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Eufrat – Wikipedia
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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Navnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Navnet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strekning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strekning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Strekning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strekning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_betydning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_betydning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historisk betydning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historisk_betydning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eufrat_i_jødedom_og_islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eufrat_i_jødedom_og_islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eufrat i jødedom og islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eufrat_i_jødedom_og_islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eufrat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 128 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrat" title="Efrat – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efrat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ኤፍራጥስ ወንዝ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤፍራጥስ ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufr%C4%81te" title="Eufrāte – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eufrāte" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الفرات – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%AC" title="ܦܪܬ – arameisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Եփրատ գետ – vestarmensk" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եփրատ գետ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="vestarmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ufrates" title="Éufrates – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99rat" title="Fərat – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fərat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ফোরাত – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফোরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_H%C3%B4" title="Euphrates Hô – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Euphrates Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еўфрат – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўфрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Эўфрат – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўфрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फ़रात नदी – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ़रात नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yufreres" title="Yufreres – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yufreres" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ефрат – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_River" title="Euphrates River – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Euphrates River" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Ewffrates" title="Afon Ewffrates – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Ewffrates" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ευφράτης – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευφράτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ufrates" title="Éufrates – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADfrato" title="Eŭfrato – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭfrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufratis" title="Eufratis – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eufratis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrate" title="Euphrate – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euphrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eofrait" title="An Eofrait – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eofrait" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_%C3%89ufrates" title="Río Éufrates – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Идалбат – ingusjisk" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Идалбат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingusjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8" title="યુફ્રેટીસ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુફ્રેટીસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="युफ्रेटीस – goansk konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युफ्रेटीस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="goansk konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95" title="유프라테스강 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유프라테스강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Եփրատ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եփրատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फ़रात नदी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़रात नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrati" title="Eufrati – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eufrati" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Efrat" title="Sungai Efrat – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Efrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrate" title="Eufrate – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eufrate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="פרת – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_%C3%89frat" title="Kali Éfrat – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Éfrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೂಫ್ರೆಟೀಸ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೂಫ್ರೆಟೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ევფრატი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევფრატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریائے فِرات – kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دریائے فِرات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9frat" title="Eùfrat – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Eùfrat" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frati" title="Frati – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firat" title="Firat – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifrata" title="Eifrata – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eifrata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufratas" title="Eufratas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eufratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufrate" title="Ufrate – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ufrate" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Eufrates" title="Rio Eufrates – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufr%C3%A1tesz" title="Eufrátesz – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eufrátesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еуфрат – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еуфрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eofrata" title="Eofrata – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eofrata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂഫ്രട്ടീസ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂഫ്രട്ടീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युफ्रेटिस नदी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युफ्रेटिस नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ევფრატი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევფრატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نهر الفرات – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الفرات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Furat" title="Sungai Furat – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Furat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-l%C4%83k_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Báik-lăk Ò̤ – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-lăk Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Евфрат мөрөн – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Евфрат мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူဖရေးတီးမြစ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူဖရေးတီးမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युफ्रेटिस नदी – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युफ्रेटिस नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="युफ्रेटस – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युफ्रेटस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D" title="ユーフラテス川 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーフラテス川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furot_(daryo)" title="Furot (daryo) – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Furot (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਤ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریاۓ فرات – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ فرات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Eufrates" title="Rio Eufrates – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Эуфрат – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эуфрат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_i_Eufratit" title="Lumi i Eufratit – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi i Eufratit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrati" title="Eufrati – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eufrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුප්රටීස් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුප්රටීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evfrat" title="Evfrat – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evfrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furaat" title="Furaat – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Furaat" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فورات – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فورات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еуфрат – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еуфрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="புறாத்து ஆறு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறாத்து ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefrat_y%C4%B1l%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Yefrat yılğası – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yefrat yılğası" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యూఫ్రటీస్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూఫ్రటీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="แม่น้ำยูเฟรทีส – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำยูเฟรทีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Фурот – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фурот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1rat" title="Fırat – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fırat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Євфрат – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євфрат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریائے فرات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے فرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufrate_(aiwe)" title="Ufrate (aiwe) – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ufrate (aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufroat" title="Eufroat – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eufroat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="幼发拉底河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="פרת – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרת" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%99%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼發拉底河 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="幼發拉底河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%C3%AA_F%C4%B1rati" title="Royê Fırati – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Royê Fırati" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="幼发拉底河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eufrat" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Eufrat" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eufrat"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eufrat"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Eufrat" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Eufrat" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&oldid=22797551" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Eufrat&id=22797551&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEufrat"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" style="font-size:85%;margin:0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geografiske_koordinater" title="Geografiske koordinater">Koordinater</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=no&pagename=Eufrat&params=39.7283_N_40.2569_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kart, flyfoto og andre data for dette stedet"><span class="latitude">39°43′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°15′25″Ø</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Eufrat</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tigr-euph-no.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tigr-euph-no.png/250px-Tigr-euph-no.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tigr-euph-no.png/375px-Tigr-euph-no.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tigr-euph-no.png/500px-Tigr-euph-no.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Kart over det samlede <a href="/wiki/Nedb%C3%B8rsfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedbørsfelt">nedbørsfeltet</a> til Eufrat og <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Land</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Lengde</th><td colspan="2">2 800 <a href="/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer">km</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nedbørfelt</th><td colspan="2">765 831 <a href="/wiki/Kvadratkilometer" title="Kvadratkilometer">km²</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Middelvannføring</th><td colspan="2">818 <a href="/wiki/Kubikkmeter" title="Kubikkmeter">m³</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sekund" title="Sekund">s</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Start</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Munning</th><td colspan="2">Samløp med <a href="/wiki/Tigris_(elv)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris (elv)">Tigris</a>, danner <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="4" data-lat="35.3663" data-lon="43.84945" data-lang="local" data-overlays="["_82f9834b8a49d8fdf8c1f3a3f8941d359fd37878"]" href="/wiki/Spesial:Map/4/35.3663/43.84945"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,35.3663,43.84945,290x290.png?lang=local&domain=no.wikipedia.org&title=Eufrat&revid=22797551&groups=_82f9834b8a49d8fdf8c1f3a3f8941d359fd37878" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,35.3663,43.84945,290x290@2x.png?lang=local&domain=no.wikipedia.org&title=Eufrat&revid=22797551&groups=_82f9834b8a49d8fdf8c1f3a3f8941d359fd37878 2x" alt="Kart" /></a><br />Eufrat<br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=no&pagename=Eufrat&params=39.7283_N_40.2569_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kart, flyfoto og andre data for dette stedet"><span class="latitude">39°43′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°15′25″Ø</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euphrates" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Euphrates">Eufrat på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Eufrat</b> er en elv i <a href="/wiki/Midt%C3%B8sten" title="Midtøsten">Midtøsten</a>, i det sydvestlige <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Elven er 2800 <a href="/wiki/Km" class="mw-redirect" title="Km">km</a> lang og har sin opprinnelse i fjellene i det østlige <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a>. Den renner gjennom <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> og <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> hvor den sammenløper med "søster"-elven <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Quarnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Quarnah (ikke skrevet ennå)">Al-Quarnah</a>, nord for byen <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> og danner <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> som har sitt utløp i <a href="/wiki/Persiabukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiabukta">Persiabukta</a>. </p><p>Eufrat er den vestlige elven i elveparet Eufrat og Tigris i Irak. Elven mottar ingen tilførsel av vannmengder fra noen bielver, utenom sine kilder i fjellene Tyrkia, på sin ferd gjennom Syria og Irak. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navnet">Navnet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Navnet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Navnet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Zalabiya,Euphrat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/300px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/450px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/600px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Eufrat ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halabiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halabiye (ikke skrevet ennå)">Halabiye</a> i <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ordets opprinnelse kan ha kommet fra <a href="/wiki/Assyrisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrisk">assyriske</a> «phrat», som omtrent betyr «oversvømmelse», det vil si, hver gang elven gikk over sine bredder så førte det til overflod av hvete og så videre. <sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse siden August 2017">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strekning">Strekning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Strekning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Strekning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg/300px-Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg/450px-Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg/600px-Tigre_et_Euphrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Fransk kart fra 1600-tallet med Eufrat og <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg/300px-Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg/450px-Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg/600px-Euphrates_Raqqa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Eufrat ved <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> i Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>Eufrat er den lengste elven i den vestlige delen av <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elven er omtrent 2 800 kilometer lang og har et nedbørsområde på 675 000 km². Den blir dannet av to kildeelver som renner sammen ved <a href="/wiki/Keban" title="Keban">Keban</a> i fjellene i <a href="/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia">Tyrkia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karasu_(Eufrat)" title="Karasu (Eufrat)">Kara Su</a> («svart vann», også kalt Vest-Eufrat, 450 km lang) fra vest og <a href="/wiki/Murat_(elv)" title="Murat (elv)">Murat</a> eller Øst-Eufrat (650 km lang) fra øst. Den øvre delen av elven renner ned bratte fjell og dype slukter i <a href="/wiki/Taurusfjellene" title="Taurusfjellene">Taurusfjellene</a>. </p><p>Den viktigste bielven til Eufrat innenfor Tyrkias grenser er Akarsu ved Kösedağ fjellet i Sivasprovinsen. Den del av elven som ligger i Tyrkia utgjør ca 1263 km. I mellom månedene mars og juni er det økende vannføring. I mellom juli og januar måned er vannstanden mye lavere, men likevel er det mye vannføring i elven. </p><p>Noen av Tyrkias største damanlegg er bygget på Eufratelven. Av disse er følgende ferdigstilt; <a href="/wiki/Kebandemningen" title="Kebandemningen">Keban Barajı</a> (Elazığ), <a href="/wiki/Karakayademningen" title="Karakayademningen">Karakaya Barajı</a> (Malatya-Elazığ), <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrkdemningen" title="Atatürkdemningen">Atatürk Barajı</a> (Adıyaman-Şanlıurfa), <a href="/wiki/Birecikdemningen" title="Birecikdemningen">Birecik Barajı</a> (Birecik) og <a href="/wiki/Karkami%C5%9Fdemningen" title="Karkamişdemningen">Karkamış Barajı</a> (Kargamış). I tillegg er to større tunnelprosjekter ferdigstilt, kalt <i>Şanlıurfa tüneli</i> som er ment å føre vann fra Eufrat til de karrige jordbruksområdene i Harrandalen. </p><p>Spesielt i byen <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a> i Tyrkia er det ideelle forhold for <a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">raftingsporten</a>. Årlig tiltrekker området seg hundrevis av turister som benytter seg av Eufrats høye vannføring. </p><p>Elven renner deretter gjennom <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. I Syria er det tre store sideelver til Eufrat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajur (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sajur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balikh" title="Balikh">Balikh</a> og <a href="/wiki/Khabur" title="Khabur">Khabur</a>. Disse elvene springer ut i åsene ved foten av <a href="/wiki/Taurusfjellene" title="Taurusfjellene">Taurusfjellene</a> langs den syrisk-tyrkiske grense og gir forholdsvis lite vann til Eufrat. </p> <ul><li>Sajur er den minste av disse og utspringer fra to kilder nær <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a> og drenerer sletten omkring <a href="/wiki/Manbij" class="mw-redirect" title="Manbij">Manbij</a> før den munner ut i <a href="/wiki/Vannreservoar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannreservoar">reservoaret</a> ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tishrindammen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tishrindammen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tishrindammen</a>.</li> <li>Balikh får det meste av sitt vann fra en <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karstkjelde</a> nær 'Ayn al-'Arus og flyter sørover til den når Eufrat ved byen <a href="/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah">Ar-Raqqah</a>.</li> <li>Khabur er den største av de tre sideelvene. Den har også en karstkilde omkring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Ayn_i_al-Hasakah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Ayn i al-Hasakah (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ra's al-'Ayn</a>, og harfra renner den søraøstover forbi <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>, der elve snur sørover og flyter til Eufrat nær <a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a>.</li></ul> <p>Når Eufrat går inn i <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> er det ingen flere naturlige sideelver til Eufrat, selv om det går kanaler mellom Eufrat og Tigris.<sup id="cite_ref-hillel95_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillel95-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-holezaitchik_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holezaitchik-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her har elven gjennom årene flyttet seg østover, slik at byer som <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> er kommet inn i den tørre ødemarken. </p><p>Vannmengden skifter fra 300 m³/s på sommeren til 4000 m³/s i vårflommen. Nedstrøms får elven ikke noen tilførsel av vann. Nord for <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> sør i Irak flyter elven sammen med <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> og blir til elven <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, som i sin tur munner ut i <a href="/wiki/Persiabukta" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiabukta">Persiabukta</a>. </p><p>Ved Basra deler elven seg i mange løp, og danner et stort våtmarksområde. </p><p>Gruntgående båter kan trafikkere Eufrat opp til den irakiske byen <a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīt">Hīt</a>, 1930 kilometer oppstrøms, og bare 53 meter over havet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historisk_betydning">Historisk betydning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historisk betydning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historisk betydning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria,_Kurdistan,_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png/300px-The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png/450px-The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png/600px-The_Euphrates_Valley_-_Syria%2C_Kurdistan%2C_et_cetera_by_Edward_Stanford_Ltd._-_WDL.png 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Eufratdalen, kart fra før 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Elveslettene omkring Eufrat og <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> var opphavet til den antatt eldste sivilisasjonen, den <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumerske</a>, som oppstod omkring 3000 f.Kr. En rekke urtidsbyer lå langs elven, blant dem <a href="/wiki/Mari_i_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari i Mesopotamia">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mesopotamia)" title="Ur (Mesopotamia)">Ur</a> og <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, hvilket regnes som arnestedet for den vestlige sivilasjon. I elvedalen oppstod <a href="/wiki/Oldtidsrike" title="Oldtidsrike">oldtidsrikene</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. I mange hundre år markerte elven grensen mellom <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> og <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p><p>Alt fra gammel tid var Eufrat knyttet sammen med Tigris ved hjelp av kanaler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eufrat_i_jødedom_og_islam"><span id="Eufrat_i_j.C3.B8dedom_og_islam"></span>Eufrat i jødedom og islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eufrat i jødedom og islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eufrat i jødedom og islam"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En flod ved navn «Perath» (<a href="/wiki/Hebraisk" title="Hebraisk">hebraisk</a> for Eufrat) er en av de fire floder som flyter fra <a href="/wiki/Edens_have" class="mw-redirect" title="Edens have">Edens have</a>, ifølge <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_Mosebok" title="Første Mosebok">Første Mosebok</a> 2,14<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De andre flodene er <a href="/wiki/Pisjon" title="Pisjon">Pisjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gihon" title="Gihon">Gihon</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> (kalt <i>Hiddekel</i>). Floden markerte en av de grenser som Gud gav til <a href="/wiki/Abraham" class="mw-disambig" title="Abraham">Abram</a> og hans ætlinger <a href="/wiki/Isak" title="Isak">Isak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob">Jakob</a> og så videre. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/%C3%85penbaringsboken" class="mw-redirect" title="Åpenbaringsboken">Åpenbaringsboken</a> 16,12 finnes en profeti som innebærer at Eufrat kommer til å tørke inn før <a href="/wiki/Harmageddon" title="Harmageddon">Harmageddon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Også innen <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> hevder visse <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadither</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> at Eufrat kommer til å tørke inn, og avdekke tidilgere ukjente skatter som kommer å utløse konflikter og krig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dura_Europos,_Euphrates_(6362405375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg/300px-Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg/450px-Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg/600px-Dura_Europos%2C_Euphrates_%286362405375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Eufrat ved <a href="/wiki/Dura_Europos" title="Dura Europos">Dura Europos</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hit_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hit_Iraq.jpg/300px-Hit_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hit_Iraq.jpg/450px-Hit_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hit_Iraq.jpg/600px-Hit_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Eufrat ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit_i_Irak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hit i Irak (ikke skrevet ennå)">Hit i Irak</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbdul-Amir1988">Abdul-Amir, Sabah Jasim (1988) (PhD thesis), <i>Archaeological Survey of Ancient Settlements and Irrigation Systems in the Middle Euphrates Region of Mesopotamia</i>, Ann Arbor: UMI, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/615058488">615058488</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+Ancient+Settlements+and+Irrigation+Systems+in+the+Middle+Euphrates+Region+of+Mesopotamia&rft.aulast=Abdul-Amir&rft.aufirst=Sabah+Jasim&rft.au=Abdul-Amir%2C%26%2332%3BSabah+Jasim&rft.date=1988&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=UMI&rft_id=info:oclcnum/615058488&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAdams1981"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_McCormick_Adams,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert McCormick Adams, Jr. (ikke skrevet ennå)">Adams, Robert McC.</a> (1981), <i>Heartland of Cities. Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-226-00544-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-226-00544-5">0-226-00544-5</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heartland+of+Cities.+Surveys+of+Ancient+Settlement+and+Land+Use+on+the+Central+Floodplain+of+the+Euphrates&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Robert+McC.&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+McC.&rft.date=1981&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=0-226-00544-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAkkermansSchwartz2003">Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003), <i>The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000-300 BC)</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-521-79666-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-521-79666-0">0-521-79666-0</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Syria.+From+Complex+Hunter-Gatherers+to+Early+Urban+Societies+%28ca.+16%2C000-300+BC%29&rft.aulast=Akkermans&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.+M.+G.&rft.au=Akkermans%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+M.+M.+G.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C%26%2332%3BGlenn+M.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-79666-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAnonymous2009">Anonymous (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109webwcover_0.pdf"><i>Group Denial. Repression of Kurdish Political and Cultural Rights in Syria</i></a>, New York: Human Rights Watch, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/472433635">472433635</a></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109webwcover_0.pdf">http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109webwcover_0.pdf</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Denial.+Repression+of+Kurdish+Political+and+Cultural+Rights+in+Syria&rft.aulast=Anonymous&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.date=2009&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=info:oclcnum/472433635&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsyria1109webwcover_0.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBilen1994">Bilen, Özden (1994), «Prospects for Technical Cooperation in the Euphrates–Tigris Basin», i: Biswas, Asit K., <i>International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile</i>, Oxford University Press, ss. 95–116, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-854862-1" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-854862-1">978-0-19-854862-1</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Prospects+for+Technical+Cooperation+in+the+Euphrates%E2%80%93Tigris+Basin&rft.atitle=International+Waters+of+the+Middle+East%3A+From+Euphrates-Tigris+to+Nile&rft.aulast=Bilen&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zden&rft.au=Bilen%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%96zden&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B95%E2%80%93116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854862-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBounni1979">Bounni, Adnan (1979), «Campaign and Exhibition from the Euphrates in Syria», <i>The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> <b>44</b>: 1–7, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3768538">3768538</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Campaign+and+Exhibition+from+the+Euphrates+in+Syria&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.aulast=Bounni&rft.aufirst=Adnan&rft.au=Bounni%2C%26%2332%3BAdnan&rft.date=1979&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=1%E2%80%937&rft.jstor=3768538&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCoad1996">Coad, B.W. (1996), «Zoogeography of the Fishes of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin», <i>Zoology in the Middle East</i> <b>13</b>: 51–70, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0939-7140">0939-7140</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zoogeography+of+the+Fishes+of+the+Tigris-Euphrates+Basin&rft.jtitle=Zoology+in+the+Middle+East&rft.aulast=Coad&rft.aufirst=B.W.&rft.au=Coad%2C%26%2332%3BB.W.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=51%E2%80%9370&rft.issn=0939-7140&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDaoudy2005">Daoudy, Marwa (2005) (på fransk), <i>Le Partage des Eaux entre la Syrie, l'Irak et la Turquie. Négociation, Sécurité et Asymétrie des Pouvoirs</i>, Moyen-Orient, Paris: CNRS, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/2-271-06290-X" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/2-271-06290-X">2-271-06290-X</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Partage+des+Eaux+entre+la+Syrie%2C+l%27Irak+et+la+Turquie.+N%C3%A9gociation%2C+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+et+Asym%C3%A9trie+des+Pouvoirs&rft.aulast=Daoudy&rft.aufirst=Marwa&rft.au=Daoudy%2C%26%2332%3BMarwa&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Moyen-Orient&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.isbn=2-271-06290-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFdel_Olmo_LeteMontero_Fenollós1999">del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; Montero Fenollós, Juan Luis (eds.) (1999), <i>Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates, the Tishrin Dam area: Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Barcelona, January 28th-30th, 1998</i>, Barcelona: AUSA, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-84-88810-43-4" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-84-88810-43-4">978-84-88810-43-4</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Upper+Syrian+Euphrates%2C+the+Tishrin+Dam+area%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+held+at+Barcelona%2C+January+28th-30th%2C+1998&rft.aulast=del+Olmo+Lete&rft.aufirst=Gregorio&rft.au=del+Olmo+Lete%2C%26%2332%3BGregorio&rft.au=Montero+Fenoll%C3%B3s%2C%26%2332%3BJuan+Luis+%28eds.%29&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=AUSA&rft.isbn=978-84-88810-43-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFElhadj2008">Elhadj, Elie (2008), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2008/12/elhadj.asp">Dry Aquifers in Arab Countries and the Looming Food Crisis»</a>, <i>Middle East Review of International Affairs</i> <b>12</b> (3), <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1565-8996">1565-8996</a></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2008/12/elhadj.asp">http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2008/12/elhadj.asp</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dry+Aquifers+in+Arab+Countries+and+the+Looming+Food+Crisis&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.aulast=Elhadj&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft.au=Elhadj%2C%26%2332%3BElie&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.issn=1565-8996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloria-center.org%2Fmeria%2F2008%2F12%2Felhadj.asp&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden april 2019" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFrenken2009">Frenken, Karen (2009), <i>Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey 2008</i>, Water Reports, <b>34</b>, Rome: FAO, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-92-5-106316-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-92-5-106316-3">978-92-5-106316-3</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irrigation+in+the+Middle+East+Region+in+Figures.+AQUASTAT+Survey+2008&rft.aulast=Frenken&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Frenken%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&rft.date=2009&rft.series=Water+Reports&rft.volume=34&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.isbn=978-92-5-106316-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGarcia-Navarro2009">Garcia-Navarro, Lourdes (2009), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102184336">Drought Reveals Iraqi Archaeological Treasures»</a>, <i>NPR</i><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102184336">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102184336</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 4 August 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drought+Reveals+Iraqi+Archaeological+Treasures&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.aulast=Garcia-Navarro&rft.aufirst=Lourdes&rft.au=Garcia-Navarro%2C%26%2332%3BLourdes&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D102184336&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGeopolicity2010">Geopolicity (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf"><i>Managing the Tigris Euphrates Watershed</i></a>, arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf">originalen</a> on 20 juli 2011<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 20 December 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+Tigris+Euphrates+Watershed&rft.aulast=Geopolicity&rft.au=Geopolicity&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110720184608%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fzunia.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2Fknowledge%2FGeopolicity%2520-%2520Managing%2520the%2520Tigris%2520and%2520Euphrates%2520Watershed%2520-%2520The%2520Challenge%2520Facing%2520Iraq1280855782.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf">Arkivert</a> 20. juli 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGray1864"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray, J.E.</a> (1864), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/80/mode/2up">Revision of the species of Trionychidae found in Asia and Africa, with descriptions of some new species»</a>, <i>Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London</i>: 81–82<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/80/mode/2up">http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen64zool#page/80/mode/2up</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revision+of+the+species+of+Trionychidae+found+in+Asia+and+Africa%2C+with+descriptions+of+some+new+species&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+General+Meetings+for+Scientific+Business+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Gray%2C%26%2332%3BJ.E.&rft.date=1864&rft.pages=81%E2%80%9382&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Fproceedingsofgen64zool%23page%2F80%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHartmann2010">Hartmann, R. 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(2007), «Policies, Plans, Practice, and Prospects: Irrigation in Northeastern Syria», <i>Land Degradation & Development</i> <b>18</b> (2): 133–152, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fldr.772">10.1002/ldr.772</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Policies%2C+Plans%2C+Practice%2C+and+Prospects%3A+Irrigation+in+Northeastern+Syria&rft.jtitle=Land+Degradation+%26+Development&rft.aulast=Hole&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Hole%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.au=Zaitchik%2C%26%2332%3BB.F.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133%E2%80%93152&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fldr.772&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHritzWilkinson2006">Hritz, Carrie; Wilkinson, T.J. (2006), «Using Shuttle Radar Topography to Map Ancient Water Channels in Mesopotamia», <i>Antiquity</i> <b>80</b>: 415–424, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Using+Shuttle+Radar+Topography+to+Map+Ancient+Water+Channels+in+Mesopotamia&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.aulast=Hritz&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft.au=Hritz%2C%26%2332%3BCarrie&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C%26%2332%3BT.J.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=415%E2%80%93424&rft.issn=0003-598X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFIraqi_Ministries_of_Environment,_Water_Resources_and_Municipalities_and_Public_Works2006a">Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006a), «Volume I: Overview of Present Conditions and Current Use of the Water in the Marshlands Area/Book 1: Water Resources», <i>New Eden Master Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Areas</i>, New Eden Group</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Volume+I%3A+Overview+of+Present+Conditions+and+Current+Use+of+the+Water+in+the+Marshlands+Area%2FBook+1%3A+Water+Resources&rft.atitle=New+Eden+Master+Plan+for+Integrated+Water+Resources+Management+in+the+Marshlands+Areas&rft.aulast=Iraqi+Ministries+of+Environment%2C+Water+Resources+and+Municipalities+and+Public+Works&rft.au=Iraqi+Ministries+of+Environment%2C+Water+Resources+and+Municipalities+and+Public+Works&rft.date=2006a&rft.pub=New+Eden+Group&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFIraqi_Ministries_of_Environment,_Water_Resources_and_Municipalities_and_Public_Works2006b">Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works (2006b), «Annex III: Main Water Control Structures (Dams and Water Diversions) and Reservoirs», <i>New Eden Master Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Areas</i>, New Eden Group</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Annex+III%3A+Main+Water+Control+Structures+%28Dams+and+Water+Diversions%29+and+Reservoirs&rft.atitle=New+Eden+Master+Plan+for+Integrated+Water+Resources+Management+in+the+Marshlands+Areas&rft.aulast=Iraqi+Ministries+of+Environment%2C+Water+Resources+and+Municipalities+and+Public+Works&rft.au=Iraqi+Ministries+of+Environment%2C+Water+Resources+and+Municipalities+and+Public+Works&rft.date=2006b&rft.pub=New+Eden+Group&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFIsaevMikhailova2009">Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009), «The Hydrology, Evolution, and Hydrological Regime of the Mouth Area of the Shatt al-Arab River», <i>Water Resources</i> <b>36</b> (4): 380–395, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1134%2FS0097807809040022">10.1134/S0097807809040022</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Hydrology%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Hydrological+Regime+of+the+Mouth+Area+of+the+Shatt+al-Arab+River&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources&rft.aulast=Isaev&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rft.au=Isaev%2C%26%2332%3BV.A.&rft.au=Mikhailova%2C%26%2332%3BM.V.&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380%E2%80%93395&rft_id=info:doi/10.1134%2FS0097807809040022&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJamous2009">Jamous, Bassam (2009), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065852/http://studiaorontica.org/library/Circulaire_Hallabiyen.pdf">Nouveaux Aménagements Hydrauliques sur le Moyen Euphrate Syrienne. Appel à Projets Archéologiques d'Urgence»</a> (på fransk), <i>Studia Orontica</i> (DGAM), arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studiaorontica.org/library/Circulaire_Hallabiyen.pdf">originalen</a> on 28 juli 2011<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065852/http://studiaorontica.org/library/Circulaire_Hallabiyen.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065852/http://studiaorontica.org/library/Circulaire_Hallabiyen.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 14 December 2009</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nouveaux+Am%C3%A9nagements+Hydrauliques+sur+le+Moyen+Euphrate+Syrienne.+Appel+%C3%A0+Projets+Arch%C3%A9ologiques+d%27Urgence&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orontica&rft.aulast=Jamous&rft.aufirst=Bassam&rft.au=Jamous%2C%26%2332%3BBassam&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=DGAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110728065852%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fstudiaorontica.org%2Flibrary%2FCirculaire_Hallabiyen.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065852/http://studiaorontica.org/library/Circulaire_Hallabiyen.pdf">Arkivert</a> 28. juli 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJawad2003">Jawad, Laith A. (2003), «Impact of Environmental Change on the Freshwater Fish Fauna of Iraq», <i>International Journal of Environmental Studies</i> <b>60</b> (6): 581–593, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0020723032000087934">10.1080/0020723032000087934</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Environmental+Change+on+the+Freshwater+Fish+Fauna+of+Iraq&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Studies&rft.aulast=Jawad&rft.aufirst=Laith+A.&rft.au=Jawad%2C%26%2332%3BLaith+A.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=581%E2%80%93593&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F0020723032000087934&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJongerden2010">Jongerden, Joost (2010), «Dams and Politics in Turkey: Utilizing Water, Developing Conflict», <i>Middle East Policy</i> <b>17</b> (1): 137–143, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2010.00432.x">10.1111/j.1475-4967.2010.00432.x</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dams+and+Politics+in+Turkey%3A+Utilizing+Water%2C+Developing+Conflict&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft.au=Jongerden%2C%26%2332%3BJoost&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137%E2%80%93143&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2010.00432.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKaya1998">Kaya, Ibrahim (1998), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln44/kaya.html">The Euphrates–Tigris Basin: An Overview and Opportunities for Cooperation under International Law»</a>, <i>Arid Lands Newsletter</i> <b>44</b>, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-5481">1092-5481</a></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln44/kaya.html">http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln44/kaya.html</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Euphrates%E2%80%93Tigris+Basin%3A+An+Overview+and+Opportunities+for+Cooperation+under+International+Law&rft.jtitle=Arid+Lands+Newsletter&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft.au=Kaya%2C%26%2332%3BIbrahim&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=44&rft.issn=1092-5481&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.arizona.edu%2FOALS%2FALN%2Faln44%2Fkaya.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKliot1994">Kliot, Nurit (1994), <i>Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East</i>, Milton Park: Routledge, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-415-09752-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-415-09752-5">0-415-09752-5</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+and+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East&rft.aulast=Kliot&rft.aufirst=Nurit&rft.au=Kliot%2C%26%2332%3BNurit&rft.date=1994&rft.place=Milton+Park&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-09752-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKolars1994">Kolars, John (1994), «Problems of International River Management: The Case of the Euphrates», i: Biswas, Asit K., <i>International Waters of the Middle East: From Euphrates-Tigris to Nile</i>, Oxford University Press, ss. 44–94, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-854862-1" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-19-854862-1">978-0-19-854862-1</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Problems+of+International+River+Management%3A+The+Case+of+the+Euphrates&rft.atitle=International+Waters+of+the+Middle+East%3A+From+Euphrates-Tigris+to+Nile&rft.aulast=Kolars&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kolars%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B44%E2%80%9394&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854862-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKolarsMitchell1991">Kolars, John F.; Mitchell, William A. (1991), <i>The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project</i>, Carbondale: SIU Press, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8093-1572-7" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-8093-1572-7">978-0-8093-1572-7</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Euphrates+River+and+the+Southeast+Anatolia+Development+Project&rft.aulast=Kolars&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Kolars%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+F.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+A.&rft.date=1991&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1572-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKrouma2006">Krouma, I. (2006), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_syrian/en#tcNA003E">National Aquaculture Sector Overview. Syrian Arab Republic. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Fact Sheets»</a>, <i>FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department</i> (FAO)<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_syrian/en#tcNA003E">http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_syrian/en#tcNA003E</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 15 December 2009</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Aquaculture+Sector+Overview.+Syrian+Arab+Republic.+National+Aquaculture+Sector+Overview+Fact+Sheets&rft.jtitle=FAO+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Department&rft.aulast=Krouma&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Krouma%2C%26%2332%3BI.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fcountrysector%2Fnaso_syrian%2Fen%23tcNA003E&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMcClellan1997">McClellan, Thomas L. (1997), «Euphrates Dams, Survey of», i: Meyers, Eric M., <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East</i>, <b>2</b>, New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 290–292, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-506512-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-506512-3">0-19-506512-3</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Euphrates+Dams%2C+Survey+of&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.aulast=McClellan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft.au=McClellan%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+L.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B290%E2%80%93292&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-506512-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall, David (2004), <i>A Modern History of the Kurds</i>, London: I.B. Tauris, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-85043-416-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-85043-416-0">978-1-85043-416-0</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McDowall%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=2004&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-416-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000">Moore, A.M.T.; Hillman, G.C.; Legge, A.J. (2000), <i>Village on the Euphrates. From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-510807-8" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-510807-8">0-19-510807-8</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+on+the+Euphrates.+From+Foraging+to+Farming+at+Abu+Hureyra&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=A.M.T.&rft.au=Moore%2C%26%2332%3BA.M.T.&rft.au=Hillman%2C%26%2332%3BG.C.&rft.au=Legge%2C%26%2332%3BA.J.&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-510807-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMuhesen2002">Muhesen, Sultan (2002), «The Earliest Paleolithic Occupation in Syria», i: Akazawa, Takeru; Aoki, Kenichi; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofer_Bar-Yosef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef (ikke skrevet ennå)">Bar-Yosef, Ofer</a>, <i>Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia</i>, New York: Kluwer, ss. 95–105, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-47153-1_7">10.1007/0-306-47153-1_7</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Paleolithic+Occupation+in+Syria&rft.atitle=Neandertals+and+Modern+Humans+in+Western+Asia&rft.aulast=Muhesen&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft.au=Muhesen%2C%26%2332%3BSultan&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B95%E2%80%93105&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F0-306-47153-1_7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMuir">Muir, Jim (24. februar 2009), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7906512.stm">Iraq Marshes face Grave New Threat»</a>, <i>BBC News</i><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7906512.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7906512.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 9 August 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iraq+Marshes+face+Grave+New+Threat&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Muir%2C%26%2332%3BJim&rft.date=24.+februar+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7906512.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMutin2003">Mutin, Georges (2003), «Le Tigre et l'Euphrate de la Discorde» (på fransk), <i>VertigO</i> <b>4</b> (3): 1–10, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000%2Fvertigo.3869">10.4000/vertigo.3869</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+Tigre+et+l%27Euphrate+de+la+Discorde&rft.jtitle=VertigO&rft.aulast=Mutin&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Mutin%2C%26%2332%3BGeorges&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9310&rft_id=info:doi/10.4000%2Fvertigo.3869&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFNaval_Intelligence_Division1944">Naval Intelligence Division (1944), <i>Iraq and the Persian Gulf</i>, Geographical Handbook Series, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077604">1077604</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.aulast=Naval+Intelligence+Division&rft.au=Naval+Intelligence+Division&rft.date=1944&rft.series=Geographical+Handbook+Series&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1077604&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFNegevGibson2001">Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001), <i>Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land</i>, New York: Continuum, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8264-1316-1" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8264-1316-1">0-8264-1316-1</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Encyclopedia+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.aulast=Negev&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft.au=Negev%2C%26%2332%3BAvraham&rft.au=Gibson%2C%26%2332%3BShimon&rft.date=2001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.isbn=0-8264-1316-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFO´Hara2004">O´Hara, Thomas (2004), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092319/http://www.grd.usace.army.mil/news/Essayonsforward/documents/Essayons%20Forward%202.pdf">Coalition Celebrates Transfer of Power»</a>, <i>Essayons Forward</i> <b>1</b> (2): 3–4, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/81262733">81262733</a></span>, arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grd.usace.army.mil/news/Essayonsforward/documents/Essayons%20Forward%202.pdf">originalen</a> on 2009-06-19<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092319/http://www.grd.usace.army.mil/news/Essayonsforward/documents/Essayons%20Forward%202.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092319/http://www.grd.usace.army.mil/news/Essayonsforward/documents/Essayons%20Forward%202.pdf</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coalition+Celebrates+Transfer+of+Power&rft.jtitle=Essayons+Forward&rft.aulast=O%C2%B4Hara&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=O%C2%B4Hara%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3%E2%80%934&rft_id=info:oclcnum/81262733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090619092319%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grd.usace.army.mil%2Fnews%2FEssayonsforward%2Fdocuments%2FEssayons%2520Forward%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619092319/http://www.grd.usace.army.mil/news/Essayonsforward/documents/Essayons%20Forward%202.pdf">Arkivert</a> 19. juni 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFOates1960">Oates, Joan (1960), «Ur and Eridu, the Prehistory», <i>Iraq</i> <b>22</b>: 32–50, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4199667">10.2307/4199667</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ur+and+Eridu%2C+the+Prehistory&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Oates%2C%26%2332%3BJoan&rft.date=1960&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=32%E2%80%9350&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F4199667&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFPartow2001">Partow, Hassan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044941/http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/mesopotamia.pdf"><i>The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem</i></a>, Nairobi: UNEP, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/92-807-2069-4" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/92-807-2069-4">92-807-2069-4</a></span>, arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/mesopotamia.pdf">originalen</a>. <span class="error">Error: If you specify <code>|archiveurl=</code>, you must also specify <code>|archivedate=</code></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044941/http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/mesopotamia.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20171215044941/http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/mesopotamia.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 2014-08-09</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mesopotamian+Marshlands%3A+Demise+of+an+Ecosystem&rft.aulast=Partow&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Partow%2C%26%2332%3BHassan&rft.date=2001&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.pub=UNEP&rft.isbn=92-807-2069-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171215044941%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grid.unep.ch%2Factivities%2Fsustainable%2Ftigris%2Fmesopotamia.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000000/http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/mesopotamia.pdf">Arkivert</a> 15. desember 2017 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFRahiHalihan2009">Rahi, Khayyun A.; Halihan, Todd (2009), «Changes in the Salinity of the Euphrates River System in Iraq», <i>Regional Environmental Change</i> <b>10</b>: 27, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10113-009-0083-y">10.1007/s10113-009-0083-y</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+Salinity+of+the+Euphrates+River+System+in+Iraq&rft.jtitle=Regional+Environmental+Change&rft.aulast=Rahi&rft.aufirst=Khayyun+A.&rft.au=Rahi%2C%26%2332%3BKhayyun+A.&rft.au=Halihan%2C%26%2332%3BTodd&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=27&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10113-009-0083-y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSagonaZimansky2009">Sagona, Antonio; Zimansky, Paul (2009), <i>Ancient Turkey</i>, Routledge World Archaeology, London: Routledge, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-415-48123-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-415-48123-6">978-0-415-48123-6</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Turkey&rft.aulast=Sagona&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Sagona%2C%26%2332%3BAntonio&rft.au=Zimansky%2C%26%2332%3BPaul&rft.date=2009&rft.series=Routledge+World+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48123-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSahanZoggMasonGilli2001">Sahan, Emel; Zogg, Andreas; Mason, Simon A.; Gilli, Adi (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209180004/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/GAP07feb01.pdf"><i>Case-Study: Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey – GAP</i></a>, Zürich, arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/GAP07feb01.pdf">originalen</a> on 9. februar 2005<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209180004/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/GAP07feb01.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20050209180004/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/GAP07feb01.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besøkt 6. august 2010</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case-Study%3A+Southeastern+Anatolia+Project+in+Turkey+%E2%80%93+GAP&rft.aulast=Sahan&rft.aufirst=Emel&rft.au=Sahan%2C%26%2332%3BEmel&rft.au=Zogg%2C%26%2332%3BAndreas&rft.au=Mason%2C%26%2332%3BSimon+A.&rft.au=Gilli%2C%26%2332%3BAdi&rft.date=2001&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050209180004%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fresearch_e%2Fapec%2FScripts%2FGAP07feb01.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209180004/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/GAP07feb01.pdf">Arkivert</a> 9. februar 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchmidRentzelRenault-MiskovskyMuhesen1997">Schmid, P.; Rentzel, Ph.; Renault-Miskovsky, J.; Muhesen, Sultan; Morel, Ph.; Le Tensorer, Jean Marie; Jagher, R. (1997), «Découvertes de Restes Humains dans les Niveaux Acheuléens de Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar (El Kowm, Syrie Centrale)», <i>Paléorient</i> <b>23</b> (1): 87–93, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1997.4646">10.3406/paleo.1997.4646</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9couvertes+de+Restes+Humains+dans+les+Niveaux+Acheul%C3%A9ens+de+Nadaouiyeh+A%C3%AFn+Askar+%28El+Kowm%2C+Syrie+Centrale%29&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A9orient&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Schmid%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Rentzel%2C%26%2332%3BPh.&rft.au=Renault-Miskovsky%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Muhesen%2C%26%2332%3BSultan&rft.au=Morel%2C%26%2332%3BPh.&rft.au=Le+Tensorer%2C%26%2332%3BJean+Marie&rft.au=Jagher%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87%E2%80%9393&rft_id=info:doi/10.3406%2Fpaleo.1997.4646&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFShahin2007">Shahin, Mamdouh (2007), <i>Water Resources and Hydrometeorology of the Arab Region</i>, Dordrecht: Springer, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-4020-5414-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-4020-5414-3">978-1-4020-5414-3</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+and+Hydrometeorology+of+the+Arab+Region&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh&rft.au=Shahin%2C%26%2332%3BMamdouh&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5414-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFShapland1997">Shapland, Greg (1997), <i>Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-312-16522-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-312-16522-2">978-0-312-16522-2</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Discord%3A+International+Water+Disputes+in+the+Middle+East&rft.aulast=Shapland&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Shapland%2C%26%2332%3BGreg&rft.date=1997&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16522-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSteele2005">Steele, Caroline (2005), «Who Has not Eaten Cherries with the Devil? Archaeology under Challenge», i: Pollock, Susan; Bernbeck, Reinhard, <i>Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives</i>, Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology, Malden: Blackwell, ss. 45–65, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-631-23001-7" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-631-23001-7">0-631-23001-7</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Who+Has+not+Eaten+Cherries+with+the+Devil%3F+Archaeology+under+Challenge&rft.atitle=Archaeologies+of+the+Middle+East%3A+Critical+Perspectives&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Steele%2C%26%2332%3BCaroline&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Blackwell+Studies+in+Global+Archaeology&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B45%E2%80%9365&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.isbn=0-631-23001-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFTanaka2007">Tanaka, Eisuke (2007), «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/journal/09Tanaka.pdf">Protecting one of the best Roman Mosaic Collections in the World: Ownership and Protection in the Case of the Roman Mosaics from Zeugma, Turkey»</a>, <i>Stanford Journal of Archaeology</i> <b>5</b>: 183–202, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56070299">56070299</a></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/journal/09Tanaka.pdf">https://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/journal/09Tanaka.pdf</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protecting+one+of+the+best+Roman+Mosaic+Collections+in+the+World%3A+Ownership+and+Protection+in+the+Case+of+the+Roman+Mosaics+from+Zeugma%2C+Turkey&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Eisuke&rft.au=Tanaka%2C%26%2332%3BEisuke&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=183%E2%80%93202&rft_id=info:oclcnum/56070299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2Farchaeology%2Fjournal%2F09Tanaka.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFThomason2001">Thomason, A.K. (2001), «Representations of the North Syrian Landscape in Neo-Assyrian Art», <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> <b>323</b> (323): 63–96, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357592">1357592</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Representations+of+the+North+Syrian+Landscape+in+Neo-Assyrian+Art&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rft.au=Thomason%2C%26%2332%3BA.K.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=323&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9396&rft.jstor=1357592&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFUrKarsgaardOates2007">Ur, Jason A.; Karsgaard, Philip; Oates, Joan (2007), «Early Urban Development in the Near East», <i>Science</i> <b>317</b> (5842): 1188, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1138728">10.1126/science.1138728</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Early+Urban+Development+in+the+Near+East&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Ur&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Ur%2C%26%2332%3BJason+A.&rft.au=Karsgaard%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&rft.au=Oates%2C%26%2332%3BJoan&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5842&rft.pages=1188&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1138728&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_van_de_Mieroop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc van de Mieroop (ikke skrevet ennå)">van de Mieroop, Marc</a> (2007), <i>A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC. Second Edition</i>, Blackwell History of the Ancient World, Malden: Blackwell, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-4051-4911-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-1-4051-4911-2">978-1-4051-4911-2</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+ca.+3000%E2%80%93323+BC.+Second+Edition&rft.aulast=van+de+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=van+de+Mieroop%2C%26%2332%3BMarc&rft.date=2007&rft.series=Blackwell+History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4911-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFWoods2005">Woods, Christopher (2005), «On the Euphrates», <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie</i> <b>95</b>: 7–45, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fzava.2005.95.1-2.7">10.1515/zava.2005.95.1-2.7</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Euphrates&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Woods%2C%26%2332%3BChristopher&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9345&rft_id=info:doi/10.1515%2Fzava.2005.95.1-2.7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFZarins1997"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juris_Zarins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juris Zarins (ikke skrevet ennå)">Zarins, Juris</a> (1997), «Euphrates», i: Meyers, Eric M., <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East</i>, <b>2</b>, New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 287–290, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-506512-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-506512-3">0-19-506512-3</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Euphrates&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.aulast=Zarins&rft.aufirst=Juris&rft.au=Zarins%2C%26%2332%3BJuris&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=ss.%26nbsp%3B287%E2%80%93290&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-506512-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Eufrat"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Frank Kürschner-Pelkmann: <i>Das Wasser-Buch: Kultur- Religion- Gesellschaft- Wirtschaft</i>. Otto Lembeck 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9783874765312" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-87476-531-2</a>, s. 130-137</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZarins1997">Zarins 1997</a>, s. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillel95-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hillel95_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHillel1994">Hillel 1994</a>, s. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holezaitchik-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holezaitchik_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoleZaitchik2007">Hole & Zaitchik 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">1. Mos 2,14: <i>Den tredje elven heter Hiddekel. Det er den som går øst for Assur. Og den fjerde elven er <b>Eufrat</b>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Åpb: <i>Den sjette engelen tømte sin skål i den store elven Eufrat. Vannet i den tørket bort, så det kunne ryddes vei for kongene fra Østen.</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eufrat&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euphrates" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Euphrates">Euphrates</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" 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