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Révolte du beurre — Wikipédia

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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Sources_%C3%A0_lier" title="Si ce bandeau n&#39;est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n&#39;est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections «&#160;Bibliographie&#160;», «&#160;Sources&#160;» ou «&#160;Liens externes&#160;»</strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09" data-sort-value="2024-09">septembre 2024</time>).</small> </p><p>Vous pouvez améliorer la <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Sources_%C3%A0_lier/Explication" title="Modèle:Sources à lier/Explication">associant ces informations à des références</a> à l'aide d'<a href="/wiki/Aide:Note" title="Aide:Note">appels de notes</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:HarvardPaulRevere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HarvardPaulRevere.jpg/220px-HarvardPaulRevere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HarvardPaulRevere.jpg/330px-HarvardPaulRevere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/HarvardPaulRevere.jpg/440px-HarvardPaulRevere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><i>L'université Harvard</i>, gravure de <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>, 1767.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>Révolte du beurre</b> est une manifestation survenue à l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Harvard" title="Université Harvard">université Harvard</a> en 1766. Ce fut la première <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve_%C3%A9tudiante" class="mw-redirect" title="Grève étudiante">manifestation étudiante</a> dans ce qui est maintenant les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>. Elle eut lieu alors que se préparait la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Révolution américaine">Révolution américaine</a>. </p><p>Depuis l'ouverture du <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge#Aux_États-Unis" title="Collège">collège</a> (pas encore université) Harvard en 1636, l'alimentation était un problème. La production de <a href="/wiki/Beurre" title="Beurre">beurre</a> des <a href="/wiki/Treize_colonies#Économie" class="mw-redirect" title="Treize colonies">Treize colonies</a> étant insuffisante pendant l'hiver, elles devaient en importer d'<a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Irlande#La_première_révolution_anglaise" title="Histoire de l&#39;Irlande">Irlande</a> qui, souvent, se gâtait pendant le transport et devenait immangeable au printemps. L'épisode de 1766 est connu par une <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a> en parodie de <a href="/wiki/Bible_du_roi_Jacques" title="Bible du roi Jacques">style biblique</a>&#160;: lors d'un repas avec du beurre particulièrement <a href="/wiki/Rancissement" title="Rancissement">rance</a>, Asa Dunbar (grand-père de <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>) alla se plaindre au recteur&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;Voyez, notre beurre pue&#160;! —&#160;donnez-nous donc du beurre qui ne pue pas&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>trad 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il fut renvoyé par le recteur puis contraint à faire une déclaration de repentir et rétrogradé d'une année. Les étudiants se rassemblèrent dans la chapelle de l'université pour organiser une protestation et, le lendemain, <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycottèrent</a> la cantine de l'université pour aller manger en ville. Sous la conduite de <a href="/wiki/George_Cabot" title="George Cabot">George Cabot</a> (futur sénateur), ils adressèrent une protestation au <a href="/wiki/Histoire_du_Massachusetts" title="Histoire du Massachusetts">gouverneur du Massachussetts</a>. L'université réunit une commission pour examiner le beurre et celle-ci le trouva, en effet, fort mauvais&#160;: six barriques furent déclarées impropres à la consommation et quatre bonnes uniquement <span class="citation">«&#160;pour la sauce&#160;»</span>. Cependant, la conduite des étudiants fut regardée par la direction de l'université comme une trahison de la Couronne et <span class="nowrap">155 d'entre</span> eux durent signer une déclaration de repentir. Malgré ce demi-échec, leur protestation avait été entendue par les autorités, leur montrant que <a href="/wiki/L%27union_fait_la_force" title="L&#39;union fait la force">l'union fait la force</a><sup id="cite_ref-Morrison1936117-118_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison1936117-118-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_rebellion?oldid=748947151">Butter rebellion</a>&#160;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_rebellion?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations_originales">Citations originales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Citations originales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Citations originales"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Behold, our butter stinketh!— give us therefore, butter that stinketh not</span></i>&#160;»</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morrison1936117-118-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison1936117-118_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Morrison1936">Morrison 1936</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;117-118. </span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9volte_du_beurre&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Morrison1936"><span class="ouvrage" id="Samuel_E._Morrison1936">Samuel E. Morrison, <cite class="italique">Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge, MA</a>, Harvard University Press, <time>1936</time>, 520&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C&amp;pg=PA118&amp;dq=%22butter+rebellion%22&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwivhd3XouPnAhVLx4UKHUx-CqEQ6AEISjAD#v=onepage&amp;q=%22butter%20rebellion%22&amp;f=false">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Three+Centuries+of+Harvard%2C+1636-1936&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Morrison&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.tpages=520&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%A9volte+du+beurre"></span></span></span>.</li> <li>Bethell, John T., Hunt, Richard M., Shenton, Robert, <i>Harvard from A to Z</i>, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Buettner, Cynthia K., <i>Parties, Police, and Pandemonium: An exploratory study of mixed-issue campus disturbances</i>, Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004.</li> <li>«&#160;Butter.» , <i>Time</i>, 23 mars 1925.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Lepore" title="Jill Lepore">Lepore, Jill</a>, Conférence à l'Université de Harvard pour son cours&#160;: «&#160;la Liberté et l'Esclavage, l'Histoire d'un Paradoxe Américain.&#160;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-10-18" data-sort-value="2005-10-18">18 octobre 2005</time>.</li> <li>Poitier, Beth, «&#160;L'alpha et l'oméga de la Harvard lore&#160;», <i>The Harvard Gazette</i>, juin 2004.</li> <li>Wood, Sandy, Kovalchik, Kara, «&#160;College protests in America began in the 1960s, right? Not quite. Back up a couple hundred years&#160;», <i>Mental Floss</i>, 6 avril 2003.</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Universit%C3%A9" title="Portail des universités"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg/24px-Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg/48px-Icons8_flat_graduation_cap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Universit%C3%A9" title="Portail:Université">Portail des universités</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Alimentation_et_gastronomie" title="Alimentation et gastronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/33px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/50px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/66px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Alimentation_et_gastronomie" title="Portail:Alimentation et gastronomie">Alimentation et gastronomie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1760" title="Portail des années 1760"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electricsheep-1760.jpg/32px-Electricsheep-1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electricsheep-1760.jpg/48px-Electricsheep-1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Electricsheep-1760.jpg/64px-Electricsheep-1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1760" title="Portail:Années 1760">Portail des années 1760</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐nsrkh Cached time: 20241124022348 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.144 seconds Real time usage: 0.221 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 882/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15944/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1347/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1228/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.060/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3572328/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 186.984 1 -total 30.64% 57.287 1 Modèle:Portail 18.34% 34.291 1 Modèle:Sources_à_lier 17.26% 32.278 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_d'avertissement 15.39% 28.786 1 Modèle:Trad 12.05% 22.526 1 Modèle:En 11.68% 21.849 2 Modèle:Indication_de_langue 11.44% 21.390 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 11.22% 20.975 1 Modèle:Ouvrage 10.66% 19.929 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:10470870-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124022348 and revision id 220511427. 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