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id="toc-Western_Desert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Desert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Western Desert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Desert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Torch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Torch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Operation Torch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Torch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Allied plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Run_for_Tunis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run_for_Tunis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Run for Tunis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Run_for_Tunis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Run for Tunis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Run_for_Tunis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>French politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Command changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasserine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasserine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kasserine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasserine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kasserine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasserine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Sidi Bou Zid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle of Kasserine Pass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Southern front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Southern_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Southern front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Southern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Medenine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Medenine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Battle of Medenine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Medenine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battle of the Mareth Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gabès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gabès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Northern sector</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Northern_sector-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Northern sector subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Northern_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Ochsenkopf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Ochsenkopf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Operation Ochsenkopf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Ochsenkopf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Allied victory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allied_victory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Allied victory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Allied_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_plans_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_plans_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Allied plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_plans_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Axis surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath_3-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Allied</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Axis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunisian campaign</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="حملة تونس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة تونس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тунизийска кампания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тунизийска кампания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_de_Tun%C3%ADsia" title="Campanya de Tunísia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya de Tunísia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisk%C3%A9_ta%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Tuniské tažení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuniské tažení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_Tunesien" title="Felttoget i Tunesien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Felttoget i Tunesien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunesienfeldzug" title="Tunesienfeldzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tunesienfeldzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_T%C3%BAnez" title="Campaña de Túnez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de Túnez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="نبرد تونس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد تونس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Tunisie" title="Campagne de Tunisie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de Tunisie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%8B%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD" title="튀니지 전역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀니지 전역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Tunisia" title="Pertempuran Tunisia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Tunisia" title="Campagna di Tunisia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="המערכה בתוניסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה בתוניסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D)" title="ტუნისის კამპანია (მმო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნისის კამპანია (მმო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun%C3%A9ziai_hadj%C3%A1rat" title="Tunéziai hadjárat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tunéziai hadjárat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Туниски поход – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туниски поход" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempen_Tunisia" title="Kempen Tunisia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kempen Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Tunisia" title="Campanha de Tunisia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Campanha de Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د تونس کمپاين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تونس کمپاين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_Tun%C3%ADsia" title="Campanha da Tunísia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha da Tunísia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_din_Tunisia" title="Campania din Tunisia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania din Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тунисская кампания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунисская кампания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Туниска кампања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туниска кампања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_taistelut" title="Tunisian taistelut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tunisian taistelut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5get_i_Tunisien" title="Fälttåget i Tunisien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fälttåget i Tunisien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="துனிசியப் போர்த்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துனிசியப் போர்த்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การทัพตูนิเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทัพตูนิเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunus_Cephesi" title="Tunus Cephesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tunus Cephesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Туніська кампанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туніська кампанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Tunisia" title="Chiến dịch Tunisia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Tunisia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunisian_campaign&params=34_N_09_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°N</span> <span class="longitude">09°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34°N 9°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34; 9</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of battles in Tunisia during the Second World War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Tunisian campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg/300px-Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg/450px-Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg/600px-Gromalia_prisoner_of_war_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br />German and Italian <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> on 12 May 1943</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">17 November 1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/Operations_Vulcan_and_Strike" title="Operations Vulcan and Strike">13 May 1943</a><br />(5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French Tunisia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunisian_campaign&params=34_N_09_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°N</span> <span class="longitude">09°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34°N 9°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34; 9</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Tunisia returns to French administration</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Newfoundland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Armed_Forces_in_the_Middle_East" title="Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East">Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Alexander">Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ambrosio" title="Vittorio Ambrosio">Vittorio Ambrosio</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim" title="Hans-Jürgen von Arnim">H. J. von Arnim</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>March:</b><br />500,000 troops<br />1,800+ tanks<br />1,200+ field guns<br />Thousands of aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>March:</b><br />350,000 troops<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />200+ tanks<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,000+ field guns<br />Thousands of aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 76,020<br />849 aircraft destroyed<br />340+ tanks lost<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>290,000–362,000 (238,000-300,000 captured)<br /> 2,422+ aircraft destroyed<br /> </p> 600+ aircraft captured<br />450+ tanks lost<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,000+ guns captured<br />Thousands of trucks captured<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Attack_on_Nibeiwa" title="Attack on Nibeiwa">Nibeiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Mechili,_24_January_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Mechili, 24 January 1941">Mechili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Giarabub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume"><i>Sonnenblume</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Tobruk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bardia" title="Raid on Bardia">Raid on Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity"><i>Brevity</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion"><i>Skorpion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe"><i>Battleaxe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader"><i>Crusader</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(November_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (November 1941)">1st Bir el Gubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_175" title="Battle of Point 175">Battle of Point 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(December_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (December 1941)">2nd Bir el Gubi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersa_Matruh" title="Battle of Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">1st Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Alam Halfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caravan" title="Operation Caravan"><i>Caravan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram"><i>Bertram</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Braganza" title="Operation Braganza"><i>Braganza</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">2nd Alamein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_Snipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpost Snipe">Outpost Snipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Agheila" title="Battle of El Agheila">El Agheila</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flagpole_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Flagpole (World War II)"><i>Flagpole</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kingpin_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Kingpin (World War II)"><i>Kingpin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackstone" title="Operation Blackstone"><i>Blackstone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Casablanca" title="Naval Battle of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reservist" title="Operation Reservist"><i>Reservist</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Terminal" title="Operation Terminal"><i>Terminal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Lyautey" title="Battle of Port Lyautey">Port Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brushwood" title="Operation Brushwood"><i>Brushwood</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align:center;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunisia</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Zid">Sidi Bou Zid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Kasserine Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf"><i>Ochsenkopf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Medenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">El Guettar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longstop_Hill" title="Battle of Longstop Hill">Longstop Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_609" title="Battle of Hill 609">Hill 609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Vulcan_and_Strike" title="Operations Vulcan and Strike"><i>Vulcan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flax" title="Operation Flax"><i>Flax</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1943)"><i>Retribution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Vulcan_and_Strike" title="Operations Vulcan and Strike"><i>Strike</i></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Battle of Sedjenane">Sedjenane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf"><i>Ochsenkopf</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steamroller_Farm" title="Battle of Steamroller Farm">Steamroller Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Medenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">El Guettar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longstop_Hill_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Longstop Hill (1943)">Longstop Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_609" title="Battle of Hill 609">Hill 609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vulcan"><i>Vulcan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flax" title="Operation Flax"><i>Flax</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1943)"><i>Retribution</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Strike"><i>Strike</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_French_campaigns3297" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_French_campaigns3297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> campaigns</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Africa and Middle East</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Keren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily"><i>Husky</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Opération_Vésuve" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Marseilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)"><i>Nordwind</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indian Ocean and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimson" title="Operation Crimson"><i>Crimson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War#Rally_to_Free_France_and_installation_of_an_American_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Tunisian campaign</b> (also known as the <b>battle of Tunisia</b>) was a series of battles that took place in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The Allies consisted of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Imperial Forces</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Band (World War II)">Greek contingent</a>, with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">French corps</a>. Despite initial successes by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> forces brought from the mainland and which had withdrawn into and occupied Tunisia <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">after their defeat in the Western Desert</a> and the success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, massive supply interdiction efforts and Allied assaults from east and west led to the decisive defeat of the Axis. Over 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Royal Italian Army during World War II">Italian</a> troops were taken as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, including most of the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Desert">Western Desert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Western Desert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two years of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">war in North Africa</a> were characterized by chronic supply shortages and transport problems. The North African coast has few natural harbors and the British base at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> delta was some 2,100 km (1,300 mi) by road from the main Italian port at <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Smaller ports at <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> were 1,050 km (650 mi) and 640 km (400 mi) west of Alexandria on the <a href="/wiki/Litoranea_Balbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Litoranea Balbo">Litoranea Balbo</a> (Via Balbia) running along a narrow corridor along the coast. Control of the central <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> was contested by the British and Italian navies, which were equally matched and exerted a reciprocal constraint supply through Alexandria, Tripoli, Benghazi and Tobruk, although the British could supply Egypt via the long route through the Atlantic around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. </p><p>The chronic difficulty in the supply of military forces in the desert led to several indecisive victories by both sides and long fruitless advances along the coast. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">10th Army</a> in 1940, advanced 97 km (60 mi) into Egypt and more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in a straight line from Tripoli, 600 km (370 mi) from Benghazi and 320 km (200 mi) from Tobruk. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a> (WDF) fought a delaying action as it fell back to Mersa Matruh (Matruh), then began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, a raid and counter-attack into Libya. The 10th Army was destroyed and the WDF occupied El Agheila, some 970 km (600 mi) from Alexandria. With the arrival of the German <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>, the Axis counter-attacked in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a> and in April 1941 reached the limit of their supply capacity at the Egyptian border but failed to recapture Tobruk. </p><p>In November 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a> recovered, helped by the short supply distance from Alexandria to the front line and launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a>, relieving the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a> and again reached El Agheila. The Eighth Army was soon pushed back to Gazala west of Tobruk and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> in May 1942, the Axis pushed them all the way back to <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, only 160 km (100 mi) from Alexandria. In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a> were still disputing the Mediterranean but the British hold on <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and intelligence from <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>, allowed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> to sink more Italian supply ships. Large quantities of supplies became available to the British from the United States and the supply situation of the Eighth Army eventually resolved. With the Eighth Army no longer constrained, the Axis were driven westwards from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in November 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Torch">Operation Torch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation Torch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Algiers,_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg/310px-Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg/465px-Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg/620px-Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>American troops land on an Algerian beach during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> discussed relatively small-scale <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious operations</a> to land in northern France during 1942 (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer" title="Operation Sledgehammer">Operation Sledgehammer</a>, which was the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundup_(1942)" title="Operation Roundup (1942)">Operation Roundup</a>, the main landings in 1943), but agreed that these operations were impractical and should be deferred.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead it was agreed that landings would be made to secure the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy territories</a> in North Africa (<a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) and then to thrust east to take the Axis forces in the Western Desert in their rear.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Allied occupation of the whole of the North African coast would open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping, releasing the huge capacity required to maintain supplies around the circuitous route via the Cape of Good Hope. On 8 November, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> landed Allied forces in Algeria (at Oran and Algiers) and Morocco (at Casablanca) with the intention that once Vichy forces in Algeria had capitulated, an advance would be made to Tunis some 800 km (500 mi) to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_plans">Allied plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allied plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31,_Tunesien,_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-31%2C_Tunesien%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger</a> tank in a Tunisian village, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the nearness of Sicily to Tunisia, the Allies expected that the Axis would move to occupy the country as soon as they heard of the Torch landings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To forestall this, it would be necessary to occupy Tunisia as quickly as possible after the landings were made. However, there was a limit to how far east the Torch landings could be made because of the increasing proximity of Axis airfields in Sicily and Sardinia which at the end of October held 298 German and 574 Italian aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algiers was accordingly chosen for the most easterly landings. This would ensure the success of the initial landings in spite of uncertainty as to how the incumbent French forces would react. Once Algiers was secured, a small force, the Eastern Task Force, would be projected as quickly as possible into Tunisia in a race to occupy Tunis, some 800 km (500 mi) distant along poor roads in difficult terrain during the winter rainy season, before the Axis could organise.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, planners had to assume the worst case regarding the extent of Vichy opposition at Algiers and the invasion convoys were assault-loaded with a preponderance of infantry to meet heavy ground opposition. This meant that at Algiers the disembarkation of mobile forces for an advance to Tunisia would necessarily be delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were thus a compromise and the Allies realised that an attempt to reach Bizerte and Tunis overland before the Axis could establish themselves represented a gamble which depended on the ability of the navy and air force to delay the Axis build-up.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair239_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies, although they had provided for the possibility of strong Vichy opposition to their landings both in terms of infantry and air force allocations, seriously underestimated the Axis appetite for and speed of intervention in Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once operations had commenced, despite clear intelligence reports regarding the Axis reaction, the Allies were slow to respond. It was not until nearly two weeks after the landings that air and naval plans were made to interdict Axis sea transport to Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of November, naval <a href="/wiki/Force_K" title="Force K">Force K</a> was reformed in Malta with three cruisers and four destroyers and Force Q formed in Bône with three cruisers and two destroyers. No Axis ships sailing to Tunis were sunk in November but the Allied naval forces had some success in early December sinking seven Axis transports. However, this came too late to affect the fighting on land because the armoured elements of 10th <i>Panzer</i> Division had already arrived. To counter the surface threat, Axis convoys were switched to daylight when they could be protected by air cover, simultaneously denying the Allies the advantage of using radar in night surface combat. Night convoys resumed on completion of the extension of Axis minefields which severely restricted the activities of Force K and Force Q.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia1942-1943.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/220px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/330px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/440px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Sketch map of Tunisia during the 1942–1943 campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunisia is said to be shaped like a pregnant woman, with its northern and much of its eastern boundary (the head and belly) on the Mediterranean coast. Most of the inland western border with Algeria (the back) is astride the eastern line of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> which run from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) east to Tunis. This portion of the border is easily defensible at the small number of passes through the two north–south lines of the mountains. In the south a lower range of mountains limit the approaches to a narrow gap, facing Libya to the east, between the Matmata Hills and the coast. The French had earlier constructed a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide and 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep series of defensive works known as the <a href="/wiki/Mareth_Line" title="Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a> along the plain, to defend against an Italian invasion from Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only in the north was the terrain favourable to attack; here the Atlas Mountains stopped near the eastern coast, leaving a large area on the north-west coast unprotected. Defensive lines in the north could deal with approaching forces, while the Mareth Line made the south secure. In between, there were only a few easily defended passes through the Atlas Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117–119_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117–119-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tunisia has two big deep water ports at <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>, only a few hundred miles from Italian supply bases in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Ships could deliver supplies at night, safe from RAF patrols and return the next night, while Libya was a full-day trip, making supply operations vulnerable to daylight air attacks. In <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s view, Tunisia could be held indefinitely, upsetting Allied plans in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004171_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004171-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Run_for_Tunis">Run for Tunis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Run for Tunis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg/220px-Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg/330px-Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg/440px-Tunisia25Novto10Dec1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Tunisia campaign operations 25 November to 10 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>By 10 November, French opposition to the <i>Torch</i> landings had ceased, creating a military vacuum in Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Kenneth Anderson</a>) was immediately ordered to send the <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="36th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">36th Infantry Brigade Group</a>, which had been the floating reserve for the Algiers landing, eastward by sea to occupy the Algerian ports of Bougie, Philippeville, and Bône and the airfield at Djedjelli, preliminary to advancing into Tunisia. The Combined Chiefs of Staff had decided that with the forces available, <i>Torch</i> would not include landings close to Tunisia. Anderson needed to get his limited force east quickly, before the Axis could reinforce Tunisia, but the Allies had only two brigade groups and some additional armour and artillery for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French governor in Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Esteva" title="Jean-Pierre Esteva">Admiral Esteva</a>, was afraid to support the Allies or oppose the Axis. He did not close airfields to either side; the Germans moved first and by 9 November, there were reports of 40 German aircraft arriving at Tunis and by 10 November, aerial reconnaissance reported 100 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, an airlift began that carried over 15,000 men and 581 long tons (590 t) of supplies and ships brought 176 tanks, 131 artillery pieces, 1,152 vehicles and 13,000 long tons (13,000 t) of supplies. By the end of the month, three German divisions, including the <a href="/wiki/German_10th_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="German 10th Panzer Division">10th Panzer Division</a>, and two Italian infantry divisions had arrived. <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nehring" title="Walther Nehring">Walther Nehring</a> took command of the new XC Corps on 12 November and arrived on 17 November. The French military commander in Tunisia, General Barré, moved troops into the western mountains of Tunisia and formed a defensive line from Tebersouk through <a href="/wiki/Majaz_al_Bab" title="Majaz al Bab">Majaz al Bab</a> (Medjez el Bab).<sup id="cite_ref-Watson60_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson60-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two roads eastwards into Tunisia from Algeria. The Allied plan was to advance along the two roads and take Bizerte and Tunis. On 11 November, the British 36th Infantry Brigade had landed unopposed at Bougie but supply shortages delayed their arrival at Djedjelli until 13 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bône airfield was occupied following a parachute drop by British <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Parachute Battalion">3rd Parachute Battalion</a> and this was followed by <a href="/wiki/No._6_Commando" title="No. 6 Commando">No. 6 Commando</a> seizing the port on 12 November. Advanced guards of the 36th Infantry Brigade reached Tebarka on 15 November and Djebel Abiod on 18 November, where they met Axis forces. Further south, on 15 November, a US parachute battalion made an unopposed drop at Youks-les-Bains, capturing the airfield and advanced to take the airfield at Gafsa on 17 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19464–6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19464–6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 November Nehring demanded passage for his forces across the bridge at Medjez and was refused by Barré. The Germans attacked twice and were repulsed, but the French defensive success was costly, and lacking armour and artillery, the French had to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson60_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson60-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Vichy French forces, such as Barré's, joined the Allies. But the attitude of Vichy forces remained uncertain until on 22 November, when the "Darlan Deal" placed French North Africa on the Allied side. This allowed US and British forces that had been securing Algeria to go to the front. By this time, the Axis had deployed a corps in Tunisia and outnumbered the Allies there in almost all ways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC167334t.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SC167334t.jpg/220px-SC167334t.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SC167334t.jpg/330px-SC167334t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/SC167334t.jpg/440px-SC167334t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>US crew of an <a href="/wiki/M3_Lee" title="M3 Lee">M3 Lee</a> tank at Souk el Arba, 23 November 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Two Allied brigade groups advanced toward Djebel Abiod and Béja respectively. The <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>, happy to have local air superiority while Allied planes had to fly from relatively distant bases in Algeria, harassed them all the way.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November, the same day Nehring arrived, the leading elements of the British 36th Brigade on the northern road met a mixed force of 17 tanks and 400 paratroops with self-propelled guns at Djebel Abiod. The <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmjaeger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmjaeger">German paratroopers</a>, with Luftwaffe and Italian fire support from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_%22Superga%22" title="1st Infantry Division "Superga"">1st Infantry Division "Superga"</a>, knocked out 11 tanks but their advance was halted while the fight at Djebel Abiod continued for nine days.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 November, tanks from the Italian <a href="/wiki/L_Special_Brigade_(Italy)" title="L Special Brigade (Italy)">L Special Brigade</a> forced US paratroopers to abandon Gafsa. The two Allied columns concentrated at Djebel Abiod and Béja, preparing for an assault on 24 November. The 36th Brigade was to advance from Djebel Abiod toward Mateur and <a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">11th Brigade</a> was to move down the valley of the River Merjerda to take Majaz al Bab (shown on Allied maps as Medjez el Bab or just 'Medjez') and then to <a href="/wiki/Tebourba" title="Tebourba">Tebourba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djedeida" title="Djedeida">Djedeida</a> and Tunis. <i>Blade Force</i>, an armoured regimental group made up of 37 mm gun <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3 Stuart</a> light tanks and 75 mm <a href="/wiki/M3_GMC" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 GMC">M3 GMC</a> self-propelled anti-tank guns, was to strike across country on minor roads in the gap between the two infantry brigades towards Sidi Nsir and make flanking attacks on Terbourba and Djedeida.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia,_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg/220px-Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg/330px-Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg/440px-Crusader_Mk_III_tanks_in_Tunisia%2C_31_December_1942._NA323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1567" /></a><figcaption>Crusader Mk III tanks in Tunisia, 31 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern attack did not take place because torrential rain had slowed the build-up. In the south 11th Brigade were halted by stiff resistance at Medjez. Blade Force passed through Sidi Nsir to reach the Chouigui Pass, north of Terbourba part of B Squadron Stuart's from Blade Force infiltrated behind Axis lines to the newly activated airbase at Djedeida in the afternoon and destroyed more than 20 Axis planes but lacking infantry support, withdrew to Chouigui. The understrength tank Squadrons and three M3 GMC French 75s were to hold the pass. A mixed unit of <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IVs</a> and a small Italian scouting Force, around 15 tanks all told. Frontal attacks by the GMCs and Stuarts were ineffective losing 12 tanks, but allowed a rear attack by B Squadron firing into the weaker rear armour of the German tanks. The German commander, believing he had encountered a much stronger force, retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blade Force's attack caught Nehring by surprise and he decided to withdraw from Medjez and strengthen Djedeida, only 30 km (19 mi) from Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 36th Brigade's delayed attack began on 26 November but they were ambushed with the leading battalion taking 149 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further attacks were driven back from cleverly planned interlocking defences. 1 Commando landed 23 km (14 mi) west of Bizerte on 30 November to outflank the Jefna position, but failed and rejoined 36th Brigade by 3 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position remained in German hands until the last days of fighting in Tunisia the following spring.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on 26 November, as the Germans withdrew, 11 Brigade were able to enter Medjez unopposed and by late in the day had taken positions in and around Tebourba, which had also been evacuated by the Germans, preparatory to advancing on Djedeida. However, on 27 November the Germans attacked in strength. 11th Brigade tried to regain the initiative in the early hours of 28 November, attacking toward Djedeida airfield with the help of US armour, but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 November, Combat Command B of US 1st Armored Division had concentrated forward for an attack in conjunction with Blade Force planned for 2 December. They were forestalled by an Axis counter-attack, led by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fischer" title="Wolfgang Fischer">Wolfgang Fischer</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/10th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">10th Panzer Division</a> had just arrived in Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the evening of 2 December, Blade Force had been withdrawn, leaving 11th Brigade and Combat Command B to deal with the Axis attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack threatened to cut off 11th Brigade and break through into the Allied rear, but desperate fighting over four days delayed the Axis advance and permitted a controlled withdrawal to the high ground on each side of the river west of Terbourba.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allied force initially withdrew roughly 9.7 km (6 mi) to the high positions of Longstop Hill (Djebel el Ahmera) and Bou Aoukaz on each side of the river. Concern over the vulnerability to flanking attacks prompted a further withdrawal west. By the end of 10 December, Allied units held a defensive line just east of Medjez el Bab. Here, they started a build up for another attack and were ready by late December 1942. The slow build up had brought Allied force levels up to a total of 54,000 British, 73,800 American and 7,000 French troops. A hasty intelligence review showed about 125,000 combat and 70,000 service troops, mostly Italian, in front of them. The main attack began the afternoon of 22 December. Despite rain and insufficient air cover, progress was made up the lower ridges of the 900-foot (270 m) Longstop Hill that controlled the river corridor from Medjez to Tebourba and thence to Tunis. After three days of to-and-fro fighting, with ammunition running low and Axis forces now holding adjacent high ground, the Longstop position became untenable and the Allies were forced to withdraw to Medjez,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 26 December 1942 the Allies had withdrawn to the line they had set out from two weeks earlier, having suffered 20,743 casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_politics">French politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg/170px-Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg/255px-Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg/340px-Charles_de_Gaulle_1943_Tunisia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4041" data-file-height="4041" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mast" title="Charles Mast">Charles Mast</a> saluting at Tunis, Tunisia, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>While the battles wound down, factionalism among the French again erupted. On 24 December, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</a> was assassinated by an anti-Vichy French monarchist and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a> succeeded him as High Commissioner. To the frustration of the Free French, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">US government</a> had displayed considerable willingness to make a deal with Darlan and the Vichyists. Consequently, Darlan's death appeared to present an opportunity to bring together the French in North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s Free French. De Gaulle and Giraud met in late January but little progress was made in reconciling their differences or the constituencies they represented.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until June 1943 that the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a> (CFLN) was formed under the joint chairmanship of Giraud and de Gaulle. De Gaulle quickly eclipsed Giraud, who openly disliked political responsibility and more or less willingly from then on deferred to the Leader of the Free French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_changes">Command changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Command changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nehring, considered by most to be an excellent commander, had continually infuriated his superiors with outspoken critiques. He was "replaced" when the command was renamed the <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">5th Panzer Army</a> and Colonel-General <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim" title="Hans-Jürgen von Arnim">Hans-Jürgen von Arnim</a> arrived in Tunis unannounced on 8 December, to assume command. The Army consisted of the composite <a href="/wiki/Division_von_Broich/von_Manteuffel" title="Division von Broich/von Manteuffel">von Broich battlegroup</a> in the Bizerte area, the 10th Panzer Division in the centre before Tunis and the 1st Infantry Division "Superga" on the southern flank, but Hitler had told Arnim that the army would grow to three mechanised and three motorised divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies had tried to prevent the Axis build up with substantial air and sea forces but Tunis and Bizerte were only 190 km (120 mi) from the ports and airfields of western Sicily, 290 km (180 mi) from Palermo and 480 km (300 mi) from Naples, making it very difficult to intercept Axis transports which had the benefit of substantial air cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair239_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair239-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From mid-November 1942 to January 1943, 243,000 men and 856,000 long tons (870,000 t) of supplies and equipment arrived in Tunisia by sea and air. </p><p>General Eisenhower transferred further units from Morocco and Algeria eastward into Tunisia. In the north, the British First Army, over the next three months, received three more British divisions, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">4th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/46th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">46th Infantry Divisions</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">6th Armoured</a> and <a href="/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">78th Infantry Divisions</a>. By late March the British <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IX Corps (United Kingdom)">IX Corps</a> HQ (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a>) had arrived to join the British <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">V Corps</a> (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walter_Allfrey" title="Charles Walter Allfrey">Charles Allfrey</a>) in commanding the expanded army. On their right flank, the basis of a two-division French <a href="/wiki/19th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="19th Army Corps (France)">XIX Corps</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Juin" title="Alphonse Juin">Alphonse Juin</a>) was assembling.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south was the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">US II Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Fredendall" title="Lloyd Fredendall">Lloyd Fredendall</a>), consisting of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="34th Infantry Division (United States)">34th Infantry Divisions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">1st Armored Division</a> (although the 34th Division was attached to the British IX Corps to the north). Giraud refused to have the French XIX Corps under the command of the British First Army and so they, along with the US II Corps, remained under command of <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Headquarters" title="Allied Force Headquarters">Allied Force Headquarters</a> (AFHQ). New forward airfields were built to improve air support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19467_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19467-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans also began bases in Algeria and Tunisia, to form a large forward base at Maknassy, on the eastern edge of the Atlas Mountains, well placed to cut off the <i>Panzerarmee</i> in the south from Tunis and the Fifth Panzer Army in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasserine">Kasserine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kasserine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_2">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Messe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Giovanni_Messe.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Messe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Giovanni_Messe.jpg/255px-Giovanni_Messe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Giovanni_Messe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Italian General Giovanni Messe</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first half of January, Anderson had with mixed results kept constant pressure through limited attacks and reconnaissance in strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnim did the same and on 18 January, launched Operation <i> Eilbote I</i> ("Courier I").<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of the 10th Panzer and 334th Infantry divisions attacked from Pont du Fahs to create more space in front of the Superga Division and forestall an Allied thrust east to the coast at Enfidaville, to cut Rommel's line of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The westward thrust against the right wing of the British V Corps at Bou Arada had little success but further south his attack against French positions around the "hinge" of the Western and Eastern Dorsals succeeded, advancing 56 km (35 mi) south to Ousseltia and 40 km (25 mi) south-west to Robaa. The poorly equipped defenders resisted well but were overwhelmed and the equivalent of seven infantry battalions were cut off in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson sent the 36th Brigade to Robaa and requested Lloyd Fredendall to send Combat Command B from 1st Armored Division to Ousseltia, to come under Juin's orders on arrival. Fierce fighting lasted until 23 January but the front was stabilised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obvious lack of Allied co-ordination led Eisenhower to change the command structure. On 21 January Anderson was made responsible for the co-ordination of the whole front, and on 24 January his responsibilities were extended to include "the employment of American troops". That night, Juin accepted the command of Anderson, confirmed by Giraud the next day but with forces spread over a 320 km (200 mi) front and poor communication (Anderson motored over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in four days to speak to the corps commanders) the practical difficulties remained. Eisenhower appointed an air support commander, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Kuter" title="Laurence S. Kuter">Laurence S. Kuter</a>, for the whole front on 21 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> had made plans for forces retreating through Libya to dig-in in front of the defunct French fortifications of the Mareth Line. The Axis forces would control the two natural entrances into Tunisia in the north and south, with only the easily defensible mountain passes between them. In January, those parts of the German-Italian Panzer Army on the Mareth defences were renamed First Italian Army (General <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</a>), separate from the units (including the remains of the <i>Afrika Korps</i>) he had facing the Western Dorsale. On 23 January 1943, the Eighth Army took Tripoli, by which point the army retreating through Libya was already well on its way to the Mareth position. Part of the II US Corps crossed into Tunisia through passes in the Atlas Mountains from Algeria, controlling the interior of the triangle formed by the mountains. Their position raised the possibility of a thrust eastwards towards Sfax on the coast, to cut off the First Italian Army at Mareth from Arnim's forces to the north around Tunis. Rommel could not allow this and formed a plan for a spoiling attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid">Battle of Sidi Bou Zid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Sidi Bou Zid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Zid">Battle of Sidi Bou Zid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg/170px-Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg/255px-Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg/340px-Tunisia30Janto10Apr1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>8th Army operations, 30 January to 10 April 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 January 1943, the German 21st Panzer and three Italian divisions from the 5th Panzer Army met elements of the French forces near Faïd, the main pass from the eastern arm of the mountains into the coastal plains. Fredendall did not respond to the French request to send reinforcements in the form of tanks from 1st Armored Division and after desperate resistance, the under-equipped French defenders were overrun.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson68_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several counterattacks were organised, including a belated attack by Combat Command B of the US 1st Armored Division but all of these were beaten off with ease by Arnim's forces which by this time had created strong defensive positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson68_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days, the Allied forces had been forced to pull back and were withdrawn into the interior plains to make a new forward defensive line at the small town of <a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sbeitla</a>. </p><p>In Operation <i>Frühlingswind</i> ("spring wind"), Arnim ordered four armoured battle groups forward on 14 February in the area of Sidi Bou Zid held by 34th Infantry Division's 168th Regimental Combat Team and 1st Armored Division's Combat Command A. The defenders' dispositions were poor, with concentrations dispersed so that they were unable to be mutually supportive. By 15 February, CCA had been severely damaged leaving the infantry units isolated on hilltops. Combat Command C was ordered across country to relieve Sidi Bou Zid but were repelled with heavy losses. By the evening of 15 February, three of the Axis battlegroups were able to head toward Sbeitla, 32 km (20 mi) to the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-watson77_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson77-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pushing aside the remains of CCA and CCC, the battlegroups were confronted by Combat Command B in front of Sbeitla. With the help of air support, CCB held on through the day. However, the air support could not be sustained and the defenders of Sbeitla were obliged to withdraw and the town lay empty by midday on 17 February.<sup id="cite_ref-watson77_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson77-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south, in Operation <i>Morgenluft</i> ("morning air"), an Italian First Army battlegroup made up of the remains of the Afrika Korps under <a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BClowius" title="Karl Bülowius">Karl Bülowius</a> had advanced toward Gafsa at dusk on 15 February to find the town deserted, part of a withdrawal to shorten the Allied front to facilitate a reorganisation involving the withdrawal of French XIX Corps in order to re-equip. II US Corps withdrew to the line of Dernaia-Kasserine-Gap-Sbiba with XIX Corps on their left flank vacating the Eastern Dorsal to conform with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19469_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19469-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the afternoon of 17 February, Rommel's troops had occupied Feriana and Thelepte (roughly 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Kasserine) forcing the evacuation on the morning of 18 February of Thelepte airfield, the main air base in British First Army's southern sector.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Kasserine Pass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americains_Kasserine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Americains_Kasserine.jpg/220px-Americains_Kasserine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Americains_Kasserine.jpg/330px-Americains_Kasserine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Americains_Kasserine.jpg/440px-Americains_Kasserine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption>American troops moving through the Kasserine Pass</figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ambrosio" title="Vittorio Ambrosio">Vittorio Ambrosio</a>, the new Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a></i> plans to send 10,000 German troops to Tunis , but the decision was never made due to the lack of Italian naval resources. Aside from Kesselring's unfulfilled promises. Ambrosio knew that even with the German support, the Italian defence would be unable to sustain.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further discussion, the <i>Comando Supremo</i> issued orders on 19 February for Rommel to attack through the Kasserine and Sbiba passes toward Thala and Le Kef to threaten First Army's flank. Rommel's original proposal was for a limited but concentrated attack through Kasserine to confront II Corps' strength at Tébessa and gain vital supplies from the US dumps there. Although he was to have 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions transferred to his command, Rommel was concerned that the new plan would dilute his force concentration and expose his flanks to threat.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 February 1943, Rommel, having now been given formal control of the 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions, the Afrika Korps battlegroup as well as General Messe's forces on the Mareth defences (renamed Italian First Army),<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_2007,_p._82_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_2007,_p._82-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> launched what would become the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Hoping to take the inexperienced defenders by surprise, he sent the light armour of the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion racing into the pass. Colonel Alexander Stark's <i>Stark Force</i>, a brigade group made up of US and French units, was responsible for the defence of the pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_2007,_p._82_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_2007,_p._82-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had not had time to organise properly but was able to direct heavy artillery fire from the surrounding heights which brought the leading mechanised units of the <i>Afrika Korps</i> batlegroup to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they could continue, infantry had to be sent up into the high ground seeking to eliminate the artillery threat. A battlegroup under Hans-Georg Hildebrand including tanks from 21st Panzer were advancing north from Sbeitla toward the Sbiba Gap. In front of the hills east of Sbiba they were brought to a halt by 1st Guards Brigade and 18th Regimental Combat Team which had strong field and anti-tank artillery support and were joined by two infantry regiments from 34th Infantry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A,_Nordafrika,_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0510-34A%2C_Nordafrika%2C_feuerndes_Gesch%C3%BCtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Germans fire an <a href="/wiki/88mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="88mm gun">88mm gun</a> in Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>By the morning of 20 February, the bitter hand-to-hand fighting in the hills above Kasserine was continuing while the <i>Afrika Korps Kampfgruppe</i> and a battalion from the <a href="/wiki/131st_Armored_Division_%22Centauro%22" title="131st Armored Division "Centauro"">131st Armoured Division "Centauro"</a> and more artillery, prepared for another attack through the pass, once it had been joined by a 10th Panzer Division battle group from Sbeitla. The morning attack made slow progress but the intense pressure applied during the renewed attack that afternoon triggered a collapse in the Allied defences.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having rolled through the Kasserine Pass on the afternoon of 20 February, units of the Centauro Division headed west toward Tébessa, meeting little or no resistance. Following them came the von Broich battlegroup from 10th Panzer, which forked right onto the road to Thala where they were slowed by a regimental armoured group from 26th Armoured Brigade (<i>Gore Force</i>). Their tanks outgunned, Gore Force sustained heavy losses but bought time for <i>Nick Force</i>, a composite force from British 6th Armoured Division with tanks from the 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade with extra infantry and artillery (which Anderson had ordered the previous day to leave the Kesra area to bolster the Thala defences) to prepare defensive positions further up the road. Meanwhile, Fredendall had sent 1st Armored Division's CCB to meet the threat to Tébessa.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1pm on 21 February, Battlegroup von Broich was in contact with the dug-in tanks of B Squadron 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade on the Thala road and making slow progress. Rommel took direct control of the attack and forced the defences by 4pm.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 26th Armoured Brigade were able to withdraw in reasonable order to the next, final, defensive line in front of Thala. Fighting at this position started at 7pm and continued at close quarters for three hours with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. <i>Nick Force</i> had taken a heavy beating and did not expect to be able to hold out the next day. However, during the night a further 48 artillery pieces from US 9th Infantry Division arrived after a 1,300 km (800 mi) trip from Morocco on poor roads and in bad weather. On the morning of 22 February, as Broich prepared to launch his attack, his front was hit by a devastating artillery barrage. Rommel told Broich to regroup and assume a defensive posture, so surrendering the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 21st Panzer battlegroup at Sbiba was making no progress. Further south, the <i>Afrika Korps</i> battlegroup on the road to Tébessa had been halted on 21 February by CCB's armour and artillery dug in on the slopes of Djebel Hamra.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to outflank them during the night of 21 February was a costly failure. A further attack early on 23 February was again beaten back.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a dispirited meeting on 22 February with Kesselring, Rommel argued that faced with stiffening defences and the news that the Eighth Army's lead elements had finally reached Medenine, only a few kilometres from the Mareth Line, he should call off the attack and withdraw to support the Mareth defences, hoping that the Kasserine attack had caused enough damage to deter any offensive action from the west. Kesselring was keen for the offensive to continue but finally agreed that evening, and <i>Comando Supremo</i> formally terminated the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Axis forces from Kasserine reached the Mareth line on 25 February. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_2">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Alexander,_Deputy_Commander-in-Chief_Allied_Forces_in_North_Africa,_discussing_future_operations_with_the_Supreme_Commander,_General_Eisenhower,_in_Tunisia,_26_July_1943._CNA1074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General_Alexander%2C_Deputy_Commander-in-Chief_Allied_Forces_in_North_Africa%2C_discussing_future_operations_with_the_Supreme_Commander%2C_General_Eisenhower%2C_in_Tunisia%2C_26_July_1943._CNA1074.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General_Alexander%2C_Deputy_Commander-in-Chief_Allied_Forces_in_North_Africa%2C_discussing_future_operations_with_the_Supreme_Commander%2C_General_Eisenhower%2C_in_Tunisia%2C_26_July_1943._CNA1074.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/General_Alexander%2C_Deputy_Commander-in-Chief_Allied_Forces_in_North_Africa%2C_discussing_future_operations_with_the_Supreme_Commander%2C_General_Eisenhower%2C_in_Tunisia%2C_26_July_1943._CNA1074.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>General Alexander, Deputy Commander in Chief Allied Forces in North Africa, discussing operations for Tunisia with the Supreme Commander, General Eisenhower</figcaption></figure> <p>Action then abated for a time and both sides studied the results of recent battles. Rommel remained convinced that US forces posed little threat, while the British and Commonwealth troops were his equal. He held this opinion for far too long, and it would prove very costly. The Americans likewise studied the battle and relieved several senior commanders while issuing several "lessons learned" publications to improve future performance. Most important, on 6 March 1943 command of the II US Corps passed from Fredendall to <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> as assistant Corps Commander. Commanders were reminded that large units should be kept concentrated to ensure mass on the battlefield, rather than widely dispersed as Fredendall had deployed them. This had the intended side effect of improving the fire control of the already-strong US artillery. Close air support had also been weak (although this had been hampered by the generally poor weather conditions). </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a>, it had been decided to appoint <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a> as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces in French North Africa. This came into effect on 20 February and at the same time, in order better to co-ordinate the activities of his two armies in Tunisia, Eisenhower at AFHQ brought First and Eighth Armies under a new headquarters, <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">18th Army Group</a>, which Alexander was to command.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after taking up his new appointment, Alexander reported to London, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...I am frankly shocked at the whole situation as I have found it...Real fault has been the lack of direction from above from [the] very beginning resulting in no policy and no plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair304_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair304-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>and was critical of Anderson although this was later felt to be a little unfair. Once he had been given control of the whole front at the end of January, Anderson's aim had been to reorganise the front into consolidated national sectors and create reserves with which to regain the initiative, the same priorities articulated in Alexander's orders dated 20 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair304_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair304-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Playfair305_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair305-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 February, Alexander declared his objective to destroy all enemy forces in Tunisia by first advancing Eighth Army north of Gabès, while the First Army mounted attacks to draw off reserves which would otherwise be used against the Eighth Army. The armies would gain airfields for the Allied air forces. The co-ordinated land, sea and air power of the Allies would draw a net round the Axis forces in Tunisia by 30 April, to meet the timetable set at the Casablanca Conference to allow Sicily to be invaded during the favourable weather of August.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A,_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-787-0502-34A%2C_Generaloberst_von_Arnim_und_General_von_Vaerst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Hans-Jürgen von Arnim (right) Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The Casablanca Conference had agreed to reorganise the air forces in the Mediterranean to integrate them more closely; Air Chief Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a> was made commander of Mediterranean Air Command, responsible for all Allied air activity in the Mediterranean and Major General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Andrew Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> became commander of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_Air_Forces" title="Northwest African Air Forces">Northwest African Air Forces</a> under Tedder, with responsibility for all air operations in Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 23 February, Air Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)" title="Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)">Arthur Coningham</a> had succeeded Kuter at the Allied Air Support Command, which became Northwest African Tactical Air Force under Spaatz, with the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Air_Force" title="Desert Air Force">Desert Air Force</a> supporting Eighth Army, under its operational control. </p><p>Coningham found that the air organisation in Tunisia was that of the Western Desert in 1941 when he had first assumed command of the Desert Air Force. The lessons of the Desert Campaign had not been used in planning for Torch, which constrained the ability of the air arm, already short of aircraft and supplies, to provide tactical support to the army during the Run for Tunis. Coningham unified the British and American operational commands and trained them in new operational practices.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Axis also created a combined command for their two armies. Hitler and the German General Staff (OKH) believed that Arnim should assume command but Kesselring argued for Rommel. Rommel was appointed to command the new <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Africa">Army Group Africa</a> on 23 February.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_front">Southern front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Southern front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Medenine">Battle of Medenine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of Medenine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a></div> <p>The Eighth Army had been consolidating in front of the Mareth defences since 17 February, and launched probes westward on 26 February. On 6 March 1943, three German armoured divisions, two light divisions and nine Italian divisions launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Operation Capri</a>, an attack southward in the direction of Medenine, the northernmost British strong point. The Axis attack was repulsed with massed artillery fire; 55 Axis tanks were knocked out. With the failure of Capri, Rommel decided that the only way to save the Axis armies would be to abandon the campaign, and on 9 March he travelled to Italy for discussions with <i>Comando Supremo</i> in Rome. Finding no support for his ideas, he travelled on 10 March to see <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> at his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, to try to convince him to abandon Tunisia and return the Axis armies to Europe. Hitler refused and Rommel was placed, in strict secrecy, on sick leave. Arnim became commander of Army Group Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battle of the Mareth Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg/220px-Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg/330px-Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg/440px-Italian_troops_in_a_cactus_field_in_Tunisia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops in a cactus field in the Mareth Line, 31 March 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Montgomery launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Operation Pugilist</a> against the Mareth Line on the night of 19/20 March 1943. <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a> of the Eighth Army commenced Operation <i>Pugilist</i> along with the <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a>. They penetrated the <a href="/wiki/136th_Armored_Division_%22Giovani_Fascisti%22" title="136th Armored Division "Giovani Fascisti"">136th Armoured Division "Giovani Fascisti"</a>-held line<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and established a small bridgehead west of Zarat on 20/21 March. The terrain and rain however prevented the deployment of tanks, aircraft and anti-tank guns, which left the infantry isolated. A determined counter-attack by <a href="/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzer Division</a> and the Giovani Fascisti Division on 22 March, recaptured much of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a>. XXX Corps prepared a new attack towards Tallouf, in which the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Tuker" title="Francis Tuker">Francis Tuker</a>) was to make a night attack on <span class="nowrap">23/24 March,</span> around the inland end of the line. This would coincide with the wide left hook manoeuvre Montgomery was planning with a new operation called "Supercharge II".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–342_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–342-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 March, <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="X Corps (United Kingdom)">X Corps</a> (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a>) drove around the Matmata Hills, capturing the Tebaga Gap and the town of El Hamma at the northern extreme of the line in "Operation Supercharge II", making the Mareth Line untenable. The following day anti-tank guns from German and Italian units checked the advance of X Corps, to gain time for a withdrawal. In the next 48 hours the Axis defenders pulled out of the Mareth Line, establishing a new defensive position 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the north-west at Wadi Akarit near Gabès. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gabès"><span id="Gab.C3.A8s"></span>Gabès</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gabès"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">Battle of El Guettar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Battle of Wadi Akarit</a></div> <p>The reorganised US II Corps advanced from the passes again and got behind the Axis lines; the 10th Panzer Division counter-attacked at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">Battle of El Guettar</a> on 23 March. The German tanks rolling up lead units of the US forces ran into a minefield, and US artillery and anti-tank units opened fire. The 10th Panzer Division rapidly lost 30 tanks and retreated out of the minefield. A second attack supported by infantry in the late afternoon was also repulsed, and the 10th Panzer Division retired to Gabès. The US II Corps was unable to exploit the German failure and each attack was stopped by the 10th Panzer Division or 21st Panzer Division counter-attacks up the road from Gabès; co-ordination of Allied air and ground forces remained unsatisfactory. The Eighth Army and the US II Corps attacked for the next week and on 28 March, the Eighth Army captured El Hamma, forcing the Axis to abandon Gabès and retreat north towards the Fifth Panzer Army. The hills in front of the US forces were abandoned, allowing them to join the British forces in Gabès later that day. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">1st Armoured Division</a> pursued the Germans 225 km (140 mi) northwards into defensive positions in the hills west of <a href="/wiki/Enfidaville" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfidaville">Enfidaville</a>, which were held until the end of the campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_sector">Northern sector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Northern sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33,_Nordafrika,_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-049-0008-33%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III_bei_Fluss-%C3%9Cberquerung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_III" title="Panzer III">Panzer III</a> tanks advance through a Tunisian town</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 February, Arnim, in the mistaken belief that the Kasserine battles had forced the Allies to weaken the north to reinforce the south, launched Operation <i>Ochsenkopf</i> ("Ox Head") against V Corps, across a wide front and commanded by General Weber.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair326_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair326-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main attacks were by Corps Weber which had the <a href="/wiki/334th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="334th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">334th Infantry Division</a>, newly arrived elements of the <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Göring Division">Hermann Göring Division</a> and the part of the 10th Panzer Division not involved in Operation <i>Frühlingswind</i> ("Spring Wind"). Weber's force was to advance in three groups: a central group moving west toward Medjez el Bab; a second to the north advancing south-west, on the route from <a href="/wiki/Mateur" title="Mateur">Mateur</a> to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Béja</a> (which was some 40 km (25 mi) west of Medjez) and the third group pushing west 25 miles (40 km) south of Medjez. The northern flank of Weber's corps was to be protected by the Manteuffel Division<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advancing west (Operation <i> Ausladung</i>) and forcing the Allies out of their advanced positions opposite Green Hill and the Axis-held Jefna Station.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aim of Operation <i>Ausladung</i> ("Outward thrust") was to gain control of the vital town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djebel_Abiod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djebel Abiod (page does not exist)">Djebel Abiod</a>. This attack by the Manteuffel Division made good progress across the French-held, lightly defended hills between <a href="/wiki/Cap_Serrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Serrat">Cap Serrat</a> and the railway town of <a href="/wiki/Sedjenane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjenane">Sedjenane</a>. Costly counter-attacks on February 27 and 2 March by part of the <a href="/wiki/139th_(Nottinghamshire_and_Derbyshire)_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade">139th Infantry Brigade</a>, 46th Infantry Division, <a href="/wiki/No._1_Commando" title="No. 1 Commando">No. 1 Commando</a> and supporting artillery delayed the Axis advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair327_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair327-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Withdrawals of French battalions in the Medjez area to join XIX Corps, left little opposition to the German occupation of the high ground dominating the town, which was left in a dangerous salient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Sedjenane was abandoned by the British on 4 March and the 139th Infantry Brigade was pushed slowly back over the next three weeks some 24 km (15 mi) toward Djebel Abiod. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Ochsenkopf">Operation Ochsenkopf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Operation Ochsenkopf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf">Operation Ochsenkopf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg/220px-British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg/330px-British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg/440px-British_4.5_inch_gun_and_crew_Tunisia_1943_IWM_TR_1004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/BL_4.5-inch_Medium_Field_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun">4.5 inch medium gun</a> firing on targets spotted by the <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main offensive, <i>Ochsenkopf</i> led to fierce fighting - <i>Kampfgruppe</i> Lang attacking in the northern sector were held up by a small force of artillery and a battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a> for a whole day at <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Nsir" title="Sidi Nsir">Sidi Nsir</a> and <i>Hampshire Farm</i> before they could be overcome. This delay was critical and as a result the British force was able to prepare a significant killing field at Hunts Gap (an area between Medjez and about 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Béja).<sup id="cite_ref-Perrett139_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrett139-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Southern attack <i>Kampfgruppe</i> Audorff made some progress west toward Medjez el Bab but a British <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> force, Y Division was able to repel the Southern attack; particularly after two <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill tanks</a> shot up an entire German transport column at a place called 'Steamroller' Farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolf152_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolf152-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final attack by Lang's battered force was stopped at Hunt's Gap by the <a href="/wiki/128th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="128th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">128th Infantry Brigade</a> of the 46th Infantry Division with substantial artillery, RAF air cover and two squadrons of Churchill tanks from the <a href="/wiki/North_Irish_Horse" title="North Irish Horse">North Irish Horse</a> under command.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair327_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair327-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting lasted until 5 March and in terrible weather conditions the operation was called off by Arnim.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure had cost the Axis grievous losses in infantry as well as tanks, particularly the loss of many of the heavy Tiger Tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolf152_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolf152-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ochsenkopf was to be the last major Axis offensive by the 5th Panzer Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Windrow_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windrow-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March, Alexander ordered a counter-attack on the V Corps front and on 28 March, Anderson attacked with the 46th Infantry Division, with the <a href="/wiki/138th_(Lincoln_and_Leicester)_Brigade" title="138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade">138th Infantry Brigade</a>, 128th Infantry Brigade in reserve and reinforced by the 36th Infantry Brigade, <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Parachute Brigade</a> and French units including a <a href="/wiki/Tabor_(Morocco)" title="Tabor (Morocco)">tabor</a> of specialist mountain <a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumiers</a>, the artillery of two divisions plus more from army resources. In four days, it succeeded in recapturing all lost ground and took 850 German and Italian prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 April, Anderson tasked the 78th Infantry Division with clearing the Béja-Medjez road. Supported by artillery and close air support, they methodically advanced 16 km (10 mi) through difficult mountain terrain over the next ten days, clearing a front 16 km (10 mi) wide. The 4th Infantry Division joined the fighting, taking position on the left of the 78th Division and pushing toward Sidi Nsir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_victory">Allied victory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Allied victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_plans_2">Allied plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Allied plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_First_Army_order_of_battle,_20_April_1943" title="British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943">British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg/220px-Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg/330px-Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg/440px-Tunisia20Aprto13May1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Tunisia Campaign operations, 20 April to 13 May 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The salient at Medjez had been relieved and lateral roads in the V Corps area cleared so that Anderson was able to turn his full attention to the orders he had received on 12 April from Alexander to prepare the large-scale attack, scheduled for 22 April, to gain Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this stage, Allied aircraft had been moved forward to airfields in Tunisia to prevent the aerial supply of Axis troops in North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Flax" title="Operation Flax">Operation Flax</a>) and large numbers of German transport aircraft were shot down between Sicily and Tunis. British destroyers operating from Malta prevented marine supply, reinforcement or evacuation of Tunisia by sea (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1943)">Operation Retribution</a>). Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Cunningham</a>, Eisenhower's Naval Task Force commander, issued Nelsonian orders to his ships: <i>"Sink, burn, capture, destroy. Let nothing pass"</i> but very few Axis ships even attempted passage. By 18 April, after attacks by Eighth Army from the south and flanking attacks by IX Corps and French XIX Corps, the Axis forces had been pushed into a defensive line on the north-east coast of Tunis, attempting to protect their supply lines but with little hope of continuing the battle for long. </p><p>Alexander planned that while II US Corps would attack on the north towards Bizerte, First Army would attack towards Tunis while Eighth Army attacked north from Enfidaville. Anderson would co-ordinate the actions of First Army and II US Corps, issuing the appropriate orders to achieve this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson's plan was for the main attack to be in the centre of the V Corps front at Medjez, confronting main Axis defences. However, IX Corps on the right would first attack north-east with, by speed of movement, the intention of getting in behind the Medjez position and disrupting their armoured reserves. II US Corps would make a double thrust: one to capture the high ground on V Corps' left flank and a second toward Bizerte. French XIX Corps would be held back until IX Corps and Eighth Army had drawn in the opposition and then advance toward Pont du Fahs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_First_Army_order_of_battle,_4_May_1943" title="British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943">British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia,_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg/220px-Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg/330px-Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg/440px-Hawker_Hurricane_Mark_IID_%27tank_busters%27_of_No._6_Squadron_about_to_take_off_from_Gabes_in_Tunisia%2C_6_April_1943._TR869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Hawker Hurricanes Mark IIDs on a Tunisian airfield, preparing for a ground attack mission, April 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allied forces had reorganised and during the night of 19/20 April, the Eighth Army captured Enfidaville against the Italian <a href="/wiki/16th_Motorized_Division_%22Pistoia%22" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Motorized Division "Pistoia"">16th Motorized Division "Pistoia"</a>, which counter-attacked several times over the next three days and was repulsed and the action at <a href="/wiki/Takrouna" title="Takrouna">Takrouna</a> also took place. The northward advance of Eighth Army had "pinched out" US II Corps' eastward facing front line, allowing the corps to be withdrawn and switched to the northern end of the Allied front. Arnim knew that an Allied offensive was imminent and launched a spoiling attack on the night of 20/21 April, between Medjez and Goubellat on the IX Corps front. The Hermann Göring Division supported by tanks from 10th Panzer Division penetrated up to 5 miles (8.0 km) at some points but could not force a general withdrawal and eventually returned to their lines. No serious disruption was caused to Allied plans, except that the first attack of the offensive, by IX Corps, was delayed by four hours from 4:00 a.m. on 22 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 22 April, the 46th Division attacked on the IX Corps front, creating a gap for the 6th Armoured Division to pass through by nightfall, followed by 1st Armoured Division, striking east for the next two days but not quick enough to forestall the creation of a strong anti-tank screen which halted their progress. The battle had drawn the Axis reserves of armour south, away from the central front. Seeing that no further progress was likely, Anderson withdrew the 6th Armoured Division and most of the 46th Infantry Division into army reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The V Corps attack began on the evening of 22 April and the US II Corps launched their offensive in the early hours of 23 April in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_609" title="Battle of Hill 609">Battle of Hill 609</a>, in which the hill was captured, which opened the way to Bizerte. In grim hand-to hand fighting against the Hermann Göring Division, 334th Infantry and 15th Panzer Divisions, it took V Corps with the 1st, 4th and 78th Infantry Divisions, supported by army tanks and heavy artillery concentrations, eight days to penetrate 9.7 km (6 mi) and capture most of the Axis defensive positions. </p><p>The fighting was mutually costly but in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longstop_Hill_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Longstop Hill (1943)">Battle of Longstop Hill</a>, Longstop was captured, which opened the way to Tunis and Anderson felt a breakthrough was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 April, after a failed attempt by the <a href="/wiki/169th_(3rd_London)_Brigade" title="169th (3rd London) Brigade">169th Infantry Brigade</a> of the recently arrived <a href="/wiki/56th_(London)_Infantry_Division" title="56th (London) Infantry Division">56th (London) Infantry Division</a>, which had just arrived over 3,300 miles from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, it had become clear to both Montgomery and Alexander that an Eighth Army attack north from Enfidaville, into strongly-held and difficult terrain, would not succeed. General Alexander gave Montgomery a holding task and transferred the British <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Guards_Brigade" title="22nd Guards Brigade">201st Guards Motor Brigade</a> from the Eighth Army to the First Army, joining the British 1st Armoured Division which had been transferred before the main offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg/170px-The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg/255px-The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg/340px-The_British_Army_in_Tunisia_1943_NA2514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>German troops surrender to British crew of a <a href="/wiki/Stuart_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart tank">Stuart tank</a> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frendj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frendj (page does not exist)">Frendj</a>, 6 May 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The redeployments were complete by the night of 5 May; Anderson had arranged for a dummy concentration of tanks near Bou Arada on the IX Corps front, to deflect attention from the arrival of the 7th Armoured Division in the Medjez sector and achieved a considerable measure of surprise as to the size of the armoured force when the attack began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194613_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194613-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final assault was launched at 3:30 a.m. on 6 May by IX Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Horrocks" title="Brian Horrocks">Brian Horrocks</a> who had taken over from Lieutenant-General John Crocker, who had been wounded. V Corps, under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walter_Allfrey" title="Charles Walter Allfrey">Charles Walter Allfrey</a>, had made a preliminary attack on 5 May, to capture high ground and secure the left flank of IX Corps. The 4th British and 4th Indian Divisions, concentrated on a narrow front and supported by heavy artillery concentrations, broke a hole in the defences for the 6th and 7th Armoured divisions to pass through. On 7 May, British armour entered Tunis and American infantry from II Corps, which had continued its advance in the north, entered Bizerte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194614_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194614-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_surrender">Axis surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Axis surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six days after the fall of Tunis and Bizerte, the last Axis resistance in Africa ended with the surrender of over 170,000 Germans and Italians who became <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Truscott" title="Lucian Truscott">Lucian Truscott</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">US 3rd Infantry Division</a> and Major General <a href="/wiki/Ernest_N._Harmon" title="Ernest N. Harmon">Ernest N. Harmon</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">US 1st Armored Division</a>, reported that German resistance in the American sector ceased on 6 May and German troops started surrendering en masse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeefner2010101_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeefner2010101-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 May, the <a href="/wiki/334th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="334th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">334th Division</a> surrendered to the British forces between Mateur and Tebourba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2012_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2012-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 10:00 a.m. on 9 May, the US II Corps, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, cornered Major-General <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Vaerst" title="Gustav von Vaerst">Gustav von Vaerst</a> and what remained of the 5th Panzer Army, which surrendered before noon. At least 12,000 Germans surrendered in Major-General Fritz Krause's sector (of the initial batch of 25,000 prisoners, fewer than 400 were Italian). Around 22,000 Germans in the mountainous Zaghouan sector also ceased fighting on 11 May and surrendered with their equipment to the Free French. </p><p>British and Commonwealth forces reported 150,000 Axis POWs taken in the German-held sector from 5 May – 12 June. Major-General Count <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Graf_von_Sponeck" title="Theodor Graf von Sponeck">Theodor von Sponeck</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/90th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">90th Light Division</a>, had surrendered unconditionally to the 2nd New Zealand Division, after threatening to fight till the last round. Arnim surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sussex_Regiment" title="Royal Sussex Regiment">Royal Sussex Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messe, commander of the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (Italy)">1st Army</a>, held the line north of Takrouna and on 12 May, cabled <i>Comando Supremo</i> vowing to fight on; at 7:55 p.m. that evening, after the German collapse, Mussolini ordered Messe to surrender. Next day, the 1st Army was still holding opposite Enfidaville but the remaining 80,000 men were surrounded; the RAF and artillery continued their bombardment and around noon, the 1st Army surrendered to the Eighth Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2008133_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2008133-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messe along with <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Freiherr_von_Liebenstein" title="Kurt Freiherr von Liebenstein">Kurt Freiherr von Liebenstein</a> formally surrendered to British and New Zealand forces under General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Freyberg,_1st_Baron_Freyberg" title="Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg">Bernard Freyberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_3">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis,_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg/220px-A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg/330px-A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg/440px-A_Churchill_tank_and_other_vehicles_parade_through_Tunis%2C_8_May_1943._NA2880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Churchill tank moves through Tunis during the liberation, 8 May 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1966, the British Official Historian <a href="/wiki/I._S._O._Playfair" title="I. S. O. Playfair">I. S. O. Playfair</a> wrote that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Had the Allies been able to get a tighter stranglehold on the Axis communications immediately after the 'Torch' landings, they might have won the gamble of the Tunisian Campaign by the end of 1942 and victory in Africa as a whole might have been close. Conversely, the Axis might have staved off for a long time their defeat in May 1943 had their forces received the supplies they needed.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Playfair<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1995 American historian <a href="/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Williamson Murray</a> was more critical: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The decision to reinforce North Africa was one of the worst of Hitler's blunders: admittedly, it kept the Mediterranean closed for six more months, with a negative impact on the Allied shipping situation but it placed some of Germany's best troops in an indefensible position from which, like Stalingrad, there would be no escape. Moreover, Hitler committed the <i>Luftwaffe</i> to fight a battle of attrition under unfavourable conditions and it suffered losses that it could not afford.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Williamson Murray<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1995322_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1995322-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Axis gamble failed, and at the cost of heavy losses in men and materiel had only slowed the inevitable. The Allied gains were considerable; control of the North African littoral, and the Mediterranean open to traffic. Even the US defeat at Kasserine may have been paradoxically advantageous; Rommel and the Axis were lulled into a false impression of US capabilities, while the Americans learned valuable lessons, and made positive changes in their command structure and tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With North Africa in Allied hands, plans quickly turned to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> wrote that it was on the same scale as the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>; <i>Tunisgrad</i> was coined for the defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schreiber" title="Gerhard Schreiber">Gerhard Schreiber</a> writes that "it seems no exaggeration to say that—in purely quantitative terms—Tunisia was a second Stalingrad for the invaders".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber20171109_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber20171109-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Victory March was held in Tunis on May 20, 1943, in which units of the First and Eighth Armies and representative detachments of the American and French forces marched past, with bands playing and generals Eisenhower, Alexander and Giraud taking the salute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004461_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004461-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied">Allied</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Allied"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allied casualties of 76,020 include the losses incurred by the First Army from 8 November 1942 and the Eighth Army from 9 February 1943. British and Commonwealth casualties amounted to 38,360 men; 6,233 were killed, 21,528 were wounded and 10,599 reported missing. The Free French suffered 19,439 casualties; 2,156 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 missing. American casualties amounted to 18,221 men; 2,715 killed, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 missing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004536_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004536-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 22 to 30 November 1942, the RAF flew 1,710 <a href="/wiki/Sorties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorties">sorties</a> and lost at least 45 aircraft. The USAAF flew 180 sorties and lost at least 7 aeroplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1 to 12 December, the RAF flew 2,225 sorties and lost a minimum of 37 aircraft. The USAAF flew 523 sorties and lost another 17 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 13 to 26 December, the RAF flew 1,940 sorties for a loss of at least 20 aeroplanes while the USAAF conducted 720 sorties for a loss of 16 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943 the RAF flew 3,160 sorties and lost 38 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 3,200 sorties and lost 36 aeroplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 18 January to 13 February the RAF flew 5,000 sorties, excluding those against shipping, for the loss of 34 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 6,250 sorties for the loss of 85.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the remainder of February to 28 March, 156 allied planes were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 29 March and 21 April, 203 Allied aircraft were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 22 April to the end of the campaign, 45 bombers and 110 fighters were lost; 12 bombers and 47 fighters of the RAF, the USAAF losing 32 bombers and 63 fighters, while the French lost 1 bomber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Axis">Axis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Axis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg/220px-German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg/330px-German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg/440px-German_M3_wreck2_Tunis_May1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="4233" /></a><figcaption>US troops with abandoned German equipment including a captured American M3 halftrack May 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The Axis armies suffered casualties of 170,000 to 180,000 men;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the losses are uncertain but it is estimated that the German army suffered 8,500 men killed during the campaign and the Italians 3,700 men killed; another 40,000 to 50,000 Axis soldiers were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the British official history, Playfair wrote that the Allies took 238,243 unwounded prisoners; 101,784 German, 89,442 Italian and 47,017 others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Rick Atkinson wrote that a quarter of a million prisoners is a reasonable estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Playfair wrote that G. F. Howe, the American official historian, recorded the capture of 275,000 Axis soldiers, an 18th Army Group calculation of 244,500 prisoners (including 157,000 Germans), that Rommel estimated 130,000 Germans were taken prisoner and Arnim estimated 100,000 German and 200,000 Italian prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There seems to be a distinction between the entire campaign and the last few weeks when the majority of the Axis forces were captured. </p><p>The <i>Luftwaffe</i> lost 2,422+ aircraft in the Mediterranean theatre from November 1942 – May 1943 (41 per cent of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1995ch_10_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1995ch_10-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 1,045 aircraft were destroyed; from 22 to 30 November 1942, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> flew 1,084 sorties losing 63 aircraft, including 21 destroyed on the ground. The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Aeronautica</i></span> recorded the loss of four.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1 to 12 December, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> flew 1,000 sorties and lost 37 aircraft, including nine on the ground, while the Italians recorded the loss of ten more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 13 to 26 December, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> flew 1,030 sorties and lost 17 aircraft, while the Italians lost three.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> lost 47 aeroplanes; <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Aeronautica</i></span> losses are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 18 January to 13 February, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> lost another 100 aircraft but Italian losses are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 14 February to 28 March, 136 German aeroplanes were lost and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Regia Aeronautica</i></span> lost 22 more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 29 March to 21 April, 270 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> aeroplanes were destroyed and 46 "operational aircraft and almost their entire remaining air transport fleet" was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 22 April until the end, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftwaffe</i></span> lost 273 aircraft; 42 bombers, 166 fighters, 52 transport aircraft, 13 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Storch</i></span> observation aircraft and the Italians recorded the loss of 17 aeroplanes; 600+ aircraft were captured by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of British military equipment of World War II">List of British military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of French military equipment of World War II">List of French military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">List of German military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">List of Italian Army equipment in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Victory" title="Tunisian Victory">Tunisian Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II Battles">List of World War II Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Army_Africa" title="Panzer Army Africa">Panzer Army Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Service_Units" title="Italian Service Units">Italian Service Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Naval_Bases_North_Africa" title="US Naval Bases North Africa">US Naval Bases North Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2/3 of the combat troops and 1/3 of the support troops were Germans<sup id="cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operational tanks only<sup id="cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">183 lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a>, 6 lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a>, 40 lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">Battle of El Guettar</a>, 16 lost in Operation Oxhead (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf">Operation Ochsenkopf</a>), at least 51 lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Battle of the Mareth Line</a>, 32 lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Battle of Wadi Akarit</a>, 12 lost in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vulcan">Operation Vulcan</a> and several more lost in minor battles.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitcham lists the following tank losses with no upper limit and no noted losses to mechanical breakdowns. 34 (20 German, 14 Italian) lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a>, 55 (40 German, 15 Italian) lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Battle of Medenine</a>, 45 (mostly German) lost in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">Battle of El Guettar</a>, 71 (all German) lost in Operation Oxhead (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf">Operation Ochsenkopf</a>) and 200+ operational tanks (mostly German) lost in actions after March 9. Mitcham also notes that a very large number of tanks were not operational at the time due to previous mechanical issues; for instance, by April 22, only 45% of German tanks were operational, with the rest confined to workshops. Therefore the actual number of tanks lost after March 9 is possibly around 450 rather than 200.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the event, Anderson and Cunningham, the naval commander, expressed the view that without landings east of Algiers, the race for <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> was lost before it started.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower, when accepting the Combined Chiefs' ruling, pointed out that the decision not to land east of Algiers removed the early capture of Tunis "from the realm of the probable to the remotely possible".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Previously von Broich battlegroup, renamed after a change of command</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2007" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Jenny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/royal-artillery.php">"Royal Artillery"</a>. <i>Newfoundland Heritage Web Site</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newfoundland+Heritage+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Royal+Artillery&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Froyal-artillery.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84670">"Tunisian Campaign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisian+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FE84670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitcham78-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham78_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitcham, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitcham, pp. 56 to 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, Winston. "The Hinges of Fate: The Second World War, Volume IV". Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950. Page 697, quoting a telegram from General Alexander on 12 May 1943: "It appears that we have taken over 1,000 guns, of which 180 are <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">88-mm</a>, 250 tanks and many thousands of motor vehicles, most of which are operational".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsley, pp. 472–473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair239-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair239_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair239_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsley, p. 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsley, p. 493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsley, pp. 495–496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117–119-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004117–119_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 117–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004171-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004171_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19462_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsley, p. 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenhower, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson60-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson60_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson60_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19464–6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19464–6_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19466_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), pp. 19–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), pp. 23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 62–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford (1999), pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19467-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19467_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19468_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson68-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson68_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson68_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson77-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson77_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson77_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson19469-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson19469_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. James Burgwyn, <i>Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943</i>, p.277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson_2007,_p._82-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2007,_p._82_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2007,_p._82_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 89–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair304-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair304_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair304_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair305-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Playfair305_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 315–316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 307–311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2007), pp. 121, 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–342-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004337–342_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 337–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair326-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Playfair326_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair327-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair327_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Playfair327_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194610_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrett139-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perrett139_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrett (2012) pp 139-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolf152-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolf152_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolf152_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf (2001) pp 152-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson p 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windrow-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Windrow_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Windrow p 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194611_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194612_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194613-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194613_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson194614-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson194614_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1946">Anderson 1946</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacchini2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Facchini, Pierivo (2010). <i>La Campagna di Tunisia 1942-1943</i> (in Italian). Rome: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/886134447X" title="Special:BookSources/886134447X"><bdi>886134447X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Campagna+di+Tunisia+1942-1943&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Edizioni+Nuova+Cultura&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=886134447X&rft.aulast=Facchini&rft.aufirst=Pierivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeefner2010101-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeefner2010101_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeefner2010">Heefner 2010</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2012-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2012_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2012">Williamson 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewarillustrated.info/156/i-was-there-how-von-arnim-surrendered-at-last.asp">I Was There! - How Von Arnim Surrendered at Last</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106044122/http://www.thewarillustrated.info/156/i-was-there-how-von-arnim-surrendered-at-last.asp">Archived</a> 2009-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_War_Illustrated" title="The War Illustrated">The War Illustrated</a>, June 11, 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2008133-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaforce2008133_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelaforce2008">Delaforce 2008</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1995322-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1995322_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray1995">Murray 1995</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westrate (1944), pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004537_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2004">Atkinson 2004</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiber20171109-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchreiber20171109_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchreiber2017">Schreiber 2017</a>, p. 1109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004461-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004461_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004536-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2004536_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2004">Atkinson 2004</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004179_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004186_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004189_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004278_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004284_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004355_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004401_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair2004460–461_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair2004">Playfair 2004</a>, pp. 460–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1995ch_10-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz1995ch_10_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1995">Glantz 1995</a>, ch 10.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramides2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abramides, John A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509091852/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Battle-Sidi-Nsir-Personal-ebook/dp/B005T2XBJ6">"Battle of Sidi Nsir a Personal Account"</a>. <i>Royal Hampshire Regiment Journal</i>. Winchester: The Regiment. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221485318">221485318</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Battle-Sidi-Nsir-Personal-ebook/dp/B005T2XBJ6">the original</a> on 2013-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Hampshire+Regiment+Journal&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Sidi+Nsir+a+Personal+Account&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221485318&rft.aulast=Abramides&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FBattle-Sidi-Nsir-Personal-ebook%2Fdp%2FB005T2XBJ6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1993" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Charles R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917183639/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm"><i>Tunisia 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943</i></a>. WWII Campaigns. CMH Pub 72-12. <a href="/wiki/Fort_McNair" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort McNair">Fort McNair</a>, Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-038106-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-038106-1"><bdi>0-16-038106-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/tunisia/tunisia.htm">the original</a> on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunisia+17+November+1942+to+13+May+1943&rft.place=Fort+McNair%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=WWII+Campaigns&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-16-038106-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Ftunisia%2Ftunisia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1946" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Anderson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)">Anderson, Lt.-General Kenneth</a> (1946). <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">"Official despatch by Kenneth Anderson, GOC-in-C First Army covering events in NW Africa, 8 November 1942 – 13 May 1943"</a>. <i>London Gazette</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0374-3721">0374-3721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Official+despatch+by+Kenneth+Anderson%2C+GOC-in-C+First+Army+covering+events+in+NW+Africa%2C+8+November+1942+%E2%80%93+13+May+1943&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0374-3721&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lt.-General+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37779/supplement/5449">"No. 37779"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 5 November 1946. pp. <span class="nowrap">5449–</span>5464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37779&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5449-%3C%2Fspan%3E5464&rft.date=1946-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37779%2Fsupplement%2F5449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Rick (2004) [2002]. <i>An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943</i>. Liberation Trilogy. Vol. I. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11636-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11636-9"><bdi>0-349-11636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+at+Dawn%3A+The+War+in+North+Africa%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.series=Liberation+Trilogy&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-349-11636-9&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter (ed.). <i>The History of World War II</i> (rev. ed.). London: Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-552-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-552-3"><bdi>1-85605-552-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85605-552-3&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaxland1977" class="citation book cs1">Blaxland, Gregory (1977). <i>The Plain Cook and the Great Showman: The First and Eighth Armies in North Africa</i>. London: Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0185-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7183-0185-4"><bdi>0-7183-0185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plain+Cook+and+the+Great+Showman%3A+The+First+and+Eighth+Armies+in+North+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kimber&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7183-0185-4&rft.aulast=Blaxland&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeva1990" class="citation book cs1">Ceva, Lucio (1990). "The North African Campaign 1940–43: A Reconsideration". In Gooch, John (ed.). <i>Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3369-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3369-0"><bdi>0-7146-3369-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+North+African+Campaign+1940%E2%80%9343%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.btitle=Decisive+Campaigns+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7146-3369-0&rft.aulast=Ceva&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvaja2001" class="citation book cs1">Corvaja, Santi (2001). <i>Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings</i>. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-92963-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-92963-100-6"><bdi>1-92963-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+%26+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+Meetings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-92963-100-6&rft.aulast=Corvaja&rft.aufirst=Santi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2008" class="citation book cs1">Delaforce, Patrick (2008) [1997]. <i>Monty's Marauders: The 4th and 8th Armoured Brigades in the Second World War</i> (Pen and Sword Military, Barnsley ed.). Brighton: Tom Donovan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-630-6"><bdi>978-1-84415-630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Marauders%3A+The+4th+and+8th+Armoured+Brigades+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Brighton&rft.edition=Pen+and+Sword+Military%2C+Barnsley&rft.pub=Tom+Donovan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-630-6&rft.aulast=Delaforce&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1999" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Ken (1999). <i>Battleaxe Division</i>. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1893-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1893-4"><bdi>0-7509-1893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleaxe+Division&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7509-1893-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1995" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (1995). "10". <i>When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</i>. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-071-7-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-071-7-X"><bdi>0-7006-071-7-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.series=Modern+War+Studies&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7006-071-7-X&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeefner2010" class="citation book cs1">Heefner, Wilson A. (2010). <i>Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr</i>. The American Military Experience. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82621-882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82621-882-7"><bdi>978-0-82621-882-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogface+Soldier%3A+The+Life+of+General+Lucian+K.+Truscott%2C+Jr.&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.series=The+American+Military+Experience&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-82621-882-7&rft.aulast=Heefner&rft.aufirst=Wilson+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsleyThomasRansomKnight1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Hinsley, F. H.</a>; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981). <i>British Intelligence in the Second World War, Its influence on Strategy and Operations</i>. Vol. II. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-630934-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-630934-2"><bdi>0-11-630934-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Intelligence+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+Its+influence+on+Strategy+and+Operations.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-11-630934-2&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Ransom%2C+C.+F.+G.&rft.au=Knight%2C+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E. R. (1999) [1997]. <i>Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe</i>. London: Arms & Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86019-995-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86019-995-X"><bdi>1-86019-995-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86019-995-X&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2007" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Richard (2007). <i>Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II</i>. Stroud: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-431-0"><bdi>978-1-86227-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Lions%3A+A+Biographical+Guide+to+the+Key+British+Generals+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-431-0&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2010" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel (2010). <i>Blitzkrieg No Longer: The German Wehrmacht in Battle, 1943</i>. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811742061" title="Special:BookSources/9780811742061"><bdi>9780811742061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg+No+Longer%3A+The+German+Wehrmacht+in+Battle%2C+1943&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780811742061&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1995" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson A. (1995). "The World at War, 1939–45". In Parker, Geoffrey (ed.). <i>Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79431-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79431-5"><bdi>0-521-79431-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+World+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Warfare&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-79431-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span>O'Hara, Vince (2015). <i>TORCH: North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory</i> Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1612518237</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> 1966]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa</i>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8"><bdi>1-84574-068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-068-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roche, Jean P. (2006). "Question 19/05: French Surrender of Tunisia". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">148–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Question+19%2F05%3A+French+Surrender+of+Tunisia&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Jean+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726133335/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/bizerte/bizerte-fm.htm"><i>To Bizerte with the II Corps 23 April to 13 May 1943</i></a>. American Forces in Action Series. Washington D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. 1990 [1943]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835824109">835824109</a>. CMH Pub 100-6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/bizerte/bizerte-fm.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Bizerte+with+the+II+Corps+23+April+to+13+May+1943&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=American+Forces+in+Action+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F835824109&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fbizerte%2Fbizerte-fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett2012" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (2012). <i>Last Stand: Famous Battles Against The Odds</i>. Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780225265" title="Special:BookSources/9781780225265"><bdi>9781780225265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Stand%3A+Famous+Battles+Against+The+Odds&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780225265&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf2001" class="citation book cs1">Rolf, David (2001). <i>The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 – May 1943</i>. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853674457" title="Special:BookSources/9781853674457"><bdi>9781853674457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloody+Road+to+Tunis%3A+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+North+Africa%2C+November+1942+%E2%80%93+May+1943&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781853674457&rft.aulast=Rolf&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schreiber" title="Gerhard Schreiber">Schreiber, Gerhard</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany-and-the-second-world-war-set-of-9-volumes-in-11-parts-edited-by-the-mili/8%20Germany%20and%20the%20Second%20World%20War.%20Volume%20VIII%2C%20-The%20Eastern%20Front%201943-1944%20-%20The%20war%20in%20the%20East%20and%20on%20the%20neighbouring%20fronts%20by%20Karl-Heinz%20Frieser%2C%20Klaus%20Schmider%20%5Bde%5D%2C%20Klaus%20Sch%C3%B6nhe/page/1100">"The End of the North African Campaign and the War in Italy, 1943 to 1945"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a></i>. Vol. VIII, The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Translated by Barry Smerin; Barbara Wilson. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1100–</span>1163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+North+African+Campaign+and+the+War+in+Italy%2C+1943+to+1945&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1100-%3C%2Fspan%3E1163&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany-and-the-second-world-war-set-of-9-volumes-in-11-parts-edited-by-the-mili%2F8%2520Germany%2520and%2520the%2520Second%2520World%2520War.%2520Volume%2520VIII%252C%2520-The%2520Eastern%2520Front%25201943-1944%2520-%2520The%2520war%2520in%2520the%2520East%2520and%2520on%2520the%2520neighbouring%2520fronts%2520by%2520Karl-Heinz%2520Frieser%252C%2520Klaus%2520Schmider%2520%255Bde%255D%252C%2520Klaus%2520Sch%25C3%25B6nhe%2Fpage%2F1100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) [1999]. <i>Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942–43</i>. Stackpole Military History. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3381-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3381-6"><bdi>978-0-8117-3381-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exit+Rommel%3A+The+Tunisian+Campaign%2C+1942%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.series=Stackpole+Military+History&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3381-6&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2012" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Gordon (2012). <i>Afrikakorps 1941–43</i>. Elite. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-982-4"><bdi>978-1-78096-982-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikakorps+1941%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Elite&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-982-4&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Windrow" title="Martin Windrow">Windrow, Martin</a> (1972). <i>Luftwaffe Airborne and Field Units</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451146" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451146"><bdi>9780850451146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+Airborne+and+Field+Units&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780850451146&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunisian+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_campaign&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tunisia_in_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tunisia in World War II">Tunisia in World War II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNgqgZKLbU8"><span class="plainlinks">The last phases of the Tunisian campaign in an Italian newsreel</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117092602/http://www.greenhowards.org.uk/bill-cheall/cheall10.htm">The Green Howards Regimental History, – Bill Cheall's Story</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishbrigade.co.uk">The Irish Brigade: 38th (Irish) Brigade at Bou Arada and Medjez el-Bab, January–April 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.38951">Tunisian campaign</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/royal-artillery.php">The 166th (Newfoundland) Field Artillery Regiment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occupation_of_France_and_its_colonies_by_the_Axis_powers168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupation_of_France" title="Template:Occupation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupation_of_France" title="Template talk:Occupation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occupation_of_France_and_its_colonies_by_the_Axis_powers168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupation of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">its colonies</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Military Administration in France</a> <ul><li><i>zone occupée/nord</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–4)</span></li> <li><i>zone sud</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942–4)</span></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium and Northern France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Military Administration</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–4)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Reichskommissariat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine#World_War_II" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Gau Westmark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Oberrhein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Oberrhein (page does not exist)">Reichsgau Oberrhein</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite" title="Zone interdite">Zone interdite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> coastal zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">settlement zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Mainland France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thai occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Battambang and Sisophon (Cambodia)</a></li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War"> </a><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Luang Prabang and Champasak (Laos)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">Zone libre</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France984" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France984" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie#Extradition,_trial_and_death" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table 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