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</li> <li id="toc-定位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定位</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定位-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去定位細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-認知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>認知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同腦嘅拏褦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同腦嘅拏褦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>同腦嘅拏褦</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同腦嘅拏褦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-感知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>感知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注意力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注意力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>注意力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注意力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學習" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學習"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>學習</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學習-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>智能</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-智能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去智能細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-智商" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#智商"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>智商</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-智商-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階認知功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階認知功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>進階認知功能</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-進階認知功能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去進階認知功能細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-進階認知功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-意識" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意識"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>意識</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意識-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metacognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metacognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Metacognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metacognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雙重過程理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雙重過程理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>雙重過程理論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雙重過程理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知發育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知發育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>認知發育</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-認知發育-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去認知發育細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-認知發育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-認知發育論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知發育論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>認知發育論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知發育論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">認知心理學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有64種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A" title="علم النفس المعرفي – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النفس المعرفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolox%C3%ADa_cognitiva" title="Psicoloxía cognitiva – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Psicoloxía cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0draki_psixologiya" title="İdraki psixologiya – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdraki psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Когнитивна психология – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когнитивна психология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক মনোবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_psihologija" title="Kognitivna psihologija – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kognitivna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_cognitiva" title="Psicologia cognitiva – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicologia cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivn%C3%AD_psychologie" title="Kognitivní psychologie – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kognitivní psychologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Когнитивлă психологи – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Когнитивлă психологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitionspsykologi" title="Kognitionspsykologi – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kognitionspsykologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitionspsychologie" title="Kognitionspsychologie – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kognitionspsychologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γνωστική ψυχολογία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνωστική ψυχολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cognitive psychology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogna_psikologio" title="Kogna psikologio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kogna psikologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa_cognitiva" title="Psicología cognitiva – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicología cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivne_ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Kognitiivne psühholoogia – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kognitiivne psühholoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologia_kognitibo" title="Psikologia kognitibo – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Psikologia kognitibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="روان‌شناسی شناختی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌شناسی شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivinen_psykologia" title="Kognitiivinen psykologia – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kognitiivinen psykologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive" title="Psychologie cognitive – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychologie cognitive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADceola%C3%ADocht_chogna%C3%ADoch" title="Síceolaíocht chognaíoch – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síceolaíocht chognaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolox%C3%ADa_cognitiva" title="Psicoloxía cognitiva – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Psicoloxía cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פסיכולוגיה קוגניטיבית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיכולוגיה קוגניטיבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संज्ञानात्मक मनोविज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञानात्मक मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_psihologija" title="Kognitivna psihologija – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kognitivna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոգնիտիվ հոգեբանություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոգնիտիվ հոգեբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_kognitif" title="Psikologi kognitif – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikologi kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugr%C3%A6n_s%C3%A1lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hugræn sálfræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugræn sálfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_cognitiva" title="Psicologia cognitiva – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicologia cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="認知心理学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認知心理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Таным психологиясы – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таным психологиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="인지심리학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인지심리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%C3%BBnnasiya_kogn%C3%AEt%C3%AEv" title="Derûnnasiya kognîtîv – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derûnnasiya kognîtîv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia_cognitiva" title="Psychologia cognitiva – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Psychologia cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolojia_cognisial" title="Psicolojia cognisial – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Psicolojia cognisial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%BEinimo_psichologija" title="Pažinimo psichologija – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pažinimo psichologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%C4%ABv%C4%81_psiholo%C4%A3ija" title="Kognitīvā psiholoģija – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kognitīvā psiholoģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Когнитивна психологија – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Когнитивна психологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_kognitif" title="Psikologi kognitif – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikologi kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitieve_psychologie" title="Cognitieve psychologie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognitieve psychologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_psykologi" title="Kognitiv psykologi – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kognitiv psykologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੋਧ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਧ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologia_poznawcza" title="Psychologia poznawcza – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychologia poznawcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ادراکي ارواپوهنه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادراکي ارواپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_cognitiva" title="Psicologia cognitiva – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicologia cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riqsichana_nuna_yachay" title="Riqsichana nuna yachay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Riqsichana nuna yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologie_cognitiv%C4%83" title="Psihologie cognitivă – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihologie cognitivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Когнитивная психология – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когнитивная психология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_psihologija" title="Kognitivna psihologija – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kognitivna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රජානන මනෝ විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රජානන මනෝ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cognitive psychology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%C3%ADvna_psychol%C3%B3gia" title="Kognitívna psychológia – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kognitívna psychológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_psihologija" title="Kognitivna psihologija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kognitivna psihologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologjia_kognitive" title="Psikologjia kognitive – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikologjia kognitive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Когнитивна психологија – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Когнитивна психологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_psykologi" title="Kognitiv psykologi – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognitiv psykologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிவாற்றல் உளவியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவாற்றல் உளவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolohiyang_kognitibo" title="Sikolohiyang kognitibo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikolohiyang kognitibo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili%C5%9Fsel_psikoloji" title="Bilişsel psikoloji – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilişsel psikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Когнітивна психологія – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Когнітивна психологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_psixologiya" title="Kognitiv psixologiya – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kognitiv psixologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A5%BD%E6%96%87" title="呢篇文係一篇好文。想知更多，請撳呢個掣。"><img alt="呢篇文係一篇好文。想知更多，請撳呢個掣。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/270px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/405px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/540px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>1619 年嘅一幅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="圖畫">圖畫</a>；幅畫描述畫畫人想像中嘅認知模型。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>認知心理學</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/認知心理學/#yue"><span>jing<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> zi<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> sam<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span> | <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>cognitive psychology</b></span>，源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a> <span lang="la" title="拉丁文文字"><b>cognosco</b></span>，即係<b>了解</b>噉解）係研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>子領域。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上，認知指一系列喺個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>入面發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>過程，包括咗<sup id="cite_ref-stefano2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stefano2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>－由外界嗰度接收<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>－由外界嘅資訊當中篩選一部份嚟集中處理、</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>－將處理緊嗰啲資訊攞一部份嚟<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>、</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。呢啲認知功能幫個腦透過處理由外界嗰度收到嘅資訊，仲能夠透過<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>等嘅過程，將呢啲資訊同佢已有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>結合埋一齊，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學</a>到新嘅知識同埋適應變化多端嘅環境<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知心理學家">認知心理學家</a>會用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="科學化">科學化</a>嘅方法嚟研究認知：佢哋會主要用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗</a>嘅方法，睇吓認知功能會受咩影響－簡單嘅例子可以係研究「<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="噪音">噪音</a>會點樣影響一個人<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E9%BB%98" class="mw-redirect" title="背默">背默</a>生字－反映記憶功能－嗰陣嘅表現」；除此之外，認知心理學家仲可以用埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>嘅方法，剖析受試者做緊<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知作業">認知作業</a>（背默生字或者解<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>呀噉）嗰陣個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>入面發生緊乜事－例如研究「個人解數學方程式嗰時邊啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>會活躍咗」，靠噉研究每種認知功能分別係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">由個腦邊忽主控嘅</a>。呢啲噉嘅研究組成咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>（專研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="跨學科">跨學科</a>領域）嘅重要一環<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thagard2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thagard2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定位"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>定位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generalization_process_using_trees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Generalization_process_using_trees.svg/270px-Generalization_process_using_trees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Generalization_process_using_trees.svg/405px-Generalization_process_using_trees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Generalization_process_using_trees.svg/540px-Generalization_process_using_trees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>睇咗好多件相似嘅物件之後，發覺嗰幾件嘢都有<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89" title="葉">葉</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E5%B9%B9" title="樹幹">樹幹</a>等嘅特徵，於是就產生咗「<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9" title="樹">樹</a>」呢個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">心理實驗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5"></span>認知</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 認知"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>（cognition）係認知心理學嘅研究對象。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>上，認知<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">係指</a>一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>內部嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>過程。具體嚟講，認知包括咗<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>－由外界<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>嗰度吸取<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>－外界嘅資訊量大得滯，焗住要由呢啲資訊當中篩選一部份出嚟集中處理；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>－將一部份嘅資訊儲起，等<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%99%82" title="第時">第時</a>有得攞嚟使用；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a>－用手上已有嘅資訊，建立可以用嚟做判斷嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>－用<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>嚟向第啲個體傳達資訊；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>－用過往接收過嘅資訊修改自己<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>；同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>－喺冇外界刺激嘅情況下，喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="腦海">腦海</a>裏面組合資訊；</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。上述呢啲噉嘅功能有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">好多非人動物都做得到</a>，而喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>呢種出嗮名<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>高嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>當中，認知可以包括更複雜嘅功能，譬如係用語言嚟講自己做緊嘅行動同講明行動嘅邏由，仲有係用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%9C%81" title="自省">自省</a>（self-reflection）能力嚟檢睇同埋惗度自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>。一般嚟講，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a>（intelligent agent）就係泛指有能力做認知過程嘅物體，智能體會靠認知過程嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決定</a>要採取咩行動，並且令自己達到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" title="目的">目的</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>有咁大得咁大－無論係人類、其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>抑係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">有智能嘅機械</a>都係噉<sup id="cite_ref-VD_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8</sup>。 </p><p>喺廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>上認為，自然智能體（人同第啲動物）嘅認知能力係受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>塑造嘅：想像一隻身處喺自然環境入面嘅動物；佢要通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>嘅考驗（要生存落嚟同繁衍<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E4%BB%A3" title="後代">後代</a>）就一定要達到某一啲特定嘅目的－當中「目的」包括咗搵<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="嘢食">嘢食</a>同保護仔女呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tenenbaum2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenenbaum2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；要達到呢啲目的，隻動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>就實要做好多資訊處理過程－包括係要探測周圍環境有冇嘢食（感知同注意力），要按睇到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="影像">影像</a>同聽到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>判斷環境入面有咩物件（思考），用自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>判斷呢啲物件有邊啲係嘢食邊啲唔係（知識同記憶），然後決定係咪要行埋去一件判定咗係嘢食嘅物件度（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>）－上述嘅呢啲資訊處理過程冚唪唥都屬認知嘅範疇<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知心理學家">認知心理學家</a>做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>嗰時，佢哋會<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>一隻智能體喺進行認知作業嗰陣「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應有幾快</a>」等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>，會剖析呢啲變數受乜因素影響，靠噉判斷受試者嘅腦內部發生緊啲乜嘢資訊處理過程<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同腦嘅拏褦"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E8.85.A6.E5.98.85.E6.8B.8F.E8.A4.A6"></span>同腦嘅拏褦</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 同腦嘅拏褦"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="心身二元論">心身二元論</a></div> <p>廿一世紀初嘅認知科學上一般都認同，對於有<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>嚟講，認知係由個腦做嘅功能。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>（mind-brain identity）係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">有關心靈本質嘅觀點</a>，主張腦等同於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>。根據典型嘅心腦同一論，心靈入面發生嘅事－包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">思緒</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>等嘅認知功能－冚唪唥都同腦入面發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>事件（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經訊號">訊號</a>）有所對應<sup id="cite_ref-ryle1949_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryle1949-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>基本上，一個用心腦同一論研究認知嘅人會攞住佢研究嗰種認知現象，用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>嘅方法，睇吓個腦嘅邊啲物理特性同佢研究緊嗰種認知靈現象有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>，靠噉嚟劃出認知同腦成點樣嘅對應；舉個簡單例子，家陣個研究者研究緊<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="想像力">想像力</a>，佢可以一路要受試者做要求想像力嘅工作（假設「想像力」呢個詞有明確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>）一路用<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">腦電圖</a>（EEG）嘅方法睇住<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="大腦皮層">大腦皮層</a>各橛有乜電活動，如果大腦皮層有幾橛嘅電活動同「係咪用緊想像力」完全冇統計相關嘅話，噉呢幾橛大腦皮層當中嘅物理過程就應該同想像力唔啦更<sup id="cite_ref-ryle1949_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryle1949-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢類噉嘅研究係廿一世紀認知心理學當中不可或缺嘅一環<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif/540px-Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif" decoding="async" width="540" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif/810px-Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif/1080px-Barry_Kerzin_meditating_with_EEG_for_neuroscience_research.gif 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption><center>一個受試者一路做 EEG 量度一路<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a>；<br />佢諗緊嘅嘢會點樣影響佢嘅腦活動呢？</center></figcaption></figure> <p>不過值得一提嘅係，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>似乎（最少喺某啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>當中）並唔係認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="必要條件">必要條件</a>，例如有廿一世紀初嘅實驗就顯示，連<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E8%8F%8C" title="粘菌">粘菌</a>（slime mold）呢種冇神經系統嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單細胞生物">單細胞生物</a>，都曉根據過去嘅經驗嚟改變自己嘅行為－而呢種現象經已可以算係廣義上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。亦都可以睇吓有關<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a>嘅嘢。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="感知"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E7.9F.A5"></span>感知</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 感知"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_(Hill).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/240px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/360px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/480px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="曖昧圖像">曖昧圖像</a>：幅圖入面嗰個係後生女人定係阿婆呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a></div> <p>一個資訊處理體要解難，就實要由外界嗰度吸收資訊，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>（perception）就係指透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><b>獲取外界嘅資訊</b>－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>會幫手接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>會接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>能夠幫手辨別周圍環境有乜嘢<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>喺度... 呀噉，而喺感知系統為個個體提供咗「外界有啲乜嘢物理<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>」嘅資訊之後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>仲會對呢啲資訊做進一步嘅處理。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>最依賴嘅係視覺同聽覺，但第啲動物喺呢方面可以同人好唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬科動物">犬科動物</a>就出嗮名零舍依賴嗅覺<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>感知涉及相當複雜嘅資訊處理過程，不過感知呢種認知過程最基本上可以分做兩大流： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8B%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由下至上過程">由下至上</a>（bottom-up）過程係指「由下層特徵主導」嘅感知，當中「下層特徵」係指呢種過程純粹受制於啲外界刺激嘅物理特性，例如係睇到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="強度 (物理學)">強度</a>或者係聽到嗰串<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>呀噉；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由上至下過程">由上至下</a>（top-down）過程係指「由上層特徵主導」嘅感知，當中「上層特徵」係指個個體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>本身嘅特質，即係話個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80" title="主觀">主觀</a>感覺同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>特性會左右佢嘅感知；舉個具體啲例子，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="曖昧圖像">曖昧圖像</a>（ambiguous image）就係一種成日俾認知心理學家攞嚟研究由上至下過程嘅架生，好似係幅附圖噉，幅圖可以睇做一個後生、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="頭髮">頭髮</a>黑嘅女人，又可以睇成一個頭髮白嗮嘅阿婆；想像有認知科學家搵班人返嚟做受試者，俾佢哋睇一啲曖昧圖像，要佢哋睇完一幅圖之後即刻答幅圖係後生女定阿婆，並且對<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>做吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>，睇吓受試者嘅答案會受咩因素影響；而實驗顯示，（例如）某啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">類型</a>嘅人零舍傾向將幅附圖睇做後生女，又或者係「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%99%BC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="促發效應">如果個人臨睇幅圖之前睇過有老人家喺入面嘅相</a>，會零舍容易將幅圖睇成阿婆」－噉即係表示受試者「感知到啲乜」並唔係純粹由收到嘅刺激嘅物理性質主宰嘅，展示咗由上至下嘅感知過程<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>順帶一提，腦研究上已知，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="視覺皮層">視覺皮層</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="聽覺皮層">聽覺皮層</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>專門處理感知資訊。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注意力"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E6.84.8F.E5.8A.9B"></span>注意力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 注意力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>（attention）係一種嘅認知過程，涉及個智能體由接收到嘅外界資訊當中<b>篩選一部份出嚟集中處理</b>，仲要<b>忽略唔係集中處理緊嘅嗰啲資訊</b>：一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>（包括人）嘅腦無時無刻都喺度接收緊極大量嘅資訊，多到冇可能一吓過處理得嗮；好多時為咗要有效噉解決佢生存所需要解決嘅問題，一隻動物需要集中處理同佢生存最有啦掕嗰啲資訊，同時又焗住要忽略嗰啲同佢生存冇咁有啦掕嘅資訊－呢種能力就係現代心理學上所講嘅注意力<sup id="cite_ref-howpsy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howpsy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺對注意力嘅研究上，認知心理學家興將注意力想像做一種有限嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="資源">資源</a>，由個腦嘅某啲系統決定要點分配落去唔同嘅資訊源嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，當中塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" title="額葉">額葉</a>同塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="額頂葉網絡">網絡</a>（fronto-parietal network）已知同注意力零舍有關<sup id="cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/360px--Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="360" height="204" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>用對眼𥄫實佢有興趣嘅物件；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上，注意力集中點係資訊處理能力嘅集中之處，一隻動物用眼（收集資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>）望實一件物件，正路就表示佢將注意力集中咗喺嗰件物件嗰度。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a>（eye-tracking）係廿一世紀初最常用嘅注意力研究架生之一。眼動追蹤指用某啲方法<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>受試者<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="眼珠">眼珠</a>嘅郁動相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>－好似係「對眼喺呢個時間點望住呢個位，逗留咗幾多幾多秒」等等<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺廿一世紀嘅眼動追蹤研究裏面，最常用嘅做法係拍片影住受試者對眼，個眼動追蹤器會得到受試者眼珠嘅影像，用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="機械學習演算法">機械學習演算法</a>等嘅方法加埋「個鏡頭喺邊個位置」嘅資訊，判斷受試者喺拍片期間每個時間點對眼望緊邊個位。呢啲資訊跟住就可以攞嚟做進一步嘅分析。想像家陣有份噉嘅研究：研究者搵柞<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%83%8F%E7%95%AB" title="人像畫">畫人物嘅畫</a>返嚟，叫受試者睇吓啲畫，一路用眼動追蹤器監察住佢哋嘅眼珠；佢哋跟住發現，多數受試者都會望咗（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="視覺固定">視覺固定</a>）幅畫當中塊<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="人面">人面</a>先（將注意力擺喺塊人面嗰度）－於是呢份研究就搵到一啲有趣嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>下圖係眼動追蹤數據嘅例子：圖上嘅一個圓圈代表個受試者有𥄫實過嘅區域（望咗超過若干秒），而圓圈上嘅數字表示望嘅次序。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vision_2_secondes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vision_2_secondes.jpg/450px-Vision_2_secondes.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vision_2_secondes.jpg/675px-Vision_2_secondes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vision_2_secondes.jpg/900px-Vision_2_secondes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="記憶"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>記憶</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>（memory）係指個腦將<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>啲資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>、同埋喺有需要嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>出嚟用嘅能力：喺野外，一隻動物需要記住（例如）邊啲地方有嘢食、邊啲地方係<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="獵食者">獵食者</a>成日去嘅、仲有係打前見過嘅同類當中邊啲信得過邊啲出賣過自己... 等等嘅資訊－記憶對動物（包括人）嘅體驗嚟講至關重要，記憶功能令一隻動物曉由接收到嘅資訊當中揀一部份儲起，並且喺要用嗰陣將呢啲資訊提取返出嚟用<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而喺人當中，記憶仲係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學習">語言學習</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性">人格同一性</a>嘅根本<sup id="cite_ref-eysenck2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eysenck2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一個人類認知系統當中嘅記憶可以分做好多類：首先記憶可以按「有冇得用口頭報告返出嚟」分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">有意識</a>（explicit）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">冇意識</a>（implicit）兩種；又有得按「會維持幾耐」分做<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a>（short-term）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a>（long-term）兩大種－當中短期記憶頂嗮櫳都淨係維持到幾分鐘，不過幫到人<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">暫時將要用嘅資訊儲住</a>，而長期記憶就閒閒哋維持得到成幾年（甚至幾廿年）咁耐，對人（要喺複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>當中運作）嚟講係不可或缺嘅<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/360px--Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="360" height="202" data-durationhint="128" data-mwtitle="Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-(Apis-mellifera-L.)-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-(Apis-mellifera-L.)-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv/Operant-Conditioning-in-Honey-Bees-%28Apis-mellifera-L.%29-The-Cap-Pushing-Response-pone.0162347.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" title="蜜蜂">蜜蜂</a>試過「推開個塞」會「有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E7%B3%96" title="蜜糖">蜜糖</a>」之後，<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">學識</a>次次見到個塞都走去推－展示佢<b>記得</b>「推個塞會有蜜糖」。</figcaption></figure> <p>而無論係長期定短期記憶，記憶功能可以分做入碼、儲藏同提取三大部份<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recogrecall_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recogrecall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>（encoding）指將要記嘅外界資訊轉化成個腦能夠儲起嘅型態，簡單講例如將眼感知到嘅光轉化做腦識得處理嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="神經訊號">神經訊號</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a>（storage）係指個認知系統將做咗入碼嘅資訊儲落去短期記憶同長期記憶等嘅記憶子系統嗰度；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（retrieval）就包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>－ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a>係指個認知系統憑空諗返起一件記憶出嚟，即係話要諗起嗰樣資訊<b>唔</b>存在喺周圍嘅環境當中－「我記得尋日睇咗嗰本<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書">書</a>，啲內容係噉噉噉」；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>係指個認知系統感知到一件資訊，並且認得嗰件資訊同之前感知過嘅記憶吻合－「我睇緊呢啲內容，我記得喺尋日睇嗰本書嗰度睇過」。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>順帶一提，神經研究經已表明，上述嘅功能由唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>掌控。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學習"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E7.BF.92"></span>學習</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 學習"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_(4015200817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/300px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/450px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/600px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>一個細路喺度溫緊書；溫完書佢嘅行為正路會由「唔識答條問題」變成「識得答條問題」。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>（learning）喺心理學上嘅一個基本定義係「一個個體按自己嘅經歷改變自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>」嘅過程。學習係記憶嘅必然結果：個認知系統獲取外界嘅資訊（感知同注意力），將呢啲資訊嘅最少一部份儲喺記憶裏面，並且喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="將來">將來</a>嘅時間點，俾呢啲儲起咗嘅資訊左右自己嘅行為； </p> <ul><li>簡單例子有一個人有次俾個<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%AE%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="煮食">煮食</a>爐辣親好痛，佢下次就會記得上次嘅經驗，識唔好再搵隻手去掂個爐；</li> <li>好似人呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>高嘅動物，仲有能力學做一啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C" title="複雜">複雜</a>嘅行為或者理解複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83" title="足球">足球</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="運動">運動</a>當中都有極高深嘅技巧－要「踢波踢得好」就需要識得一連串有返咁上下複雜嘅動作，學習者要有大量嘅經歷（日積月累噉練波）先至能夠得知「邊啲動作係能夠幫到自己踢波踢得好嘅」<sup id="cite_ref-danieldanieldaniel_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danieldanieldaniel-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>由上面呢兩個例子亦都可以睇得出，學習可以係學全新嘅行為（學踢波嘅動作），又可以係改變舊有嘅行為（學識唔好再搵隻手去掂個爐）－涉及行為上嘅改變<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ormrod2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ormrod2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>學習嘅現象展現咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>上<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>（nature versus nurture）爭論：一方面，人有好多行為都係天生嘅，多數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="性格特質">性格特質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>等嘅個體特性都經已證實咗，起碼<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%BA%A6" title="遺傳度">局部</a>係天生嘅<sup id="cite_ref-pinker2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinker2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，人又好明顯具有學習嘅能力，曉按照自己經歷過嘅嘢改變自己嘅行為<sup id="cite_ref-ormrod2004_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ormrod2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如係根據研究，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" title="五大性格特質">五大性格特質</a>（一套廿一世紀初常用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="性格理論">性格理論</a>）當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="外向度">外向度</a>（外向嘅人鍾意講嘢同交際）就有成 54% 係受遺傳因素影響嘅－簡單啲講，有啲人天生就外向，又有啲人係後天學到咁外向嘅，更多人身處呢兩個極端之間<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到咗廿一世紀，主流科學界都認同行為係同時受到先天同後天因素影響嘅，但仲係會對「呢個行為係先天因素多定後天因素多」有所爭論<sup id="cite_ref-pinker2002_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinker2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="智能"><span id=".E6.99.BA.E8.83.BD"></span>智能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 智能"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/240px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/360px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png/480px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_-_journal.pone.0072872.g002f.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B0%BE%E7%8D%BC%E7%8C%B4" title="長尾獼猴">長尾獼猴</a>用石頭打爛一粒堅果嘅殼；「識得用工具」一般俾人認為係智能嘅象徵。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>（intelligence）係認知科學領域上嘅一個重要概念，而呢個概念就係建基於認知之上嘅：就算到咗廿一世紀，學界對智能嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>仲有唔細嘅爭詏<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；不過多數嘅心理學家都同意，智能包含咗一個認知系統－無論人定係第啲動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>－處理資訊以及用呢啲資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解決問題</a>嘅能力，用日常用語講嘅話大致上就係講緊佢「有幾聰明」－概念上，講一個個體智能有幾高，就係靠佢喺各種認知作業上嘅表現嚟判斷嘅，智能高啲嘅人理應會傾向<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學嘢</a>學得快啲、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>能力勁啲又者係比較識得做 <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>，佢哋喺認知上嘅卓越能力令到佢哋學完嘢之後仲更加有能力去運用學咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>嚟解難<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="智商"><span id=".E6.99.BA.E5.95.86"></span>智商</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 智商"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a></div> <p>喺人類當中，智能一般都係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>（intelligence quotient，IQ）嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>嘅，而智商就係靠認知能力嚟量度嘅：心理學家會整好多標準化嘅測試出嚟，呢啲測試會包含一啲考驗各種認知功能嘅問題，例如係要求受試者搵出一串<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8" title="數">數</a>之間有乜規律嘅問題噉，就要求對數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a>；一個受試者答啱嘅題目數量愈多，佢喺呢個測試上嘅分數就會愈高，而測試分數愈高就表示個人智商愈高<sup id="cite_ref-panizzon2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panizzon2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲測試係建基於以下噉嘅思路嘅： </p> <ul><li>智能決定一個人普遍嘅認知能力，所以假想而家有一大柞考驗唔同認知能力嘅標準化問題，結合做一個測試；假設<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="專注力">專注力</a>等嘅因素不變，一個人智能愈高理應會答啱愈多條問題；</li> <li>於是心理學家攞若干個人做<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>，假設個樣本代表到人類<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94" title="總體">總體</a>，噉個樣本啲人喺個測試上嘅分數<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">中位數</a>（median）係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span> 理應反映咗人類總體喺個測試上嘅分數中立數，代表住最平均嘅智商（一般會設做 100）；</li> <li>假想有個人喺個測試上嘅分數係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (q+2\sigma )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>σ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (q+2\sigma )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/027de0748eb633a0f5e64b183a345e5731f4334d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (q+2\sigma )}"></span>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"></span> 係分數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a>），理應表示佢嗰個分數代表高過平均兩個標準差嘅智商... 如此類推。</li></ul> <p>不過要留意嘅係，智商測試有好多唔同款，款款度嘅認知能力都有啲唔同，而是但搵個測試，都梗會有專家批評個測試冇充分噉量度某個重要嘅認知功能。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IQ_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/IQ_curve.svg/langyue-480px-IQ_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/IQ_curve.svg/langyue-720px-IQ_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/IQ_curve.svg/langyue-960px-IQ_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>呈<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="常態分佈">常態分佈</a>，意思即係話多數人喺「智商」呢樣特性上都近全人類嘅平均值（100），100 係出現得最密嘅數值，智商極端高或者極端低嘅人的確存在，但愈極端嘅數值出現頻率就愈低。畫做圖嘅話，就會好似上圖噉，上圖打橫條軸做智商，打戙條軸做嗰個智商數值喺人類當中出現嘅頻率。</figcaption></figure> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>上，智商測試相當受重視，因為研究指出，一個人嘅智商可以用嚟預測好多嘢，好似係佢嘅學業成績、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5" title="人工">人工</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>呀噉－智能高嘅人通常成績會好啲，畢咗業之後賺到嘅人工會高啲，而且因為比較識照顧自己所以<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>會好啲－智商對一個人喺社會環境入面嘅運作相當有影響<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進階認知功能"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E9.9A.8E.E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>進階認知功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 進階認知功能"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意識"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E8.AD.98"></span>意識</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 意識"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amma-halo-5x7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amma-halo-5x7.jpg/240px-Amma-halo-5x7.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amma-halo-5x7.jpg/360px-Amma-halo-5x7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Amma-halo-5x7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a>俾人廣泛噉覺得係一種意識異常嘅狀態。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%8E%E4%B8%8B" title="額葉功能低下">額葉功能低下</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div> <p>喺是但一個時間點，一個人會喺度諗緊一啲嘢，而呢啲嘢係口頭報告得到出嚟嘅，但佢同時又會無意識噉做一啲唔使諗都曉做嘅嘢，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>噉，一個正常嘅大人行起路上嚟唔使特登思考「應該邊隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" title="腳">腳</a>踩出去先」等嘅問題，就能夠自動噉行路；而好多時，人會突然發覺自己喺冇思考過嘅情況下，就自動做咗一啲行為－即係話喺個腦處理緊嘅資訊當中，有一啲係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="有意識">有意識</a>（conscious）嘅，有一啲係<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>（unconscious）嘅，前者能夠口頭報告返出嚟，而後者就唔得。喺認知科學當中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>定義大致上就係指一個「知自己諗緊乜做緊乜」嘅狀態<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>認知科學上嘅研究顯示，人嘅行為會受到無意識嘅資訊處理影響。舉個例說明，有啲實驗就試過用類似噉嘅做法： </p> <ul><li>研究者要求一班受試者各自噉望實自己前面個<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%92%E5%85%89%E5%B9%95" title="熒光幕">熒光幕</a>，再俾個掣佢哋，叫佢哋一見到有個<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="藍色">藍色</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="四方形">四方形</a>喺個熒光幕閃過，就要有咁快得咁快撳個掣；</li> <li>喺一部份嘅「藍色四方形出現」事件當中，個熒光幕會喺個藍色四方形出現前 0.5 秒嗰一刻有粒極之快消失嘅星星閃過（快到受試者冇能力意識到粒星星嘅存在）；</li> <li>粒星星係一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>，會話俾睇到佢嘅人知「藍色四方形將會喺 0.5 秒後出現」；</li></ul> <p>實驗顯示，事後問返啲受試者，佢哋冚唪唥都唔知道有星星閃過，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>嘅結果就反映，粒星星能夠令受試者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應</a>變快－有星星出現嘅「藍色四方形出現」事件當中嘅受試者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>短啲，噉即係話受試者雖然意識唔到粒星星嘅存在，但粒星星依然影響得到佢哋嘅認知過程同行為<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metacognition">Metacognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: Metacognition"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/Metacognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metacognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/認知心理學/#yue"><span>met<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> taa<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> kok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> nit<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> seon<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>，意思係「喺認知之上」噉解）係指一個認知系統監察自己嘅狀態嘅能力，甚至運用呢樣能力嚟幫助自己學習，簡單嘅例子有一個人諗要點樣組織啲資訊自己會比較容易記住，然後用呢樣知識幫手加強自己嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人類當中嘅 metacognition 相當容易研究：由日常觀察都可以得知，人曉觀察自己嘅認知過程；好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%93" title="記憶術">記憶術</a>（mnemonic）就係人類 metacognition 嘅一個常見例子，指一個人自創同運用一啲幫助記嘢嘅技巧嚟增強自己嘅記憶（用記憶術表示嗰個人一定要了解到自己有記憶呢種認知功能），簡單嘅例子有喺腦海入面將一段<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="電話號碼">電話號碼</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A1%8A" title="分塊">喺腦海入面斬開做幾橛</a>，等成段號碼容易記啲<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a>嘅研究上，metacognition 嘅能力有可能用以下嘅測試觀察<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>搵隻受試者，俾佢哋睇一個佢哋需要將佢分類嘅刺激，而佢哋有權唔俾反應，俾啱反應會有大獎，唔俾反應會有細獎，俾錯反應會冇獎；</li> <li>例：搵一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="大家鼠">大家鼠</a>入個籠嗰度，籠有兩個掣同一盞燈，盞燈會定時定候閃，閃紅燈佢要撳左面個掣，閃黃燈佢要撳右面個掣，撳啱有大嚿嘅嘢食，撳錯冇嘢食，唔撳有細嚿嘅嘢食（佢要喺腦海裏面將盞燈嘅色水分類）；</li> <li>理論上，喺呢啲測試當中，如果個個體選擇唔俾反應，可以表示佢對個選擇作出咗「我<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">唔肯定</a>我諗緊嘅嘢啱唔啱」嘅判斷；</li></ul> <p>根據呢種實驗方法，有好多動物都具有 metacognition 嘅能力，包括某啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="雀鳥">雀鳥</a>物種<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" title="海豚">海豚</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及包括人在內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Month_-_Knuckles_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/450px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/675px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/900px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>一種用嚟記每個月有幾多日嘅記憶術；兩個拳頭上面每一點表示一個月份，凸嘅表示係長月，凹嘅表示係短月。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="雙重過程理論"><span id=".E9.9B.99.E9.87.8D.E9.81.8E.E7.A8.8B.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>雙重過程理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 雙重過程理論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a></div> <p>廿一世紀初嘅認知心理學經已確立咗所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（dual process theory）。根據呢套理論，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>有兩大系統負責做<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>功能： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="第一型過程">第一型過程</a>（Type 1 process）同</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="第二型過程">第二型過程</a>（Type 2 process）。</li></ul> <p>用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>做嘅研究顯示，呢兩種過程明顯涉及唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>，清楚表明第一型過程同第二型過程係兩個唔同嘅系統<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢兩種過程嘅特性如下<sup id="cite_ref-evans2013_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2013-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>第一型過程：<br />「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>」</th> <th>第二型過程：<br />「<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>」 </th></tr> <tr> <td>定義性嘅特徵</td> <td>唔使用到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a></td> <td>要用到工作記憶 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">通常有</a>嘅特徵</td> <td> <ul><li>快（可以即刻俾答案）</li> <li>可以同時處理大量<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a></li> <li>平行（可以同時做幾樣作業）</li> <li>無<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></li> <li>易受<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>左右</li> <li>唔<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a></li> <li>自動化嘅</li> <li>同智能嘅相關比較弱</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>以外嘅動物都有</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>上比較早出現</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>慢（要諗吓先俾到答案）</li> <li>淨係有得同時處理少量資訊</li> <li>串連（冇時同時做幾樣作業）</li> <li>有意識</li> <li>冇咁易受常見嘅認知偏誤左右</li> <li>可以好抽象化</li> <li>受控嘅</li> <li>同智能嘅相關比較強</li> <li>人類獨有嘅</li> <li>進化上比較遲出現</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></center> <p>多數嘅決策過程都會屬於呢兩種過程當中是但一種，不過人又可以用噉嘅做法先，佢哋嘅第一型系統（直覺）會俾個答案，然後佢哋嘅第一型系統又會衡量吓個答案係咪啱，如果第一型系統覺得個答案有問題（感覺覺得有問題），就會轉手俾第二型系統處理<sup id="cite_ref-evans2013_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2013-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="認知發育"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E7.99.BC.E8.82.B2"></span>認知發育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 認知發育"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100406-N-7478G-346_Operations_Specialist_2nd_Class_Reginald_Harlmon_and_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Maura_Schulze_play_peek-a-boo_with_a_child_in_the_Children%27s_Ward_at_Hospital_Likas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_100406-N-7478G-346_Operations_Specialist_2nd_Class_Reginald_Harlmon_and_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Maura_Schulze_play_peek-a-boo_with_a_child_in_the_Children%27s_Ward_at_Hospital_Likas.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_100406-N-7478G-346_Operations_Specialist_2nd_Class_Reginald_Harlmon_and_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Maura_Schulze_play_peek-a-boo_with_a_child_in_the_Children%27s_Ward_at_Hospital_Likas.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_100406-N-7478G-346_Operations_Specialist_2nd_Class_Reginald_Harlmon_and_Electronics_Technician_3rd_Class_Maura_Schulze_play_peek-a-boo_with_a_child_in_the_Children%27s_Ward_at_Hospital_Likas.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>臊孲子好多時都冇物體恆存嘅概念－一旦佢哋睇唔到樣嘢，佢哋就會當嗰樣嘢唔存在。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="認知發育">認知發育</a></div> <p>認知功能並唔係靜止嘅，一個人嘅認知功能由<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96" title="出世">出世</a>直至成長成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="大人">大人</a>嘅過程當中會有唔少嘅變化：一般嚟講，隨住一個細路成長，佢嘅認知功能會慢慢噉成熟，發育出一啲本來冇、但大人應該具有嘅認知能力；而隨住一個人<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" title="老化">老化</a>，佢身體各個器官（包括個腦）會慢慢噉喪失原有功能，而呢個過程往往會造成認知功能嘅衰退<sup id="cite_ref-dev_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="認知發育">認知發育</a>（cognitive development）係認知心理學嘅一個子領域，專門研究細路嘅認知功能點樣發育嘅<sup id="cite_ref-dev_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認知發育論"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E7.99.BC.E8.82.B2.E8.AB.96"></span>認知發育論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 認知發育論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E8%AB%96" title="認知發育論">認知發育論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>心理學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91" title="尚·皮亞傑">尚·皮亞傑</a>（Jean Piaget）係認知發育上一個極具影響力嘅心理學家。佢做咗多份研究，搵咗唔同年紀嘅細路返去<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>嗰度，分別要呢啲細路答一啲問題以及做一啲講求認知功能嘅作業，靠噉嚟研究唔同年紀嘅細路喺諗嘢方式上有乜嘢差異，最後得出好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E8%AB%96" title="認知發育論">認知發育論</a>－呢個理論講明咗一個細路嘅認知功能喺佢成長嘅過程當中唔同階段會點演變，成為咗廿世紀認知發育研究嘅基礎<sup id="cite_ref-cherry_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據認知發育論，一個細路由出世到認知上成熟（起碼 12 歲）中途主要會經過四大階段，每個階段之間都會出現<b>質性上</b>（qualitative）嘅變化－「質性上嘅變化」即係指出現一個原先冇嘅認知功能；例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%81%86%E5%AD%98" title="物體恆存">物體恆存</a>（object permanence）噉，具有物體恆存概念嘅智能體明白，一件物體就算自己睇唔到都唔表示嗰件物體唔存在，而好細個嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8A%E5%AD%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="臊孲子">臊孲子</a>似乎係唔識物體恆存呢個概念嘅－實驗顯示，呢啲臊孲子一旦一樣物件俾某啲嘢遮住，就唔會再當嗰件物件存在，唔會嘗試去搵件物件<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。所以喺發育出物體恆存嘅過程之中，個臊孲子嘅認知功能起咗質性上嘅變化<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以下係古典認知發育論所描述嘅四大階段<sup id="cite_ref-cherry_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherry-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>感知運動階段</b>（sensorimotor stage；0-2 歲）：個細路有<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>；會用各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="移動運動">郁動</a>嚟學嘢，但唔曉用（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象">抽象</a>嘅）<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>；發展有限嘅知識，而學到嘅知識係建基於體驗嘅；識得郁動令到個細路可以學新嘢；呢個階段最後期會開始<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語言認知">學語言</a>；喺呢個階段嘅細路一般會學識睇唔到嘅物件仲係存在嘅（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%81%86%E5%AD%98" title="物體恆存">物體恆存</a>）、會對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="因果">因果</a>有基礎理解、同埋明白<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>嘅概念。</li> <li><b>前運算階段</b>（pre-operational stage；2-7 歲）：個細路曉運用符號同語言；有一定<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶力">記憶力</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="想像力">想像力</a>；諗嘢冇乜<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>可言，而且相當自我中心；識得用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>解難；開始睇到事物之間嘅關係；開始了解<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8" title="數">數</a>嘅概念。</li> <li><b>具體運算階段</b>（concrete operational stage；7-12 歲）：個細路有邏輯同有系統性嘅智能；識得用符號代表實質嘅事物；開始識由其他人嘅角度去諗嘢；了解<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="長度">長度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="容量">容量</a>呢啲概念。</li> <li><b>形式運算階段</b>（formal operational stage；12 歲同打後）：有邏輯噉用符號代表實質嘅事物；諗起嘢上嚟有彈性，而且識得抽象思考以及喺個腦入面試<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>；喺做複雜嘅思考同解難嗰陣曉考慮唔同嘅可能性。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 起源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="心理學史">心理學史</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a></div> <p>對認知嘅研究早喺 19 世紀尾（現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>開始成形）嗰陣經已存在－當時有心理學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>上嘅研究者發現咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%AB%BE%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%80" title="布諾卡區">布諾卡區</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%80" title="韋力卡區">韋力卡區</a>呢兩個腦區會主宰一個人<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嗰時組織<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>嘅能力，可以算係早期嘅認知研究<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不過廿世紀早期（1920 年代至 1950 年代）嘅心理學由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>（behaviorism）主導：當時啲心理學家，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>嗰啲，普遍認為<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">思緒</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>呢啲嘢冇得直接<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>，難以作為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>嘅對象，因而輕視對呢啲嘢嘅研究，令到心理學研究完全變成以外顯行為做主導－例如分析「呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>通常會引致邊個邊個行為」噉嘅推論，忽略一隻動物內部嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>過程。喺 1959 年，美國嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>（Noam Chomsky）猛烈批評「語言嘅現象能夠齋靠外顯行為理解」嘅諗法，提倡要了解語言呢個現象，就實要考慮個人腦內部做嘅資訊處理，呢個諗法得到唔少學者支持<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>事實上，廿世紀 50 年代係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a>（cognitive revolution）進行得如火如荼嘅時期：呢個時期有多個研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>嘅領域嘅學者，包括心理學家同語言學家等，開始發覺一味淨係研究外顯行為嘅行為主義根本唔掂，解釋唔到好多心靈嘅相關現象；於是開始出現咗一股思潮，提倡要研究心靈內部嘅資訊處理過程，集結心理學、神經科學同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>等領域嘅科學家，形成所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a>－研究心靈嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>，而因為認知係心靈不可或缺嘅一部份，認知心理學就正式成為咗一個有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>地位嘅領域<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過一個認知<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>未必會提及個腦，可以純粹淨係掛住講成串認知過程入面涉及咗咩資訊同係點處理法。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">通常係經過注意力篩選之後</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有唔少<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知科學家">認知科學家</a>都認為呢個測試唔可以 100% 表示 metacognition 嘅存在，所以主張呢個測試頂櫳只可以做輔助。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">大個啲嘅臊孲子會，不過臊孲子「要去到幾大個先會識物體恆存」係一條有少少爭議性嘅問題。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="認知風格">認知風格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測量">心理測量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="人類處理器模型">人類處理器模型</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Ardila, Alfredo (2018). <i>Historical Development of Human Cognition. A Cultural-Historical Neuropsychological Perspective</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789811068867" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9811068867</a>.</li> <li>Coren, Stanley; Lawrence M. Ward; & James T. Enns (1999). <i>Sensation and Perception</i>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0470002263" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-470-00226-3</a>.</li> <li>Groeger, John A. (2002). "Trafficking in cognition: Applying cognitive psychology to driving". <i>Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour</i>. 5 (4): 235-248.</li> <li>Lycan, W. G. (ed.). (1999). <i>Mind and Cognition: An Anthology, 2nd Edition</i>. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.</li> <li>Mansell, Warren (2004). "Cognitive psychology and anxiety". <i>Psychiatry</i>. 3 (4): 6-10.</li> <li>Stanovich, Keith (2009). <i>What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought</i>. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780300123852" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-12385-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stefano2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stefano2011_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Franchi, Francesco Bianchini. "On The Historical Dynamics Of Cognitive Science: A View From The Periphery". <i>The Search for a Theory of Cognition: Early Mechanisms and New Ideas</i>. Rodopi, 2011. p. XIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition">cognition - definition of cognition in English from the Oxford dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107001241/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年11月7號，.". www.oxforddictionaries.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adapted from Miller, George A (2003). "The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Eckardt, Barbara (1996). What is cognitive science?. <i>Massachusetts: MIT Press</i>. pp. 45-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thagard2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-thagard2008_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thagard, Paul, Cognitive Science, <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Belkin, N. J. (1990). The cognitive viewpoint in information science. <i>Journal of information science</i>, 16(1), 11-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2004). Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. <i>Instructional science</i>, 32(1), 1-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2009). <i>Cognitive psychology</i> (6th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VD-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VD_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFVernon2014" class="citation book cs1">Vernon, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artificialcognit0000vern"><i>Artificial Cognitive Systems: A Primer</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-02838-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-262-02838-7"><bdi>978-0-262-02838-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Cognitive+Systems%3A+A+Primer&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02838-7&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartificialcognit0000vern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Povinelli, D. J. (1993). 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Washburn, 1997, Uncertain Responses by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) in a psychophysical same-different task, <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>, 126(2): 147-164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goel, V., & Dolan, R. J. (2003). Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. <i>Cognition</i>, 87(1), B11-B22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsujii, T., & Watanabe, S. (2009). Neural correlates of dual-task effect on belief-bias syllogistic reasoning: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. <i>Brain research</i>, 1287, 118-125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans2013-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evans2013_60-0">57.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evans2013_60-1">57.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1745691612460685">Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate</a> (PDF). <i>Perspectives on psychological science</i>, 8(3), 223-241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, J. S. B. (2010). Intuition and reasoning: A dual-process perspective. <i>Psychological Inquiry</i>, 21(4), 313-326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dev-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dev_62-0">59.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dev_62-1">59.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileyse/cognitive_development/0">Cognitive Development - Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals - Credo Reference</a>". search.credoreference.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cherry-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cherry_63-0">60.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cherry_63-1">60.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cherry, Kendra. "Jean Piaget Biography". <i>The New York Times Company</i>. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baillargeon, R., Spelke, E. S., & Wasserman, S. (1985). Object permanence in five-month-old infants. <i>Cognition</i>, 20(3), 191-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parke, R. D., & Gauvain, M. (2009). <i>Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint</i> (7th Ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eysenck, M.W. (1990). <i>Cognitive Psychology: An International Review</i>. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (pp. 111).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chomsky, Noam (1959). "Reviews: Verbal behavior by B. F. Skinner". <i>Language</i>. 35 (1): 26-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baars, Bernard J. (1986) <i>The cognitive revolution in psychology</i>. Guilford Press, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret A. Boden. (2008). <i>Mind as machine: A history of cognitive science</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">維基書本度有本書關於呢個主題：<b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="維基辭典">維基辭典</a>有呢個詞嘅解釋：<br /><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/認知心理學">認知心理學</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%AB" title="維基同享">維基同享</a>中有關<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cognitive_psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cognitive psychology">認知心理學</a>嘅資源類</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505626/description#description">Cognition</a>（英文），一本專係登有關認知嘅科研文嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">期刊</a>。</li> <li>Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050405203028/http://computing.hss.cmu.edu/lernerlab/home.php">EDM Lab</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Limits-of-Human-Cognition-37388.shtml">The Limits of Human Cognition</a>，一篇描述<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類">哺乳類</a>認知能力進化嘅專欄（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news194023346.html">Half-heard phone conversations reduce cognitive performance</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-limits-of-intelligence">The limits of intelligence</a>. Douglas Fox, <i>Scientific American</i>, 14 June 14, 2011.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a class="mw-selflink selflink">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4" title="認知偏誤">認知偏誤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%81%8F%E8%AA%A4%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="認知偏誤一覽">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaticonbrain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/150px-Flaticonbrain.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">相關領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="心腦領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">腦</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="人因工程">人因工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Category:認知">認知類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="心理學（saai6_ko1）各領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:心理學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:心理學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="心理學（saai6_ko1）各領域" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<span>saai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> ko<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>）各領域</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="對人類嘅行為（人類行為）、認知同情感嘅科學研究">對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="人類行為">人類行為</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F" title="情感">情感</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學研究">科學研究</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">動物試驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行為表觀遺傳學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Behavioral epigenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為表觀遺傳學 (無呢版)">行為表觀遺傳學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral epigenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Behavioral epigenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="人類研究">人類研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會統計調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面試研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="心理干預">干預</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量研究</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性研究</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/100px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/150px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/200px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="理論心理學">理論領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">實驗心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="計量心理學">計量心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="行為科學">行為科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="行為遺傳學">行為遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">認知心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會認知神經科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Social cognitive neuroscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會認知神經科學 (無呢版)">社會認知神經科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Social cognitive neuroscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social cognitive neuroscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%BD%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="完形心理學">完形心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="認知主義">認知主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="進化心理學">進化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理生理學">心理生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發育心理學">發育心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒科學">情緒科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒神經科學">情緒神經科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社會心理學">社會心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="文化心理學">文化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="道德心理學">道德心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人本主義心理學">人本主義心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%91%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正向心理學">正向心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用心理學">應用領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="精神健康">精神健康</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="異常心理學">異常心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="輔導心理學">心理輔導</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="認知行為治療">認知行為治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="自殺學">自殺學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">體藝心理</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="藝術心理學">藝術心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂心理學">音樂心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="媒體心理學">媒體心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪心理學">犯罪心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="健康心理學">健康心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="教育心理學">教育心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="組織心理學">組織心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費者行為">消費心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼心理學">數碼心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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