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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_van_Samos" title="Aristarchos van Samos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aristarchos van Samos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="أرسطرخس الساموسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرسطرخس الساموسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarxus_Samoslu" title="Aristarxus Samoslu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aristarxus Samoslu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkhos_saking_Samos" title="Aristarkhos saking Samos – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aristarkhos saking Samos" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="সামোসের আরিসতারকুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামোসের আরিসতারকুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Аристарх Самоски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аристарх Самоски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarc_de_Samos" title="Aristarc de Samos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aristarc de Samos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_ze_Samu" title="Aristarchos ze Samu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aristarchos ze Samu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos" title="Aristarchos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aristarchos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_von_Samos" title="Aristarchos von Samos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aristarchos von Samos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρίσταρχος ο Σάμιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρίσταρχος ο Σάμιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco_de_Samos" title="Aristarco de Samos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aristarco de Samos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarko_el_Samoso" title="Aristarko el Samoso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aristarko el Samoso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarko_Samoskoa" title="Aristarko Samoskoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aristarko Samoskoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آریستارخوس ساموسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آریستارخوس ساموسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarque_de_Samos" title="Aristarque de Samos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aristarque de Samos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastarchas_as_Samas" title="Arastarchas as Samas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arastarchas as Samas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco_de_Samos" title="Aristarco de Samos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aristarco de Samos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4" title="사모스의 아리스타르코스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모스의 아리스타르코스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkus_na_Samos" title="Aristarkus na Samos – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aristarkus na Samos" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Արիստարքոս Սամոսցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիստարքոս Սամոսցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarh_sa_Samosa" title="Aristarh sa Samosa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aristarh sa Samosa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkhos_dari_Samos" title="Aristarkhos dari Samos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aristarkhos dari Samos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarcho" title="Aristarcho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aristarcho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkos_fr%C3%A1_Samos" title="Aristarkos frá Samos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aristarkos frá Samos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco_di_Samo" title="Aristarco di Samo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aristarco di Samo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אריסטרכוס מסאמוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריסטרכוס מסאמוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆರಿಸ್ಟಾರ್ಕಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರಿಸ್ಟಾರ್ಕಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Аристарх Самостық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аристарх Самостық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aristarchus of Samos" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_Samius" title="Aristarchus Samius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aristarchus Samius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarhs_no_Samas" title="Aristarhs no Samas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aristarhs no Samas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_vu_Samos" title="Aristarchos vu Samos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aristarchos vu Samos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchas" title="Aristarchas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aristarchas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamoszi_Arisztarkhosz" title="Szamoszi Arisztarkhosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamoszi Arisztarkhosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="არისტარქე სამოსარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არისტარქე სამოსარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="ارسطرخس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارسطرخس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_van_Samos" title="Aristarchus van Samos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aristarchus van Samos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9" title="アリスタルコス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリスタルコス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkhos" title="Aristarkhos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aristarkhos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkhos_fr%C3%A5_Samos" title="Aristarkhos frå Samos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aristarkhos frå Samos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarc_de_Samos" title="Aristarc de Samos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aristarc de Samos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3" title="ارسٹارخس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارسٹارخس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ساموسي اريستارخوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساموسي اريستارخوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarch_%C3%ABd_Samo" title="Aristarch ëd Samo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aristarch ëd Samo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystarch_z_Samos" title="Arystarch z Samos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arystarch z Samos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco_de_Samos" title="Aristarco de Samos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aristarco de Samos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarh_din_Samos" title="Aristarh din Samos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aristarh din Samos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аристарх Самосский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аристарх Самосский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarku_i_Samosit" title="Aristarku i Samosit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aristarku i Samosit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aristarchus of Samos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_zo_Samu" title="Aristarchos zo Samu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aristarchos zo Samu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarh" title="Aristarh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aristarh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ئاریستارخۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاریستارخۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Аристарх са Самоса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аристарх са Самоса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarh" title="Aristarh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aristarh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarkhos_Samoslainen" title="Aristarkhos Samoslainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aristarkhos Samoslainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchos_(astronom)" title="Aristarchos (astronom) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aristarchos (astronom)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco" title="Aristarco – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aristarco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அரிசுட்டார்க்கசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரிசுட்டார்க்கசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA" title="อาริสตาร์โคสแห่งซาโมส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาริสตาร์โคสแห่งซาโมส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisaml%C4%B1_Aristarkus" title="Sisamlı Aristarkus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sisamlı Aristarkus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аристарх Самоський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аристарх Самоський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_x%E1%BB%A9_Samos" title="Aristarchus xứ Samos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aristarchus xứ Samos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarco_han_Samos" title="Aristarco han Samos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aristarco han Samos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="阿里斯塔克斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿里斯塔克斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="阿里斯塔克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿里斯塔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Аристарх зоз Самосу – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Аристарх зоз Самосу" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q140188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greek astronomer and mathematician (c.310 – 230 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Aristarchus of Samos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchos_von_Samos_(Denkmal).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Aristarchos_von_Samos_%28Denkmal%29.jpeg/220px-Aristarchos_von_Samos_%28Denkmal%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Aristarchos_von_Samos_%28Denkmal%29.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Aristarchus of Samos at the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_University_of_Thessaloniki" title="Aristotle University of Thessaloniki">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 310 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 230 BC (aged around 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Greek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">Mathematician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aristarchus of Samos</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος</span>, <i>Aristarkhos ho Samios</i>; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 310</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">ancient Greek astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who presented the first known <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric model</a> that placed the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> at the center of the universe, with the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day. He also supported the theory of <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> according to which the Sun was just another star.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He likely moved to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and he was a student of <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a>, who later became the third head of the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>. According to Ptolemy, he observed the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> of 280 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with his contributions to the heliocentric model, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, he created two separate <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a>: one that is a flat disc; and one hemispherical.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristarchus was influenced by the concept presented by <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a> of Croton (c. 470 – 385 BC) of a fire at the center of the universe, but Aristarchus identified the "central fire" with the Sun and he arranged the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> before him, Aristarchus suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit farther away from Earth. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> knew that Aristarchus had a 'moving Earth' theory, although it is unlikely that Copernicus was aware that it was a heliocentric theory.<sup id="cite_ref-AristarchusNote01a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AristarchusNote01a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kish1978_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kish1978-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristarchus estimated the sizes of the Sun and Moon as compared to Earth's size. He also estimated the distances from the Earth to the Sun and Moon. He is considered one of the greatest astronomers of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Heliocentrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></div> <p>The original text has been lost, but a reference in a book by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i> (<i>Archimedis Syracusani Arenarius & Dimensio Circuli</i>), describes a work in which Aristarchus advanced the heliocentric model as an alternative <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> to geocentrism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You are now aware ['you' being King Gelon] that the "universe" is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the centre of which is the centre of the earth, while its radius is equal to the straight line between the centre of the sun and the centre of the earth. This is the common account (τὰ γραφόμενα) as you have heard from astronomers. But Aristarchus has brought out a <i>book consisting of certain hypotheses</i>, wherein it appears, as a consequence of the assumptions made, that the universe is many times greater than the "universe" just mentioned. His hypotheses are that <i>the fixed stars and the sun remain unmoved, that the earth revolves about the sun on the circumference of a circle, the sun lying in the middle of the orbit</i>, and that the sphere of the fixed stars, situated about the same centre as the sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the centre of the sphere bears to its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Aristarchus suspected the stars were other suns that are very far away,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that in consequence there was no observable <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, that is, a movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moves around the Sun. Since <a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">stellar parallax</a> is only detectable with <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, his accurate speculation was unprovable at the time. </p><p>It is a common misconception that the heliocentric view was considered sacrilegious by the contemporaries of Aristarchus.<sup id="cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Lucio Russo</a> traces this to <a href="/wiki/Gilles_M%C3%A9nage" title="Gilles Ménage">Gilles Ménage</a>'s printing of a passage from <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <i>On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon</i>, in which Aristarchus jokes with <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a>, who is head of the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">sun worshipper</a>, and opposed to heliocentrism.<sup id="cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the manuscript of Plutarch's text, Aristarchus says Cleanthes should be charged with impiety.<sup id="cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ménage's version, published shortly after the trials of <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, transposes an <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> so that it is Aristarchus who is purported to be impious.<sup id="cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting misconception of an isolated and persecuted Aristarchus is still promulgated.<sup id="cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Plutarch, while Aristarchus postulated heliocentrism only as a hypothesis, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus of Seleucia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic astronomer">Hellenistic astronomer</a> who lived a century after Aristarchus, maintained it as a definite opinion and gave a demonstration of it,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no full record of the demonstration has been found. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> later wondered whether errors in the predictions about the heavens could be attributed to a displacement of the Earth from its central position.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to the <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde motion</a> of some planets as an apparent (unreal) phenomenon, which is an implication of heliocentrism rather than geocentrism. Still, no stellar parallax was observed, and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> preferred the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a> that was believed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>The heliocentric theory was revived by <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Angelo2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelo2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> described planetary motions with greater accuracy with his three laws. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> later gave a theoretical explanation based on laws of gravitational attraction and dynamics. </p><p>After realizing that the Sun was much larger than the Earth and the other planets, Aristarchus concluded that planets revolved around the Sun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distance_to_the_Sun">Distance to the Sun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distance to the Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)">On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/220px-Aristarchus_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/330px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/440px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Aristarchus's third-century BC calculations on the relative sizes of (from left) the Sun, Earth, and Moon, from a tenth-century AD Greek copy</figcaption></figure> <p>The only known work attributed to Aristarchus, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)">On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon</a></i>, is based on a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">geocentric</a> worldview. Historically, it has been read as stating that the angle subtended by the Sun's diameter is two degrees, but <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> states in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i> that Aristarchus had a value of half a degree, which is much closer to the average value of 32' or 0.53 degrees. The discrepancy may come from a misinterpretation of which unit of measure was meant by a Greek term in the text of Aristarchus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristarchus claimed that at half moon (<a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">first or last quarter moon</a>), the angle between the Sun and Moon was 87°.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have proposed 87° as a lower bound, since gauging the lunar <a href="/wiki/Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">terminator</a>'s deviation from linearity to one degree of accuracy is beyond the unaided human ocular limit (which is about three arcminutes of accuracy). Aristarchus is known to have studied light and vision as well.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using correct <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, but the insufficiently accurate 87° <a href="/wiki/Datum_(geodesy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Datum (geodesy)">datum</a>, Aristarchus concluded that the Sun was between 18 and 20 times farther away from the Earth than the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The correct value of this angle is close to 89° 50', and the Sun's distance is approximately 400 times that of the Moon.) The implicit inaccurate solar parallax of slightly under three degrees was used by astronomers up to and including <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, c. AD 1600. Aristarchus pointed out that the Moon and Sun have nearly equal apparent angular sizes, and therefore their diameters must be in proportion to their distances from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_of_the_Moon_and_Sun">Size of the Moon and Sun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size of the Moon and Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon</i>, Aristarchus discusses the size of the Moon and Sun in relation to the Earth. In order to achieve these measurements and subsequent calculations, he used several key notes made while observing a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these consisted of the time that it took for the Earth's shadow to fully encompass the Moon, along with how long the Moon remained within the shadow. This was used to estimate the <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular radius</a> of the shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, using the width of the cone that was created by the shadow in relation to the Moon, he determined that it was twice the diameter of the Moon at the full, non-central eclipse. In addition to this, Aristarchus estimated that the length of the shadow extended around 2.4 times the distance of the Moon from the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg/240px-Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg/360px-Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg/480px-Aristarchus_and_Herodotus_craters_Apollo_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Aristarchus (center) and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus_(crater)" title="Herodotus (crater)">Herodotus</a> (right), from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> photograph</figcaption></figure> <p>Using these calculations, along with his estimated distances of the Sun from the Earth and Moon from the Earth, he created a triangle. Employing geometry similar to that he had already used for the distances, he was able to determine that the diameter of the Moon is roughly one-third of the Earth's diameter. In order to estimate the size of the Sun, Aristarchus considered the proportion of the Sun's distance to Earth in comparison to the Moon's distance from Earth, which was found to be roughly 18 to 20 times the length. Therefore, the size of the Sun is around 19 times wider than the Moon, making it approximately six times wider than the Earth's diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_(crater)" title="Aristarchus (crater)">Aristarchus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_3001%E2%80%934000#999" title="List of minor planets: 3001–4000">3999 Aristarchus</a>, and the telescope <a href="/wiki/Aristarchos_2.3_m_Telescope" title="Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope">Aristarchos</a> are named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 276</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 194/195 BC</span>), a Greek mathematician who <a href="/wiki/On_the_measure_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="On the measure of the Earth">calculated</a> the circumference of the Earth and also the distance from the Earth to the Sun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 BC</span>), a Greek mathematician who <a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)">measured</a> the radii of the Sun and the Moon as well as their distances from the Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 135</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 51 BC</span>), a Greek astronomer and mathematician who <a href="/wiki/Posidonius#Calculation_of_Earth's_circumference" title="Posidonius">calculated</a> the circumference of the Earth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154131/http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/71176-aristarchus-of-samos.html">"Aristarchus of Samos: Mathematician and astronomer"</a>. <i>World History</i>. 8 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/71176-aristarchus-of-samos.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History&rft.atitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos%3A+Mathematician+and+astronomer&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.biz%2Fancient-history%2F71176-aristarchus-of-samos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://solar-center.stanford.edu/FAQ/Qsunasstar.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley1964" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, George (30 May 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/11941">"Aristarchus of Samos and Graeco-Babylonian Astronomy"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-3159">2159-3159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos+and+Graeco-Babylonian+Astronomy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1964-05-30&rft.issn=2159-3159&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidoli2015" class="citation web cs1">Sidoli, Nathan Camillo (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-737">"Aristarchus (1), of Samos, Greek astronomer, mathematician, 3rd century BC"</a>. <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.737">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Aristarchus+%281%29%2C+of+Samos%2C+Greek+astronomer%2C+mathematician%2C+3rd+century+BC&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.737&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Sidoli&rft.aufirst=Nathan+Camillo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper,_John_William2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">Draper, John William</a> (2007) [1874]. "History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). <i>The Agnostic Reader</i>. Prometheus. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-533-7"><bdi>978-1-59102-533-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Conflict+Between+Religion+and+Science&rft.btitle=The+Agnostic+Reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-533-7&rft.au=Draper%2C+John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985JHA....16...37G#:~:text=There%20is%20no%20question%20but,were%20found%20independently%20by%20Copernicus.">"Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_History_of_Astronomy" title="Journal for the History of Astronomy">Journal for the History of Astronomy</a></i>, vol. 16, no. 1 (February 1985), pp. 37–42. "There is no question but that Aristarchus had the priority of the heliocentric idea. Yet there is no evidence that Copernicus owed him anything.(!9) As far as we can tell both the idea and its justification were found independently by Copernicus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AristarchusNote01a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AristarchusNote01a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek mathematician and astronomer Aristarchus of Samos proposed such a system during the third century BC (<a href="#Reference-Dreyer-1953">Dreyer 1953</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft#page/134/mode/2up">pp. 135–48</a>). In an early unpublished manuscript of <i>De Revolutionibus</i> (which still survives in the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library" title="Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>), Copernicus wrote that "It is credible that... <a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a> believed in the mobility of the Earth and some even say that Aristarchus was of that opinion", a passage that was removed from the published edition, a decision described by <a href="/wiki/Owen_Gingerich" title="Owen Gingerich">Owen Gingerich</a> as "eminently sensible" "from an editorial viewpoint".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philolaus was not a heliocentrist, as he thought that both the Earth and the Sun moved around a central fire. Gingerich says that there is no evidence that Copernicus was aware of the few clear references to Aristarchus's heliocentrism in ancient texts (as distinct from one other unclear and confusing one), especially <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand-Reckoner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sand-Reckoner">The Sand-Reckoner</a></i> (which was not in print until the year after Copernicus died), and that it would have been in his interest to mention them had he known of them, before concluding that he developed his idea and its justification independently of Aristarchus.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kish1978-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kish1978_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a (less recent) contrary view that Copernicus did know about Aristarchus's heliocentric theory see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Kish1978" class="citation book cs1">George Kish (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6qF4vjZvhYC&pg=PA51"><i>A Source Book in Geography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-82270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-82270-2"><bdi>978-0-674-82270-2</bdi></a>. <q>Copernicus himself admitted that the theory was attributed to Aristarchus, though this does not seem to be generally known... Here, however, there is no question of the Earth revolving around <i>the sun</i>, and there is no mention of Aristarchus. But it is a curious fact that Copernicus did mention the theory of Aristarchus in a passage which he later suppressed:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Geography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-674-82270-2&rft.au=George+Kish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6qF4vjZvhYC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span> The Philolaus-Aristarchus passage is then given in untranslated Latin, without further comment. This is then followed by quoting in full Archimedes's passage about Aristarchus's heliocentric theory from '<a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a>' (using its alternative title <i>Arenarius</i>)', seemingly without mentioning that <i>The Sand Reckoner</i> was not in print until a year after Copernicus's death (unless this is mentioned in a passage not shown by Google Books.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-Heath-1913">Heath, Thomas (1913)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft#page/302/mode/2up">p. 302</a>. The italics and parenthetical comments are as they appear in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Little_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Little Heath">Thomas Little Heath</a>'s original. From <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">Arenarius</a></i>, 4–5. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinrichfleck.net/Quaderni/Arenario-Greco.pdf">the original</a>: "κατέχεις δέ, διότι καλείται κόσμος ὑπὸ μὲν τῶν πλείστων ἀστρολόγων ἁ σφαῖρα, ἇς ἐστι κέντρον μὲν τὸ τᾶς γᾶς κέντρον, ἁ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου ἴσα τᾷ εὐθείᾳ τᾷ μεταξὺ τοῦ κέντρου τοῦ ἁλίου καὶ τοῦ κέντρου τᾶς γᾶς. ταῦτα γάρ ἐντι τὰ γραφόμενα, ὡς παρὰ τῶν ἀστρολόγων διάκουσας. ̓Αρίσταρχος δὲ ό Σάμιος ὑποθεσίων τινων ἐξέδωκεν γραφάς, ἐν αἷς ἐκ τῶν ὑποκειμένων συμβαίνει τὸν κόσμον πολλαπλάσιον εἶμεν τοῦ νῦν εἰρημένου. ὑποτιθέται γὰρ τὰ μὲν ἀπλανέα τῶν ἄστρων καὶ τὸν ἅλιον μένειν ἀκίνητον, τὰν δὲ γᾶν περιφερέσθαι περὶ τὸν ἅλιον κατὰ κύκλου περιφέρειαν, ὅς ἐστιν ἐν μέσῳ τῷ δρόμῳ κείμενος, τὰν δὲ τῶν ἀπλανέων ἄστρων σφαῖραν περὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κἐντρον<sup>25</sup> τῷ ἁλίῳ κειμέναν τῷ μεγέθει ταλικαύταν εἶμεν, ὥστε τὸν κύκλον, καθ’ ὃν τὰν γᾶν ὑποτιθέται περιφερέσθαι, τοιαύταν ἔχειν ἀναλογίαν ποτὶ τὰν τῶν ἀπλανέων ἀποστασίαν, οἵαν ἔχει τὸ κέντρον τᾶς σφαίρας ποτὶ τὰν επιφάνειαν." Heath mentions a proposal of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergk" title="Theodor Bergk">Theodor Bergk</a> that the word "δρόμῳ" ("orbit") may originally have been "ὀυρανῷ" ("heaven", thus correcting a grammatical incongruity) so that instead of "[the sun] lying in the middle of the orbit" we would have "[the circle] lying in the middle of the heaven".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Strous" class="citation web cs1">Louis Strous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/FAQ/Qsunasstar.html">"Who discovered that the Sun was a star?"</a>. <i>solar-center.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=solar-center.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Who+discovered+that+the+Sun+was+a+star%3F&rft.au=Louis+Strous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolar-center.stanford.edu%2FFAQ%2FQsunasstar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussoCleanthes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RussoCleanthes_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Russo" title="Lucio Russo">Russo, Lucio</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ld8lBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why it Had to Be Reborn</i></a>. Translated by Levy, Silvio. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 82, fn.106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642189043" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642189043"><bdi>978-3642189043</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Revolution%3A+How+Science+Was+Born+in+300+BC+and+Why+it+Had+to+Be+Reborn&rft.pages=82%2C+fn.106&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3642189043&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dld8lBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussoMedaglia1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russo, Lucio; Medaglia, Silvio M. (1996). "Sulla presunta accusa di empietà ad Aristarco di Samo". <i>Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica</i> (in Italian). New Series, Vol. 53 (2). Fabrizio Serra Editore: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20547344">10.2307/20547344</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20547344">20547344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+Urbinati+di+Cultura+Classica&rft.atitle=Sulla+presunta+accusa+di+empiet%C3%A0+ad+Aristarco+di+Samo&rft.volume=New+Series%2C+Vol.+53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20547344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20547344%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Lucio&rft.au=Medaglia%2C+Silvio+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation web cs1">Plutarch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0357:section=6&highlight=cleanthes">"De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet, Section 6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=De+facie+quae+in+orbe+lunae+apparet%2C+Section+6&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0357%3Asection%3D6%26highlight%3Dcleanthes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Platonicae quaestiones, VIII, i</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_E._Neugebauer" title="Otto E. Neugebauer">Neugebauer, O.</a> (1975). <i>A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy</i>. Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tkqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">697–698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Mathematical+Astronomy&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pages=697-698&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naturalis historia, II, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naturales quaestiones, VII, xxv, 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelo2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Angelo2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_A._Angelo2014" class="citation book cs1">Joseph A. Angelo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUWno1sOwnUC&pg=PA153"><i>Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1018-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-1018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Space+and+Astronomy&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1018-9&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUWno1sOwnUC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlins2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rawlins, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf">"Aristarchos Unbound: Ancient Vision The Hellenistic Heliocentrists' Colossal Universe-Scale Historians' Colossal Inversion of Great & Phony Ancients History-of-Astronomy and the Moon in Retrograde!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dio: The International Journal of Scientific History</i>. <b>14</b>: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dio%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Scientific+History&rft.atitle=Aristarchos+Unbound%3A+Ancient+Vision+The+Hellenistic+Heliocentrists%27+Colossal+Universe-Scale+Historians%27+Colossal+Inversion+of+Great+%26+Phony+Ancients+History-of-Astronomy+and+the+Moon+in+Retrograde%21&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rawlins&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fvols%2Fwe0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Greek Mathematical Works</i>, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University, 1939–1941, edited by Ivor Thomas, volume 2 (1941), pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, 1913, pp. 299–300; Thomas, 1942, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXHxx8L9YFo">A video on reconstruction of Aristarchus' method</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> without subtitles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh,_Helge2007" class="citation book cs1">Kragh, Helge (2007). <i>Conceptions of cosmos: from myths to the accelerating universe: a history of cosmology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920916-3"><bdi>978-0-19-920916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+cosmos%3A+from+myths+to+the+accelerating+universe%3A+a+history+of+cosmology&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920916-3&rft.au=Kragh%2C+Helge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirshfeld2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hirshfeld, Alan W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20871578">"The Triangles of Aristarchus"</a>. <i>The Mathematics Teacher</i>. <b>97</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.97.4.0228">10.5951/MT.97.4.0228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5769">0025-5769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20871578">20871578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematics+Teacher&rft.atitle=The+Triangles+of+Aristarchus&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0025-5769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20871578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5951%2FMT.97.4.0228&rft.aulast=Hirshfeld&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20871578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatten1981" class="citation journal cs1">Batten, Alan H. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1981JRASC..75...29B">"Aristarchos of Samos"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>75</b>: <span class="nowrap">29–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JRASC..75...29B">1981JRASC..75...29B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Aristarchos+of+Samos&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JRASC..75...29B&rft.aulast=Batten&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1981JRASC..75...29B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-Heath-1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.L._Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="T.L. Heath">Heath, Sir Thomas</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft"><i>Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos%2C+the+ancient+Copernicus%3B+a+history+of+Greek+astronomy+to+Aristarchus%2C+together+with+Aristarchus%27s+Treatise+on+the+sizes+and+distances+of+the+sun+and+moon+%3A+a+new+Greek+text+with+translation+and+notes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faristarchusofsam00heatuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-Dreyer-1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._L._E._Dreyer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. E. Dreyer">Dreyer, John Louis Emil</a> (1953) [1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft"><i>A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler</i></a>. New York: Dover Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Astronomy+from+Thales+to+Kepler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=John+Louis+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofplaneta00dreyuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmanBuzón2023" class="citation book cs1">Carman, Christián C.; Buzón, Rodolfo P. (26 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iE-3EAAAQBAJ"><i>Aristarchus of Samos: On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon: Greek Text, Translation, Analysis, and Relevant Scholia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-86986-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-86986-6"><bdi>978-1-000-86986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos%3A+On+the+Sizes+and+Distances+of+the+Sun+and+Moon%3A+Greek+Text%2C+Translation%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Relevant+Scholia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.isbn=978-1-000-86986-6&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Christi%C3%A1n+C.&rft.au=Buz%C3%B3n%2C+Rodolfo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiE-3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2023" class="citation book cs1">Gomez, Alberto (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peterlang.com/document/1288830"><i>Decoding Aristarchus</i></a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang Verlag">Peter Lang Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631892619" title="Special:BookSources/9783631892619"><bdi>9783631892619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decoding+Aristarchus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Verlag&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783631892619&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterlang.com%2Fdocument%2F1288830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stahl, William (1970). "Aristarchus of Samos". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">246–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_of_Samos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aristarchus_of_Samos" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0075//0000029.000.html">Biography: JRASC, <b>75</b> (1981) 29</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Shipprc2.htm">First estimate of the Moon's distance</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Sarist.htm">First estimate of the Sun's distance</a> from educational website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Sintro.htm">From Stargazers to Starships</a></li> <li>Aristarchus of Samos, The Ancient Copernicus (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft">https://archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aristarchus.html">"Aristarchus of Samos"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aristarchus+of+Samos&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAristarchus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAristarchus+of+Samos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/01Ancient/Aristarchos/">Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203135/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/01Ancient/Aristarchos/">Archived</a> 2012-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> High resolution images of works by Aristarchus of Samos in .jpg and .tiff format.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_mathematics550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_mathematics550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">(timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)"><i>Data</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics"><i>Optics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Theodosius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Menelaus)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts<br />and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements"><i>Elements</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of <i>Arithmetica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a></i> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geometry" title="Timeline of geometry">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140188#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117980082">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79398695">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264800368">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125158790738738852518">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281604489">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268676381">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143159474046927660434">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/604154380983630291117">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27864849">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246660216">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77145857065122921800">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/548159234120603370853">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17144782942102632442">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84959978">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5709168048999138410005">14</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/92476/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/257094/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7TW969QY4XdD3gXxRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aristarchus, Samius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118645714">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82068128">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125157746">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125157746">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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