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model</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: reactor model"> <meta name="keywords" content="reactor model"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="reactor model"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 17312</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: reactor model</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17192</span> Integrated Process Modelling of a Thermophilic Biogas Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Obiora%20E.%20Anisiji">Obiora E. Anisiji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremiah%20L.%20Chukwuneke"> Jeremiah L. Chukwuneke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinonso%20H.%20Achebe"> Chinonso H. Achebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20C.%20Okolie"> Paul C. Okolie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work developed a mathematical model of a biogas plant from a mechanistic point of view, for urban area clean energy requirement. It aimed at integrating thermodynamics; which deals with the direction in which a process occurs and Biochemical kinetics; which gives the understanding of the rates of biochemical reaction. The mathematical formulation of the proposed gas plant follows the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, and further analysis were accomplished to develop an algorithm for evaluating the plant performance preferably in terms of daily production capacity. In addition, the capacity of the plant is equally estimated for a given cycle of operation and presented in time histories. A nominal 1500m3 biogas plant was studied characteristically and its performance efficiency evaluated. It was observed that the rate of biogas production is essentially a function of enthalpy ratio, the reactor temperature, pH, substrate concentration, rate of degradation of the biomass, and the accumulation of matter in the system due to bacteria growth. The results of this study conform to a very large extent with reported empirical data of some existing plant and further model validations were conducted in line with classical records found in literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20plant" title=" biogas plant"> biogas plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas%20production" title=" biogas production"> biogas production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-reactor" title=" bio-reactor"> bio-reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rate%20of%20production" title=" rate of production"> rate of production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therm" title=" therm"> therm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21926/integrated-process-modelling-of-a-thermophilic-biogas-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17191</span> Effects of Turbulence Penetration on Valve Leakage in Nuclear Reactor Coolant System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gupta%20Rajesh">Gupta Rajesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paudel%20Sagar"> Paudel Sagar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharma%20Utkarsh"> Sharma Utkarsh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singh%20Amit%20Kumar"> Singh Amit Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermal stratification has drawn much attention because of the malfunctions at various nuclear plants in U.S.A that raised significant safety concerns. The concerns due to this phenomenon relate to thermal stresses in branch pipes connected to the reactor coolant system piping. This stress limits the lifetime of the piping system, and even leading to penetrating cracks. To assess origin of valve damage in the pipeline, it is essential to determine the effect of turbulence penetration on valve leakage; since stratified flow is generally generated by turbulent penetration or valve leakage. As a result, we concluded with the help of coupled fluent-structural analysis that the pipe with less turbulence has less chance of failure there by requiring less maintenance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20reactor%20coolant%20system" title="nuclear reactor coolant system">nuclear reactor coolant system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stratification" title=" thermal stratification"> thermal stratification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20penetration" title=" turbulent penetration"> turbulent penetration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20fluent-structural%20analysis" title=" coupled fluent-structural analysis"> coupled fluent-structural analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Von-Misses%20stress" title=" Von-Misses stress"> Von-Misses stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47753/effects-of-turbulence-penetration-on-valve-leakage-in-nuclear-reactor-coolant-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17190</span> Investigating the Process Kinetics and Nitrogen Gas Production in Anammox Hybrid Reactor with Special Emphasis on the Role of Filter Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Tomar">Swati Tomar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Kumar%20Gupta"> Sunil Kumar Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Anammox is a novel and promising technology that has changed the traditional concept of biological nitrogen removal. The process facilitates direct oxidation of ammonical nitrogen under anaerobic conditions with nitrite as an electron acceptor without the addition of external carbon sources. The present study investigated the feasibility of anammox hybrid reactor (AHR) combining the dual advantages of suspended and attached growth media for biodegradation of ammonical nitrogen in wastewater. The experimental unit consisted of 4 nos. of 5L capacity AHR inoculated with mixed seed culture containing anoxic and activated sludge (1:1). The process was established by feeding the reactors with synthetic wastewater containing NH4-H and NO2-N in the ratio 1:1 at HRT (hydraulic retention time) of 1 day. The reactors were gradually acclimated to higher ammonium concentration till it attained pseudo steady state removal at a total nitrogen concentration of 1200 mg/l. During this period, the performance of the AHR was monitored at twelve different HRTs varying from 0.25-3.0 d with increasing NLR from 0.4 to 4.8 kg N/m3d. AHR demonstrated significantly higher nitrogen removal (95.1%) at optimal HRT of 1 day. Filter media in AHR contributed an additional 27.2% ammonium removal in addition to 72% reduction in the sludge washout rate. This may be attributed to the functional mechanism of filter media which acts as a mechanical sieve and reduces the sludge washout rate many folds. This enhances the biomass retention capacity of the reactor by 25%, which is the key parameter for successful operation of high rate bioreactors. The effluent nitrate concentration, which is one of the bottlenecks of anammox process was also minimised significantly (42.3-52.3 mg/L). Process kinetics was evaluated using first order and Grau-second order models. The first-order substrate removal rate constant was found as 13.0 d-1. Model validation revealed that Grau second order model was more precise and predicted effluent nitrogen concentration with least error (1.84±10%). A new mathematical model based on mass balance was developed to predict N2 gas in AHR. The mass balance model derived from total nitrogen dictated significantly higher correlation (R2=0.986) and predicted N2 gas with least error of precision (0.12±8.49%). SEM study of biomass indicated the presence of the heterogeneous population of cocci and rod shaped bacteria of average diameter varying from 1.2-1.5 mm. Owing to enhanced NRE coupled with meagre production of effluent nitrate and its ability to retain high biomass, AHR proved to be the most competitive reactor configuration for dealing with nitrogen laden wastewater. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anammox" title="anammox">anammox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20media" title=" filter media"> filter media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20removal" title=" nitrogen removal"> nitrogen removal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35439/investigating-the-process-kinetics-and-nitrogen-gas-production-in-anammox-hybrid-reactor-with-special-emphasis-on-the-role-of-filter-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17189</span> Optimizing Hydrogen Production from Biomass Pyro-Gasification in a Multi-Staged Fluidized Bed Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chetna%20Mohabeer">Chetna Mohabeer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Reyes"> Luis Reyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lokmane%20Abdelouahed"> Lokmane Abdelouahed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bechara%20Taouk"> Bechara Taouk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the transition to sustainability and the increasing use of renewable energy, hydrogen will play a key role as an energy carrier. Biomass has the potential to accelerate the realization of hydrogen as a major fuel of the future. Pyro-gasification allows the conversion of organic matter mainly into synthesis gas, or “syngas”, majorly constituted by CO, H2, CH4, and CO2. A second, condensable fraction of biomass pyro-gasification products are “tars”. Under certain conditions, tars may decompose into hydrogen and other light hydrocarbons. These conditions include two types of cracking: homogeneous cracking, where tars decompose under the effect of temperature ( > 1000 °C), and heterogeneous cracking, where catalysts such as olivine, dolomite or biochar are used. The latter process favors cracking of tars at temperatures close to pyro-gasification temperatures (~ 850 °C). Pyro-gasification of biomass coupled with water-gas shift is the most widely practiced process route for biomass to hydrogen today. In this work, an innovating solution will be proposed for this conversion route, in that all the pyro-gasification products, not only methane, will undergo processes that aim to optimize hydrogen production. First, a heterogeneous cracking step was included in the reaction scheme, using biochar (remaining solid from the pyro-gasification reaction) as catalyst and CO2 and H2O as gasifying agents. This process was followed by a catalytic steam methane reforming (SMR) step. For this, a Ni-based catalyst was tested under different reaction conditions to optimize H2 yield. Finally, a water-gas shift (WGS) reaction step with a Fe-based catalyst was added to optimize the H2 yield from CO. The reactor used for cracking was a fluidized bed reactor, and the one used for SMR and WGS was a fixed bed reactor. The gaseous products were analyzed continuously using a µ-GC (Fusion PN 074-594-P1F). With biochar as bed material, it was seen that more H2 was obtained with steam as a gasifying agent (32 mol. % vs. 15 mol. % with CO2 at 900 °C). CO and CH4 productions were also higher with steam than with CO2. Steam as gasifying agent and biochar as bed material were hence deemed efficient parameters for the first step. Among all parameters tested, CH4 conversions approaching 100 % were obtained from SMR reactions using Ni/γ-Al2O3 as a catalyst, 800 °C, and a steam/methane ratio of 5. This gave rise to about 45 mol % H2. Experiments about WGS reaction are currently being conducted. At the end of this phase, the four reactions are performed consecutively, and the results analyzed. The final aim is the development of a global kinetic model of the whole system in a multi-stage fluidized bed reactor that can be transferred on ASPEN PlusTM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-staged%20fluidized%20bed%20reactor" title="multi-staged fluidized bed reactor">multi-staged fluidized bed reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyro-gasification" title=" pyro-gasification"> pyro-gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steam%20methane%20reforming" title=" steam methane reforming"> steam methane reforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-gas%20shift" title=" water-gas shift"> water-gas shift</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125412/optimizing-hydrogen-production-from-biomass-pyro-gasification-in-a-multi-staged-fluidized-bed-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17188</span> Corrosion Behavior of Steels in Molten Salt Reactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jana%20Rejkov%C3%A1">Jana Rejková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Kudrnov%C3%A1"> Marie Kudrnová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the research of materials for one of the types of reactors IV. generation - reactor with molten salts. One of the advantages of molten salts applied as a coolant in reactors is the ability to operate at relatively low pressures, as opposed to cooling with water or gases. Compared to liquid metal cooling, which also allows lower operating pressures, salt melts are less prone to chemical reactions. The service life of the construction materials used is limited by the operating temperatures of the reactor and the content of impurities in the salts. For the research of corrosion resistance, an experimental device was designed and assembled, enabling exposure at high temperatures without access to oxygen in a flowing atmosphere of inert gas. Nickel alloys Inconel 601, 617, and 625 were tested in a mixture of chloride salts LiCl – KCl (58,2 - 41,8 wt. %). The experiment showed high resistance of the materials used and based on the results and XPS analysis, other construction materials were proposed for the experiments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molten%20salt" title="molten salt">molten salt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20reactor" title=" nuclear reactor"> nuclear reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20alloy" title=" nickel alloy"> nickel alloy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143859/corrosion-behavior-of-steels-in-molten-salt-reactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17187</span> Vertebrate Model to Examine the Biological Effectiveness of Different Radiation Qualities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Em%C3%ADlia%20Szab%C3%B3">Rita Emília Szabó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%C3%B3bert%20Polanek"> Róbert Polanek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T%C3%BCnde%20T%C5%91k%C3%A9s"> Tünde Tőkés</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zolt%C3%A1n%20Szab%C3%B3"> Zoltán Szabó</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Szabolcs%20Czifrus"> Szabolcs Czifrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katalin%20Hidegh%C3%A9ty"> Katalin Hideghéty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Several feature of zebrafish are making them amenable for investigation on therapeutic approaches such as ionizing radiation. The establishment of zebrafish model for comprehensive radiobiological research stands in the focus of our investigation, comparing the radiation effect curves of neutron and photon irradiation. Our final aim is to develop an appropriate vertebrate model in order to investigate the relative biological effectiveness of laser driven ionizing radiation. Methods and Materials: After careful dosimetry series of viable zebrafish embryos were exposed to a single fraction whole-body neutron-irradiation (1,25; 1,875; 2; 2,5 Gy) at the research reactor of the Technical University of Budapest and to conventional 6 MeV photon beam at 24 hour post-fertilization (hpf). The survival and morphologic abnormalities (pericardial edema, spine curvature) of each embryo were assessed for each experiment at 24-hour intervals from the point of fertilization up to 168 hpf (defining the dose lethal for 50% (LD50)). Results: In the zebrafish embryo model LD50 at 20 Gy dose level was defined and the same lethality were found at 2 Gy dose from the reactor neutron beam resulting RBE of 10. Dose-dependent organ perturbations were detected on macroscopic (shortening of the body length, spine curvature, microcephaly, micro-ophthalmia, micrognathia, pericardial edema, and inhibition of yolk sac resorption) and microscopic (marked cellular changes in skin, cardiac, gastrointestinal system) with the same magnitude of dose difference. Conclusion: In our observations, we found that zebrafish embryo model can be used for investigating the effects of different type of ionizing radiation and this system proved to be highly efficient vertebrate model for preclinical examinations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionizing%20radiation" title="ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LD50" title=" LD50"> LD50</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20biological%20effectiveness" title=" relative biological effectiveness"> relative biological effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zebrafish%20embryo" title=" zebrafish embryo"> zebrafish embryo</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42445/vertebrate-model-to-examine-the-biological-effectiveness-of-different-radiation-qualities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17186</span> Controlling RPV Embrittlement through Wet Annealing in Support of Life Extension</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20A.%20Krasikov">E. A. Krasikov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a main barrier against radioactivity outlet reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is a key component in terms of NPP safety. Therefore, present-day demands in RPV reliability enhance have to be met by all possible actions for RPV in-service embrittlement mitigation. Annealing treatment is known to be the effective measure to restore the RPV metal properties deteriorated by neutron irradiation. There are two approaches to annealing. The first one is so-called ‘dry’ high temperature (~475°C) annealing. It allows obtaining practically complete recovery, but requires the removal of the reactor core and internals. External heat source (furnace) is required to carry out RPV heat treatment. The alternative approach is to anneal RPV at a maximum coolant temperature which can be obtained using the reactor core or primary circuit pumps while operating within the RPV design limits. This low temperature «wet» annealing, although it cannot be expected to produce complete recovery, is more attractive from the practical point of view especially in cases when the removal of the internals is impossible. The first RPV «wet» annealing was done using nuclear heat (US Army SM-1A reactor). The second one was done by means of primary pumps heat (Belgian BR-3 reactor). As a rule, there is no recovery effect up to annealing and irradiation temperature difference of 70°C. It is known, however, that along with radiation embrittlement neutron irradiation may mitigate the radiation damage in metals. Therefore, we have tried to test the possibility to use the effect of radiation-induced ductilization in ‘wet’ annealing technology by means of nuclear heat utilization as heat and neutron irradiation sources at once. In support of the above-mentioned conception the 3-year duration reactor experiment on 15Cr3NiMoV type steel with preliminary irradiation at operating PWR at 270°C and following extra irradiation (87 h at 330°C) at IR-8 test reactor was fulfilled. In fact, embrittlement was partly suppressed up to value equivalent to 1,5 fold neutron fluence decrease. The degree of recovery in case of radiation enhanced annealing is equal to 27% whereas furnace annealing results in zero effect under existing conditions. Mechanism of the radiation-induced damage mitigation is proposed. It is hoped that «wet » annealing technology will help provide a better management of the RPV degradation as a factor affecting the lifetime of nuclear power plants which, together with associated management methods, will help facilitate safe and economic long-term operation of PWRs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controlling" title="controlling">controlling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embrittlement" title=" embrittlement"> embrittlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation" title=" radiation"> radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel" title=" steel"> steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wet%20annealing" title=" wet annealing"> wet annealing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43963/controlling-rpv-embrittlement-through-wet-annealing-in-support-of-life-extension" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17185</span> Development and Performance of Aerobic Granular Sludge at Elevated Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20M.%20Bob">Mustafa M. Bob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Izaidah%20Azmi"> Siti Izaidah Azmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Hakim%20Ab%20Halim"> Mohd Hakim Ab Halim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nur%20Syahida%20Abdul%20Jamal"> Nur Syahida Abdul Jamal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aznah%20Nor-Anuar"> Aznah Nor-Anuar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaini%20Ujang"> Zaini Ujang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, the formation and development of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for domestic wastewater treatment application in hot climate conditions was studied using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The performance of the developed AGS in the removal of organic matter and nutrients from wastewater was also investigated. The operation of the reactor was based on the sequencing batch system with a complete cycle time of 3 hours that included feeding, aeration, settling, discharging and idling. The reactor was seeded with sludge collected from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Madinah city, Saudi Arabia and operated at a temperature of 40ºC using synthetic wastewater as influent. Results showed that granular sludge was developed after an operation period of 30 days. The developed granular sludge had a good settling ability with the average size of the granules ranging from 1.03 to 2.42 mm. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were 87.31%, 91.93% and 61.25% respectively. These results show that AGS can be developed at elevated temperatures and it is a promising technique to treat domestic wastewater in hot and low humidity climate conditions such as those encountered in Saudi Arabia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerobic%20granular%20sludge" title="aerobic granular sludge">aerobic granular sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20climate" title=" hot climate"> hot climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing%20batch%20reactor" title=" sequencing batch reactor"> sequencing batch reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20wastewater%20treatment" title=" domestic wastewater treatment"> domestic wastewater treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15958/development-and-performance-of-aerobic-granular-sludge-at-elevated-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15958.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17184</span> Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Ni-Cr and Zr Alloys in Supercritical Water Reactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Igor%20Svishchev">Igor Svishchev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kashif%20Choudhry"> Kashif Choudhry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Progress in advanced energy technologies is not feasible without understanding how engineering materials perform under extreme environmental conditions. The corrosion behaviour of Fe-Ni-Cr and Zr alloys has been systematically examined under high-temperature and supercritical water flow conditions. The changes in elemental release rate and dissolved gas concentration provide valuable insights into the mechanism of passivation by forming oxide films. A non-intrusive method for monitoring the extent of surface oxidation based on hydrogen release rate has been developed. This approach can be used for the on-line monitoring corrosion behavior of reactor materials without the need to interrupt the flow and remove corrosion coupons. Surface catalysed thermochemical reactions may generate sufficient hydrogen to have an effect on the accumulation of oxidizing species generated by radiolytic processes in the heat transport systems of the supercritical water cooled nuclear reactor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-temperature%20corrosion" title="high-temperature corrosion">high-temperature corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-intrusive%20monitoring" title=" non-intrusive monitoring"> non-intrusive monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactor%20materials" title=" reactor materials"> reactor materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20water" title=" supercritical water"> supercritical water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128855/corrosion-behavior-of-fe-ni-cr-and-zr-alloys-in-supercritical-water-reactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128855.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17183</span> Numerical Analysis of Catalytic Combustion in a Tabular Reactor with Methane and Air Mixtures over Platinum Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaresh%20Selvakumar">Kumaresh Selvakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of a catalyst inside an engine enables complete combustion at lower temperatures which promote desired chemical reactions. The objective of this work is to design and simulate a catalytic combustor by using CHEMKIN with detailed gas and surface chemistries. The simplified approach with single catalyst channel using plug flow reactor (PFR) can be used to predict reasonably well with the effect of various operating parameters such as the inlet temperature, velocity and fuel/air ratios. The numerical results are validated by comparing the surface chemistries in single channel catalytic combustor. The catalytic combustor operates at much lower temperature than the conventional combustor since lean-fuel mixture is used where the complete methane conversion is achieved. The coupling between gas and surface reactions in the catalyst bed is studied by investigating the commencement of flame ignition with respect to the surface site species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalytic%20combustion" title="catalytic combustion">catalytic combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honeycomb%20monolith" title=" honeycomb monolith"> honeycomb monolith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plug%20flow%20reactor" title=" plug flow reactor"> plug flow reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20reactions" title=" surface reactions"> surface reactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56232/numerical-analysis-of-catalytic-combustion-in-a-tabular-reactor-with-methane-and-air-mixtures-over-platinum-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17182</span> Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant by Photocatalytic Filtering Reactor: Effect of Operating Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youcef%20Serhane">Youcef Serhane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkrim%20Bouzaza"> Abdelkrim Bouzaza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominique%20Wolbert"> Dominique Wolbert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aymen%20Amin%20Assadi"> Aymen Amin Assadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Throughout history, the use of chemical weapons is not exclusive to combats between army corps; some of these weapons are also found in very targeted intelligence operations (political assassinations), organized crime, and terrorist organizations. To improve the speed of action, important technological devices have been developed in recent years, in particular in the field of protection and decontamination techniques to better protect and neutralize a chemical threat. In order to assess certain protective, decontaminating technologies or to improve medical countermeasures, tests must be conducted. In view of the great toxicity of toxic chemical agents from (real) wars, simulants can be used, chosen according to the desired application. Here, we present an investigation about using a photocatalytic filtering reactor (PFR) for highly contaminated environments containing diethyl sulfide (DES). This target pollutant is used as a simulant of CWA, namely of Yperite (Mustard Gas). The influence of the inlet concentration (until high concentrations of DES (1200 ppmv, i.e., 5 g/m³ of air) has been studied. Also, the conversion rate was monitored under different relative humidity and different flow rates (respiratory flow - standards: ISO / DIS 8996 and NF EN 14387 + A1). In order to understand the efficacity of pollutant neutralization by PFR, a kinetic model based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) approach and taking into account the mass transfer step was developed. This allows us to determine the adsorption and kinetic degradation constants with no influence of mass transfer. The obtained results confirm that this small configuration of reactor presents an extremely promising way for the use of photocatalysis for treatment to deal with highly contaminated environments containing real chemical warfare agents. Also, they can give birth to an individual protection device (an autonomous cartridge for a gas mask). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title="photocatalysis">photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalytic%20filtering%20reactor" title=" photocatalytic filtering reactor"> photocatalytic filtering reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diethylsulfide" title=" diethylsulfide"> diethylsulfide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20warfare%20agents" title=" chemical warfare agents"> chemical warfare agents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124989/chemical-warfare-agent-simulant-by-photocatalytic-filtering-reactor-effect-of-operating-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17181</span> An Innovative Use of Flow Columns in Electrocoagulation Reactor to Control Water Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim">Khalid S. Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid Alkhaddar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Phipps"> David Phipps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ortoneda%20Pedrola"> Ortoneda Pedrola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature is an essential parameter in the electrocoagulation process (EC) as it governs the solubility of electrodes and the precipitates and the collision rate of particles in water being treated. Although it has been about 100 years since the EC technology was invented and applied in water and wastewater treatment, the effects of temperature on the its performance were insufficiently investigated. Thus, the present project aims to fill this gap by an innovative use of perforated flow columns in the designing of a new EC reactor (ECR1). The new reactor (ECR1) consisted of a Perspex made cylinder container supplied with a flow column consisted of perorated discoid electrodes that made from aluminium. The flow column has been installed vertically, half submerged in the water being treated, inside a plastic cylinder. The unsubmerged part of the flow column works as a radiator for the water being treated. In order to investigate the performance of ECR1; water samples with different initial temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) to the ECR1 for 20 min. Temperature of effluent water samples were measured using Hanna meter (Model: HI 98130). The obtained results demonstrated that the ECR1 reduced water temperature from 35, 30, and 25 °C to 24.6, 23.8, and 21.8 °C respectively. While low water temperature, 15 °C, increased slowly to reach 19.1 °C after 15 minutes and kept the same level till the end of the treatment period. At the same time, water sample with initial temperature of 20 °C showed almost a steady level of temperature along the treatment process, where the temperature increased negligibly from 20 to 20.1 °C after 20 minutes of treatment. In conclusion, ECR1 is able to control the temperature of water being treated around the room temperature even when the initial temperature was high (35 °C) or low (15 °C). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title="electrocoagulation">electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20column" title=" flow column"> flow column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20temperature" title=" water temperature"> water temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34852/an-innovative-use-of-flow-columns-in-electrocoagulation-reactor-to-control-water-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17180</span> Cosmic Muon Tomography at the Wylfa Reactor Site Using an Anti-Neutrino Detector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronald%20Collins">Ronald Collins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathon%20Coleman"> Jonathon Coleman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joel%20Dasari"> Joel Dasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Holt"> George Holt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carl%20Metelko"> Carl Metelko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Murdoch"> Matthew Murdoch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Morgan"> Alexander Morgan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan-Jie%20Schnellbach"> Yan-Jie Schnellbach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Mills"> Robert Mills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gareth%20Edwards"> Gareth Edwards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Roberts"> Alexander Roberts</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At the Wylfa Magnox Power Plant between 2014–2016, the VIDARR prototype anti-neutrino detector was deployed. It is comprised of extruded plastic scintillating bars measuring 4 cm × 1 cm × 152 cm and utilised wavelength shifting fibres (WLS) and multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs) to detect and quantify radiation. During deployment, it took cosmic muon data in accidental coincidence with the anti-neutrino measurements with the power plant site buildings obscuring the muon sky. Cosmic muons have a significantly higher probability of being attenuated and/or absorbed by denser objects, and so one-sided cosmic muon tomography was utilised to image the reactor site buildings. In order to achieve clear building outlines, a control data set was taken at the University of Liverpool from 2016 – 2018, which had minimal occlusion of the cosmic muon flux by dense objects. By taking the ratio of these two data sets and using GEANT4 simulations, it is possible to perform a one-sided cosmic muon tomography analysis. This analysis can be used to discern specific buildings, building heights, and features at the Wylfa reactor site, including the reactor core/reactor core shielding using ∼ 3 hours worth of cosmic-ray detector live time. This result demonstrates the feasibility of using cosmic muon analysis to determine a segmented detector’s location with respect to surrounding buildings, assisted by aerial photography or satellite imagery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-neutrino" title="anti-neutrino">anti-neutrino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GEANT4" title=" GEANT4"> GEANT4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muon" title=" muon"> muon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomography" title=" tomography"> tomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occlusion" title=" occlusion"> occlusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150759/cosmic-muon-tomography-at-the-wylfa-reactor-site-using-an-anti-neutrino-detector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17179</span> Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Destruction by Catalytic Oxidation for Environmental Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Nasir%20Kajama">Mohammed Nasir Kajama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngozi%20Claribelle%20Nwogu"> Ngozi Claribelle Nwogu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edward%20Gobina"> Edward Gobina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pt/γ-Al2O3 membrane catalysts were prepared via an evaporative-crystallization deposition method. The obtained Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst activity was tested after characterization (SEM-EDAX observation, BET measurement, permeability assessment) in the catalytic oxidation of selected volatile organic compound (VOC) i.e. propane, fed in mixture of oxygen. The VOC conversion (nearly 90%) obtained by varying the operating temperature showed that flow-through membrane reactor might do better in the abatement of VOCs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VOC%20combustion" title="VOC combustion">VOC combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow-through%20membrane%20reactor" title=" flow-through membrane reactor"> flow-through membrane reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platinum%20supported%20alumina%20catalysts" title=" platinum supported alumina catalysts"> platinum supported alumina catalysts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24957/volatile-organic-compounds-vocs-destruction-by-catalytic-oxidation-for-environmental-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24957.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">544</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17178</span> Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of the IAEA 10MW Benchmark Reactor under Normal Operating Condition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Djalal">Hamed Djalal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to perform a thermal-hydraulic analysis of the IAEA 10 MW benchmark reactor solving analytically and numerically, by mean of the finite volume method, respectively the steady state and transient forced convection in rectangular narrow channel between two parallel MTR-type fuel plates, imposed under a cosine shape heat flux. A comparison between both solutions is presented to determine the minimal coolant velocity which can ensure a safe reactor core cooling, where the cladding temperature should not reach a specific safety limit 90 °C. For this purpose, a computer program is developed to determine the principal parameter related to the nuclear core safety, such as the temperature distribution in the fuel plate and in the coolant (light water) as a function of the inlet coolant velocity. Finally, a good agreement is noticed between the both analytical and numerical solutions, where the obtained results are displayed graphically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20convection" title="forced convection">forced convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title=" pressure drop"> pressure drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20hydraulic%20analysis" title=" thermal hydraulic analysis"> thermal hydraulic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20heated%20rectangular%20channel" title=" vertical heated rectangular channel"> vertical heated rectangular channel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84667/thermal-hydraulic-analysis-of-the-iaea-10mw-benchmark-reactor-under-normal-operating-condition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17177</span> Continuous Production of Prebiotic Pectic Oligosaccharides from Sugar Beet Pulp in a Continuous Cross Flow Membrane Bioreactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Babbar">Neha Babbar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Van%20Roy"> S. Van Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Dejonghe"> W. Dejonghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sforza"> S. Sforza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Elst"> K. Elst</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pectic oligosaccharides (a class of prebiotics) are non-digestible carbohydrates which benefits the host by stimulating the growth of healthy gut micro flora. Production of prebiotic pectic oligosaccharides (POS) from pectin rich agricultural residues involves a cutting of long chain polymer of pectin to oligomers of pectin while avoiding the formation of monosaccharides. The objective of the present study is to develop a two-step continuous biocatalytic membrane reactor (MER) for the continuous production of POS (from sugar beet pulp) in which conversion is combined with separation. Optimization of the ratio of POS/monosaccharides, stability and productivities of the process was done by testing various residence times (RT) in the reactor vessel with diluted (10 RT, 20 RT, and 30 RT) and undiluted (30 RT, 40 RT and 60 RT) substrate. The results show that the most stable processes (steady state) were 20 RT and 30 RT for diluted substrate and 40 RT and 60 RT for undiluted substrate. The highest volumetric and specific productivities of 20 g/L/h and 11 g/gE/h; 17 g/l/h and 9 g/gE/h were respectively obtained with 20 RT (diluted substrate) and 40 RT (undiluted substrate). Under these conditions, the permeates of the reactor test with 20 RT (diluted substrate) consisted of 80 % POS fractions while that of 40 RT (undiluted substrate) resulted in 70% POS fractions. A two-step continuous biocatalytic MER for the continuous POS production looks very promising for the continuous production of tailor made POS. Although both the processes i.e 20 RT (diluted substrate) and 40 RT (undiluted substrate) gave the best results, but for an Industrial application it is preferable to use an undiluted substrate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pectic%20oligosaccharides" title="pectic oligosaccharides">pectic oligosaccharides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20reactor" title=" membrane reactor"> membrane reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residence%20time" title=" residence time"> residence time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20productivity" title=" specific productivity"> specific productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volumetric%20productivity" title=" volumetric productivity"> volumetric productivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32025/continuous-production-of-prebiotic-pectic-oligosaccharides-from-sugar-beet-pulp-in-a-continuous-cross-flow-membrane-bioreactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17176</span> Laboratory and Numerical Hydraulic Modelling of Annular Pipe Electrocoagulation Reactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandra%20Martin-Dominguez">Alejandra Martin-Dominguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javier%20Canto-Rios"> Javier Canto-Rios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Velitchko%20Tzatchkov"> Velitchko Tzatchkov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Electrocoagulation is a water treatment technology that consists of generating coagulant species in situ by electrolytic oxidation of sacrificial anode materials triggered by electric current. It removes suspended solids, heavy metals, emulsified oils, bacteria, colloidal solids and particles, soluble inorganic pollutants and other contaminants from water, offering an alternative to the use of metal salts or polymers and polyelectrolyte addition for breaking stable emulsions and suspensions. The method essentially consists of passing the water being treated through pairs of consumable conductive metal plates in parallel, which act as monopolar electrodes, commonly known as ‘sacrificial electrodes’. Physicochemical, electrochemical and hydraulic processes are involved in the efficiency of this type of treatment. While the physicochemical and electrochemical aspects of the technology have been extensively studied, little is known about the influence of the hydraulics. However, the hydraulic process is fundamental for the reactions that take place at the electrode boundary layers and for the coagulant mixing. Electrocoagulation reactors can be open (with free water surface) and closed (pressurized). Independently of the type of rector, hydraulic head loss is an important factor for its design. The present work focuses on the study of the total hydraulic head loss and flow velocity and pressure distribution in electrocoagulation reactors with single or multiple concentric annular cross sections. An analysis of the head loss produced by hydraulic wall shear friction and accessories (minor head losses) is presented, and compared to the head loss measured on a semi-pilot scale laboratory model for different flow rates through the reactor. The tests included laminar, transitional and turbulent flow. The observed head loss was compared also to the head loss predicted by several known conceptual theoretical and empirical equations, specific for flow in concentric annular pipes. Four single concentric annular cross section and one multiple concentric annular cross section reactor configuration were studied. The theoretical head loss resulted higher than the observed in the laboratory model in some of the tests, and lower in others of them, depending also on the assumed value for the wall roughness. Most of the theoretical models assume that the fluid elements in all annular sections have the same velocity, and that flow is steady, uniform and one-dimensional, with the same pressure and velocity profiles in all reactor sections. To check the validity of such assumptions, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the concentric annular pipe reactor was implemented using the ANSYS Fluent software, demonstrating that pressure and flow velocity distribution inside the reactor actually is not uniform. Based on the analysis, the equations that predict better the head loss in single and multiple annular sections were obtained. Other factors that may impact the head loss, such as the generation of coagulants and gases during the electrochemical reaction, the accumulation of hydroxides inside the reactor, and the change of the electrode material with time, are also discussed. The results can be used as tools for design and scale-up of electrocoagulation reactors, to be integrated into new or existing water treatment plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation%20reactors" title="electrocoagulation reactors">electrocoagulation reactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20head%20loss" title=" hydraulic head loss"> hydraulic head loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentric%20annular%20pipes" title=" concentric annular pipes"> concentric annular pipes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics%20model" title=" computational fluid dynamics model"> computational fluid dynamics model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71363/laboratory-and-numerical-hydraulic-modelling-of-annular-pipe-electrocoagulation-reactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71363.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17175</span> Removal of Nutrients from Sewage Using Algal Photo-Bioreactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Purnendu%20Bose">Purnendu Bose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyoti%20Kainthola"> Jyoti Kainthola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to recent advances in illumination technology, artificially illuminated algal-bacterial photo bioreactors are now a potentially feasible option for simultaneous and comprehensive organic carbon and nutrients removal from secondary treated domestic sewage. The experiments described herein were designed to determine the extent of nutrient uptake in photo bioreactors through algal assimilation. Accordingly, quasi steady state data on algal photo bioreactor performance was obtained under 20 different conditions. Results indicated that irrespective of influent N and P levels, algal biomass recycling resulted in superior performance of algal photo bioreactors in terms of both N and P removals. Further, both N and P removals were positively related to the growth of algal biomass in the reactor. Conditions in the reactor favouring greater algal growth also resulted in greater N and P removals. N and P removals were adversely impacted in reactors with low algal concentrations due to the inability of the algae to grow fast enough under the conditions provided. Increasing algal concentrations in reactors over a certain threshold value through higher algal biomass recycling was also not fruitful, since algal growth slowed under such conditions due to reduced light availability due to algal ‘self-shading’. It was concluded that N removals greater than 80% at high influent N concentrations is not possible with the present reactor configuration. Greater than 80% N removals may however be possible in similar reactors if higher light intensity is provided. High P removal is possible only if the influent N: P ratio in the reactor is aligned closely with the algal stoichiometric requirements for P. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrients" title="nutrients">nutrients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algae" title=" algae"> algae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo" title=" photo"> photo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioreactor" title=" bioreactor"> bioreactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1519/removal-of-nutrients-from-sewage-using-algal-photo-bioreactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17174</span> Cracking of Tar Analogue in N₂ Carrier Gas Using Non-Thermal Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Saleem">Faisal Saleem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kui%20Zhang"> Kui Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Harvey"> Adam Harvey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The role of N₂ carrier gas towards the conversion of tar analogue was studied in a non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The important parameters such as power (5-40W), residence time (1.41-4.23 s), concentration (20-82 g/Nm³), and temperature (Ambient-400°C) were explored. The present study demonstrated that plasma power and residence time played a key role in the decomposition of toluene, and almost complete removal of toluene was observed at 40w and 4.23 s. H₂ is obtained as a major gaseous product with a maximum selectivity of 40% along with some lighter hydrocarbons (5.5%). The removal efficiency of toluene slightly decreases with increasing the concentration of toluene from 20 g/Nm³ to 82 g/Nm³. The solid residue formation takes place inside the plasma reactor. The selectivity of LHC (lower hydrocarbons) increased up to 15% by increasing the temperature to 400°C. Introducing H₂ to the gas at elevated temperature opens up new reaction routes to raise the selectivity to lower hydrocarbons. The selectivity to methane reaches to 42% using 35% H₂ at 400°C and total selectivity of LHC increases to 57%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20gasification%20tar" title="biomass gasification tar">biomass gasification tar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-thermal%20plasma" title=" non-thermal plasma"> non-thermal plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20barrier%20discharge" title=" dielectric barrier discharge"> dielectric barrier discharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residence%20time" title=" residence time"> residence time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94699/cracking-of-tar-analogue-in-n2-carrier-gas-using-non-thermal-plasma-dielectric-barrier-discharge-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94699.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">186</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17173</span> Characteristics-Based Lq-Control of Cracking Reactor by Integral Reinforcement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jana%20Abu%20Ahmada">Jana Abu Ahmada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaineb%20Mohamed"> Zaineb Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilyasse%20Aksikas"> Ilyasse Aksikas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The linear quadratic control system of hyperbolic first order partial differential equations (PDEs) are presented. The aim of this research is to control chemical reactions. This is achieved by converting the PDEs system to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the method of characteristics to reduce the system to control it by using the integral reinforcement learning. The designed controller is applied to a catalytic cracking reactor. Background—Transport-Reaction systems cover a large chemical and bio-chemical processes. They are best described by nonlinear PDEs derived from mass and energy balances. As a main application to be considered in this work is the catalytic cracking reactor. Indeed, the cracking reactor is widely used to convert high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils into more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases, and others. On the other hand, control of PDEs systems is an important and rich area of research. One of the main control techniques is feedback control. This type of control utilizes information coming from the system to correct its trajectories and drive it to a desired state. Moreover, feedback control rejects disturbances and reduces the variation effects on the plant parameters. Linear-quadratic control is a feedback control since the developed optimal input is expressed as feedback on the system state to exponentially stabilize and drive a linear plant to the steady-state while minimizing a cost criterion. The integral reinforcement learning policy iteration technique is a strong method that solves the linear quadratic regulator problem for continuous-time systems online in real time, using only partial information about the system dynamics (i.e. the drift dynamics A of the system need not be known), and without requiring measurements of the state derivative. This is, in effect, a direct (i.e. no system identification procedure is employed) adaptive control scheme for partially unknown linear systems that converges to the optimal control solution. Contribution—The goal of this research is to Develop a characteristics-based optimal controller for a class of hyperbolic PDEs and apply the developed controller to a catalytic cracking reactor model. In the first part, developing an algorithm to control a class of hyperbolic PDEs system will be investigated. The method of characteristics will be employed to convert the PDEs system into a system of ODEs. Then, the control problem will be solved along the characteristic curves. The reinforcement technique is implemented to find the state-feedback matrix. In the other half, applying the developed algorithm to the important application of a catalytic cracking reactor. The main objective is to use the inlet fraction of gas oil as a manipulated variable to drive the process state towards desired trajectories. The outcome of this challenging research would yield the potential to provide a significant technological innovation for the gas industries since the catalytic cracking reactor is one of the most important conversion processes in petroleum refineries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PDEs" title="PDEs">PDEs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforcement%20iteration" title=" reinforcement iteration"> reinforcement iteration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=method%20of%20characteristics" title=" method of characteristics"> method of characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=riccati%20equation" title=" riccati equation"> riccati equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cracking%20reactor" title=" cracking reactor"> cracking reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156852/characteristics-based-lq-control-of-cracking-reactor-by-integral-reinforcement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17172</span> Sizing of Drying Processes to Optimize Conservation of the Nuclear Power Plants on Stationary </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assabo%20Mohamed">Assabo Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bile%20Mohamed"> Bile Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Farah"> Ali Farah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isman%20Souleiman"> Isman Souleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Alos%20Ramos"> Olga Alos Ramos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Cadet"> Marie Cadet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The life of a nuclear power plant is regularly punctuated by short or long period outages to carry out maintenance operations and/or nuclear fuel reloading. During these stops periods, it is essential to conserve all the secondary circuit equipment to avoid corrosion priming. This kind of circuit is one of the main components of a nuclear reactor. Indeed, the conservation materials on shutdown of a nuclear unit improve circuit performance and reduce the maintenance cost considerably. This study is a part of the optimization of the dry preservation of equipment from the water station of the nuclear reactor. The main objective is to provide tools to guide Electricity Production Nuclear Centre (EPNC) in order to achieve the criteria required by the chemical specifications of conservation materials. A theoretical model of drying exchangers of water station is developed by the software Engineering Equation Solver (EES). It used to size requirements and air quality needed for dry conservation of equipment. This model is based on heat transfer and mass transfer governing the drying operation. A parametric study is conducted to know the influence of aerothermal factor taking part in the drying operation. The results show that the success of dry conservation of equipment of the secondary circuit of nuclear reactor depends strongly on the draining, the quality of drying air and the flow of air injecting in the secondary circuit. Finally, theoretical case study performed on EES highlights the importance of mastering the entire system to balance the air system to provide each exchanger optimum flow depending on its characteristics. From these results, recommendations to nuclear power plants can be formulated to optimize drying practices and achieve good performance in the conservation of material from the water at the stop position. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20conservation" title="dry conservation">dry conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sizing" title=" sizing"> sizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20station" title=" water station"> water station</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52141/sizing-of-drying-processes-to-optimize-conservation-of-the-nuclear-power-plants-on-stationary" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17171</span> Process Performance and Nitrogen Removal Kinetics in Anammox Hybrid Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Tomar">Swati Tomar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Kumar%20Gupta"> Sunil Kumar Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Anammox is a promising and cost effective alternative to conventional treatment systems that facilitates direct oxidation of ammonium nitrogen under anaerobic conditions with nitrite as an electron acceptor without addition of any external carbon sources. The present study investigates the process kinetics of laboratory scale anammox hybrid reactor (AHR) which combines the dual advantages of attached and suspended growth. The performance & behaviour of AHR was studied under varying hydraulic retention time (HRTs) and nitrogen loading rate (NLRs). The experimental unit consisted of 4 numbers of 5L capacity anammox hybrid reactor inoculated with mixed seed culture containing anoxic and activated sludge. Pseudo steady state (PSS) ammonium and nitrite removal efficiencies of 90.6% and 95.6%, respectively, were achieved during acclimation phase. After establishment of PSS, the performance of AHR was monitored at seven different HRTs of 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 d with increasing NLR from 0.4 to 4.8 kg N/m3d. The results showed that with increase in NLR and decrease in HRT (3.0 to 0.25 d), AHR registered appreciable decline in nitrogen removal efficiency from 92.9% to 67.4 %, respectively. The HRT of 2.0 d was considered optimal to achieve substantial nitrogen removal of 89%, because on further decrease in HRT below 1.5 days, remarkable decline in the values of nitrogen removal efficiency were observed. Analysis of data indicated that attached growth system contributes an additional 15.4 % ammonium removal and reduced the sludge washout rate (additional 29% reduction). This enhanced performance may be attributed to 25% increase in sludge retention time due to the attached growth media. Three kinetic models, namely, first order, Monod and Modified Stover-Kincannon model were applied to assess the substrate removal kinetics of nitrogen removal in AHR. Validation of the models were carried out by comparing experimental set of data with the predicted values obtained from the respective models. For substrate removal kinetics, model validation revealed that Modified Stover-Kincannon is most precise (R2=0.943) and can be suitably applied to predict the kinetics of nitrogen removal in AHR. Lawrence and McCarty model described the kinetics of bacterial growth. The predicted value of yield coefficient and decay constant were in line with the experimentally observed values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anammox" title="anammox">anammox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetics" title=" kinetics"> kinetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20removal" title=" nitrogen removal"> nitrogen removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20wash%20out%20rate" title=" sludge wash out rate"> sludge wash out rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AHR" title=" AHR"> AHR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27325/process-performance-and-nitrogen-removal-kinetics-in-anammox-hybrid-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17170</span> A Modular Reactor for Thermochemical Energy Storage Examination of Ettringite-Based Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Chen">B. Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Kuznik"> F. Kuznik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Horgnies"> M. Horgnies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Johannes"> K. Johannes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Morin"> V. Morin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Gengembre"> E. Gengembre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> More attention on renewable energy has been done after the achievement of Paris Agreement against climate change. Solar-based technology is supposed to be one of the most promising green energy technologies for residential buildings since its widely thermal usage for hot water and heating. However, the seasonal mismatch between its production and consumption makes buildings need an energy storage system to improve the efficiency of renewable energy use. Indeed, there exist already different kinds of energy storage systems using sensible or latent heat. With the consideration of energy dissipation during storage and low energy density for above two methods, thermochemical energy storage is then recommended. Recently, ettringite (3CaO∙Al₂O₃∙3CaSO₄∙32H₂O) based materials have been reported as potential thermochemical storage materials because of high energy density (~500 kWh/m³), low material cost (700 €/m³) and low storage temperature (~60-70°C), compared to reported salt hydrates like SrBr₂·6H₂O (42 k€/m³, ~80°C), LaCl₃·7H₂O (38 k€/m³, ~100°C) and MgSO₄·7H₂O (5 k€/m³, ~150°C). Therefore, they have the possibility to be largely used in building sector with being coupled to normal solar panel systems. On the other side, the lack in terms of extensive examination leads to poor knowledge on their thermal properties and limit maturity of this technology. The aim of this work is to develop a modular reactor adapting to thermal characterizations of ettringite-based material particles of different sizes. The filled materials in the reactor can be self-compacted vertically to ensure hot air or humid air goes through homogenously. Additionally, quick assembly and modification of reactor, like LEGO™ plastic blocks, make it suitable to distinct thermochemical energy storage material samples with different weights (from some grams to several kilograms). In our case, quantity of stored and released energy, best work conditions and even chemical durability of ettringite-based materials have been investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydration" title="dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ettringite" title=" ettringite"> ettringite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydration" title=" hydration"> hydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modular%20reactor" title=" modular reactor"> modular reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermochemical%20energy%20storage" title=" thermochemical energy storage"> thermochemical energy storage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98860/a-modular-reactor-for-thermochemical-energy-storage-examination-of-ettringite-based-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17169</span> Integrated Management System Applied in Dismantling and Waste Management of the Primary Cooling System from the VVR-S Nuclear Reactor Magurele, Bucharest</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radu%20Deju">Radu Deju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carmen%20Mustata"> Carmen Mustata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The VVR-S nuclear research reactor owned by Horia Hubulei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) was designed for research and radioisotope production, being permanently shut-down in 2002, after 40 years of operation. All amount of the nuclear spent fuel S-36 and EK-10 type was returned to Russian Federation (first in 2009 and last in 2012), and the radioactive waste resulted from the reprocessing of it will remain permanently in the Russian Federation. The decommissioning strategy chosen is immediate dismantling. At this moment, the radionuclides with half-life shorter than 1 year have a minor contribution to the contamination of materials and equipment used in reactor department. The decommissioning of the reactor has started in 2010 and is planned to be finalized in 2020, being the first nuclear research reactor that has started the decommissioning project from the South-East of Europe. The management system applied in the decommissioning of the VVR-S research reactor integrates all common elements of management: nuclear safety, occupational health and safety, environment, quality- compliance with the requirements for decommissioning activities, physical protection and economic elements. This paper presents the application of integrated management system in decommissioning of systems, structures, equipment and components (SSEC) from pumps room, including the management of the resulted radioactive waste. The primary cooling system of this type of reactor includes circulation pumps, heat exchangers, degasser, filter ion exchangers, piping connection, drainage system and radioactive leaks. All the decommissioning activities of primary circuit were performed in stage 2 (year 2014), and they were developed and recorded according to the applicable documents, within the requirements of the Regulatory Body Licenses. In the presentation there will be emphasized how the integrated management system provisions are applied in the dismantling of the primary cooling system, for elaboration, approval, application of necessary documentation, records keeping before, during and after the dismantling activities. Radiation protection and economics are the key factors for the selection of the proper technology. Dedicated and advanced technologies were chosen to perform specific tasks. Safety aspects have been taken into consideration. Resource constraints have also been an important issue considered in defining the decommissioning strategy. Important aspects like radiological monitoring of the personnel and areas, decontamination, waste management and final characterization of the released site are demonstrated and documented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decommissioning" title="decommissioning">decommissioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20management%20system" title=" integrated management system"> integrated management system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20reactor" title=" nuclear reactor"> nuclear reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20management" title=" waste management"> waste management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56356/integrated-management-system-applied-in-dismantling-and-waste-management-of-the-primary-cooling-system-from-the-vvr-s-nuclear-reactor-magurele-bucharest" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17168</span> Investigation of the Capability of REALP5 to Solve Complex Fuel Geometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Abdelrazek">D. Abdelrazek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20NaguibAly"> M. NaguibAly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Badawi"> A. A. Badawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20G.%20Abo%20Elnour"> Asmaa G. Abo Elnour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20El-Kafas"> A. A. El-Kafas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work is developed within IAEA Coordinated Research Program 1496, “Innovative methods in research reactor analysis: Benchmark against experimental data on neutronics and thermal-hydraulic computational methods and tools for operation and safety analysis of research reactors.” The study investigates the capability of Code RELAP5/Mod3.4 to solve complex geometry complexity. Its results are compared to the results of PARET, a common code in thermal hydraulic analysis for research reactors, belonging to MTR-PC groups. The WWR-SM reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in the Republic of Uzbekistan is simulated using both PARET and RELAP5 at steady state. Results from the two codes are compared. REALP5 code succeeded in solving the complex fuel geometry. The PARET code needed some calculations to obtain the final result. Although the final results from the PARET are more accurate, the small differences in both results makes using RELAP5 code recommended in case of complex fuel assemblies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20fuel%20geometry" title="complex fuel geometry">complex fuel geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PARET" title=" PARET"> PARET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RELAP5" title=" RELAP5"> RELAP5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WWR-SM%20reactor" title=" WWR-SM reactor"> WWR-SM reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4164/investigation-of-the-capability-of-realp5-to-solve-complex-fuel-geometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17167</span> The Effects of Hydraulic Retention Time on the Sludge Characteristics and Effluent Quality in an Aerobic Suspension Sequencing Batch Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20W.%20N.%20Alattabi">Ali W. N. Alattabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clare%20B.%20Harris"> Clare B. Harris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20M.%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid M. Alkhaddar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montserrat%20Ortoneda"> Montserrat Ortoneda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20A.%20Phipps"> David A. Phipps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alzeyadi"> Ali Alzeyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim"> Khalid S. Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was performed to optimise the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and study its effects on the sludge characteristics and the effluent quality in an aerobic suspension sequencing batch reactor (ASSBR) treating synthetic wastewater. The results showed that increasing the HRT from 6 h to 12 h significantly improved the COD and Nitrate removal efficiency; it was increased from 78.7% - 75.7% to 94.7% – 97% for COD and Nitrate respectively. However, increasing the HRT from 12 h to 18 h reduced the COD and Nitrate removal efficiency from 94.7% - 97% to 91.1% – 94.4% respectively. Moreover, Increasing the HRT from 18 h to 24 h did not affect the COD and Nitrate removal efficiency. Sludge volume index (SVI) was used to monitor the sludge settling performance. The results showed a direct relationship between the HRT and SVI value. Increasing the HRT from 6 h to 12 h led to decrease the SVI value from 123 ml/g to 82.5 ml/g, and then it remained constant despite of increasing the HRT from 12 h to 18 h and to 24 h. The results obtained from this study showed that the HRT of 12 h was better for COD and Nitrate removal and a good settling performance occurred during that range. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD" title="COD">COD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20retention%20time" title=" hydraulic retention time"> hydraulic retention time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrate" title=" nitrate"> nitrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing%20batch%20reactor" title=" sequencing batch reactor"> sequencing batch reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20characteristics" title=" sludge characteristics"> sludge characteristics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49578/the-effects-of-hydraulic-retention-time-on-the-sludge-characteristics-and-effluent-quality-in-an-aerobic-suspension-sequencing-batch-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49578.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17166</span> Torrefaction of Biomass Pellets: Modeling of the Process in a Fixed Bed Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekaterina%20Artiukhina">Ekaterina Artiukhina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panagiotis%20Grammelis"> Panagiotis Grammelis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Torrefaction of biomass pellets is considered as a useful pretreatment technology in order to convert them into a high quality solid biofuel that is more suitable for pyrolysis, gasification, combustion and co-firing applications. In the course of torrefaction the temperature varies across the pellet, and therefore chemical reactions proceed unevenly within the pellet. However, the uniformity of the thermal distribution along the pellet is generally assumed. The torrefaction process of a single cylindrical pellet is modeled here, accounting for heat transfer coupled with chemical kinetics. The drying sub-model was also introduced. The non-stationary process of wood pellet decomposition is described by the system of non-linear partial differential equations over the temperature and mass. The model captures well the main features of the experimental data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torrefaction" title="torrefaction">torrefaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20pellets" title=" biomass pellets"> biomass pellets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model" title=" model"> model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat" title=" heat"> heat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20transfer" title=" mass transfer"> mass transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36273/torrefaction-of-biomass-pellets-modeling-of-the-process-in-a-fixed-bed-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17165</span> Modelling Biological Treatment of Dye Wastewater in SBR Systems Inoculated with Bacteria by Artificial Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasaman%20Sanayei">Yasaman Sanayei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Bahiraie"> Alireza Bahiraie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a systematic methodology based on the application of artificial neural networks for sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR is a fill-and-draw biological wastewater technology, which is specially suited for nutrient removal. Employing reactive dye by Sphingomonas paucimobilis bacteria at sequence batch reactor is a novel approach of dye removal. The influent COD, MLVSS, and reaction time were selected as the process inputs and the effluent COD and BOD as the process outputs. The best possible result for the discrete pole parameter was a= 0.44. In orderto adjust the parameters of ANN, the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm was employed. The results predicted by the model were compared to the experimental data and showed a high correlation with R2> 0.99 and a low mean absolute error (MAE). The results from this study reveal that the developed model is accurate and efficacious in predicting COD and BOD parameters of the dye-containing wastewater treated by SBR. The proposed modeling approach can be applied to other industrial wastewater treatment systems to predict effluent characteristics. Note that SBR are normally operated with constant predefined duration of the stages, thus, resulting in low efficient operation. Data obtained from the on-line electronic sensors installed in the SBR and from the control quality laboratory analysis have been used to develop the optimal architecture of two different ANN. The results have shown that the developed models can be used as efficient and cost-effective predictive tools for the system analysed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20network" title="artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD%20removal" title=" COD removal"> COD removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBR" title=" SBR"> SBR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sphingomonas%20paucimobilis" title=" Sphingomonas paucimobilis "> Sphingomonas paucimobilis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11278/modelling-biological-treatment-of-dye-wastewater-in-sbr-systems-inoculated-with-bacteria-by-artificial-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17164</span> Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling for a Hypothetical Accidental Release from the 3 MW TRIGA Research Reactor of Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20R.%20Khan">G. R. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadia%20Mahjabin"> Sadia Mahjabin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Mollah"> A. S. Mollah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Mawla"> M. R. Mawla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Atmospheric dispersion modeling is significant for any nuclear facilities in the country to predict the impact of radiological doses on environment as well as human health. That is why to ensure safety of workers and population at plant site; Atmospheric dispersion modeling and radiation dose calculations were carried out for a hypothetical accidental release of airborne radionuclide from the 3 MW TRIGA research reactor of Savar, Bangladesh. It is designed with reactor core which consists of 100 fuel elements(1.82245 cm in diameter and 38.1 cm in length), arranged in an annular corefor steady-state and square wave power level of 3 MW (thermal) and for pulsing with maximum power level of 860MWth.The fuel is in the form of a uniform mixture of 20% uranium and 80% zirconium hydride. Total effective doses (TEDs) to the public at various downwind distances were evaluated with a health physics computer code “HotSpot” developed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. The doses were estimated at different Pasquill stability classes (categories A-F) with site-specific averaged meteorological conditions. The meteorological data, such as, average wind speed, frequency distribution of wind direction, etc. have also been analyzed based on the data collected near the reactor site. The results of effective doses obtained remain within the recommended maximum effective dose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidental%20release" title="accidental release">accidental release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion%20modeling" title=" dispersion modeling"> dispersion modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20effective%20dose" title=" total effective dose"> total effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TRIGA" title=" TRIGA"> TRIGA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118193/atmospheric-dispersion-modeling-for-a-hypothetical-accidental-release-from-the-3-mw-triga-research-reactor-of-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118193.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17163</span> Bulk-Density and Lignocellulose Composition: Influence of Changing Lignocellulosic Composition on Bulk-Density during Anaerobic Digestion and Implication of Compacted Lignocellulose Bed on Mass Transfer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aastha%20Paliwal">Aastha Paliwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20N.%20Chanakya"> H. N. Chanakya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Dasappa"> S. Dasappa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lignocellulose, as an alternate feedstock for biogas production, has been an active area of research. However, lignocellulose poses a lot of operational difficulties- widespread variation in the structural organization of lignocellulosic matrix, amenability to degradation, low bulk density, to name a few. Amongst these, the low bulk density of the lignocellulosic feedstock is crucial to the process operation and optimization. Low bulk densities render the feedstock floating in conventional liquid/wet digesters. Low bulk densities also restrict the maximum achievable organic loading rate in the reactor, decreasing the power density of the reactor. However, during digestion, lignocellulose undergoes very high compaction (up to 26 times feeding density). This first reduces the achievable OLR (because of low feeding density) and compaction during digestion, then renders the reactor space underutilized and also imposes significant mass transfer limitations. The objective of this paper was to understand the effects of compacting lignocellulose on mass transfer and the influence of loss of different components on the bulk density and hence structural integrity of the digesting lignocellulosic feedstock. 10 different lignocellulosic feedstocks (monocots and dicots) were digested anaerobically in a fed-batch, leach bed reactor -solid-state stratified bed reactor (SSBR). Percolation rates of the recycled bio-digester liquid (BDL) were also measured during the reactor run period to understand the implication of compaction on mass transfer. After 95 ds, in a destructive sampling, lignocellulosic feedstocks digested at different SRT were investigated to quantitate the weekly changes in bulk density and lignocellulosic composition. Further, percolation rate data was also compared to bulk density data. Results from the study indicate loss of hemicellulose (r²=0.76), hot water extractives (r²=0.68), and oxalate extractives (r²=0.64) had dominant influence on changing the structural integrity of the studied lignocellulose during anaerobic digestion. Further, feeding bulk density of the lignocellulose can be maintained between 300-400kg/m³ to achieve higher OLR, and bulk density of 440-500kg/m³ incurs significant mass transfer limitation for high compacting beds of dicots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%20digestion" title="anaerobic digestion">anaerobic digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20density" title=" bulk density"> bulk density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20compaction" title=" feed compaction"> feed compaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulose" title=" lignocellulose"> lignocellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulosic%20matrix" title=" lignocellulosic matrix"> lignocellulosic matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulose" title=" cellulose"> cellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemicellulose" title=" hemicellulose"> hemicellulose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin" title=" lignin"> lignin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extractives" title=" extractives"> extractives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20transfer" title=" mass transfer"> mass transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144830/bulk-density-and-lignocellulose-composition-influence-of-changing-lignocellulosic-composition-on-bulk-density-during-anaerobic-digestion-and-implication-of-compacted-lignocellulose-bed-on-mass-transfer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge 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