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id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Change of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_diasporas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_diasporas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In diasporas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_diasporas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognominal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognominal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cognominal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognominal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Toponymic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronymic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronymic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Patronymic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronymic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminine_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminine_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuter_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuter_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Neuter form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuter_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_feminine_and_neuter_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_feminine_and_neuter_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Examples of feminine and neuter forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_feminine_and_neuter_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Plural forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension_of_adjectival_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_of_adjectival_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Declension of adjectival surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_of_adjectival_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_and_informal_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_and_informal_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Formal and informal use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formal_and_informal_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formal and informal use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formal_and_informal_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formal_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Formal language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pan_/_Pani_/_Państwo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan_/_Pani_/_Państwo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span><i>Pan</i> / <i>Pani</i> / <i>Państwo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan_/_Pani_/_Państwo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Given_name_/_surname_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Given_name_/_surname_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Given name / surname order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Given_name_/_surname_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-formal_levels_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-formal_levels_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Semi-formal levels of address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-formal_levels_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-informal_and_informal_forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-informal_and_informal_forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Semi-informal and informal forms of address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-informal_and_informal_forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_surnames_of_married_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_surnames_of_married_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Multiple surnames of married women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_surnames_of_married_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombres_polacos" title="Nombres polacos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombres polacos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolse_namen" title="Poolse namen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poolse namen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Польское имя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польское имя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polish_names" title="Special:EditPage/Polish names">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Polish+names%22">"Polish names"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Polish+names%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Polish+names%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Polish+names%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Polish+names%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Polish+names%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polish names</b> have two main elements: the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a>. The usage of <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal names</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> is generally governed by <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, church law, personal taste and family custom. </p><p>The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Almost all Polish female names end in the vowel <i>-a</i>, and most male names end in a consonant or a vowel other than <i>a</i>. There are, however, a few male names that end in <i>a</i>, which are very old and uncommon, such as Barnaba, Bonawentura, Jarema, Kosma, Kuba (a diminutive of Jakub) and Saba. <a href="/wiki/Maria_(given_name)" title="Maria (given name)">Maria</a> is a female name that can be used also as a second name for males. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, Polish-sounding surnames ending with the masculine <i>-ski</i> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>, including <i>-cki</i> and <i>-dzki</i>, and the corresponding feminine suffix <i>-ska/-cka/-dzka</i> were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> (Polish <i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i>), which alone, in the early years, had such suffix distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-ZKHP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZKHP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are widely popular today. </p><p>Minor regional spelling differences also exist depending on whether the surname originated in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> (<i>-sky/-ský</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Given_names">Given names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Given names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A child in Poland is usually given one or two names; Polish registry offices do not register more than two. Among Catholics, who form the vast majority of the population, it is customary to adopt the name of a saint as an informal, third given name at <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, however, this does not have any legal effect. (This is reminiscent of the pre-Christian rite of the "first haircut" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/First_haircut#Polish" title="First haircut">postrzyżyny</a></i>), which also involved giving the child a new name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p><p>In the past, there was no restrictions on the number of the given names. In formal situations, multiple given names were presented in the following style: "Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm 3-ga imion Kaczkowski, urodził sie dnia 2 maja 1825 roku..." (Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm of three names Kaczkowski, was born on the day of the 2nd of May, in the year of 1825...)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of two first names the qualifier "of two names" (dwojga imion) was used; four names: "of 4 names" (4-ga imion), etc. </p><p>Parents normally choose from a long list of traditional names, which includes:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian names</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/List_of_Biblical_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Biblical names">Biblical names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">saint's names</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a> of pre-Christian origin.</li></ul> <p>The names of Slavic saints, such as <a href="/wiki/Wojciech" title="Wojciech">Wojciech</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">St Adalbert</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_(given_name)" title="Stanislav (given name)">Stanisław</a> (<a href="/wiki/St_Stanislaus" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stanislaus">St Stanislaus</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Casimir" title="Casimir">Kazimierz</a> (<a href="/wiki/St_Casimir" class="mw-redirect" title="St Casimir">St Casimir</a>), belong to both of these groups. Slavic names used by historical <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Polish monarchs</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus">Bolesław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lech_(name)" title="Lech (name)">Lech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko (disambiguation)">Mieszko</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Władysław (disambiguation)">Władysław</a>, are common as well. Additionally, a few names of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Olgierd" class="mw-redirect" title="Olgierd">Olgierd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Witold_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Witold (given name)">Witold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Danuta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Danuta (disambiguation)">Danuta</a>, are quite popular in Poland. </p><p>Traditionally, the names are given at a child's <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>. Non-Christian, but traditional, Slavic names are usually accepted, but the priest may encourage parents to pick at least one Christian name. In the past, two Christian names were given to a child so that they had two <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a> instead of just one. At <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (sacrament)">confirmation</a>, people usually adopt yet another (second or third) Christian name, however, it is never used outside church documents. </p><p>In Eastern Poland, as in many other Catholic countries, people celebrate <a href="/wiki/Namesdays" class="mw-redirect" title="Namesdays">name days</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">imieniny</i>) on the day of their patron saint. On the other hand, in Western Poland, <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthdays</a> are more popular. Today, in Eastern Poland, birthdays remain relatively intimate celebrations, as often only relatives and close friends know a person's date of birth. Name days, on the other hand, are often celebrated together with co-workers and other less-intimate friends. Information about whose name is associated with a given day can be found in most Polish calendars and on the Internet. </p><p>The choice of a given name is largely influenced by fashion. Many parents name their child after a national hero or heroine, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. In spite of this, a great number of popular names have been in use since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutives</a> are popular in everyday usage and are by no means reserved for children. The Polish language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. Most diminutives are formed by adding a suffix. For male names it may be <i>-ek</i> or the more affectionate <i>-uś</i>; for female names it may be <i>-ka</i>, or <i>-nia</i> / <i>-dzia</i> / <i>-sia</i> / <i>cia</i> respectively. For example, <a href="/wiki/Maria_(given_name)" title="Maria (given name)">Maria</a> (a name which was once reserved to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>; now the archaic form "Maryja" is used for this), has diminutives Marysia, Maryśka, Marysieńka, Mania, Mańka, Maniusia, etc. </p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentative</a> forms (Polish: <i>zgrubienie</i>) may be colloquially used, often with scornful or disdainful intention. For example, Maria may be called Marycha or Marychna. </p><p>As in many other cultures, a person may informally use a <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> (<i>pseudonim, ksywa</i>) or instead of a given name. </p><p>In 2009, the most popular female names in Poland were Anna, Maria and Katarzyna (Katherine). The most popular male names were Piotr (Peter), Krzysztof (Christopher) and Andrzej (Andrew).<sup id="cite_ref-20_most_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20_most-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surnames">Surnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a>, being passed from the father to his children. </p><p>A Polish marriage certificate lists three fields, the surnames for the husband, wife, and children. The partners may choose to retain their surnames, or both adopt the surname of either partner, or a combination of both; the children must receive either the joint surname or the surname of one of the partners. However, a married woman usually adopts her husband's name, and the children usually bear the surname of the father. The wife may keep her <a href="/wiki/Maiden_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden name">maiden name</a> (<i>nazwisko panieńskie</i>) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a <a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">double-barrelled name</a> (<i>nazwisko złożone</i>). However, if she already has a double-barrelled name, she must leave one of the parts out—it is illegal to use a triple- or more-barrelled name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An exception is when one of the surnames is composed of a surname proper plus <a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a> (<i>przydomek</i>), e.g., <a href="/wiki/Maria_G%C4%85sienica_Daniel-Szatkowska" title="Maria Gąsienica Daniel-Szatkowska">Maria Gąsienica Daniel-Szatkowska</a>, where "<a href="/wiki/G%C4%85sienica" title="Gąsienica">Gąsienica</a> Daniel" is her husband's surname. It is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name (an example is businessman <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Solorz-%C5%BBak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt Solorz-Żak">Zygmunt Solorz-Żak</a>, who did both, taking his wife's name on his first marriage, and later appending his second wife's name to it).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist; an example is the one borne by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski (page does not exist)">Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski">pl</a>]</span>, a university professor and writer, living in Canada. </p><p>The most widespread Polish surnames are <a href="/wiki/Nowak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowak">Nowak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalski" title="Kowalski">Kowalski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bniewski" title="Wiśniewski">Wiśniewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B3jcik" title="Wójcik">Wójcik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20_most_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20_most-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffix_-ski/-ska"><span id="Suffix_-ski.2F-ska"></span>Suffix -ski/-ska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suffix -ski/-ska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>-ski</i> (also <i>-sky</i> in other regions) is an adjective-forming suffix, from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Slavic/-%D1%8Csk%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Slavic/-ьskъ">ьskъ</a>", which defined affiliation to something. It was also used with names of territories and settlements to denote possession or place of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-SCL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suffix, <i>-ski</i> (feminine: <i>-ska</i>), has been restricted to the nobility in eastern Europe and some parts of central Europe since the High Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-ZKHP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZKHP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particles</a> appearing in the names of nobility, such as in the Germanic <i><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle#Germany_and_Austria" title="Nobiliary particle">zu</a></i>. Almost all surnames borne by the nobility with the <i>-ski</i> (or <i>-sky</i>) suffix are preceded by a place name (toponymic) or other territorial designation derived from their main court, holdings, castle, manor or estate. For example, the Polish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Jan_of_Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Jan of Tarnów">Jan of Tarnów</a> whose name in Polish is "Jan z Tarnowa" was equally known by the name "Jan Tarnowski"; this highlighted his nobility unlike the preposition of "z" alone which could be construed as a regular <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositional particle</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, a wave of seemingly noble sounding surnames began to appear among the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">common population</a>, where a significant number of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> class, and even the <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a>, began to adopt or bear the noble <i>-ski</i> suffix.<sup id="cite_ref-PSTA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSTA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>-ski</i> suffix was thus attached to surnames derived from a person's occupation, characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> surnames, or <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surnames</a> (from a person's place of residence, birth or family origin).<sup id="cite_ref-PSTA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSTA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused a blur between the <i>-ski</i> bearing territorial toponymic surnames once a characteristic only borne by the nobility. As such, and contrary to a popular modern-day misconception, the fact of a person simply bearing the <i>-ski</i> suffix in their family surname or merely sharing the same toponymic surname as members of Poland's nobility, does not in itself denote that person too is a member of the nobility, of noble origin, or indeed connected to that particular family.<sup id="cite_ref-PSTA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSTA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When referring to two or more members of the same family and surname, the suffix <i>-ski</i> (or <i>-cki</i>, <i>-dzki</i>) is replaced with the plural <i>-skich</i>, <i>-scy</i>, <i>-ccy</i>, or <i>-dzcy</i> (plural masculine or both masculine and feminine) as well as <i>-skie</i>, <i>-ckie</i> or <i>-dzkie</i> (plural feminine).<sup id="cite_ref-LEGTIN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEGTIN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>-ski</i> ending and similar adjectival endings (<i>-cki</i>, <i>-dzki</i>, <i>-ny</i>, <i>-ty</i>) are the only ones in Polish that have feminine forms, where women have the feminine version ending in <i>-ska</i> (<i>-cka</i>, <i>-dzka</i>, <i>-na</i>, <i>-ta</i>) instead. Historically, female versions of surnames were more complex, often formed by adding the suffix <i>-owa</i> for married women and <i>-ówna</i> or <i>-wianka</i> for unmarried women. In most cases, this practice is now considered archaic or rustic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common surname suffixes are -czyk, -czek, -czak, -czuk, and -wicz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History,_heraldry,_and_clan_names"><span id="History.2C_heraldry.2C_and_clan_names"></span>History, heraldry, and clan names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History, heraldry, and clan names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Family names first appeared in Poland around the 13th century and were only used by the upper <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> of society. Over time the Polish nobility became grouped into <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic family">heraldic clans</a> (Polish <i>ród herbowy</i>) whose names survived in their shared <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>. Members of one clan could split into separate families with different surnames, usually derived from the name of their holdings or estates. Sometimes the family name and the clan name (associated with the arms) would be used together and form a double-barrelled name. The opposite process happened as well: different families may have joined a heraldic clans by the means of <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_adoption" title="Heraldic adoption">heraldic adoption</a>. </p><p>To explain the formation of a particular Polish nobleman's name, e.g. Jakub Dąbrowski, <a href="/wiki/Radwan_coat_of_arms" title="Radwan coat of arms">Radwan coat of arms</a>, the process might be the following. In Polish <i>dąb</i> means "oak",<sup id="cite_ref-hoffman--william_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffman--william-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> <i>dąbrowa</i> means "oak forest" and <i>dąbrówka</i> means "oak grove". Then, by analogy with German surnames associated with noble provenance using <a href="/wiki/German_nobility#Nobiliary_particles" title="German nobility">von</a>, the equivalent Polish preposition is <i><a href="/wiki/German_nobility#Nobiliary_particles" title="German nobility">z</a></i>, which means "from", followed by the name of the <a href="/wiki/Family_patrimony" title="Family patrimony">patrimony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Polish the expressions, <i>z Dąbrówki</i> and <i>Dąbrowski</i> mean the same thing: hailing "from Dąbrówka".<sup id="cite_ref-hoffman--william_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffman--william-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> More precisely, <i>z Dąbrówki</i> actually means owner of the estate, <i>Dąbrówka</i>, but not necessarily originating from there.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radwan-family-line_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radwan-family-line-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <i>Jakub z Dąbrówki herbu Radwan</i> translates as "Jacob from Dąbrówka, with the Radwan coat of arms". But with the later addition of his <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> or nickname, <i>Żądło</i>, he would become known as, <i>Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło, herbu Radwan</i> - or he could be called just plain, <i>Jakub Żądło</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-boniecki_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boniecki-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zadlo-cognomen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zadlo-cognomen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most striking concept of the Polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family, but come to be carried by several non-related families of the Polish <i>szlachta</i> (nobility). Unrelated families who have joined the nobility by <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_adoption" title="Heraldic adoption">heraldic adoption</a> can share the same coat of arms, even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it. Thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low — about 200 in the late Middle Ages. One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms/clan name. For example: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> <i>herbu</i> <a href="/wiki/Jelita" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelita">Jelita</a> means <i>Jan Zamoyski of the clan Jelita</i>. </p><p>From the 15th to the 17th century, the formula seems to copy the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman naming convention">Roman naming convention</a> with the classic <i>tria nomina</i> used by the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Patricians</a>: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a>/Clan name) and <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. Thus, <i>Jan Jelita Zamoyski</i>, forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). Later, the double-barrelled name would be joined with a hyphen: <i>Jan Jelita-Zamoyski</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example">Example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Jakub: Radwan Żądło-Dąbrowski<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes Jakub: Radwan Dąbrowski-Żądło) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Part </th> <th> </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Praenomen" title="Roman naming conventions">Praenomen</a></b> </td> <td>Jakub </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Nomen" title="Roman naming conventions">Nomen</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radwan_coat_of_arms" title="Radwan coat of arms">Radwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-radwan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radwan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nomen gentile—name of the <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a><sup id="cite_ref-radwan-family-line_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radwan-family-line-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3d" class="extiw" title="pl:Ród">ród</a> or knights' clan </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Cognomen" title="Roman naming conventions">Cognomen</a></b> </td> <td>Dąbrowski<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>name of the family branch/<a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">sept</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Radwan_coat_of_arms" title="Radwan coat of arms">Radwan</a> gens <p>Other examples: Braniecki, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zebrzydowski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Zebrzydowski">Zebrzydowski</a>, etc. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></b> </td> <td>Żądło </td> <td>nickname, Polish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/przydomek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:przydomek">przydomek</a> <p>(prior to the 17th century, was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions#Cognomen" title="Roman naming conventions">cognomen</a><sup id="cite_ref-zadlo-cognomen_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zadlo-cognomen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gradually the use of family names spread to other social groups: the <a href="/wiki/Townsfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Townsfolk">townsfolk</a> (<i>burghers</i>) by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The process ended only in the mid-19th century. </p><p>After the First and Second World Wars some <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance</a> fighters added their wartime <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Nom_de_guerre" title="Pseudonym"><i>noms de guerre</i></a> to their original family names. This was yet another reason for creating double-barrelled names. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nowak-Jeziora%C5%84ski" title="Jan Nowak-Jeziorański">Jan Nowak-Jeziorański</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a>. Some artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Boy-%C5%BBele%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński">Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński</a>, also added their <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Pseudonyms_in_print" title="Pseudonym"><i>noms de plume</i></a> to their surnames. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change_of_name">Change of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Change of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Polish citizen may apply to the registry office (<i>Urząd Stanu Cywilnego</i>) with a request for a change of name or surname alongside the payment of a small administrative fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazeta_Wrocławska_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazeta_Wrocławska-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the change of surname is not linked to marriage, the family surname is also changed in the successful applicant's documents. A note is added to the applicant's birth certificate in the system, informing of the subsequent change of name. </p><p>The request is not always successful. Certain types of request are certain to be refused: for example, the surname of a famous historical figure (where the applicant cannot demonstrate a close family connection to the surname), or where there is concern that the applicant is applying with the aim of evading criminal or civil responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazeta_Wrocławska_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazeta_Wrocławska-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every application must give a motivation for the change of name; for example, the existing name being offensive or funny, the desire to revert to a previous name, a close attachment to family members (e.g. parent, step-parent) bearing a different surname, or being commonly known in unofficial contexts by a different name.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_diasporas">In diasporas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In diasporas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>The Polish names, of course, are unpronounceable</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Why <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish RAF pilots</a> received nicknames during World War II<sup id="cite_ref-ingersoll1940_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ingersoll1940-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>When Polish individuals emigrate to countries with different languages and cultures, the often-difficult spelling and pronunciation of Polish names commonly cause them to be misspelled, changed, shortened, or <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <i>w</i> is often changed to <i>v</i> and <i>sz</i> to <i>sh</i>. Similar changes occur in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. Changes in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> can be even more extreme; a <i>Spiczyński</i> may become simply <i>Spika</i>, for example, where a more rigorous transcription would produce <i>de Spichiñsqui</i>. </p><p>Another typical change is the loss of the gender distinction in adjectival surnames, especially visible for those ending in <i>-ski</i> (fem.: <i>-ska</i>), <i>-cki</i> (fem.: <i>-cka</i>) and <i>-dzki</i> (fem.: <i>-dzka</i>). Western languages do not distinguish between male and female surnames, even if the language has gender-specific adjectives (like German, French or Spanish). As the surname is, in most cases, inherited from the father (or accepted from the husband), the Western registries of birth and marriage ascribe the masculine form (the one ending in <i>-i</i>) to the female members of the family. Slavic countries, in contrast, would use the feminine form of the surname (the one ending in <i>-a</i>). The form <i>Anna Kowalski</i> would never be met within Poland, whereas it is commonly found in the US, Germany and Argentina. </p><p>However, as an exception, feminine endings like <i>-ska</i> apply even to some women from non-Slavic countries, not just outside Poland or English-speaking ones, who have Polish parentage or are half-Polish, namely Britain's <a href="/wiki/Ella_Balinska" title="Ella Balinska">Ella Balinska</a>, whose father has the masculine Balinski(-Jundzill), and Australians <a href="/wiki/Mia_Wasikowska" title="Mia Wasikowska">Mia Wasikowska</a> and her sister, Jess, who have the same ending as their mother's.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another modification is changing the final vowel <i>-i</i> of the endings <i>-ski</i>, <i>-cki</i> and <i>-dzki</i> into <i>-y</i>. Those endings are common in Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian, as well as in English, but they never occur in Polish. </p><p>When transliterated into languages that use the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> alphabet, such as Russian or Ukrainian, alterations are usually much less drastic, as the languages involved are Slavic and less difficult for the natives, and feminine forms are preserved although the <i>-ski/-ska</i> ending is altered slightly to the corresponding ending in Russian (-ский/-ская) or Ukrainian (-ський/-ська). Similar alterations occur to Polish names in Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on grammatical features, Polish surnames may be divided into: </p> <ul><li><i>nominal</i>, derived from and <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a></li> <li><i>adjectival</i>, derived from and declined as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>.</li></ul> <p>Adjectival names very often end in the suffixes, <i>-ski</i>, <i>-cki</i> and <i>-dzki</i> (feminine <i>-ska</i>, <i>-cka</i> and <i>-dzka</i>), and are considered to be either typically Polish or typical for the Polish nobility. In the case of '-ski', it holds true if the surname contains the name of a city, town, village or other geographical location. </p><p>Based on origin, Polish family names may be generally divided into three groups: cognominal, toponymic and patronymic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognominal">Cognominal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognominal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Polish <a href="/wiki/Cognominal_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognominal surname">cognominal surname</a> (<i>nazwisko przezwiskowe</i>) derives from a person's nickname, usually based on his profession, occupation, physical description, character trait, etc. The occupational surnames often would come from the Medieval Polish serf-villages, where a whole village serving the prince, township or lord, or a few streets in a town block would be inhabited by the same kind of specialized workers, often a <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> of professionals. These areas would often be separate from the rest of the town due to the danger of fire (bell-makers and smiths), area ownership by the guild, or due to unpleasant pollution (tanners, wool-workers). Such serf areas would bear the plural form of the profession name, such as Piekary (bakers), Garbary (tanners), Winiary (winemakers). Furthermore, the suffix -czyk, -yk, -ek was used to describe a profession as a diminutive, often, but not always, indicating a trainee - the learning assistant before achieving a full job title or seniority. </p><p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Cognominal_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognominal surname">cognominal surnames</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kowal_(surname)" title="Kowal (surname)">Kowal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalski" title="Kowalski">Kowalski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalczyk" title="Kowalczyk">Kowalczyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalczuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowalczuk">Kowalczuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalewski" title="Kowalewski">Kowalewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowalewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowalewicz">Kowalewicz</a> – from <i>kowal</i> (blacksmith).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%82ynarz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Młynarz (page does not exist)">Młynarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C5%82ynarski" title="Młynarski">Młynarski</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C5%82ynarczyk" title="Młynarczyk">Młynarczyk</a> – from <i>młynarz</i> (miller).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowak">Nowak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowakowski" title="Nowakowski">Nowakowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowicki" title="Nowicki">Nowicki</a> – from <i>nowy</i> (the new one). (Nowak is the most popular Polish surname.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis_(surname)" title="Lis (surname)">Lis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisiewicz">Lisiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisowski" title="Lisowski">Lisowski</a> – from <i>lis</i> (fox).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82odziej" title="Kołodziej">Kołodziej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82odziejski" title="Kołodziejski">Kołodziejski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82odziejczak" title="Kołodziejczak">Kołodziejczak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82odziejczyk" title="Kołodziejczyk">Kołodziejczyk</a> – from <i>kołodziej</i> (wheelwright).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchar" title="Kuchar">Kuchar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kucharski" title="Kucharski">Kucharski</a>, Kucharczyk – from <i>kucharz</i> (cook)</li> <li>Piekarski, Piekara, Piekarczyk – from <i>piekarz</i> (baker)</li> <li>Bednarski, Bednarek – from <i>bednarz</i> (barrel maker), or Garcarek – from <i>garncarz</i> (potter)</li> <li>Krawczyk – from <i>krawiec</i> (tailor), Szewczyk – from <i>szewc</i> (shoemaker), Tokarczyk – from <i>tokarz</i> (wood-turner)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymic">Toponymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toponymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Toponymic surnames</a> (<i>nazwisko odmiejscowe</i>) usually derive from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. These names are almost always of the adjectival form. Originally they referred to the village owner (lord). In the 19th century, however, surnames were often taken from the name of a person's town.<sup id="cite_ref-PSTA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSTA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surnames</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodowski" title="Brodowski">Brodowski</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Brodowo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brodowo (disambiguation)">Brodowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnowski" title="Tarnowski">Tarnowski</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrzesi%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrzesiński">Wrzesiński</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia" title="Września">Września</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakowski" title="Krakowski">Krakowski</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazur_(surname)" title="Mazur (surname)">Mazur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazurski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazurski">Mazurski</a> – of <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronymic">Patronymic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patronymic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polish_names" title="Special:EditPage/Polish names">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> surname (<i>nazwisko odimienne</i>) derives from the given name of a person, and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. </p><p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> surnames: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamczyk" title="Adamczyk">Adamczyk</a> – derived from Adam</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%81ukaszewski_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Łukaszewski (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Łukaszewski</a> – derived from Łukasz (Luke).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There is a class of surnames derived from past tense participles. These names usually have the formally feminine (-ła) or neuter (-ło) ending of the (ancient, now obsolete) gender-neutral active past participle, meaning "the one who has ...[come, applied, accomplished, settled, searched, found, etc.]". <a href="/wiki/Domaga%C5%82a" title="Domagała">Domagała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przyby%C5%82a" title="Przybyła">Przybyła</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napiera%C5%82a" title="Napierała">Napierała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopiera%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopierała">Dopierała</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szuka%C5%82a" title="Szukała">Szukała</a> or <a href="/wiki/Podsiad%C5%82o" title="Podsiadło">Podsiadło</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wcis%C5%82o" title="Wcisło">Wcisło</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wlaz%C5%82o" class="mw-redirect" title="Wlazło">Wlazło</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przyby%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przybyło (page does not exist)">Przybyło</a> are examples of these names. A smaller number of surnames use the masculine ending, for example, <a href="/wiki/Musia%C5%82" title="Musiał">Musiał</a> or Niechciał.</li> <li>Another class of surnames uses the Latin <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_(linguistics)" title="Disjunct (linguistics)">disjunct</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vel#latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:vel">vel</a></i> ("or"). This arises when an ancestor was known by a given family name and under an <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">alias</a>. A case in point was when a soldier took part in an <a href="/wiki/Polish_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish uprising">uprising</a> and then pursued by the authorities, assumed another name. Subsequently, rather than lose one of his identities, he merged them using the disjunct, <i>vel</i> to indicate he was known under one or other name. For example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przemys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBurawski_vel_Grajewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski (page does not exist)">Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82aw_%C5%BBurawski_vel_Grajewski" class="extiw" title="pl:Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski">pl</a>]</span>. The family then kept the form.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminine_forms">Feminine forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectival surnames, like all Polish adjectives, have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine and feminine</a> forms. If a masculine surname ends in <i>-i</i> or <i>-y</i>; its feminine equivalent ends in <i>-a</i>. </p><p>The feminine form is not just a common usage form, it is also the form of the surname that appears in all official records, such as birth, death and marriage certificates, identity cards, and passports. A female first name coupled with a male surname or vice versa sounds incongruous and wrong to the Polish ear. </p><p>Surnames ending with consonants usually have no additional feminine form. In the past, when the masculine form ended in a consonant, the feminine surname could have been derived by adding the suffix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-owa" class="extiw" title="wikt:-owa">-owa</a></i> (possessive form) for married women and the suffix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%C3%B3wna" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ówna">-ówna</a></i> (patronymic form) for maiden surname.<sup id="cite_ref-php_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-php-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Cezaria_Baudouin_de_Courtenay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay">Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay</a>, after her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Janusz_J%C4%99drzejewicz" title="Janusz Jędrzejewicz">Janusz Jędrzejewicz</a>, was named <a href="/wiki/Cezaria_Baudouin_de_Courtenay_Ehrenkreutz_J%C4%99drzejewiczowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa">Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa</a>. The unmarried daughter of Jędrzejewicz would have the official surname Jędrzejewiczówna. In modern times, Jędrzejewicz may be both a masculine and a feminine surname. </p><p>Another pair of archaic feminine forms are these derived from the masculine surname based on a nickname ending in vowel: "-ina" for married (<a href="/wiki/Pucha%C5%82a" title="Puchała">Puchała</a> –> Puchalina) and "-anka/-ianka" for unmarried (<a href="/wiki/Przyby%C5%82a" title="Przybyła">Przybyła</a> –> Przybylanka). </p><p>Still another archaic feminine forms are for surnames ending in <i>-g</i> or syllables starting with '-g': in this case the unmarried feminine form would use the suffix <i>-żanka</i>: <a href="/wiki/Fertig_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertig (surname)">Fertig</a> -> Fertiżanka, <a href="/wiki/Szeliga_(surname)" title="Szeliga (surname)">Szeliga</a> -> Szeliżanka.<sup id="cite_ref-php_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-php-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuter_form">Neuter form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neuter form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The neuter form ("rodzaj nijaki") may be used in reference to neuter nouns such as <i>dziecko</i>, "child." For example, when talking about a child of the neighbours one may say "To małe Kowalskie jest bardzo spokojnym dzieckiem" ("That Kowalski little one is a very quiet child"), or in plural: "Wasilewskie wyjechały do babci" ("The Wasilewskis children went away to see their grandma"). Unlike the feminine form, this form is never used in official documents; it is an informal form used mostly in spoken language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_feminine_and_neuter_forms">Examples of feminine and neuter forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples of feminine and neuter forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Masculine (singular) </th> <th>Feminine (singular) </th> <th>Neuter (singular), <br />e.g. a child of unspecified sex </th> <th>Masculine only - plural<br /> or: Entire family (Mr. & Mrs.) - plural <br />(with or without children) </th> <th>Feminine only - plural <br /> or: Children (of unspecified sex) only - plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malinowski" title="Malinowski">Malinowski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malinowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinowska">Malinowska</a> </td> <td>Malinowskie </td> <td>Malinowscy </td> <td>Malinowskie </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zawadzki" title="Zawadzki">Zawadzki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zawadzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawadzka">Zawadzka</a> </td> <td>Zawadzkie </td> <td>Zawadzcy </td> <td>Zawadzkie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Podgórny </td> <td>Podgórna </td> <td>Podgórne </td> <td>Podgórni </td> <td>Podgórne </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biały </td> <td>Biała </td> <td>Białe </td> <td>Biali </td> <td>Białe </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nominal surnames may or may not change with gender. Like other Slavic languages, Polish has special feminine suffixes which were added to a woman's surname. A woman who was never married used her father's surname with the suffix <i>-ówna</i> or <i>-'anka</i>. A married woman or a widow used her husband's surname with the suffix <i>-owa</i> or <i>-'ina</i> / <i>-'yna</i> (the apostrophe means that the last consonant in the base form of the surname is softened). Although these suffixes are still used by some people, mostly the elderly and in rural areas, they are now becoming outdated and there is a tendency to use the same form of a nominal surname for both a man and a woman. Furthermore, the forms "-anka" and "-ina/-yna" are going out of fashion and being replaced by "-ówna" and "-owa" respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Father / husband </th> <th>Unmarried woman </th> <th>Married woman or widow </th></tr> <tr> <td>ending in a consonant (except <i>g</i>) </td> <td><i>-ówna</i> </td> <td><i>-owa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ending in a vowel or in <i>-g</i> </td> <td><i>-'anka</i> </td> <td><i>-'ina</i> or <i>-'yna</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of old feminine forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Father / husband </th> <th>Unmarried woman </th> <th>Married woman or widow </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nowak </td> <td>Nowakówna </td> <td>Nowakowa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madej" title="Madej">Madej</a> </td> <td>Madejówna </td> <td>Madejowa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konopka" title="Konopka">Konopka</a> </td> <td>Konopczanka, new: Konopkówna </td> <td>Konopczyna, new: Konopkowa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zar%C4%99ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaręba">Zaręba</a> </td> <td>Zarębianka, new: Zarębówna </td> <td>Zarębina, new: Zarębowa </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plural_forms">Plural forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plural forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plural forms of surnames follow the pattern of the masculine and feminine forms, respectively, if such exist. For a married couple or a family where there is a mix of males and females, the masculine plural is used. Plural forms of names rarely follow the patterns of <a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar#Noun_declension" title="Polish grammar">regular declension</a>, even if the name is identical with a common name. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surname masculine </th> <th>Plural masculine or both masculine and feminine </th> <th>Surname feminine </th> <th>Plural feminine </th> <th>Plural of the common name (for comparison) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kowalski </td> <td>Kowalscy </td> <td>Kowalska </td> <td>Kowalskie </td> <td>--- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wilk ('wolf') </td> <td>Wilkowie </td> <td>- (Wilkówna, Wilkowa) </td> <td>- (Wilkówne, Wilkowe) </td> <td>wilki, wilcy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zięba ('finch') </td> <td>Ziębowie </td> <td>- (Ziębianka, Ziębina, new: Ziębówna, Ziębowa) </td> <td>- (Ziębianki, Ziębiny, new: Ziębówny, Ziębowe) </td> <td>zięby </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declension_of_adjectival_surnames">Declension of adjectival surnames</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Declension of adjectival surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the full declension of adjectival surnames ending in -ki (-ski, -cki, -dzki), using the surname "Kowalski" as an example. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number: </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th> <th rowspan="2">Mixed <br />(masculine and feminine) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Masculine <br /> <i>"męskie"</i> </th> <th>Feminine<br /> <i>"żeńskie"</i> </th> <th>Neuter<br /> <i>"nijakie"</i> </th> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Feminine </th> <th>Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> (<i>"Mianownik"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalski </td> <td>Kowalska </td> <td>Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalscy </td> <td colspan="2">Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalscy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> (<i>"Dopełniacz"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalskiego </td> <td rowspan="2">Kowalskiej </td> <td>Kowalskiego </td> <td colspan="3">Kowalskich </td> <td>Kowalskich </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> (<i>"Celownik"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalskiemu </td> <td>Kowalskiemu </td> <td colspan="3">Kowalskim </td> <td>Kowalskim </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> (<i>"Biernik"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalskiego </td> <td rowspan="2">Kowalską </td> <td>Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalskich </td> <td colspan="2">Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalskich </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> (<i>"Narzędnik"</i>) </th> <td rowspan="2">Kowalskim </td> <td rowspan="2">Kowalskim </td> <td colspan="3">Kowalskimi </td> <td>Kowalskimi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">Locative</a> (<i>"Miejscownik"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalskiej </td> <td colspan="3">Kowalskich </td> <td>Kowalskich </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">Vocative</a> (<i>"Wołacz"</i>) </th> <td>Kowalski </td> <td>Kowalska </td> <td>Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalscy </td> <td colspan="2">Kowalskie </td> <td>Kowalscy </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_and_informal_use">Formal and informal use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Formal and informal use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction_in_the_world%27s_languages#Polish" title="T–V distinction in the world's languages">T-V distinction in Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)#Polish" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics in Polish</a></div> <p>Poles pay great attention to the correct way of referring to, or addressing other people, depending on the level of social distance, familiarity and politeness. The differences between formal and informal language include: </p> <ul><li>using surnames or given names</li> <li>using or not using honorific titles, such as <i>Pan</i> / <i>Pani</i> / <i>Państwo</i>;</li> <li>using the third person singular (formal) or the second person singular (informal) forms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_language">Formal language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Formal language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pan_/_Pani_/_Państwo"><span id="Pan_.2F_Pani_.2F_Pa.C5.84stwo"></span><i>Pan</i> / <i>Pani</i> / <i>Państwo</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pan / Pani / Państwo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pan</i> and <i>Pani</i> are the basic honorific styles used in Polish to refer to a man or woman, respectively. In the past, these styles were reserved for hereditary nobles, and played more or less the same role as "Lord" or "Sir" and "Lady" or "Madame" in English. Since the 19th century, they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the English "Mr." and "Ms." or the Japanese "san" suffix, while nobles would be addressed "Jego/Jej Miłość Pan/Pani" (His/Her Grace Lord/Lady). There used to be a separate style, <i>Panna</i> ("Miss"), applied to unmarried women, but this is now outdated and mostly replaced by <i>Pani</i>. </p><p>"Państwo" is widely used when referring to a married couple (instead of using <i>Pan</i> and <i>Pani</i>) or even a whole family. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Pan Kowalski + Pani Kowalska = Państwo Kowalscy</li> <li>Pan Nowak + Pani Nowak = Państwo Nowakowie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Titles">Titles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When addressing people, scientific and other titles are always used together with "Pan" and "Pani" and the name itself is dropped. However, when a person is spoken of but not addressed directly, then both the title and the name are used and the words "Pan"/"Pani" are often omitted. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>"Panie profesorze" ("Professor"), "Pan profesor powiedział" ("Professor (X) said" or "you have said, professor")</li> <li>"Pani doktor" ("Doctor"), "Pani doktor powiedziała" ("Doctor (X) said" or "you have said, doctor")</li></ul> <p>but: </p> <ul><li>"Pan profesor Jan Nowak" or "profesor Jan Nowak" or "profesor Nowak",</li> <li>"Pani doktor Maria Kowalska" or "doktor Maria Kowalska" or "doktor Kowalska"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Given_name_/_surname_order"><span id="Given_name_.2F_surname_order"></span>Given name / surname order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Given name / surname order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The given name(s) normally comes before the surname. However, in a list of people sorted alphabetically by surname, the surname usually comes first. Hence some people may also use this order in spoken language (e.g. introducing themselves as <i>Kowalski Jan</i> instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kowalski_(Average_Joe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kowalski (Average Joe)">Jan Kowalski</a></i>), but this is generally considered incorrect or a throwback to the Communist era when this order was sometimes heard in official situations. In many formal situations, the given name is omitted altogether. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Pan Włodzimierz Malinowski</li> <li>Pani Jadwiga Kwiatkowska</li></ul> <p>On the other hand, it is not common to refer to public figures, while not addressing them, with "Pan" or "Pani". This is true for politicians, artists, and athletes. </p> <ul><li>"Jan Kowalski był dziś w Gdańsku." ("Jan Kowalski was in Gdansk today") and not "Pan Jan Kowalski był dziś w Gdańsku."</li> <li>"Jan Kowalski uważa, że" or "Minister Kowalski uważa, że" ("Mr Kowalski maintains that") is better than "Pan Kowalski uważa, że".</li> <li>"Film reżyserował Jan Kowalski." ("The film was directed by Jan Kowalski.") and not: "Film reżyserował pan Jan Kowalski."</li> <li>"Złoty medal zdobyła Anna Kowalska." ("The gold medal was won by Anna Kowalska.") and never: "Złoty medal zdobyła pani Anna Kowalska."</li></ul> <p>In such circumstances, preceding a name with "Pan" or "Pani" would usually be seen as being ironical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-formal_levels_of_address">Semi-formal levels of address</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Semi-formal levels of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In situations of frequent contact, like at work, people who do not change their status from formal to familiar levels may remain for years at a semi-formal level, using the formal "Pan"/"Pani" form followed by the given name. That way of calling people is used not only to address them but also to refer to them to a third person with whom one remains at the same level of semi-formal contact. </p><p>If two people do not have the same status, such as an employer and employee, a subordinate person is addressed by his or her given name by their superior, but the subordinate never uses the given name of the superior but instead uses the title. </p> <ul><li>the superior to a subordinate: "Panie Włodzimierzu!", "Pani Jadwigo!";</li> <li>a subordinate to the superior: "Panie Dyrektorze!" (literally: "Mr Principal!"), "Pani Kierownik!" (literally: "Mrs Manager!").</li></ul> <p>This style is to a certain degree similar to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a> usage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If a superior wants to behave more politely or show a friendly attitude towards the subordinate, a diminutive form of the given name may be used: "Panie Włodku!", "Pani Jadziu!". That, however, is usually not practised when the subordinate is much older than the superior, as it may be felt by the subordinate as being overly patronised by the superior. </p><p>It is rude to call a person by a surname in the presence of unknown people. In a random crowd, for example, a person calling another person should use a form of "Proszę Pana/Pani" ("I'm asking you, Sir/Madam") or use the semi-formal form with first name, like "Panie Włodzimierzu" ("Mr. Włodzimierz"). That comes from a general rule that one has the right to be anonymous in a crowd of unknown people, and the rule is observed in most Western countries. To disclose one's given name does not fall under that rule, as many people are "Włodzimierz", for instance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-informal_and_informal_forms_of_address">Semi-informal and informal forms of address</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Semi-informal and informal forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Informal forms of address are normally used only by relatives, close friends and co-workers. In such situations diminutives are generally preferred to the standard forms of given names. At an intermediate level of familiarity (for example, among co-workers) a diminutive given name may be preceded by formal the <i>Pan</i> or <i>Pani</i> (semi-informal form of address):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Pan Włodek (but also standard semi-formal form "Pan Włodzimierz") - in direct address "Panie Włodku" (standard: "Panie Włodzimierzu")</li> <li>Pani Jadzia (but also "Pani Jadwiga") - in direct address "Pani Jadziu" (standard: "Pani Jadwigo")</li></ul> <p>Using the honorific style with a surname only, if used to refer to a given person directly, is generally perceived as rude. In such case, it is more polite to use just the form "Pan", without given or family name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is very rude to address someone whom one does not know well without using "Pan" or "Pani", and with the second person singular instead of the polite third person singular pronouns and verb forms. Traditionally, the act of moving from this form to a friendly "you" must be acknowledged by both parties and it is usually a mark of a close friendly relationship between the two people. The change can only be proposed by the older or more respected person; a similar suggestion initiated by the younger or less respected person will usually be perceived as presumptuous and arrogant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_surnames_of_married_women">Multiple surnames of married women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Multiple surnames of married women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="primovoto"></span><span class="anchor" id="secundovoto"></span>Although a remarried woman who takes the new husband's surname does not formally retain the surname(s) from the previous marriages, on biographical occasions all her surnames may be listed as follows: "<a href="/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudska" title="Maria Piłsudska">Maria Piłsudska</a>, <i>de domo</i> Koplewska, <i>primo voto</i> Juszkiewicz, <i>secundo voto</i> Piłsudska", where <i>"<a href="/wiki/De_domo" class="mw-redirect" title="De domo">de domo</a>"</i> literally meaning "of house" is basically the same as <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i>, <i>"<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikt:primo_voto" class="extiw" title="pl:Wikt:primo voto">primo voto</a>"</i> marks the surname by the first marriage, <i>"secundo voto"</i> marks the surname by the second marriage, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_name_affixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name affixes">Family name affixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Polish">History of Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Poland">Name of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish clans">Polish clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_heraldry" title="Polish heraldry">Polish heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Slavic name suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZKHP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZKHP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZKHP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zenon_Klemensiewicz" title="Zenon Klemensiewicz">Zenon Klemensiewicz</a>, <i>Historia języka polskiego</i> (History of Polish), PWN, Warsaw 1985, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-06443-9" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-06443-9">83-01-06443-9</a>. (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example from Krechowiecki, Adam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zygmuntkaczkowsk00krecuoft/zygmuntkaczkowsk00krecuoft_djvu.txt">"Zygmunt Kaczkowski i jego czasy : na podstawie źródeł i materyałów rękopiśmiennych"</a>, 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150840/http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art359fr.htm">"The most Common Baby names in Poland - History, Trends"</a>. <i>Polish culture/</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art359fr.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+culture%2F&rft.atitle=The+most+Common+Baby+names+in+Poland+-+History%2C+Trends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculture.polishsite.us%2Farticles%2Fart359fr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20_most-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20_most_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20_most_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826021826/http://www.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=7971">"20 most common given names in Poland"</a>. <i>Polish Ministry of Interior and Administration</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=7971">the original</a> on August 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+Ministry+of+Interior+and+Administration&rft.atitle=20+most+common+given+names+in+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mswia.gov.pl%2Fdownload.php%3Fs%3D1%26id%3D7971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktojestkim.forbes.pl/zygmunt-solorz-zak,sylwetka,139413,1,1.html">Forbes</a> Zygmunt Solorz-Żak <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCL_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarębski2013" class="citation book cs1">Zarębski, Rafał (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repozytorium.uni.lodz.pl:8080/xmlui/handle/11089/5381"><i>Studia Ceranea; Possessive Adjectives Formed from Personal Names in Polish Translations of the New Testament</i></a>. Vol. 3. Łódź: Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+Ceranea%3B+Possessive+Adjectives+Formed+from+Personal+Names+in+Polish+Translations+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Waldemar+Ceran+Research+Centre+for+the+History+and+Culture+of+the+Mediterranean+Area+and+South-East+Europe&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zar%C4%99bski&rft.aufirst=Rafa%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.uni.lodz.pl%3A8080%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F11089%2F5381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SR_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanisław Rospond, <i>Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego z ćwiczeniami</i> (Polish historical grammar..), Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw 2009, p. 114, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-13992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-01-13992-6">978-83-01-13992-6</a>. (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSTA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSTA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSTA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSTA_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSTA_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/dla-uytkownikow-archiwow/genealogia/116-typy-rode-wykorzystywanych-do-bada-genealogicznych.html#akta_instytucji2">"Akta instytucji powołanych do badania szlachectwa (XIX w. deputacje szlacheckie i Heroldia Królestwa Polskiego): Literatura"</a> [Official documents for the heraldry searches]. <i>Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych (The Head Office of the State Archives Poland)</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych (The Head Office of the State Archives Poland) www.archiwa.gov.pl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>... Wymienienie czyjegoś nazwiska w herbarzu nie oznacza, że współcześnie żyjąca osoba pochodzi od rodziny w herbarzu tym występującej. Wiele pozornie szlacheckich nazwisk z końcówką "-ski" należy do osób pochodzenia chłopskiego lub mieszczańskiego, które nazwisko otrzymały od nazwiska właściciela majątku, w którym mieszkały lub na fali panującej w XIX w. mody na dodawanie do nazwiska właśnie tej końcówki. ...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naczelna+Dyrekcja+Archiw%C3%B3w+Pa%C5%84stwowych+%28The+Head+Office+of+the+State+Archives+Poland%29&rft.atitle=Akta+instytucji+powo%C5%82anych+do+badania+szlachectwa+%28XIX+w.+deputacje+szlacheckie+i+Heroldia+Kr%C3%B3lestwa+Polskiego%29%3A+Literatura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiwa.gov.pl%2Fdla-uytkownikow-archiwow%2Fgenealogia%2F116-typy-rode-wykorzystywanych-do-bada-genealogicznych.html%23akta_instytucji2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEGTIN-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEGTIN_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Adams2010" class="citation web cs1">Angela Adams (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191447/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/72433590/ROCIC-International-Names">"Special Report, Law Enforcement Guide to International Names"</a>. <i>ROCIC Publications</i>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/72433590/ROCIC-International-Names">the original</a> on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROCIC+Publications&rft.atitle=Special+Report%2C+Law+Enforcement+Guide+to+International+Names&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Angela+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F72433590%2FROCIC-International-Names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/suchostaw/polish_patronymics_and_surname_suffixes.htm">"Polish Patronymics and Surname Suffixes"</a>. <i>kehilalinks.jewishgen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kehilalinks.jewishgen.org&rft.atitle=Polish+Patronymics+and+Surname+Suffixes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkehilalinks.jewishgen.org%2Fsuchostaw%2Fpolish_patronymics_and_surname_suffixes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoffman--william-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman--william_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman--william_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Hoffman, <b>"Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings"</b> (Chicago, Cook county, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgsa.org/">POLISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA</a>, 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bruce_Boswell" class="extiw" title="pl:Alexander Bruce Boswell">Boswell, Alexander Bruce</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loBDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109"><i>POLAND AND THE POLES</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NEW YORK</a>, U.S.A.: <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd, Mead and Company">Dodd, Mead and Company</a>. p. 109. <q><i>Later on each family began to take the name of some village or town, with the addition of -ski, which is the Polish equivalent for the French de or German von.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLAND+AND+THE+POLES&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NEW+YORK%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloBDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bruce_Boswell" class="extiw" title="pl:Alexander Bruce Boswell">Boswell, Alexander Bruce</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loBDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109"><i>POLAND AND THE POLES</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NEW YORK</a>, U.S.A.: <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd, Mead and Company">Dodd, Mead and Company</a>. p. 109. <q><i>Thus John of <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> called himself John <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zamoyski" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a>, Stephen of <a href="/wiki/Potok,_Stasz%C3%B3w_County" title="Potok, Staszów County">Potok</a> called himself <a href="/wiki/House_of_Potocki" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Potocki">Potocki</a>. Although time has scattered most families far from their original home, nearly all the names of the genuinely Polish szlachta can be traced back to some locality.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLAND+AND+THE+POLES&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NEW+YORK%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloBDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radwan-family-line-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radwan-family-line_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radwan-family-line_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkolski1641" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Okolski" title="Szymon Okolski">Okolski, Szymon</a> (1641). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKBMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA564">"RADWAN alias WIRBOW."</a>. <i>Orbis Polonus</i> (in Latin). Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: Franciscus Caesarius. p. 564. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170608065310/https://books.google.nl/books?id=eKBMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA564&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>LINEA FAMILIAE RADWAN</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RADWAN+alias+WIRBOW.&rft.btitle=Orbis+Polonus&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Franciscus+Caesarius&rft.date=1641&rft.aulast=Okolski&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKBMAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bruce_Boswell" class="extiw" title="pl:Alexander Bruce Boswell">Boswell, Alexander Bruce</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loBDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA109"><i>POLAND AND THE POLES</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NEW YORK</a>, U.S.A.: <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd, Mead and Company">Dodd, Mead and Company</a>. p. 109. <q><i>Originally a member of the Polish szlachta used simply his Christian name, and the title of the coat of arms which was common to all the members of his clan.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLAND+AND+THE+POLES&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NEW+YORK%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloBDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boniecki-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boniecki_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoniecki1901" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Boniecki_(heraldyk)" class="extiw" title="pl:Adam Boniecki (heraldyk)">Boniecki, Adam Józef Feliks</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polona.pl/item/10355910/159/">"DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online book)</span>. <i>Herbarz Polski - Część I.; Wiadomości Historyczno-Genealogiczne O Rodach Szlacheckich</i>. <b>IV.</b>. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Governorate" title="Warsaw Governorate">Warsaw governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula land (Russian POLAND)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">RUSSIAN EMPIRE</a>: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebethner_i_Wolff" class="extiw" title="pl:Gebethner i Wolff">Gebethner i Wolff</a>: 147. <q><i>DĄBROWSCY h. RADWAN z Dąbrówki pod Piasecznem, w ziemi warszawskiej, w różnych stronach osiedli, przeważnie w ziemi rożańskiej. Przydomek ich "Żądło". Żyjący w połowie XV-go wieku Jakub z Dąbrówki, ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herbarz+Polski+-+Cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87+I.%3B+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+Historyczno-Genealogiczne+O+Rodach+Szlacheckich.&rft.atitle=D%C4%84BROWSCY+h.+RADWAN+z+D%C4%85br%C3%B3wki&rft.volume=IV.&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Boniecki&rft.aufirst=Adam+J%C3%B3zef+Feliks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolona.pl%2Fitem%2F10355910%2F159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zadlo-cognomen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zadlo-cognomen_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zadlo-cognomen_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkolski1641" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Okolski" title="Szymon Okolski">Okolski, Szymon</a> (1641). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKBMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA572">"RADWAN alias WIRBOW."</a>. <i>Orbis Polonus</i> (in Latin). Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>: Franciscus Caesarius. p. 572. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170608064839/https://books.google.nl/books?id=eKBMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA572&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>Dąbrowfcij, cognominati Zedlowie ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=RADWAN+alias+WIRBOW.&rft.btitle=Orbis+Polonus&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Franciscus+Caesarius&rft.date=1641&rft.aulast=Okolski&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKBMAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinakowski" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Jerzy_Minakowski" title="Marek Jerzy Minakowski">Minakowski, Marek Jerzy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wielcy.pl/boniecki/en/art/4/261.xml">"Żądło-Dąbrowski z Dąbrówki h. Radwan"</a>. <i>Genealogia Potomków Sejmu Wielkiego</i>. Kraków, POLAND, EU: Dr Minakowski Publikacje Elektroniczne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genealogia+Potomk%C3%B3w+Sejmu+Wielkiego&rft.atitle=%C5%BB%C4%85d%C5%82o-D%C4%85browski+z+D%C4%85br%C3%B3wki+h.+Radwan&rft.aulast=Minakowski&rft.aufirst=Marek+Jerzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwielcy.pl%2Fboniecki%2Fen%2Fart%2F4%2F261.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radwan-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radwan_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Bieniak" class="extiw" title="pl:Janusz Bieniak">Janusz Bieniak</a>, <b>"Knight Clans in Medieval Poland," in <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_G%C4%85siorowski_(ur._1932)" class="extiw" title="pl:Antoni Gąsiorowski (ur. 1932)">Antoni Gąsiorowski</a> (ed.), The Polish Nobility in the Middle Ages: Anthologies</b>, <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</a>; Wrocław, POLAND, EU; 1984, page 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603191440/https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mikmichalowickilite2-161212085641/95/dwr-dbrowskich-w-michaowicach-nowe-ycie-dworu-wystawa-4-1024.jpg?cb=1481533068">"DWÓR DĄBROWSKICH W MICHAŁOWICACH - "Nowe życie dworu" (wystawa)"</a> [DĄBROWSKI MANOR/MANSION IN MICHAŁOWICE - New Life of the Manor/Mansion (Exhibition)]. <i><a href="/wiki/SlideShare" title="SlideShare">SlideShare</a></i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_County" title="Kraków County">Kraków county</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland voivodeship</a>, Southern Poland, POLAND: <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82opolska_Institute_of_Culture" title="Małopolska Institute of Culture">Małopolska Institute of Culture</a>. 12 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mikmichalowickilite2-161212085641/95/dwr-dbrowskich-w-michaowicach-nowe-ycie-dworu-wystawa-4-1024.jpg?cb=1481533068">the original</a> on 3 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>Photographs from the family archive of Jan Majewski; Tadeusz Żądło Dąbrowski [herbu Radwan]...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SlideShare&rft.atitle=DW%C3%93R+D%C4%84BROWSKICH+W+MICHA%C5%81OWICACH+-+%22Nowe+%C5%BCycie+dworu%22+%28wystawa%29&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fmikmichalowickilite2-161212085641%2F95%2Fdwr-dbrowskich-w-michaowicach-nowe-ycie-dworu-wystawa-4-1024.jpg%3Fcb%3D1481533068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazeta_Wrocławska-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gazeta_Wrocławska_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gazeta_Wrocławska_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemik" class="citation news cs1">Semik, Teresa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazetawroclawska.pl/artykul/81991,chcesz-zmienic-nazwisko-musisz-miec-wazny-powod,id,t.html">"Chcesz zmienić nazwisko? Musisz mieć ważny powód"</a>. <i>Gazeta Wrocławska</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Chcesz+zmieni%C4%87+nazwisko%3F+Musisz+mie%C4%87+wa%C5%BCny+pow%C3%B3d&rft.aulast=Semik&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetawroclawska.pl%2Fartykul%2F81991%2Cchcesz-zmienic-nazwisko-musisz-miec-wazny-powod%2Cid%2Ct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/2016/10/1">Dziennik Ustaw</a> Ustawa z dnia 17 pazdziernika 2008 r. o zmianie imienia i nazwiska <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingersoll1940-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ingersoll1940_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll1940" class="citation book cs1">Ingersoll, Ralph (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ReportOnEngland#page/n217/mode/2up"><i>Report on England, November 1940</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+England%2C+November+1940&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FReportOnEngland%23page%2Fn217%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A_Translation_Guide_to_19th-Century_Polish-Language_Civil-Registration_Documents" title="A Translation Guide to 19th-Century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents">A Translation Guide to 19th-Century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents</a>: Birth, Marriage and Death Records, Northbrook, Illinois, Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989 (second edition); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9613512-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9613512-1-7">0-9613512-1-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2018" class="citation news cs1">Wagner, Kate (27 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/ella-balinska-facts-18129">"Everything You Need To Know About 'Charlie's Angels' Star, Ella Balinska"</a>. <i>Elle Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elle+Australia&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+To+Know+About+%27Charlie%27s+Angels%27+Star%2C+Ella+Balinska&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elle.com.au%2Fcelebrity%2Fella-balinska-facts-18129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2015" class="citation news cs1">Dow, Steve (31 October 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/culture/film/2015/10/31/crimson-peaks-mia-wasikowska-sharp-focus/14462100002562">"Crimson Peak's Mia Wasikowska in sharp focus"</a></span>. <i>The Saturday Paper</i>. No. 84<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Paper&rft.atitle=Crimson+Peak%27s+Mia+Wasikowska+in+sharp+focus&rft.issue=84&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaturdaypaper.com.au%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2F2015%2F10%2F31%2Fcrimson-peaks-mia-wasikowska-sharp-focus%2F14462100002562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+names" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zgapa.pl/zgapedia/Polskie_nazwiska.html">"Polskie nazwiska."</a> Zgapa.pl <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moikrewni.pl/mapa/kompletny/nowak.html">"Nowak."</a> MoiKrewni.pl <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-php-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-php_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-php_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Practical Handbook of the Polish Language</i>, 1935, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEYLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">p. 106</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surnames.behindthename.com/php/search.php?terms=Polish&title=Polish+Names&usage=yes">Meaning of Polish Lastnames / Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Polish_surnames" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Polish surnames">Polish surnames</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219113949/http://free.of.pl/a/adampawlowski/slowian/kalend.htm">Slavic calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edziecko.pl/ciaza_i_porod/0,79473.html">Database of Polish given names</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518171439/http://www.futrega.org/etc/nazwiska.html">Most common surnames in Poland</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moikrewni.pl/mapa/">Repartition of Polish surnames in present day 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poland_topics" title="Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poland_topics" title="Template talk:Poland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poland_articles405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_history" title="Timeline of Polish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Poland" title="Prehistory and protohistory of Poland">Prehistory and protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of Poland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_early_modern_period_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="History of Poland in the early modern period (1569–1795)">Early Modern <span style="font-size:85%;">(1569–1795)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">Partitions, duchies and kingdoms <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–1918)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Interwar years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Communist Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Poland since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Poland" title="Cultural history of Poland">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Poland" title="Demographic history of Poland">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Poland" title="Abolition of serfdom in Poland">Abolition of serfdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Poland" title="Geography of Poland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Poland" title="List of islands of Poland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Poland" title="List of lakes of Poland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Poland" title="List of mountains in Poland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Poland" title="National Parks of Poland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_A_and_B" title="Poland A and B">Poland A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Poland" title="Protected areas of Poland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Poland" title="Regions of Poland">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland" title="List of rivers of Poland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Poland" title="Administrative divisions of Poland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Poland" title="Climate change in Poland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Poland" title="Human rights in Poland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Poland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Poland" title="Judiciary of Poland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Poland" title="Gun laws in Poland">Gun laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Poland" title="Law enforcement in Poland">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Poland" title="Police of Poland">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Service_(Poland)" title="Prison Service (Poland)">Prison Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Poland" title="List of political parties in Poland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Polish_politicians" title="Lists of Polish politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Poland" title="List of prime ministers of Poland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoners_in_Poland" title="Political prisoners in Poland">Political prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Poland" title="Agriculture in Poland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcerowicz_Plan" title="Balcerowicz Plan">Balcerowicz Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Poland" title="Category:Economic history of Poland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Poland" title="Exclusive economic zone of Poland">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Poland" title="List of exports of Poland">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Merchant_Navy" title="Polish Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Poland" title="List of mines in Poland">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Poland_by_GDP" title="List of regions of Poland by GDP">Regional GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange" title="Warsaw Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Poland" title="Transport in Poland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Poland" title="Rail transport in Poland">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_railway_signalling" title="Polish railway signalling">Railway signalling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Poland" title="Unemployment in Poland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Poland" title="Venture capital in Poland">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Złoty <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Poland" title="Category:Society of Poland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyers_in_Poland" title="Lawyers in Poland">Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_art" title="Polish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_beliefs" title="Polish folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Poland" title="Mass media in Poland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Poland" title="Names of Poland">Names</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Poland" title="Name days in Poland">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Poland" title="Public holidays in Poland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Poland" title="Sport in Poland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Poland" title="Theatre of Poland">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_traditions" title="Category:Polish traditions">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Poland" title="Video games in Poland">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Poland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Poland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland" title="Demographics of Poland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Poland" title="Ethnic minorities in Poland">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Poland" title="Refugees in Poland">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Poland" title="Crime in Poland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Poland" title="Health care in Poland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Poland" title="National symbols of Poland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_Is_Not_Yet_Lost" title="Poland Is Not Yet Lost">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags" title="List of Polish flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Poland" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Poland" title="Outline of Poland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poland" title="Category:Poland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames <br />by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_names" title="Sakha names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_names" title="Mizo names">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List of</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">authority</a> / <a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_heraldry123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Template:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_heraldry123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_heraldry" title="Polish heraldry">Polish heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/75px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/113px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/150px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Coat of arms of Białystok">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Bydgoszcz (page does not exist)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Coat of arms of Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Gdynia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Gdynia (page does not exist)">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Coat of arms of Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Katowice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Katowice (page does not exist)">Katowice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_and_flag_of_Kielce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms and flag of Kielce (page does not exist)">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lublin" title="Coat of arms of Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Łódź">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Opole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Opole (page does not exist)">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Olsztyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Olsztyn (page does not exist)">Olsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Coat of arms of Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_and_flag_of_Rzesz%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms and flag of Rzeszów (page does not exist)">Rzeszów</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Sopot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Sopot (page does not exist)">Sopot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Szczecin" title="Coat of arms of Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Toruń (page does not exist)">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Warsaw" title="Coat of arms of Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Zielona_G%C3%B3ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Zielona Góra (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Poland" title="Armorial of Poland">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Greater Poland Voivodeship">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lublin Voivodeship">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Masovian Voivodeship">Masovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Opole_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Podlaskie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Subcarpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Świętokrzyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Coat of arms of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_August%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Augustów Voivodeship">Augustów Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of the Chełmno Voivodeship (page does not exist)">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Central Lithuania">Central Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Congress_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Dragon">Duchy of Czersk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kalisz_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of the Kalisz Voivodeship (page does not exist)">Kalisz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kashubia" title="Coat of arms of Kashubia">Kashubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kociewie" title="Coat of arms of Kociewie">Kociewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sandomierz_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of the Sandomierz Voivodeship">Sandomierz Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pomerania" title="Coat of arms of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prussia" title="Coat of arms of Prussia">Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noble<br />heraldry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_clan" title="Heraldic clan">Heraldic clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_adoption" title="Heraldic adoption">Heraldic adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indygenat" title="Indygenat">Indygenat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_of_Nobility" title="Test of Nobility">Test of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skartabellat" title="Skartabellat">Skartabellat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Polish_nobility" title="Armorial of Polish nobility">Armorial of Polish nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_coats_of_arms" title="Category:Polish coats of arms">Polish coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_heraldists" title="Category:Polish heraldists">Polish heraldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Szlachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_titled_nobility" title="List of Polish titled nobility">List of Polish titled nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_landed_gentry" title="Polish landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&oldid=1268252688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_names&oldid=1268252688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_names" title="Category:Polish names">Polish names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic-language_names" title="Category:Slavic-language names">Slavic-language names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Names_by_country" title="Category:Names by country">Names by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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