearm-related crimes, accidents and suicides; secondly, there was the apprehension that existing regulatory instruments administering the ownership, storage and training in the use of firearms held by civilians might be inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20113_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US government was opposed to a section of the draft proposal calling on countries 'to seriously consider the prohibition of unrestricted trade and private ownership of small arms and light weapons'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlley200454_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlley200454-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full title is 'The Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000)'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuma200639_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuma200639-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/file/58686/download">Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide (PDF).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424054342/https://www.atf.gov/file/58686/download">Archived</a> 2021-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Department of Justice. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417074045/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/01/dont-call-it-gun-control/267259/">Archived</a> 2021-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Atlantic.</i> Retrieved: September 24, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp200739-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp200739_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp2007">Karp 2007</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010102_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp2010">Karp 2010</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010101_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp2010">Karp 2010</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarp2010121-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarp2010121_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp2010">Karp 2010</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2011">Parker 2011</a>, p. 62 n. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20111-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20111_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2011">Parker 2011</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker20112-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker20112_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2011">Parker 2011</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker201162_n._4_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2011">Parker 2011</a>, p. 62 n. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker201136-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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(7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978146">"Effects of the Repeal of Missouri's Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides"</a>. <i>Journal of Urban Health</i>. <b>91</b> (2): 293–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-014-9865-8">10.1007/s11524-014-9865-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978146">3978146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604521">24604521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+Health&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+Repeal+of+Missouri%27s+Handgun+Purchaser+Licensing+Law+on+Homicides&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-302&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3978146%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24604521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11524-014-9865-8&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Crifasi%2C+Cassandra+Kercher&rft.au=Vernick%2C+Jon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3978146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+control" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterWintemute2015" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Daniel W.; Wintemute, Garen J. (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuelab.org/permalink/resource/22699">"Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High-Risk Individuals"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 21–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-031914-122516">10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25581152">25581152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Policies+Designed+to+Keep+Firearms+from+High-Risk+Individuals&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-37&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-031914-122516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25581152&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft.au=Wintemute%2C+Garen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.issuelab.org%2Fpermalink%2Fresource%2F22699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+control" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Winkler" title="Adam Winkler">Winkler, A.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oq39ykAGVYQC&pg=PT236"><i>Gunfight: the battle over the right to bear arms in America</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393345834" title="Special:BookSources/9780393345834"><bdi>9780393345834</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531221839/https://books.google.com/books?id=oq39ykAGVYQC&pg=PT236">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunfight%3A+the+battle+over+the+right+to+bear+arms+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393345834&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doq39ykAGVYQC%26pg%3DPT236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+control" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeoliMalinskiTurchan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zeoli, April M.; Malinski, Rebecca; Turchan, Brandon (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxv007">"Risks and Targeted Interventions: Firearms in Intimate Partner Violence"</a>. <i>Epidemiologic Reviews</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 125–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxv007">10.1093/epirev/mxv007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26739680">26739680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiologic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Risks+and+Targeted+Interventions%3A+Firearms+in+Intimate+Partner+Violence&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-39&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxv007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26739680&rft.aulast=Zeoli&rft.aufirst=April+M.&rft.au=Malinski%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Turchan%2C+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fepirev%252Fmxv007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGun+control" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jed_S._Rakoff" title="Jed S. Rakoff">Rakoff, Jed S.</a>, "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, <i>The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years</i>, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to most meaningful forms of gun control" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)</li> <li>Squires, Peter. Gender and Firearms: My Body, My Choice, My Gun. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2024.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Gun control</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gun+control">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Gun+control&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gunpolicy.org/">GunPolicy.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002219/https://www.gunpolicy.org/">Archived</a> 2018-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_groups">National groups</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227083232/http://guncontrol.org.au/">Gun Control Australia – Supporting Gun Control in Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guncontrol.ca/">Coalition for Gun Control – Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518222924/http://www.stopgun.org/english/">Stop Gun Caravan – Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417082153/http://www.gca.org.za/">Gun Free South Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csgv.org/">Coalition to Stop Gun Violence – U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525002324/https://www.csgv.org/">Archived</a> 2022-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bradyunited.org/">Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence – U.S.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://giffords.org/">Giffords – U.S.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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prevention law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_death_rates_in_the_United_States_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm death rates in the United States by state">Firearms death rates by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">Firearms license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_buyback_program" title="Gun buyback program">Gun buyback program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">Gun laws by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_show_loophole" title="Gun show loophole">Gun show loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Instant_Criminal_Background_Check_System" title="National Instant Criminal Background Check System">National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_gun_control_in_the_United_States" title="Public opinion on gun control in the United States">Public opinion on gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_law" title="Red flag law">Red flag law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_background_check" title="Universal background check">Universal background check</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firearms" title="Template:Firearms"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firearms" title="Template talk:Firearms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057921">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14408505f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14408505f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545834305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636718">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_control&oldid=1251945537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_control&oldid=1251945537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">Firearms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gun_politics" title="Category:Gun politics">Gun politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prohibitionism" title="Category:Prohibitionism">Prohibitionism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated 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101.787 5 Template:Navbox"," 4.20% 97.758 14 Template:Cite_book"," 4.12% 95.878 1 Template:Gun_Control"," 3.54% 82.353 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.627","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9093207,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrams,_Jonathan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpersWilson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnestisAnestis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnestisAnestisButterworth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnestisCapron2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnestisSelbyButterworth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnestis_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnonymous1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerMcPhedran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilay,_Julie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeautraisFergussonHorwood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeautraisJoyceMulder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetzRanneyWintemute2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaisGagnéLinteau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranas_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridges2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittKleckBordua1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownlee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchananLeatherby2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBukstein_et_al.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantorSlater1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaron2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaronJulienHuang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarringtonMoyer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapmanAlpersAghoJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapmanAlpersJones2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungDewa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnerZhong2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConwell_et_al.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrandall_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrifasi_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandurand1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiez_et_al.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleegler_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxShvedaCrokerChacon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagne_et_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjertsenLeenaarsVollrath2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemenway2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemenway2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemenwayMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHepburnHemenway2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuemer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin_et_al.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson,_Christine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuma2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalesan_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapusta_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKates1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatesMauser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellermann_et_al.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellermann_et_al.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillias1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilliasvan_KesterenRindlisbacher2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleckPatterson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlieveBarnesDe_Leo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoenigSchindler2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKposowaHamiltonWang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugPowellDahlberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwon_et_al.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaFrance,_Adrienne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaPierre1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambertSilva1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangmann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangmann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanza2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeSuardi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeenaarsLester2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeenaars_et_al.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighNeill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesterLeenaars1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftin_et_al.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubin_et_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucaMalhotraPoliquin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwigCook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasciaBrownlee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzopoulosThompsonMyers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauserHolmes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauserMaki2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhedranBaker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhedranMauser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedoffMagaddino1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerAzraelHemenway2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerHemenway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerHemenwayAzrael2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzanne-Smith_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeeples2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierceBragaWintemute2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriceThompsonDake2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisch_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuterMouzos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez_AndrésHempstead2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosengart_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafavi_et_al.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantaella-Tenorio_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonetti_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloan_et_al.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahmassebi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTashiro_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTasker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernickWebster2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillaveces_et_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebsterCrifasiVernick2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebsterWintemute2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeoliMalinskiTurchan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Souza_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Firearms\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"Gun Control\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 33,\n [\"Legend\"] = 14,\n [\"Legend striped\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"POV section\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 115,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Underline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","15.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","6.1"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-14T07:32:25Z","dateModified":"2024-10-18T23:53:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3d\/Permissive_and_Restrictive_Gun_Control_Laws_by_Country.svg","headline":"laws or policies that regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification, or use of firearms"}</script> </body> </html>