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<li id="toc-Calcium_silicate_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcium_silicate_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Calcium silicate boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcium_silicate_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brake_linings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brake_linings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brake linings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brake_linings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roof_and_floor_screeds_and_insulating_concretes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roof_and_floor_screeds_and_insulating_concretes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Roof and floor screeds and insulating concretes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roof_and_floor_screeds_and_insulating_concretes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soilless_growing_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soilless_growing_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Soilless growing medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soilless_growing_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seed_germination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed_germination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Seed germination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed_germination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Root_crop_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_crop_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Root crop storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Root_crop_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_conditioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_conditioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Soil conditioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_conditioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_loose-fill_insulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_loose-fill_insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>As loose-fill insulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_loose-fill_insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refractory/Insulation_gunning_and_castable_mixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refractory/Insulation_gunning_and_castable_mixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Refractory/Insulation gunning and castable mixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refractory/Insulation_gunning_and_castable_mixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Fire protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_temperature_coating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_temperature_coating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>High temperature coating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_temperature_coating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Waste treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_manufacture_of_exfoliated_vermiculite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_manufacture_of_exfoliated_vermiculite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial manufacture of exfoliated vermiculite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_manufacture_of_exfoliated_vermiculite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asbestos_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asbestos_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Asbestos contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asbestos_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy over health risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermiculite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikuliet" title="Vermikuliet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vermikuliet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="فيرميكوليت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرميكوليت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Вермікуліт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вермікуліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculita" title="Vermiculita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vermiculita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculit" title="Vermiculit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vermiculit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikuliit" title="Vermikuliit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vermikuliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculita" title="Vermiculita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vermiculita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculita" title="Vermiculita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vermiculita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ورمیکولیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورمیکولیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vermiculite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirmicil%C3%ADt" title="Veirmicilít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirmicilít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculita" title="Vermiculita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vermiculita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%84%9D" title="질석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Վերմիկուլիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերմիկուլիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vermiculite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="ורמיקוליט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורמיקוליט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვერმიკულიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერმიკულიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вермикулит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вермикулит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вермикулит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вермикулит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculiet" title="Vermiculiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vermiculiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="バーミキュライト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーミキュライト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulitt" title="Vermikulitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vermikulitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculitt" title="Vermiculitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vermiculitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermikulit" title="Wermikulit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wermikulit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculita" title="Vermiculita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vermiculita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вермикулит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вермикулит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vermiculite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вермикулит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вермикулит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikuliitti" title="Vermikuliitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vermikuliitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermikulit" title="Vermikulit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vermikulit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Вермикулит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вермикулит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hydrous phyllosilicate mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Vermiculite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VermiculiteUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VermiculiteUSGOV.jpg/260px-VermiculiteUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/VermiculiteUSGOV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">Phyllosilicates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Mg,Fe<sup>2+</sup>,Fe<sup>3+</sup>)<sub>3</sub>[(Al,Si)<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>](OH)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vrm<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.EC.50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prismatic (2/m)<br /><small>(same <a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>C2/m</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 5.24 Å, b = 9.17 Å <br />c = 28.6 Å; β = 94.6°; Z = 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless, white, yellow, green, brown, black</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">As large crystalline plates to clay-sized particles; lamellar to scaley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perfect on {001}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pliable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5–2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Greasy or vitreous (pearly at cleavage planes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White or yellowish, translucent, shiny, light-brown or greenish in color, in some cases. For example, palabora vermuculite.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.4–2.7 (0.065–0.130 when exfoliated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (−)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>α</sub> = 1.525 – 1.561 n<sub>β</sub> = 1.545 – 1.581 n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.545 – 1.581</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">X in paler shades than Y and Z</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vermiculite</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals#Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">phyllosilicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> which undergoes significant expansion when heated. <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_(chemistry)" title="Exfoliation (chemistry)">Exfoliation</a> occurs when the mineral is heated sufficiently; commercial furnaces can routinely produce this effect. Vermiculite forms by the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_alteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal alteration">hydrothermal alteration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large commercial vermiculite mines exist in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermiculite was first described in 1824 for an occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Millbury,_Massachusetts" title="Millbury, Massachusetts">Millbury, Massachusetts</a>. Its name is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vermiculare</i></span>, "to breed worms", for the manner in which it <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">exfoliates</a> when heated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mindat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It typically occurs as an alteration product at the contact between <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">dunites</a>. It also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Associated mineral phases include: <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">serpentine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>. It occurs interlayered with <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, biotite and phlogopite.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermiculite is a 2:1 <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, meaning it has two <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> sheets for every one <a href="/wiki/Octahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral">octahedral</a> sheet. It is a limited-expansion clay with a medium <a href="/wiki/Shrink%E2%80%93swell_capacity" title="Shrink–swell capacity">shrink–swell capacity</a>. Vermiculite has a high <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation-exchange capacity</a> (CEC) at 100–150 <a href="/wiki/Meq" class="mw-redirect" title="Meq">meq</a>/100 g. Vermiculite clays are weathered <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ions between the <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> sheets are replaced by magnesium and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vermiculite" title="Special:EditPage/Vermiculite">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vermiculite%22">"Vermiculite"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vermiculite%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vermiculite%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vermiculite%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vermiculite%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vermiculite%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermiculite-362652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vermiculite-362652.jpg/220px-Vermiculite-362652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vermiculite-362652.jpg/330px-Vermiculite-362652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vermiculite-362652.jpg/440px-Vermiculite-362652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Vermiculite from Paakkila, <a href="/wiki/Tuusniemi" title="Tuusniemi">Tuusniemi</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molded_shapes">Molded shapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Molded shapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This process involves mixing exfoliated vermiculite with inorganic bonding agents such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicate</a>, cement (specific quantities), and other compounds, such as those containing potassium,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to produce an 'earth damp' mixture. This material is then hydraulically pressed into shape in a mold and then heat cured at temperatures up to 180 °C for up to 24 hours, depending upon the thickness of the moulded part. Such parts can withstand service temperatures of up to 1150 °C and are often used in the aluminium smelting industry as back-up insulation behind the carbon cathode in the pot cells which contain the molten mixture of cryolite and alumina. The moulded shapes and boards are used in: </p> <ul><li>Open fireplaces</li> <li>High-temperature or <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> insulation</li> <li>Acoustic panels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a> of structural <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">pipes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcium_silicate_boards">Calcium silicate boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calcium silicate boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exfoliated vermiculite is added to a <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> slurry. This is then dewatered by pressing or by using one of the Fourdriner/Magnani/Hatschek processes to form a flat board which is then heat cured under pressure (typically 10–15 bar) for periods of up to 24 hours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brake_linings">Brake linings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brake linings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finer grades of exfoliated vermiculite are being used in <a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">brake linings</a> primarily for the automotive market. The properties of vermiculite that make it an appropriate choice for use in brake linings include its thermal resistance, ease of addition to other raw materials to achieve a homogeneous mix, and its shape and surface characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roof_and_floor_screeds_and_insulating_concretes">Roof and floor screeds and insulating concretes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roof and floor screeds and insulating concretes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthophyllite,_Vermiculite-362648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg/220px-Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg/330px-Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg/440px-Anthophyllite%2C_Vermiculite-362648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Anthophyllite, Vermiculite</figcaption></figure> <p>Exfoliated vermiculite (typically the finer grades) can be added at site to <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> and other aggregates, <a href="/wiki/Rheological" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheological">rheological</a> aids, and water to produce roof and floor concrete <a href="/wiki/Screed" title="Screed">screeds</a> which are lightweight and insulating. In many cases, vermiculite-based roof screeds are used in conjunction with other insulation materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> board, to form a total roofing system. A <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bituminous</a> binder can also be used with exfoliated vermiculite to produce a dry, lightweight roof screed which has the advantages of low thermal conductivity, low moisture content, and ease of placement (by pouring from the bag and then tamping).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soilless_growing_medium">Soilless growing medium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soilless growing medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exfoliated vermiculite is combined with other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> or composted pine bark to produce soilless growing medium for the professional horticulturalist and for the home gardener. These mixes promote faster root growth and give quick anchorage to young roots. The mixture helps retain air, fertilizer, and moisture, releasing them as the plant requires them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mixes were pioneered by Boodley and Sheldrake. Exfoliated vermiculite is also used as a growing medium for <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seed_germination">Seed germination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seed germination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermiculite, alone or mixed with soil or peat, is used to <a href="/wiki/Seed_germination" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed germination">germinate seeds</a>; very little watering is required. When vermiculite is used alone, <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> should be fed with a weak fertilizer solution when the first true leaves appear, e.g. with one teaspoon of 5-10-5 <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> per US gallon of water (1:768 ratio), gradually increased to one tablespoon (1:256 ratio) when transplanting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_crop_storage">Root crop storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Root crop storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pour vermiculite around bulbs placed in container. If clumps are dug, allow to dry for a few hours in the sun and then place in cartons or bushel baskets and cover with vermiculite. The absorptive power of vermiculite acts as a regulator that prevents <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> and moisture fluctuation during the storage period. It will not absorb moisture from the inside of stored tubers, but it does take up free water from the outside, preventing storage rot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_conditioner">Soil conditioner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soil conditioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where the native soil is heavy or sticky, gentle mixing of vermiculite as a <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a>—up to one-half the volume of the soil—is recommended. This creates air channels and allows the soil mix to breathe. Mixing vermiculite in flower and vegetable gardens or in <a href="/wiki/Flowerpot" title="Flowerpot">potted</a> plants will provide the necessary air to maintain vigorous plant growth. Where soils are sandy, mixing of vermiculite into the soil will allow the soil to hold the water and air needed for growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_loose-fill_insulation">As loose-fill insulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As loose-fill insulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exfoliated vermiculite treated with a water repellent is used to fill the pores and cavities of masonry construction and hollow blockwork to enhance fire ratings (e.g. Underwriters Laboratories Wall and Partition designs), <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>, and acoustic performance. Expanded vermiculite has also been used as thermal insulation in the attics and walls of houses and in water heaters, fire safes, stoves, furnaces, and refrigerators.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refractory/Insulation_gunning_and_castable_mixes"><span id="Refractory.2FInsulation_gunning_and_castable_mixes"></span>Refractory/Insulation gunning and castable mixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Refractory/Insulation gunning and castable mixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exfoliated vermiculite can be combined with high <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_aluminates" title="Calcium aluminates">calcium aluminate</a>) cements and other aggregates such as expanded <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicate</a> to produce refractory/insulation concretes and mortars. In the early days of their use, these products were batched at or very close to the place of installation. This continues to be the case in some limited circumstances; however, more and more use is being made of pre-batched, proprietary mixes. Mixes containing vermiculite are used in areas where strength and corrosion/abrasion resistance are of secondary importance, the most important factor being the insulation performance of the in-place <a href="/wiki/Refractory_lining" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractory lining">refractory lining</a>. These mixes are used in industries including iron/steel, cement, and hydrocarbon processing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_protection">Fire protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fire protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png/220px-Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png/330px-Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png/440px-Vermiculite_board_fireproofing_003.png 2x" data-file-width="14755" data-file-height="8300" /></a><figcaption>Vermiculite board used for <a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">ductwork</a> fireproofing</figcaption></figure> <p>Vermiculite is used as an additive to fireproof <a href="/wiki/Wallboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallboard">wallboard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_temperature_coating">High temperature coating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: High temperature coating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermiculite dispersions are typically either chemically or physically very finely delaminated vermiculite in a fluid medium. These dispersions can be used to make vermiculite 'paper' sheets by pouring them onto a piece of smooth, low surface-energy plastic, and allowing to dry. The resulting sheet can then be peeled off the plastic. Typical end-uses for vermiculite dispersions include inclusion in high temperature coatings or binders for construction materials, gaskets, specialty papers/textiles, oxidation-resistant coating on carbon based composites, and as barrier coatings for films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_treatment">Waste treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Waste treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation exchange capacity</a> (up to 1,000 milliequivalents per kg) of vermiculite allows it to be used in fluid purification processes for waste water, chemical processing, and the pollution-control of air in mines and gases in industrial processes. In addition to its ion exchange properties, exfoliated vermiculite can retain liquids within the inter-laminar voids of the individual particles, as well as between the particles themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As a packing material, valued for its high absorbency.</li> <li>As a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> for various animals and/or a medium for <a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation" title="Egg incubation">incubation of eggs</a>.</li> <li>As a lightweight aggregate for <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, proprietary <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> compounds, <a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">firestop</a> mortar, and cementitious spray fireproofing: Exfoliated vermiculite is used in both hand and spray-applied general building plasters to improve coverage, ease of handling, adhesion to a wide variety of substrates, fire resistance, and resistance to chipping/cracking/shrinkage.</li> <li>As a component of the interior fill for <a href="/wiki/Firestop_pillow" title="Firestop pillow">firestop pillows</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.</li> <li>As a carrier for dry handling and slow release of agricultural chemicals.</li> <li>As a <i>hot topping</i>: both exfoliated and crude vermiculite have been used for <i>hot topping</i> in the steel industry. When poured onto molten metal, crude vermiculite exfoliates immediately and forms an insulating layer, allowing the material to be transported to the next production process without losing too much heat.</li> <li>Used to permit <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">slow cooling</a> of hot pieces in <a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">glassblowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampwork">lampwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">steelwork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">glass beadmaking</a>.</li> <li>Used in in-ground swimming pools to provide a smooth pool base: Finer grades of exfoliated vermiculite plus Portland cement may be combined either on-site or in a factory premix to provide a base for swimming pool vinyl liners. These mixes are pumped into place using a rotor stator pump, or hand poured.</li> <li>Used in commercial <a href="/wiki/Hand_warmer" title="Hand warmer">hand warmers</a>.</li> <li>Used in <a href="/wiki/AGA_cooker" title="AGA cooker">AGA cookers</a> as insulation.</li> <li>Used in explosives storage as a blast mitigant.</li> <li>Used to absorb hazardous liquids for solid disposal.</li> <li>Used in gas fireplaces to simulate embers.</li> <li>Used as part of a substrate for cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_manufacture_of_exfoliated_vermiculite">Commercial manufacture of exfoliated vermiculite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commercial manufacture of exfoliated vermiculite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005vermiculite.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005vermiculite.PNG/220px-2005vermiculite.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005vermiculite.PNG/330px-2005vermiculite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005vermiculite.PNG/440px-2005vermiculite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Vermiculite output in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2014, South Africa, Brazil, the US, and China were the top producers of mined, concentrated and unexfoliated vermiculite, with about 90% world share. South Africa's production is decreasing, while Brazil's is significantly increasing. </p><p>While some end processors and exfoliators of vermiculite specialize, with proprietary products sold in a wide variety of industries, some have more varied end products, with less stringent technical requirements. Some vermiculite exfoliators blend with lower-cost <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a> also. Vermiculite exfoliators have an international trade association called <i>The Vermiculite Association</i> to represent the industry's interests and to exchange information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asbestos_contamination">Asbestos contamination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Asbestos contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not all vermiculite contains <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, some products were made with vermiculite that contained asbestos until the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-CCOHS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCOHS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermiculite mines throughout the world are now regularly tested for it and are supposed to sell products that contain no asbestos. The former vermiculite mine in <a href="/wiki/Libby,_Montana" title="Libby, Montana">Libby, Montana</a>, did have <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a> asbestos as well as <a href="/wiki/Winchite" title="Winchite">winchite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richterite" title="Richterite">richterite</a> (both fibrous <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a>)—in fact, it was formed underground through essentially the same geologic processes as the contaminants. </p><p>Pure vermiculite does not contain asbestos and is non-toxic. Impure vermiculite may contain, apart from asbestos, also minor <a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">diopside</a> or remnants of the precursor minerals <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_over_health_risks">Controversy over health risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversy over health risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest and oldest vermiculite mine in the United States was started in the 1920s, at <a href="/wiki/Libby,_Montana" title="Libby, Montana">Libby, Montana</a>, and the vermiculite was sold under the commercial name Zonolite. The Zonolite brand and the mine were acquired by the <a href="/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company" title="W. R. Grace and Company">W. R. Grace and Company</a> in 1963. Mining operations at the Libby site stopped in 1990 in response to asbestos contamination. While in operation, the Libby mine may have produced 80% of the world's supply of vermiculite.<sup id="cite_ref-epasuperbackg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epasuperbackg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States government estimates that vermiculite was used in more than 35 million homes, but does not recommend its removal. Nevertheless, homes or structures containing vermiculite or vermiculite insulation dating from before the mid-1990s—and especially those known to contain the "Zonolite" brand—may contain asbestos, and therefore may be a health concern. </p><p>An article published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i> on December 3, 2006, reported that vermiculite and Zonolite had been found to contain asbestos, which had led to cancers such as those found in asbestos-related cases. The article stated that there had been a cover-up by W. R. Grace and Company and others regarding the health risks associated with vermiculite and that several sites in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley" title="Salt Lake Valley">Salt Lake Valley</a> had been remediated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> when they were shown to be contaminated with asbestos. W. R. Grace and Company has vigorously denied these charges.<sup id="cite_ref-sltrib_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sltrib-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vermiculite deposit at the mine in Libby, Montana, was (and is) heavily contaminated with asbestos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous people were knowingly<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exposed to the harmful dust of vermiculite that contained asbestos. Unfortunately, the mine had been operating since the 1920s, and environmental and industrial controls were virtually non-existent until the mine was purchased by the W. R. Grace and Company in 1963. Yet, knowing the human health risks, the mining company still continued to operate there until 1990. Consequently, many of the former miners and residents of Libby have been affected and continue to suffer health problems. Over 400 people in the town have died from asbestos-related disease due to contamination from vermiculite mining from nearby Zonolite Mountain, where soil samples were found to be loaded with fibrous <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a> (known to be a very hazardous form of asbestos), and countless others there who insulated their homes with Zonolite have succumbed to asbestos-related diseases, most of whom never were employed in environments where asbestos was an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a 1999 <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i> story claimed that asbestos-related disease was common in the town, the EPA, in response to political pressure, made cleanup of the site a priority and called Libby the worst case of community-wide exposure to a toxic substance in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-spinews_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinews-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epasuper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epasuper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EPA has spent $120 million in <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> money on cleanup.<sup id="cite_ref-epasuper_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epasuper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2006, W. R. Grace and Company tried to appeal the fines ($54.5 million) levied on them from the EPA, but the Supreme Court rejected the appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> pursued criminal charges against several former executives and managers of the mine for allegedly disregarding and covering up health risks to employees.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also accused of wire fraud, and of obstructing the government's cleanup efforts. As of the indictment date, about 1,200 residents of the Libby area had been identified as suffering from some kind of asbestos-related abnormality.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoj_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoj-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case ended in acquittals on May 8, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-wpost_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpost-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 17, 2009, the EPA issued a public health emergency in and near Libby, thereby allowing federal agencies to provide funding for health care, and for removal of contaminated insulation from affected homes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> – Carcinogenic fibrous silicate mineral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a> – Natural fiber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a> – Lightweight aggregate made by heating clay at high temperature in a rotary kiln</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a> – Rendering something (structures, materials, etc.) resistant to fire, or incombustible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a> – Seal around openings in a fire-resistance-rated wall or floor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a> – List of minerals with Wikipedia articles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a> – Component or system to passively prevent the spread of fire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">Perlite</a> – Amorphous volcanic glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a> – Broad range of building and sculpture materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Sodium silicate</a> – Hygroscopic chemical compound of variable Na2O/SiO2 ratio precursor of waterglass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a> – Genus of mosses, peat moss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot gardening</a> – Method of divided garden beds</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermiculite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/vermiculite.pdf">http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/vermiculite.pdf</a> Handbook of Mineralogy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mindat_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-4170.html">http://www.mindat.org/min-4170.html</a> Mindat.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Barthelmy" class="citation web cs1">Dave Barthelmy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Vermiculite.shtml#.VP7YANK3sbg">"Vermiculite Mineral Data"</a>. <i>webmineral.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webmineral.com&rft.atitle=Vermiculite+Mineral+Data&rft.au=Dave+Barthelmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmineral.com%2Fdata%2FVermiculite.shtml%23.VP7YANK3sbg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermiculite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb,_Thomas_H.1824" class="citation cs2">Webb, Thomas H. 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Evidentiary Ruling Goes Against Grace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. pp. D05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Asbestos+Evidentiary+Ruling+Goes+Against+Grace&rft.pages=D05&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F12%2FAR2007071201799.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermiculite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Kirk (2009-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/19/us/19asbestos.html">"Ex-Grace Officials on Trial in Asbestos Poisoning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. pp. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Grace+Officials+on+Trial+in+Asbestos+Poisoning&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F19%2Fus%2F19asbestos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermiculite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC_News" class="citation web cs1">ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=7539715">"U.S. News – National News"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+%E2%80%93+National+News&rft.au=ABC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D7539715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermiculite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, Cornelia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/science/earth/18libby.html">U.S. Cites Emergency in Asbestos-Poisoned Town</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 18, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vermiculite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vermiculite.org/">The Vermiculite Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/vermiculite-statistics-and-information#myb">US Geological Survey Vermiculite Section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/asbestos">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/archives/W.R.GracePetition(Apr.27,2006).pdf">Petition for writ of certiorari to U.S. Supreme Court (April 27, 2006)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563256">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vermikulit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph468055&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33601">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phyllosilicates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output 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title="Balestraite (page does not exist)">Balestraite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bityite" title="Bityite">Bityite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">Biotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boromuscovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boromuscovite (page does not exist)">Boromuscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bramallite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bramallite (page does not exist)">Bramallite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celadonite" title="Celadonite">Celadonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernykhite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernykhite (page does not exist)">Chernykhite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromphyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromphyllite (page does not exist)">Chromphyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonite" title="Clintonite">Clintonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastonite (page does not exist)">Eastonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesite" title="Ephesite">Ephesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroaluminoceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroaluminoceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroaluminoceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferroceladonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferroceladonite (page does not exist)">Ferroceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorannite (page does not exist)">Fluorannite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorokinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorokinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Fluorokinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mica#Substitutes" title="Mica">Fluorophlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorotetraferriphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorotetraferriphlogopite (page does not exist)">Fluorotetraferriphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmite (page does not exist)">Garmite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">Glauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorbunovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorbunovite (page does not exist)">Gorbunovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendricksite" title="Hendricksite">Hendricksite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">Illite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinoshitalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinoshitalite (page does not exist)">Kinoshitalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">Lepidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luanshiweiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luanshiweiite (page does not exist)">Luanshiweiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiceladonite" title="Manganiceladonite">Manganiceladonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarite" title="Margarite">Margarite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masutomilite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masutomilite (page does not exist)">Masutomilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montdorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montdorite (page does not exist)">Montdorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">Muscovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanpingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanpingite (page does not exist)">Nanpingite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrishite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norrishite (page does not exist)">Norrishite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlovite (page does not exist)">Orlovite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxyphlogopite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxyphlogopite (page does not exist)">Oxyphlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonite" title="Paragonite">Paragonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phengite" title="Phengite">Phengite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">Phlogopite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylithionite">Polylithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preiswerkite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preiswerkite (page does not exist)">Preiswerkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoelite" title="Roscoelite">Roscoelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderophyllite" title="Siderophyllite">Siderophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suhailite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suhailite (page does not exist)">Suhailite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tainiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tainiolite (page does not exist)">Tainiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraferriannite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraferriannite (page does not exist)">Tetraferriannite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilithionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilithionite">Trilithionite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voloshinite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voloshinite (page does not exist)">Voloshinite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wonesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wonesite (page does not exist)">Wonesite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangzhumingite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangzhumingite (page does not exist)">Yangzhumingite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talcs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesotaite" title="Minnesotaite">Minnesotaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willemseite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willemseite (page does not exist)">Willemseite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferripyrophyllite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferripyrophyllite (page does not exist)">Ferripyrophyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismutoferrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismutoferrite (page does not exist)">Bismutoferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickite" title="Dickite">Dickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloysite" title="Halloysite">Halloysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisingerite" title="Hisingerite">Hisingerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">Kaolinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacrite" title="Nacrite">Nacrite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_subgroup" title="Serpentine subgroup">Serpentines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesite" title="Amesite">Amesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigorite" title="Antigorite">Antigorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthierine" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthierine">Berthierine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brindleyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brindleyite (page does not exist)">Brindleyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopilite" title="Caryopilite">Caryopilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysotile" title="Chrysotile">Chrysotile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronstedtite" title="Cronstedtite">Cronstedtite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraipontite" title="Fraipontite">Fraipontite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenalite" title="Greenalite">Greenalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guidottiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guidottiite (page does not exist)">Guidottiite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kellyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kellyite (page does not exist)">Kellyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizardite" title="Lizardite">Lizardite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manandonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manandonite (page does not exist)">Manandonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9pouite" title="Népouite">Népouite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinite" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinite">Odinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecoraite" title="Pecoraite">Pecoraite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliettite" title="Aliettite">Aliettite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinrobertsite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinrobertsite (page does not exist)">Brinrobertsite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrensite (page does not exist)">Corrensite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dozyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dozyite (page does not exist)">Dozyite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrobiotite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrobiotite (page does not exist)">Hydrobiotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpinskite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpinskite (page does not exist)">Karpinskite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulkeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulkeite (page does not exist)">Kulkeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunijianlaite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunijianlaite (page does not exist)">Lunijianlaite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rectorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rectorite (page does not exist)">Rectorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliotite" title="Saliotite">Saliotite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosudite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosudite (page does not exist)">Tosudite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">Smectites</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">vermiculite</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beidellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beidellite (page does not exist)">Beidellite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrosaponite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrosaponite (page does not exist)">Ferrosaponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">Montmorillonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontronite" title="Nontronite">Nontronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponite" title="Saponite">Saponite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauconite" title="Sauconite">Sauconite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swinefordite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swinefordite (page does not exist)">Swinefordite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermiculite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkonskoite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkonskoite (page does not exist)">Volkonskoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakhontovite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakhontovite (page does not exist)">Yakhontovite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">Chlorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baileychlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Baileychlore">Baileychlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borocookeite" class="mw-redirect" title="Borocookeite">Borocookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamosite" title="Chamosite">Chamosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinochlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinochlore">Clinochlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookeite" title="Cookeite">Cookeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Donbassite">Donbassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonyerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonyerite">Gonyerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimite" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimite">Nimite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennantite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantite">Pennantite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudoite" title="Sudoite">Sudoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophane" title="Allophane">Allophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imogolite" title="Imogolite">Imogolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neotocite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neotocite (page does not exist)">Neotocite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcondoite" title="Falcondoite">Falcondoite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrisepiolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrisepiolite (page does not exist)">Ferrisepiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiolite" title="Sepiolite">Sepiolite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedelite" title="Friedelite">Friedelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mcgillite" title="Mcgillite">Mcgillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelenite" title="Nelenite">Nelenite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrosmalite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrosmalite (page does not exist)">Pyrosmalite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schallerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schallerite (page does not exist)">Schallerite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannisterite" title="Bannisterite">Bannisterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklinphilite" title="Franklinphilite">Franklinphilite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennilenapeite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennilenapeite (page does not exist)">Lennilenapeite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsettensite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsettensite (page does not exist)">Parsettensite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpnomelane" title="Stilpnomelane">Stilpnomelane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified</li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&oldid=1253184402">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vermiculite&oldid=1253184402</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aluminium_minerals" title="Category:Aluminium minerals">Aluminium minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asbestos" title="Category:Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li><li><a 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