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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-地位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>地位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>运用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-运用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关运用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-总体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#总体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>总体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-总体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-具体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#具体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>具体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-具体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-在种植业中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在种植业中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>在种植业中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在种植业中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在林业中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在林业中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>在林业中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在林业中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在渔盐业中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在渔盐业中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>在渔盐业中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在渔盐业中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在建筑业中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在建筑业中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>在建筑业中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在建筑业中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在交通运输业中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在交通运输业中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>在交通运输业中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在交通运输业中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在城市规划中的运用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在城市规划中的运用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>在城市规划中的运用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在城市规划中的运用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人体健康" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人体健康"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>人体健康</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人体健康-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>军事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分支" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分支"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分支</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分支-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展简史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展简史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>发展简史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发展简史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发展简史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发展简史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-萌芽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#萌芽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>萌芽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-萌芽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-初建" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#初建"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>初建</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-初建-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">气候学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。96种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="علم المناخ – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المناخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatolox%C3%ADa" title="Climatoloxía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Climatoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलवायु बिज्ञान – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जलवायु बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologiya" title="Klimatologiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klimatologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Klimatuoluogėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Klimatuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кліматалогія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кліматалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кліматалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кліматалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Климатология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलवायु बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जलवायु बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="জলবায়ুবিদ্যা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলবায়ুবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinadouriezh" title="Hinadouriezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hinadouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologija" title="Klimatologija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klimatologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologia" title="Climatologia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Climatologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9-h%C3%A2iu-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ké-hâiu-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ké-hâiu-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئاووھەواناسی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاووھەواناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Климатологи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Климатологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinsoddeg" title="Hinsoddeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hinsoddeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatolociye" title="Klimatolociye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Klimatolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κλιματολογία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλιματολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Climatology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatscienco" title="Klimatscienco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klimatscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatolog%C3%ADa" title="Climatología – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Climatología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatoloogia" title="Klimatoloogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Klimatoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologia" title="Klimatologia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klimatologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اقلیم‌شناسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmastotiede" title="Ilmastotiede – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmastotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologie" title="Climatologie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climatologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%ADomeola%C3%ADocht" title="Clíomeolaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clíomeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatolox%C3%ADa" title="Climatoloxía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Climatoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Climatology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="קלימטולוגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלימטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलवायुविज्ञान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलवायुविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologija" title="Klimatologija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klimatologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatoloji" title="Klimatoloji – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Klimatoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatol%C3%B3gia" title="Klimatológia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klimatológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կլիմայագիտություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլիմայագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologie" title="Climatologie – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Climatologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologio" title="Klimatologio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klimatologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C3%B0urfarsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Veðurfarsfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veðurfarsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologia" title="Climatologia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Climatologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="気候学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気候学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კლიმატოლოგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლიმატოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Климатология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%ED%95%99" title="기후학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatoloj%C3%AE" title="Klimatolojî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Klimatolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Климатология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatolojia" title="Climatolojia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Climatolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatulugia" title="Climatulugia – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Climatulugia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologija" title="Klimatologija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klimatologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatolo%C4%A3ija" title="Klimatoloģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klimatoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Климатологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Климатологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वातावरणशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वातावरणशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologia" title="Climatologia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Climatologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologia" title="Klimatologia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimatologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="اقلیم پېژندنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اقلیم پېژندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologia" title="Climatologia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Climatologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologie" title="Climatologie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Climatologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Климатология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatologia" title="Climatologia – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Climatologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologija" title="Klimatologija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klimatologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දේශගුණ විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශගුණ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Climatology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatol%C3%B3gia" title="Klimatológia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klimatológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologija" title="Klimatologija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klimatologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologjia" title="Klimatologjia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klimatologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Климатологија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Климатологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi" title="Klimatologi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klimatologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="காலநிலையியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காலநிலையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Иқлимшиносӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иқлимшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูมิอากาศวิทยา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิอากาศวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologi%C3%BDa" title="Klimatologiýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Klimatologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0klim_bilimi" title="İklim bilimi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İklim bilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Климатология – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Климатология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кліматологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліматологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqlimshunoslik" title="Iqlimshunoslik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iqlimshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climato%C5%82ozia" title="Climatołozia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Climatołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Khí hậu học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí hậu học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatolohiya" title="Klimatolohiya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Klimatolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="气候学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="气候学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კლიმატოლოგია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლიმატოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קלימאטאלאגיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קלימאטאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Klimatologie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="氣候學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氣候學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52139#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg/520px-ISS-48_Towering_cumulonimbus_and_other_clouds_over_the_Earth_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气物理学</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Synoptic scale meteorology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synoptic scale meteorology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synoptic_scale_meteorology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synoptic scale meteorology（页面不存在）">大氣力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" class="extiw" title="en:Synoptic scale meteorology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synoptic scale meteorology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="大气化学">大气化学</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:大气化学">(分類)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气">天气</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="Category:天氣">(分類)</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1" title="Portal:氣象">(主題)</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="Category:熱帶氣旋">(分類)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">气候学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="Category:氣候">(分類)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E7%8E%87%E8%88%87%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="氣候變率與變化">氣候變遷</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="Category:气候变化">(分類)</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球变暖</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%9A%96%E5%8C%96" title="Category:全球暖化">(分類)</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Global_warming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Global warming（页面不存在）">(portal)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="高層大氣物理學">高層大氣物理學</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="高層大氣物理學">高層大氣物理學</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="詞彙表">詞彙表</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天氣學詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of meteorology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天氣學詞彙表（页面不存在）">天氣學詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of meteorology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of meteorology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶氣旋詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶氣旋詞彙表（页面不存在）">熱帶氣旋詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of tropical cyclone terms</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="龍捲風詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of tornado terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龍捲風詞彙表（页面不存在）">龍捲風詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of tornado terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of tornado terms</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氣候變遷詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of climate change"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣候變遷詞彙表（页面不存在）">氣候變遷詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of climate change"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of climate change</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:大气科学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:大气科学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:大气科学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/25px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/38px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/50px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></b>。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Nino_regional_impacts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="thmlñpñlpumb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/El_Nino_regional_impacts.png/120px-El_Nino_regional_impacts.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/El_Nino_regional_impacts.png/180px-El_Nino_regional_impacts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/El_Nino_regional_impacts.png/240px-El_Nino_regional_impacts.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>El 氣候影響</figcaption></figure> <p><b>气候学</b>是研究地球上气候的科學。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="气候">气候</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气">天气</a>是两个既有联系又有区别的概念。从时间尺度上讲，天气是指某一地区在某一瞬间或某一短时间内大气状态（如气温、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>等）和大氣现象（如风、云、雾、降水等）的综合。天气过程是大气中的短期过程。而气候指的是在太阳辐射、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%8E%AF%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="大气环流">大气环流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%9E%AB%E9%9D%A2" title="下垫面">下垫面</a>性质和人类活动在长时间相互作用下，在某一时段内大量天气过程的综合。它不仅包括该地多年来经常发生的天气状况，而且包括某些年份偶尔出现的极端天气状况。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地位"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D"></span>地位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：地位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>气候学研究气候的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理演变（页面不存在）">形成过程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="地理分布">分布</a>和变化<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理规律（页面不存在）">规律</a>。它是气象学的一个分支，也是自然地理学的一个部门，它是综合性学科<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="边缘科学">边缘科学</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="运用"><span id=".E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>运用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="总体"><span id=".E6.80.BB.E4.BD.93"></span>总体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：总体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>根据气象观测资料，找出规律。</li> <li>提供气候趋势预报。</li> <li>提供改造小气候的条件。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="具体"><span id=".E5.85.B7.E4.BD.93"></span>具体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：具体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在种植业中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E7.A7.8D.E6.A4.8D.E4.B8.9A.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在种植业中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：在种植业中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在林业中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E6.9E.97.E4.B8.9A.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在林业中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：在林业中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在渔盐业中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E6.B8.94.E7.9B.90.E4.B8.9A.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在渔盐业中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：在渔盐业中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在建筑业中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91.E4.B8.9A.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在建筑业中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：在建筑业中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在交通运输业中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A.E8.BF.90.E8.BE.93.E4.B8.9A.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在交通运输业中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：在交通运输业中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="在城市规划中的运用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E8.A7.84.E5.88.92.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.90.E7.94.A8"></span>在城市规划中的运用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：在城市规划中的运用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人体健康"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E4.BD.93.E5.81.A5.E5.BA.B7"></span>人体健康</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：人体健康"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="军事"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B"></span>军事</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：军事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分支"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.94.AF"></span>分支</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：分支"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理论气候学（页面不存在）">理论气候学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应用气候学（页面不存在）">应用气候学</a>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农业气候学（页面不存在）">农业气候学</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林业气候学（页面不存在）">林业气候学</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E4%B8%9A%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐业气候学（页面不存在）">盐业气候学</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渔业气候学（页面不存在）">渔业气候学</a>等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发展简史"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E7.AE.80.E5.8F.B2"></span>发展简史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：发展简史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="萌芽"><span id=".E8.90.8C.E8.8A.BD"></span>萌芽</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：萌芽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初建"><span id=".E5.88.9D.E5.BB.BA"></span>初建</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：初建"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="发展"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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title="地理學術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of geography terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of geography terms</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="地理學史">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of geography articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學條目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of geography articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of geography articles</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學大綱（页面不存在）">大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of geography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">學科分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="行為地理學">行為地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判地理學">批判地理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主義地理學（页面不存在）">女性主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist geography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义地理学">馬克思主義地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化地理学">文化地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教地理学">宗教地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂地理學">音樂地理學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人口地理学">人口地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發展地理學">發展地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="经济地理学">经济地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业地理学">农业地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="工业地理学">工业地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="商业地理学">商业地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學地理學">医学地理学（健康地理學）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="历史地理学">历史地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="語言地理學">語言地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="军事地理学">军事地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="政治地理学">政治地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会地理学">社会地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="战略地理">戰略地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="旅游地理学">旅游地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="聚落地理学">聚落地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="城市地理学">城市地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="区域地理学">区域地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="交通运输地理学">交通运输地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學">自然地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="植物地理学">植物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="动物地理学">动物地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海岸地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coastal geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海岸地理學（页面不存在）">海岸地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Coastal geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coastal geography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="大气科学">大气科学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">气候学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="古氣候學">古氣候學</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古地理学">古地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="地球生物学">地球生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="大地测量学">大地测量学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球系統科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Earth system science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球系統科學（页面不存在）">地球系統科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science" class="extiw" title="en:Earth system science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Earth system science</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地貌学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰川学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耕作土壤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edaphology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%95%E4%BD%9C%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耕作土壤學（页面不存在）">耕作土壤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology" class="extiw" title="en:Edaphology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edaphology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤地理学">土壤地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第四紀科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quaternary science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四紀科學（页面不存在）">第四紀科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science" class="extiw" title="en:Quaternary science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quaternary science</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">綜合學科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">环境地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="環境社會科學">環境社會科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="環境研究">环境研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">景觀設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="時間地理學">時間地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="系統地理學">系統地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学">地名学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="地誌學">地誌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="區域研究">區域研究</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學大綱#地理學的任務和工具" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of geography#Tasks and tools of geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學大綱（页面不存在）">技術和工具</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of geography#Tasks and tools of geography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地理信息科学">地理信息科學</a>／<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地数学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geomathematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地数学（页面不存在）">地数学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomathematics" class="extiw" title="en:Geomathematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geomathematics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地图学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地质建模" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geologic modelling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地质建模（页面不存在）">地质建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling" class="extiw" title="en:Geologic modelling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geologic modelling</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="地理统计">地理统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地理信息系统">地理信息系统</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="地质年代学">地质年代学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球空间信息科学">地球空间信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="水文地理学">水文地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95" title="摄影测量法">摄影测量法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A5%E6%84%9F" title="遥感">遥感</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地变化模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land change modeling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地变化模型（页面不存在）">土地变化模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_change_modeling" class="extiw" title="en:Land change modeling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land change modeling</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">組織和機構</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E8%88%87%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:地理資料與資訊組織">地理数据與資訊組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學會列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of geographical societies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學會列表（页面不存在）">地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" class="extiw" title="en:List of geographical societies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of geographical societies</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球科學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of geoscience organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球科學組織列表（页面不存在）">地球科學學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of geoscience organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of geoscience organizations</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家測繪機構" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National mapping agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%AC%E7%B9%AA%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家測繪機構（页面不存在）">國家測繪機構</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_mapping_agency" class="extiw" title="en:National mapping agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National mapping agency</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國地理學協會">美國地理學協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="美国地理学家协会">美国地理学家协会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="國家地理學會">國家地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="加拿大皇家地理學會">加拿大皇家地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲地理協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Geography Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲地理協會（页面不存在）">歐洲地理協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Geography_Association" class="extiw" title="en:European Geography Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Geography Association</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="皇家地理學會">皇家地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="皇家蘇格蘭地理學會">皇家蘇格蘭地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎地理學會">巴黎地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lisbon Geographic Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本地理學會（页面不存在）">里斯本地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Geographic_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Lisbon Geographic Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lisbon Geographic Society</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="俄羅斯地理學會">俄羅斯地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC)" title="中国地理学会 (北京)">中華人民共和國地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97)" class="mw-redirect" title="中国地理学会 (台北)">中華民國地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="香港地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hong Kong Geographical Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="香港地理學會（页面不存在）">香港地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Geographical_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Hong Kong Geographical Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hong Kong Geographical Association</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙烏地地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saudi Geographical Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙烏地地理學會（页面不存在）">沙特地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Geographical_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Saudi Geographical Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saudi Geographical Society</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際地理聯合會">國際地理聯合會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性地理學家協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Society of Woman Geographers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性地理學家協會（页面不存在）">女性地理學家協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Woman_Geographers" class="extiw" title="en:Society of Woman Geographers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Society of Woman Geographers</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Category:地理教育">地理教育</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理素養" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geo-literacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理素養（页面不存在）">地理素養</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-literacy" class="extiw" title="en:Geo-literacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geo-literacy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B" title="國際地理奧林匹克">國際地理奧林匹克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空間公民權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spatial citizenship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空間公民權（页面不存在）">空間公民權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" class="extiw" title="en:Spatial citizenship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spatial citizenship</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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style="color:white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:自然地理學主題（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color:white">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然地理學主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color:white">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然地理學主要子域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學"><span style="color:white;">自然地理學</span></a>主要子域</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">气候学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="古氣候學">古氣候學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沿海地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coastal geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沿海地理學（页面不存在）">沿海地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Coastal geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coastal geography</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地形學">地形學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰河學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="水文地理学">水文地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古地理学">古地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第四紀地質學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quaternary Geology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四紀地質學（页面不存在）">第四紀地質學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology" class="extiw" title="en:Quaternary Geology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quaternary Geology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg/110px-Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg/165px-Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg 1.5x, 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