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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ab_initio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ab_initio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ab initio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ab_initio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basic training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Advanced training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead-in_fighter_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead-in_fighter_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lead-in fighter training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead-in_fighter_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Operational conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-engine_trainers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-engine_trainers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Multi-engine trainers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-engine_trainers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_trainers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_trainers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Navigation trainers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_trainers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobatic_display_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobatic_display_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aerobatic display teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobatic_display_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_use_of_trainers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_use_of_trainers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Combat use of trainers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_use_of_trainers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trainer aircraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="طائرة تدريب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة تدريب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99lim_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99si" title="Təlim təyyarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təlim təyyarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3_d%27entrenament" title="Avió d'entrenament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avió d'entrenament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvi%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_letadlo" title="Cvičné letadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cvičné letadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulflugzeug" title="Schulflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schulflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εκπαιδευτικό αεροσκάφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκπαιδευτικό αεροσκάφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_de_entrenamiento" title="Avión de entrenamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avión de entrenamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="هواگرد آموزشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواگرد آموزشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_d%27entra%C3%AEnement" title="Avion d'entraînement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avion d'entraînement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%88%EB%A0%A8%EA%B8%B0" title="훈련기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="훈련기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="ट्रेनर (वायुयान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रेनर (वायुयान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kolski_zrakoplov" title="Školski zrakoplov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Školski zrakoplov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_latih" title="Pesawat latih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat latih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aereo_da_addestramento" title="Aereo da addestramento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aereo da addestramento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מטוס אימון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטוס אימון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_latihan" title="Pesawat latihan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat latihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesvliegtuig" title="Lesvliegtuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lesvliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%B4%E7%BF%92%E6%A9%9F" title="練習機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="練習機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treningsfly" title="Treningsfly – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Treningsfly" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samolot_szkolno-treningowy" title="Samolot szkolno-treningowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samolot szkolno-treningowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_de_treinamento" title="Avião de treinamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avião de treinamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_de_antrenament" title="Avion de antrenament – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avion de antrenament" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Учебный летательный аппарат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Учебный летательный аппарат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioni_i_trajnimit" title="Avioni i trajnimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Avioni i trajnimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_aircraft" title="Training aircraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Training aircraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvi%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_lietadlo" title="Cvičné lietadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cvičné lietadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0olsko_voja%C5%A1ko_letalo" title="Šolsko vojaško letalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šolsko vojaško letalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulutuslentokone" title="Koulutuslentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulutuslentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolflygplan" title="Skolflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skolflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Fitim_u%C3%A7a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Eğitim uçağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eğitim uçağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Навчально-тренувальний літак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Навчально-тренувальний літак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مشاق ہوائی جہاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشاق ہوائی جہاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_hu%E1%BA%A5n_luy%E1%BB%87n" title="Máy bay huấn luyện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy bay huấn luyện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%B7%B4%E6%A9%9F" title="教練機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_(aircraft)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainer (aircraft)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft designed for training of pilots and aircrew</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/300px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/450px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/600px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Grob G 120TP</a>, a trainer aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>trainer</b> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> designed specifically to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a> of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their skills in a more forgiving aircraft. </p><p>Civilian pilots are normally trained in a <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft" title="Light aircraft">light aircraft</a>, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tandem_and_side_by_side">Tandem and side by side</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tandem and side by side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg/220px-Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg/330px-Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg/440px-Valmet_L-90_Cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valmet_L-90" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmet L-90">Valmet L-90</a> cockpit showing its side-by-side seating</figcaption></figure> <p>The two seating configurations for trainer aircraft are: pilot and instructor side by side, or in tandem, usually with the pilot in front and the instructor behind. The <a href="/wiki/Side-by-side_seating" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-by-side seating">side-by-side seating</a> configuration has the advantage that the pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. </p><p>It is now the norm for pilots to begin their flight training in an aircraft with side-by-side seating and to progress to aircraft with tandem seating. This, however, has not always been the case. For example, it was usual to find tandem seating in biplane basic trainers such as the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">Tiger Moth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131" class="mw-redirect" title="Bücker Bü 131">Jungmann</a>, and the British used side-by-side seating in the operational conversion of some of its fast jets such as the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phases">Phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the expense of military pilot training, air forces typically conduct training in phases to eliminate unsuitable candidates. The cost to those air forces that do not follow a graduated training regimen is not just monetary but also in lives. For example, for many years the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> operated without a suitable advanced training aircraft, leading to a high casualty rate as pilots moved to high performance <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a> aircraft without suitable assessment of their aptitude for supersonic flight.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main areas for instruction, <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a> and operational training. In flight training a candidate seeks to develop their flying skills. In operational training the candidate learns to use their flying skills through simulated combat, attack and fighter techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ab_initio">Ab initio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ab initio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private,_G-BYMB,_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_(16825996625).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg/220px-Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg/330px-Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg/440px-Private%2C_G-BYMB%2C_Diamond_DA_20-C1_Katana_%2816825996625%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diamond_DA20" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond DA20">Diamond DA20</a>, a trainer aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>Typically, contemporary military pilots learn initial flying skills in a light aircraft not too dissimilar from civilian training aircraft. In this phase pilot candidates are screened for mental and physical attributes. Aircraft used for this purpose include the <a href="/wiki/Slingsby_T-67_Firefly" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingsby T-67 Firefly">Slingsby Firefly</a>, as at one time used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">Scottish Aviation Bulldogs</a> of the RAF. The U.S. replaced the Firefly and the Enhanced Flight Screen Program (EFSP) with the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_DA20" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond DA20">Diamond DA20</a> and the Initial Flight Training (IFT) program.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of this stage, pilot trainees are assessed and those who pass advance to the full pilot training program. Those who are judged unsuitable for a pilot commission, but show other attributes, may be offered the chance to qualify as navigators and weapons officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Training_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Training-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller and more financially restricted air forces may use <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aviation" title="Ultralight aviation">ultra-light aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">motor gliders</a> for this role. The USAF Academy uses light piston-powered aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR20" title="Cirrus SR20">Cirrus SR20</a> (designated T-53A) for basic cadet flight training.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_training">Basic training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the ab-initio phase a candidate may progress to basic, or primary, trainers. These are usually <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> trainers, like the <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-9" title="Pilatus PC-9">Pilatus PC-9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_312_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 312 Tucano">Embraer Tucano</a>. Modern turboprop trainers can replicate the handling characteristics of jet aircraft as well as having sufficient performance to assess a candidate's technical ability at an aircraft's controls, reaction speed and the ability to anticipate events. Prior to the availability of high performance turboprops, basic training was conducted with jet aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">BAC Jet Provost</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-37_Tweet" class="mw-redirect" title="T-37 Tweet">T-37 Tweet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fouga_Magister" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouga Magister">Fouga Magister</a>. Those candidates who are not suitable to continue training as fast jet pilots may be offered flying commissions and be trained to fly multi-engined aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Training_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Training-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_training">Advanced training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advanced training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg/220px-Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg/330px-Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg/440px-Yakovlev_Yak-130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-130" title="Yakovlev Yak-130">Yakovlev Yak-130</a> two-seat military trainer</figcaption></figure> <p>Those that progress to training for fast jet flying will then progress to an advanced trainer, typically capable of high subsonic speeds, high-energy manoeuvers, and equipped with systems that simulate modern weapons and surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such jet trainer aircraft include the supersonic <a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">Northrop T-38 Talon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk" title="Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk">Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BAE_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="BAE Hawk">BAE Hawk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dassault/Dornier_Alpha_Jet" title="Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet">Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero L-39">Aero L-39</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-159_ALCA" title="Aero L-159 ALCA">Aero L-159</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alenia_Aermacchi_M-346_Master" title="Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master">Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KAI_T-50_Golden_Eagle" title="KAI T-50 Golden Eagle">KAI T-50 Golden Eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guizhou_JL-9" title="Guizhou JL-9">Guizhou JL-9</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-21" title="Pilatus PC-21">Pilatus PC-21</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-130" title="Yakovlev Yak-130">Yakovlev Yak-130</a>. </p><p>Effective combat aircraft are a function now of electronics as much as, if not more so than, the aerobatic ability or speed of an aircraft. It is at this stage that a pilot begins to learn to operate radar systems and electronics. Modern advanced trainers feature programmable multi-function displays which can be programmed to simulate different electronic systems and scenarios. Most advanced trainers do not have radar systems of their own, but onboard systems can be programmed to simulate radar contacts. With <a href="/wiki/Datalink" class="mw-redirect" title="Datalink">datalinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_radar" title="Virtual radar">virtual radar</a> systems can be created with similarly equipped aircraft relaying to each other their positions in real time and onboard computers creating a <i><a href="/wiki/Radar_display" title="Radar display">radar display</a></i> based on this information.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. domain on WP:BLACKLIST (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The aim of programmable displays is to speed pilot training by replicating as far as possible the systems a pilot will find in an operational aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead-in_fighter_training">Lead-in fighter training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lead-in fighter training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead-in fighter training (LIFT) utilises advanced jet trainer aircraft with avionics and stores-management capability that emulate operational fighter planes, to provide efficient training in combat scenarios with reduced training costs compared to moving straight to operational conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. domain on WP:BLACKLIST (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The on-board avionics system may be linked to ground-based systems, and together they can simulate situations such as infrared or radar guided missile, interceptors, air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft batteries, radars, chaff and flare countermeasures and collision warnings, in low or dense electronic warfare environments. Systems may also be able to re-enact true-to-life combat situations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_conversion">Operational conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TA-4F_Skyhawk_from_H%26MS-32_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_on_1_December_1978_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_TA-4F" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas TA-4F">Douglas TA-4F</a>, a two-seat combat-capable training version of the single seat <a href="/wiki/A-4_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4 Skyhawk">A-4 Skyhawk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most military jet-powered combat aircraft have two-seat trainer versions. These are combat capable operational conversion aircraft types to provide on the job training to pilots who have graduated to this level, and are usually available with little conversion in times of emergency to a reconnaissance or combat role. Most operational conversion aircraft retain the full functionality of the operational version with slight degradations to performance due to increased weight and drag, and possibly reduced range due to a reduced internal fuel load. </p><p>In some two-seat fighter aircraft such as the Tornado, the <a href="/wiki/Operational_conversion_unit" title="Operational conversion unit">operational conversion unit</a> (OCU) aircraft can be created by duplicating flight controls in the rear cockpit. In a normally single-seat aircraft, a second cockpit can be built behind the original cockpit (e.g. the TA-4S variant of the <a href="/wiki/A-4SU_Super_Skyhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="A-4SU Super Skyhawk">A-4SU Super Skyhawk</a>) or the cockpit can be extended to place the instructor in a second seat behind the pilot. Once they are qualified to fly a specific type of aircraft, pilots will continue with regular training exercises to maintain qualifications on that aircraft and to improve their skills, for example the USAF's <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_(USAF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Flag (USAF)">Red Flag</a></i> exercises. Deployments of small flights of aircraft together with support staff and equipment to exercises conducted by other nations can be used to develop fighting skills and interservice and inter unit competitions in bombing and gunnery between units can also be used to develop those skills. </p><p>The two-seat aircraft may itself become the basis of an operational aircraft, the second seat being used to create a <a href="/wiki/Weapon_Systems_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon Systems Officer">weapons officer</a> or navigators station in aircraft with originally only a pilot, for example the <a href="/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E Strike Eagle</a> is a development of the F-15D which is a two-seat training version of the <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a>. </p><p>In some air forces that have a mix of high- and low-performance aircraft, pilots can be first be assigned to aircraft with a lower level of performance before moving on to the most demanding aircraft. For example, in the Italian Air Force a pilot may begin his service career on the <a href="/wiki/AMX_International_AMX" title="AMX International AMX">AMX</a> attack aircraft, and as their experience grows, progress to more capable aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado IDS</a>. Other air forces, such as Canada, do not do this, and assign first-tour pilots to aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/CF-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 Hornet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-engine_trainers">Multi-engine trainers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multi-engine trainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tc-90_04l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tc-90_04l.jpg/220px-Tc-90_04l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tc-90_04l.jpg/330px-Tc-90_04l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tc-90_04l.jpg/440px-Tc-90_04l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>A Beechcraft King Air, used for multi-engined pilot training</figcaption></figure> <p>Those pilots who train to fly transports, tankers and other multi-engine aircraft begin with small multi-engine aircraft such as the T-44A Pegasus variant of the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_King_Air" title="Beechcraft King Air">Beechcraft King Air</a>. Once they have mastered this, they may begin to fly in the right-hand seat of an operational type. Some air forces will seek to use a restricted number of multi-engined aircraft, with the derivatives of a basic aircraft filling different roles so that a pilot qualified on one of its types can easily convert to others in the same family. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> was a popular airliner for conversion to tanker, transport and <a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a> variants by numerous air forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_trainers">Navigation trainers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Navigation trainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority of military training aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Beechcraft 18">Beechcraft 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Vickers Varsity</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_BAe_125" class="mw-redirect" title="British Aerospace BAe 125">Hawker Siddeley Dominie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">Boeing T-43</a> were developed from <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> designs to train navigators and other rear crews operators. As these navigational trainees are normally learning how to navigate using instruments, they can be seated at consoles within the aircraft cabin and do not require a direct view of the landscape over which the aircraft is flying. The operators of airborne weapons or radar-related systems can be similarly trained, either in training aircraft or in an operational aircraft during training flights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerobatic_display_teams">Aerobatic display teams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aerobatic display teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Jet_trainers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet trainers">jet trainers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-339" title="Aermacchi MB-339">Aermacchi MB-339</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casa_C-101" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa C-101">Casa C-101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fouga_Magister" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouga Magister">Fouga Magister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker-Siddeley_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker-Siddeley Hawk">British Aerospace Hawk</a>, are used by national formation <a href="/wiki/Aerobatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobatic">aerobatic</a> teams. Early jet aerobatic teams tended to use combat types such as the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">English Electric Lightning</a>, and North American <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a>. As air forces' combat fleets were scaled-down, it made sense for most national display teams to change to lighter training types. A few modifications may be needed to enable coloured smoke to be emitted during displays, but essentially these airframes can still perform their pilot training function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combat_use_of_trainers">Combat use of trainers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combat use of trainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg/220px-Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg/330px-Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg/440px-Peru_Air_Force_-_Embraer_T-27_Tucano_-_Lofting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption> Peruvian Air Force <a href="/wiki/Embraer_EMB_312_Tucano" title="Embraer EMB 312 Tucano">Embraer EMB 312 Tucano</a>, a single-turboprop trainer with counter-insurgency capability.</figcaption></figure> <p>In smaller air forces basic trainers, in addition to being used for training, are used to provide air support in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> and airborne <a href="/wiki/Forward_air_control" title="Forward air control">forward air control</a> role. </p><p>Most advanced trainers are capable of carrying and delivering war loads. However, most of these aircraft do not have the counter measures and sensors required to survive alone in a modern high intensity war fighting scenario, for example being vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-portable air-defense systems">MANPADS</a>. However, they may still have a war fighting role in low intensity theatres if operated in conjunction with more capable aircraft. </p><p>Historically many jet trainers were marketed with specialised attack variants e.g. the <a href="/wiki/BAC_Jet_Provost" title="BAC Jet Provost">BAC Jet Provost</a>/<a href="/wiki/BAC_Strikemaster" title="BAC Strikemaster">BAC Strikemaster</a> and the Cessna <a href="/wiki/T-37_Tweet" class="mw-redirect" title="T-37 Tweet">T-37 Tweet</a>/<a href="/wiki/A-37_Dragonfly" class="mw-redirect" title="A-37 Dragonfly">A-37 Dragonfly</a>. Especially against opponents operating without a fighter screen or an effective <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> capability, such trainer derived attack aircraft could perform adequately. For example, Impala aircraft derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aermacchi_MB-326" title="Aermacchi MB-326">Aermacchi MB-326</a> trainer formed the main strike strength of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> in its <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Bush war</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Hongdu_JL-8" title="Hongdu JL-8">Hongdu JL-8</a> are being acquired for the attack role in low intensity theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their vulnerability, even small numbers of weapons-carrying trainer aircraft may achieve a disproportionate effect due to the element of surprise, especially when the attacked side believes to hold air supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forces that have used light trainer aircraft to great effect include the <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafran</a> use of <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmö MFI-9">MFI-9s</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> use of covertly acquired light aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In high-intensity conflicts, advanced trainer type aircraft can have a military utility if they operate under an umbrella of other aerial assets. For example, the Franco-German <a href="/wiki/Dassault/Dornier_Alpha_Jet" title="Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet">Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet</a> had an anti-shipping and light strike role when operating under an air umbrella provided by fighter aircraft, while the RAF planned to use pairs of gun- and <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a>-armed Hawk trainers in the <a href="/wiki/Point_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Point defence">point defence</a> role. Each pair of Hawks was to be teamed with a <a href="/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II_non-U.S._operators" class="mw-redirect" title="F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators">Phantom FGR.2</a>, in effect using the Phantoms as an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Early Warning and Control">Airborne Early Warning and Control</a> system. Although never tested it was believed that the Hawk, combined with AIM-9L and flown by some of the best pilots in the RAF including those from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Arrows" title="Red Arrows">Red Arrows</a>, would have made a viable air defence fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_future">The future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the capabilities of front-line aircraft have increased, this has been reflected in increasingly sophisticated advanced trainers. As the costs of developing new aircraft have risen in real terms, it has become more likely that fewer aircraft will be designed specifically for the training role. The advanced trainer was often seen as a stepping stone by most nations in developing a fast jet design and manufacturing capability. With increasing costs, even major air forces will have difficulty reaching the economies of scale to justify development of new advanced trainers. Nations will be required to continue to push the modernisation of existing aircraft (some such as the Hawk dating from the 1970s)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or co-operate in the development and procurement of advanced training aircraft. Furthermore, they must better utilise funding available by developing aircraft with an enhanced combat capability by producing operational single-seat variants, and better utilise aircraft on inventory incorporating operational systems either within the aircraft or as external pods.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. domain on WP:BLACKLIST (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The trend of programmable electronic systems and datalinks is likely to continue with the possibility that ground-based radar systems and processing systems will allow advanced training aircraft to function as if they truly had onboard radar systems, with the cockpit closely replicating the look and feel of an air force's more capable aircraft for maximum familiarity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. domain on WP:BLACKLIST (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Programmable engine management and <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> flight control systems will allow an aircraft to mimic the flight characteristics of frontline aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. domain on WP:BLACKLIST (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> with actual performance being restricted to a pilot's level of ability, with more power and greater agility becoming available as a pilot's skill improves. </p><p>Training is now also carried out on ground-based simulators.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical">Historical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-AT-6C_Texans_in_flight_1943_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Harvard">North American Harvard</a>, and T-6 Texan were among the most widely used trainers built</figcaption></figure> <p>Early trainers were often sport aircraft or obsolete combat aircraft. The French used a graduated system in which a pilot learned in progressively more capable aircraft, starting with aircraft that had been modified to prevent them from flying – called <i>rouleurs</i> or penguins. Pilots who had mastered ground handling would then graduate to lower powered two seaters, before finishing on obsolete fighters. The supply of obsolete aircraft proved inadequate and production of <a href="/wiki/Caudron_G.III" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudron G.III">Caudron G.III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuport_83" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuport 83">Nieuport 83</a> and other types specifically for training was undertaken. In the United Kingdom, a different training system was used, although it too started out with obsolete aircraft before the <a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">Avro 504</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.6" title="Airco DH.6">Airco DH.6</a> became the primary trainers, supplemented until the end of the First World War with obsolete combat aircraft for advanced training. To train the many potential aviators coming from Canada and the US, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps_Canada" title="Royal Flying Corps Canada">Royal Flying Corps Canada</a> was set up, operating <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_JN-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss JN-4">Curtiss JN-4</a> (Can) trainers until the United States began its own training program, using Curtiss JN-4s and <a href="/wiki/Standard_J-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard J-1">Standard J-1s</a>. In Germany, various obsolete two seaters were produced for training purposes, the most numerous being the <a href="/wiki/Albatros_C.III" title="Albatros C.III">Albatros C.III</a>. </p><p>Between the World Wars, purpose built trainers covering a variety of specialties largely replaced obsolete types in the Western armed forces, including aircraft specifically for bombing and gunnery and navigational training. When Germany began rearming in the 1930s, many of the initial aircraft were designed with a dual role, so that when they were obsolete in their combat role they would be used as trainers. By World War II, however, their needs exceeded what could be spared from production and although using a number of purpose built designs such as the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131" class="mw-redirect" title="Bücker Bü 131">Bücker Bü 131</a>, relied largely on captured aircraft and obsolete combat types. The United States armed forces standardized on three types – a Primary trainer, of which the <a href="/wiki/Stearman_PT-13" class="mw-redirect" title="Stearman PT-13">Stearman PT-13</a>/PT-17 is the best known, a Basic trainer such as the <a href="/wiki/Vultee_BT-13" class="mw-redirect" title="Vultee BT-13">Vultee BT-13</a>, and an advanced trainer such as the well known <a href="/wiki/North_American_AT-6" class="mw-redirect" title="North American AT-6">North American AT-6</a> Texan, which would also be widely exported to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a> as the Harvard. In addition, production of various combat types was diverted to training although considerable effort was made to cover all possible types of training with purpose built types. The British organized the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a>, which moved the bulk of aircrew training away from active war zones to Canada and elsewhere, where pilots started on the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">De Havilland Tiger Moth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Finch" title="Fleet Finch">Fleet Finch</a> basic trainers before continuing on North American Harvards for advanced training, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">Avro Ansons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford" title="Airspeed Oxford">Airspeed Oxfords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bolingbroke" title="Bristol Bolingbroke">Bristol Bolingbrokes</a> for multi-engine as well as bombing training. Obsolete types such as the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">Fairey Battle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a> were used for target towing, while other types such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Yale">North American Yale</a> were used for wireless operator (radio) training. Postwar, the United States operated the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-34_Mentor" title="Beechcraft T-34 Mentor">Beechcraft T-34 Mentor</a> for basic flight training, while the United Kingdom operated the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Chipmunk" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland Chipmunk">De Havilland Chipmunk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan" title="North American T-28 Trojan">North American T-28 Trojan</a> replaced the T-6 in US service, while the <a href="/wiki/Percival_Provost" title="Percival Provost">Percival Provost</a> filled a similar role with the RAF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trainer_aircraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharma2001" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Sharma, Ravi (June–July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427042611/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1813/18130650.htm">"On a crash course"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Group" title="The Hindu Group">The Hindu Group</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lead-In+Fighter+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.gov.au%2Fdmo%2Fasd%2Fair5367%2Fair5367.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrainer+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/yak/">M-346 Advanced fighter trainer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730051011/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/yak/">Archived</a> 2008-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mako/">MAKO advanced trainer and light attack aircraft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403161007/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mako/">Archived</a> 2011-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/yak_130/">Yak 130 Combat trainer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705230302/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/yak_130/">Archived</a> 2008-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/new-simulators-online-courses-change-face-of-flight-training/?no_cache=1&cHash=1ea80aa3a8">"New simulators, online courses change face of flight training"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008024021/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/new-simulators-online-courses-change-face-of-flight-training/?no_cache=1&cHash=1ea80aa3a8">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template talk:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military aircraft types (roles)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_military_aircraft_types_and_roles54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> types and roles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_ballooning" title="History of military ballooning">Balloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Fixed-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned <span style="font-size:85%;">(UAV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne early warning and control</a> (AEW&C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronaval">Aeronaval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalised_aircraft" title="Navalised aircraft">Navalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_aircraft" title="Counter-insurgency aircraft">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunship" title="Gunship">Gunship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">Heavy bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">Light bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrator_(aircraft)" title="Penetrator (aircraft)">Penetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic warfare aircraft">Electronic warfare <span style="font-size:85%;">(EW)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intruder_(air_combat)" title="Intruder (air combat)">Intruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_superiority_fighter" title="Air superiority fighter">Air superiority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_fighter" title="Emergency fighter">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_fighter" title="Escort fighter">Escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">Night</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">Multi-role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdictor" title="Interdictor">Interdictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">Fighter-bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Non-combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_aircraft" title="Liaison aircraft">Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(aircraft)" title="Scout (aircraft)">Scout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_aircraft" title="Surveillance aircraft">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_plane" title="Scout plane">Scout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_sea_rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sea rescue">Air sea rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue" title="Combat search and rescue">Combat search and rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testbed_aircraft" title="Testbed 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