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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mucosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mucosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mucosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mucosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cells_of_the_small_intestinal_mucosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cells_of_the_small_intestinal_mucosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Cells of the small intestinal mucosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cells_of_the_small_intestinal_mucosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epithelium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epithelium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Epithelium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epithelium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submucosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submucosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Submucosa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submucosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscular_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscular_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Muscular layer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscular_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serosa_and_adventitia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serosa_and_adventitia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Serosa and adventitia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serosa_and_adventitia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paret_gastrointestinal" title="Paret gastrointestinal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paret gastrointestinal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugb%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Pugbɔŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pugbɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pared_gastrointestinal" title="Pared gastrointestinal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pared gastrointestinal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroi_gastro-intestinale" title="Paroi gastro-intestinale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paroi gastro-intestinale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5%EA%B4%80%EB%B2%BD" title="위장관벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위장관벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagwand" title="Maagwand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maagwand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digestive system structure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257611116">.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-wall-series{width:21em;border:1px solid blue}.mw-parser-output .gastrointestinal-wall-series .sidebar-list-title{background:MistyRose}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks gastrointestinal-wall-series hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/200px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/300px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg/400px-Layers_of_the_GI_Tract_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is one of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gastrointestinal wall</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Circular muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Longitudinal muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Specific</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meissner%27s_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner's plexus">Meissner's plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auerbach%27s_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Auerbach's plexus">Auerbach's plexus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Histology" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Histology" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestines#Histology" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">Intestines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Template:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_wall_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal wall series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>gastrointestinal wall</b> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> is made up of four layers of specialised tissue. From the inner cavity of the gut (the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>) outwards, these are the <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a>. </p><p>The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the lumen of the tract and comes into direct contact with digested food (<a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a>). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers:<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>, where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur; the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">muscularis mucosae</a>, a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>. </p><p>The submucosa contains nerves including the <a href="/wiki/Submucous_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous plexus">submucous plexus</a> (also called Meissner's plexus), blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen, that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine. </p><p>The muscular layer surrounds the submucosa. It comprises layers of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> in longitudinal and circular orientation that also helps with continued bowel movements (<a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>) and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut. In between the two layers of muscle lies the <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a> (also called plexus). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a> are the final layers. These are made up of loose <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and coated in <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. The serosa is present if the tissue is <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">within the peritoneum</a>, and the adventitia if the tissue is <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneal">retroperitoneal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gut_wall.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gut_wall.svg/300px-Gut_wall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gut_wall.svg/450px-Gut_wall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gut_wall.svg/600px-Gut_wall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>The general structure of the intestinal wall</figcaption></figure> <p>When viewed under the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, the gastrointestinal wall has a consistent general form, but with certain parts differing along its course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mucosa">Mucosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mucosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">Mucosa</a></div> <p>The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the cavity (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumen" class="extiw" title="wikt:lumen">lumen</a>) of the tract and comes into direct contact with digested food (<a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a>). The mucosa is made up of three layers:<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> is the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> within the mucosa.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">muscularis mucosae</a>, a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>.</li></ul> <p>The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a <a href="/wiki/Glandular_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Glandular epithelium">glandular epithelium</a> with many <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a>. Goblet cells secrete <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>, which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes. In the small intestine, <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">villi</a> are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine. The villi contain a <a href="/wiki/Lacteal" title="Lacteal">lacteal</a>, a vessel connected to the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymph system</a> that aids in the removal of <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and tissue fluids. <a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a> are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">intestinal glands</a> as pocket-like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells, and the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscularis mucosa">muscularis mucosa</a> which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catastalsis" title="Catastalsis">catastalsis</a> along the gut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cells_of_the_small_intestinal_mucosa">Cells of the small intestinal mucosa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cells of the small intestinal mucosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cell type<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Location in the mucosa</th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td>Absorptive cell</td> <td>Epithelium/intestinal glands</td> <td>Digestion and absorption of nutrients in chyme </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cell</a></td> <td>Epithelium/intestinal glands</td> <td>Secretion of mucus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cell</a></td> <td>Intestinal glands</td> <td>Secretion of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme; phagocytosis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G_cell" title="G cell">G cells</a></td> <td>Intestinal glands of duodenum</td> <td>Secretion of the hormone intestinal <a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">gastrin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/I_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="I cell">I cells</a></td> <td>Intestinal glands of duodenum</td> <td>Secretion of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</a>, which stimulates release of pancreatic juices and bile </td></tr> <tr> <td>K cells</td> <td>Intestinal glands</td> <td>Secretion of the hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, which stimulates the release of insulin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">M cells</a></td> <td>Intestinal glands of duodenum and jejunum</td> <td>Secretion of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">motilin</a>, which accelerates gastric emptying, stimulates intestinal peristalsis, and stimulates the production of pepsin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S_cell" title="S cell">S cells</a></td> <td>Intestinal glands</td> <td>Secretion of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epithelium">Epithelium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Epithelium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg/330px-Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg/440px-Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Image of the mucosa of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, showing an epithelium (at top, and also facing the elongated cavities) made up of <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelia">column-shaped cells</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The epithelial lining of the mucosa, differs along the gastrointestinal tract.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epithelium is described as stratified if it consists of multiple layers of cells, and simple if it is made up of one layer of cells. Terms used to describe the shape of the cells in it - columnar if column-shaped, and squamous if flat. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> and external <a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">anal canal</a> the epithelium is stratified, squamous and non-keratinising, for protective purposes.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, the epithelium is simple columnar, and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption. It is organised into <a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">plicae circulares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">villi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">enterocytes</a> have microvilli. The microvilli create a <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</a> that increases the area for absorption. In the ileum there are occasionally <a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a> in the lamina propria. <a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunner's gland">Brunner's glands</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> but not in other parts of the small intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a>, which secrete mucus, are also present.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>.</li></ul> <p>Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal junction">the junction between the oesophagus and stomach</a>; between the <a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Sphincter" title="Pylorus">stomach and duodenum</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">ileum and caecum</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">pectinate line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submucosa">Submucosa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Submucosa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></div> <p>The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer. It contains the <a href="/wiki/Submucous_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous plexus">submucous plexus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric nervous plexus</a>, situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscular_layer">Muscular layer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muscular layer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3D Medical Animation still shot of Muscular layers of stomach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg/242px-3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg/363px-3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg/484px-3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stomach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Muscular layers of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> wall.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</a> consists of two layers of muscle, the inner and outer layer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract, whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally. The stomach has an extra layer, an inner oblique muscular layer.<sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two muscle layers is the <a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">myenteric plexus</a> (Auerbach's plexus). This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells (<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cells_of_Cajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial cells of Cajal">interstitial cells of Cajal</a>). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (<a href="/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm" title="Basal electrical rhythm">basal electrical rhythm</a>) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can, of course, be modulated by the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>. </p><p>The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. </p><p>The coordinated contractions of these layers is called <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a> and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a <i>bolus</i> (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Chyme" title="Chyme">chyme</a>. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces. The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. </p><p>The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract: </p> <ul><li>In the colon, for example, the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy and require more force to push along. The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Taeniae_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Taeniae coli">taeniae coli</a></i> (bands of the colon). This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine.</li> <li>Occasionally in the large intestine (2-3 times a day), there will be mass contraction of certain segments, moving a lot of faeces along. This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate.</li> <li>The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric sphincter">pyloric sphincter</a>. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serosa_and_adventitia">Serosa and adventitia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Serosa and adventitia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">Serosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></div> <p>The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal wall consists of several layers of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and is either of <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a> (below the diaphragm) or <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a> above the diaphragm.<sup id="cite_ref-SEER2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEER2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gartner_and_Haitt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartner_and_Haitt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regions of the gastrointestinal tract within the peritoneum (called <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">Intraperitoneal</a>) are covered with <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a>. This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium, called the mesothelium, which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements. The intraperitoneal regions include most of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, first part of the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, all of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caecum" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecum">caecum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">appendix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">sigmoid colon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>. </p><p>Regions of the gastrointestinal tract behind the peritoneum (called <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroperitoneal">retroperitoneal</a>) are covered with <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">adventitia</a>. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position (for example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the <a href="/wiki/Transpyloric_plane" title="Transpyloric plane">transpyloric plane</a>). The retroperitoneal regions include the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">oral cavity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">pylorus</a> of the stomach, distal <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">ascending colon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">descending colon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">anal canal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gastrointestinal wall can be affected in a number of conditions. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcer</a> is something that's eroded through the epithelium of the wall. Ulcers that affect the tract include <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">peptic ulcers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perforated_ulcer" title="Perforated ulcer">perforated ulcer</a> is one that has eroded completely through the layers. </p><p>The gastrointestinal wall is inflamed in a number of conditions. This is called <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">esophagitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">duodenitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">ileitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a> depending on the parts affected. It can be due to infections or other conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways. <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a> involves the colonic mucosa. <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistulae</a>. </p><p>Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in <a href="/wiki/TNM_staging" class="mw-redirect" title="TNM staging">staging</a> of tumour spread. This affects treatment and prognosis. </p><p>The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3–5 mm,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1–5 mm in the large intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesOliveira2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focal, irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesOliveira2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic, inflammatory or infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FernandesOliveira2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GI_Organization.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="General organisation of GI tract"><img alt="General organisation of GI tract" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg/120px-GI_Organization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg/180px-GI_Organization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg/240px-GI_Organization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General organisation of GI tract</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wall of the stomach."><img alt="The wall of the stomach." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/120px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/180px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg/240px-Gastrointestinal_wall_of_human_stomach_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wall of the stomach.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section histology of intestinal villi of the human terminal ileum."><img alt="Cross-section histology of intestinal villi of the human terminal ileum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg/120px-Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg/180px-Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg/240px-Cross-section_histology_of_small_intestinal_villi_of_the_terminal_ileum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section histology of <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villi" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal villi">intestinal villi</a> of the human <a href="/wiki/Terminal_ileum" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal ileum">terminal ileum</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHEATERS2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS2006_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeakin2006" class="citation book cs1">Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. (2006). <i>Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas</i> (5th ed.). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 263–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4430-6-8508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4430-6-8508"><bdi>978-0-4430-6-8508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheater%27s+functional+histology+%3A+a+text+and+colour+atlas&rft.pages=263-265&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-4430-6-8508&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/23-5-the-small-and-large-intestines">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsDesaixJohnsonJohnson2023" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (September 13, 2023). <i>Anatomy & Physiology</i>. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 23.5 The small and large intestines. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947172-04-3"><bdi>978-1-947172-04-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=Houston&rft.pages=23.5+The+small+and+large+intestines&rft.pub=OpenStax+CNX&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-947172-04-3&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=J+Gordon&rft.au=Desaix%2C+Peter&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Eddie&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jody+E&rft.au=Korol%2C+Oksana&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Dean&rft.au=Poe%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Wise%2C+James&rft.au=Womble%2C+Mark+D&rft.au=Young%2C+Kelly+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/digestive/GI_layers.php">"Oral: Four layers of the G.I. tract"</a>. <i>The Histology Guide</i>. University of Leeds<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Histology+Guide&rft.atitle=Oral%3A+Four+layers+of+the+G.I.+tract&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histology.leeds.ac.uk%2Fdigestive%2FGI_layers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER2024-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEER2024_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/digestive/structure.html">"General Structure of the Digestive System | SEER Training"</a>. <i>training.seer.cancer.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=training.seer.cancer.gov&rft.atitle=General+Structure+of+the+Digestive+System+%7C+SEER+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraining.seer.cancer.gov%2Fanatomy%2Fdigestive%2Fstructure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gartner_and_Haitt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gartner_and_Haitt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartner_and_Hiatt2014" class="citation book cs1">Gartner and Hiatt (2014). <i>Color Atlas and Text of Histology</i> (6th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-1343-3"><bdi>978-1-4511-1343-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+and+Text+of+Histology&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-1343-3&rft.au=Gartner+and+Hiatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Nawaz_Khan" class="citation web cs1">Ali Nawaz Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/374962-overview">"Small-Bowel Obstruction Imaging"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medscape" title="Medscape">Medscape</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Small-Bowel+Obstruction+Imaging&rft.au=Ali+Nawaz+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F374962-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span> Updated: Sep 22, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FernandesOliveira2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FernandesOliveira2014_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandesOliveiraCastroAraújo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, Teresa; Oliveira, Maria I.; Castro, Ricardo; Araújo, Bruno; Viamonte, Bárbara; Cunha, Rui (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999365">"Bowel wall thickening at CT: simplifying the diagnosis"</a>. <i>Insights into Imaging</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 195–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13244-013-0308-y">10.1007/s13244-013-0308-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1869-4101">1869-4101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999365">3999365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24407923">24407923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insights+into+Imaging&rft.atitle=Bowel+wall+thickening+at+CT%3A+simplifying+the+diagnosis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-208&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3999365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1869-4101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24407923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13244-013-0308-y&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+Maria+I.&rft.au=Castro%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Viamonte%2C+B%C3%A1rbara&rft.au=Cunha%2C+Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3999365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li> <li>Spaces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sphincters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">upper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Curvatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No substructures</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis mucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&oldid=1250809532">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&oldid=1250809532</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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