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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Torun" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Torun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Torun (disambiguation)">Torun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Toruń</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River in north-central <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-TERYT_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TERYT-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites of Poland">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. Its population was 196,935 as of December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, it was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> (1975–1998) and the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> (1921–1945). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the local government of the <a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> and is one of its two capitals, together with <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>. The cities and neighboring counties form the <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz%E2%80%93Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Bydgoszcz–Toruń">Bydgoszcz–Toruń</a> twin city metropolitan area. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Toruń</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:118px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Town seen from the Vistula with the tower of the Holy Spirit Church on the left and the Toruń Cathedral on the right"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Torun_panorama_zza_Wisly_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2663"></a></span></div><div>Old Town seen from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stare_Miasto,_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rynek Staromiejski (Old Town Market Square) with the City Hall and Holy Spirit Church"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg/139px-Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg/209px-Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg/278px-Stare_Miasto%2C_Ratusz_Staromiejski_w_Toruniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5695" data-file-height="3860"></a></span></div><div>Old Town Market Square</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rynek Nowomiejski (New Town Market Square)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg/125px-Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg/188px-Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg/250px-Rynek_Nowomiejski_w_Toruniu_i_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Jakuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a></span></div><div>New Town Square</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="border:1;;height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Szeroka Street"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg/136px-Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg/204px-Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg/272px-Torun_ul._Szeroka_od_ul._Laziennej_do_Rynku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4733" data-file-height="3355"></a></span></div><div>Szeroka Street</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="border:1;;height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Park Miejski (Municipal Park)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg/128px-Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg/192px-Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg/256px-Park_Miejski_na_Bydgoskim_Przedmie%C5%9Bciu_w_Toruniu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></a></span></div><div>Municipal Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="border:1;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaning Tower of Toruń"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg/78px-Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg/117px-Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg/156px-Krzywa_Wieza_in_Torun_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2802" data-file-height="4391"></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Leaning Tower of Toruń">Leaning Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="border:1;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Dwor_Artusa_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artus Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg/91px-Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg/137px-Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg/182px-Torun_Dwor_Artusa_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="2771"></a></span></div><div>Artus Court</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="border:1;;height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_Rynek_Staromiejski_(pomnik_Kopernika)_(3)_(Ola_Z.).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG/91px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG/137px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG/182px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Rynek_Staromiejski_%28pomnik_Kopernika%29_%283%29_%28Ola_Z.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> Monument</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Toruń"><img alt="Flag of Toruń" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg/100px-POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg/150px-POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg/200px-POL_Toru%C5%84_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="586"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Toruń"><img alt="Coat of arms of Toruń" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/83px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/124px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/166px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="672"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Angels, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread">Gingerbread city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus Town</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"<i>Durabo" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">"I will endure"</i>)</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toruń is located in Poland"><img alt="Toruń is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.504%;left:44.964%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Toruń"><img alt="Toruń" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Toruń</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toru%C5%84&params=53_01_20_N_18_36_40_E_region:PL_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°01′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°36′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.02222°N 18.61111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.02222; 18.61111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/23px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/35px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg/46px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_kujawsko-pomorskie_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">1233</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Paweł Gulewski (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">115.75 km<sup>2</sup> (44.69 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">65 m (213 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">196,935 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">16th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,716/km<sup>2</sup> (4,440/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">297,646</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">torunianin (male) <br> torunianka (female) (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">pl</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Bydgoszcz–Toruń metropolitan area</th><td class="infobox-data">€10.871 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">87-100 to 87-120</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 56</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Polish_car_number_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish car number plates">Car plates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CT</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Highways</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/A1_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A1 autostrada (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/32px-A1-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/48px-A1-PL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/64px-A1-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Expressway_S10_(Poland)" title="Expressway S10 (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10-PL.svg/32px-S10-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10-PL.svg/48px-S10-PL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/S10-PL.svg/64px-S10-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="478"></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.torun.pl/">http://www.torun.pl/</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Town_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Medieval Town of Toruń">Medieval Town of Toruń</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/835">835</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">UNESCO region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #78776D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Historic_Monument_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Monument (Poland)">Historic Monument of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Toruń – Old and New Town</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1994-09-08</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">M.P., 1994, vol. 50, No. 422<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland; it was first settled in the 8th century and in 1233 was expanded by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries it was home to people of diverse backgrounds and religions. From 1264 until 1411, Toruń was part of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and by the 17th century a leading trading point, which greatly affected the city's architecture, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>. </p><p>In the Early Modern period, Toruń was a <a href="/wiki/Royal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal city">royal city</a> of Poland and one of Poland's four largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> in the late 18th century, it became part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, then of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, serving as the temporary Polish capital in 1809,<sup id="cite_ref-inh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then again of Prussia, of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, of the reborn <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish Republic</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Toruń was spared bombing and destruction; its Old Town and iconic central marketplace have been entirely preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toruń is renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread">gingerbread</a> – the gingerbread-baking tradition dates back nearly a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> – as well as for its large <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Toruń Cathedral">Cathedral</a>. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/The_International_Film_Festival_of_the_Art_of_Cinematography_Camerimage" class="mw-redirect" title="The International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage">Camerimage International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography</a>. Toruń is noted for its very high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites of Poland">World Heritage Site</a>. In 2007 the Old Town of Toruń was added to the list of <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Poland" title="Seven Wonders of Poland">Seven Wonders of Poland</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Late_modern_period_(from_1793)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Late modern period (from 1793)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sights"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Gothic_architecture"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gothic architecture</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Districts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Districts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Symbols"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Symbols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Healthcare"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Healthcare</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#International_relations"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_Sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – Sister cities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Toru%C5%84" title="History of Toruń">History of Toruń</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The first settlement in the vicinity of Toruń is dated by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> to 1100 BC (<a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During early medieval times, in the 7th through 13th centuries, it was the location of an old <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavonic</a> settlement,<sup id="cite_ref-PWN_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWN-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a ford of the river <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>. In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG/220px-Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="3050"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG/220px-Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG/330px-Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG/440px-Torun_Ratusz_Staromiejski_2010_03_04_7189.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Gothic Old Town Hall (<i>Ratusz Staromiejski</i>) dates back to the 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 1231 the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> crossed the river Vistula near the town of <a href="/wiki/Nieszawa" title="Nieszawa">Nieszawa</a> and established a fortress. On 28 December 1233, Teutonic Knights <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Salza" title="Hermann von Salza">Hermann von Salza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Balk" title="Hermann Balk">Hermann Balk</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed the <a href="/wiki/City_charter" class="mw-redirect" title="City charter">city charters</a> for Toruń (<i>Thorn</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a> (<i>Kulm</i>). The original document was lost in 1244. The set of rights in general is known as <a href="/wiki/Kulm_law" title="Kulm law">Kulm law</a>. In 1236, due to frequent flooding,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was relocated to the present site of the Old Town. In 1239 <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friars settled in the city, followed in 1263 by <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. In 1264 the adjacent New Town was founded, predominantly to house Torun's growing population of craftsmen and artisans, who predominantly came from German-speaking lands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1280, the city (or as it was then, both cities) joined the mercantile <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, and thus became an important <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> trade centre. </p><p>In the 14th century, papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the area to Poland; however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was recaptured by Poland in 1410 during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War">Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War</a>; however, after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">First Peace of Thorn</a> was signed in the city in February 1411, the city fell back to the Teutonic Order. In 1411, the city left the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. In the 1420s, Polish King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Dyb%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Dybów Castle">Dybów Castle</a>, located in present-day left-bank Toruń, which he visited numerous times.<sup id="cite_ref-lgk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lgk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next big <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)">Polish–Teutonic War</a>, Dybów Castle was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1431 to 1435.<sup id="cite_ref-lgk_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lgk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1440, the gentry of Toruń co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> to further oppose the Knights' policies. From 1452, talks between Polish King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> and the burghers of the Confederation were held at Dybów Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-lgk_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lgk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederation rose against the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights">Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights</a> in 1454 and its delegation submitted a petition to Polish King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> asking him to regain power over the region as its rightful ruler. An act of incorporation was signed in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> 6 March 1454, recognizing the region (including Toruń), as part<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish Kingdom</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg/220px-2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg/220px-2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg/330px-2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg/440px-2nd_peace_of_torun.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Second Peace of Toruń</i>, 19th-century painting by Toruń-born painter Marian Jaroczyński, exhibited in the local <a href="/wiki/District_Museum_in_Toru%C5%84" title="District Museum in Toruń">District Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These events led to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)">Thirteen Years' War</a>. The citizens of the city, enraged by the Order's ruthless exploitation, conquered the Teutonic castle, and dismantled the fortifications brick by brick, except for the Gdanisko tower which was used until the 18th century to store gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-torun.pl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torun.pl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torun.pl2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torun.pl2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish king during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in May 1454, an official ceremony was held in Toruń, in which the nobility, knights, landowners, mayors, and local officials from <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>, including Toruń, again solemnly swore allegiance to the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1454, the city has been authorized by King Casimir IV to mint Polish coins.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Casimir IV often stayed at the Dybów Castle<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Toruń financially supported the Polish Army. The New Town and Old Town amalgamated in 1454. </p><p>The Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466, with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> renounced any claims to the city and recognised it as part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish king granted the town great privileges, similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>. Also in 1454 at <a href="/wiki/Dyb%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Dybów Castle">Dybów Castle</a>, the King issued the famous <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Nieszawa" title="Statutes of Nieszawa">Statutes of Nieszawa</a>, covering a set of privileges for the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish nobility</a>; an event that is regarded as the birth of the noble democracy in Poland, which lasted until the country's <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">demise</a> in 1795. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg/170px-Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2549"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg/170px-Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="205" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg/255px-Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg/340px-Torun_kamienice_ul_Kopernika_15_i_17.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>' House, currently a museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1473, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> was born, and in 1501 Polish king <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a> died in Toruń; his heart was buried in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Toruń Cathedral">St. John's Cathedral</a>. In 1500, the <a href="/wiki/Tuba_Dei" title="Tuba Dei">Tuba Dei</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bell</a> in Poland at the time, was installed at Toruń Cathedral, and a bridge across the Vistula was built, the country's longest wooden bridge at the time. In 1506, Toruń became a <a href="/wiki/Royal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal city">royal city</a> of Poland. In 1528, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal mint">royal mint</a> started operating in Toruń. In 1568, a gymnasium was founded, which after 1594 became one of the leading schools of northern Poland for centuries to come.<sup id="cite_ref-LO_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LO-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1594, Toruń's first museum (<i>Musaeum</i>) was established at the school, beginning the city's museal traditions. A city of great wealth and influence, it enjoyed voting rights during the <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">royal election</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> were held in Toruń in 1576 and 1626.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Merian_1641.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Torun_Merian_1641.jpg/220px-Torun_Merian_1641.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Torun_Merian_1641.jpg/220px-Torun_Merian_1641.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Torun_Merian_1641.jpg/330px-Torun_Merian_1641.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Torun_Merian_1641.jpg/440px-Torun_Merian_1641.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń in 1641</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1557, during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the city adopted <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Under Mayor <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Stroband" title="Henryk Stroband">Henryk Stroband</a> (1586–1609), the city became centralized. Administrative power passed into the hands of the city council. In 1595, <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> arrived to promote the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, taking control of St John's Church. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friars) already controlled most of the churches, leaving only St Mary's for Protestant citizens. In 1645, at a time when religious conflicts occurred in many other European countries and the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> was fought west of Poland, in Toruń, on the initiative of King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a>, a three-month congress of European Catholics, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a> was held, known as <i>Colloquium Charitativum;</i> an important event in the history of interreligious dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–21), the city was besieged by Swedish troops. The restoration of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> as King of Poland was prepared in the city in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thorn_(1709)" title="Treaty of Thorn (1709)">Treaty of Thorn (1709)</a> by the Russian tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>. In the second half of the 17th century, tensions between Catholics and Protestants grew. In the early 18th century about 50 percent of the populace, especially the gentry and middle class, were German-speaking Protestants, while the other 50 percent were Polish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant influence was subsequently pushed back after the <a href="/wiki/Tumult_of_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumult of Thorn">Tumult of Thorn</a> of 1724. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_period_(from_1793)"><span id="Late_modern_period_.28from_1793.29"></span>Late modern period (from 1793)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late modern period (from 1793)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Mostowa_14_(palac_Fengerow)_fasada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg/220px-Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="1640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg/220px-Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg/330px-Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg/440px-Torun_Mostowa_14_%28palac_Fengerow%29_fasada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Birthplace and house of Polish economist and writer <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Skarbek" title="Fryderyk Skarbek">Fryderyk Skarbek</a>, residence of his godson <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin">Fryderyk Chopin</a> in 1825</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a> in 1793, the city was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. It was briefly regained by Poles as part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> in 1807–1815, even serving as the temporary capital in April and May 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-inh_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these years the city began to attract a growing <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-sztetl.org.pl_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztetl.org.pl-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1809, Toruń was successfully defended by the Poles against the Austrians. After being re-annexed by Prussia in 1815, Toruń was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanisation</a> and became a strong center of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movements_in_partitioned_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)">Polish resistance</a> against such policies. The city's first synagogue was inaugurated in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-sztetl.org.pl_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztetl.org.pl-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Polish institutions were established, such as Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu (<i>Toruń Scientific Society</i>), a major Polish institution in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a> of Poland, founded in 1875. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Poland declared independence and regained control over the city. In <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">interwar Poland</a>, Toruń was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG/220px-Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG/220px-Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG/330px-Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG/440px-Internment_camp_at_Fort_VII_Toru%C5%84.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Arrested Poles and German guards at the gate of Fort VII in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Germany <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied</a> the city from 7 September 1939 to 1 February 1945. <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommando</a> 16</i> entered the city to commit various <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">crimes against Poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under German occupation, local people were subjected to arrests, <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">expulsions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labor</a>, deportations to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and executions, especially the Polish elites as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></i>. </p><p>A group of Polish railwaymen and policemen from Toruń were murdered by the German <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bin" title="Gąbin">Gąbin</a> on 19–21 September 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Poles, including activists, teachers and priests, arrested in Toruń and <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_County" title="Toruń County">Toruń County</a> beginning in September 1939, were initially held in the pre-war prison, and after it became overcrowded in October 1939, the Germans imprisoned Poles in Fort VII of the <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Fortress" title="Toruń Fortress">Toruń Fortress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17–19 October 1939 alone, the German police and the <i><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a></i> arrested 1,200 Poles in Toruń and Toruń County.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early November 1939, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of Polish teachers, farmers and priests in Toruń and the county, who were then imprisoned in Fort VII.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imprisoned Poles were then either deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> or murdered onsite.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarka_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barbarka_massacre.jpg/220px-Barbarka_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="542"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barbarka_massacre.jpg/220px-Barbarka_massacre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barbarka_massacre.jpg/330px-Barbarka_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Barbarka_massacre.jpg/440px-Barbarka_massacre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>1939 <a href="/wiki/Barbarka_massacre" title="Barbarka massacre">Barbarka massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Large <a href="/wiki/Barbarka_massacre" title="Barbarka massacre">massacres</a> of over 1,100 Poles from the city and region, including teachers, school principals, local officials, restaurateurs, shop owners, merchants, farmers, railwaymen, policemen, craftsmen, students, priests, workers, doctors, were carried out in the present-day district of <a href="/wiki/Barbarka,_Toru%C5%84" title="Barbarka, Toruń">Barbarka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six mass graves were discovered after the war, in five of which the bodies of the victims were burned, as the Germans had tried to cover up the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local teachers were also among Polish teachers murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a> was active in the city, and Toruń was the seat of one of the six main commands of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle</a> in occupied Poland (alongside <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the occupation, Germany established and operated <a href="/wiki/Stalag_XX-A" title="Stalag XX-A">Stalag XX-A</a> <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camp</a> in the city, with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region, in which Polish, British, <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French</a>, Australian and <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet</a> POWs were held. From 1940 to 1943, in the northern part of the city the German transit camp <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umsiedlungslager_Thorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umsiedlungslager Thorn (page does not exist)">Umsiedlungslager Thorn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecki_ob%C3%B3z_przesiedle%C5%84czy_w_Toruniu" class="extiw" title="pl:Niemiecki obóz przesiedleńczy w Toruniu">pl</a>]</span> for Poles expelled from Toruń and the surrounding area, became infamous for inhuman sanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 12,000 Poles passed through the camp, and around 1,000 died there, including about 400 children.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1941 to 1945, a German <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> camp was located in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1942, the Germans murdered 30 Polish scouts aged 13–16 in Fort VII.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the city's population suffered many atrocities, as described, there were no battles or bombings that damaged its buildings. Thus, the city avoided damage during both World Wars, and retained its historic architecture, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> through <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> to 19th and 20th century styles. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Listed on the UNESCO list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> since 1997, Toruń has many monuments of architecture dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The city is famous for having preserved almost intact its medieval spatial layout and many Gothic buildings, all built from <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, including monumental churches, the Town Hall and many burgher houses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_architecture">Gothic architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gothic architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Gothic sights of Toruń (examples)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu,_20210908_1552_2759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg/159px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="3003"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 159px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg/159px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="159" data-height="152" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg/239px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg/318px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Wniebowzi%C4%99cia_Naj%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tszej_Marii_Panny_w_Toruniu%2C_20210908_1552_2759.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Assumption of Mary church</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg/185px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg/185px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="185" data-height="153" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg/278px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg/370px-Torun_kosciol_sw_Jakuba_od_Szpitalnej.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">St. James the Greater Church</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,Dw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg/172px-Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5332" data-file-height="3577"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg/172px-Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="115" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg/258px-Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg/344px-Toru%C5%84%2CDw%C3%B3r_Mieszcza%C5%84ski_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">St. George Guildhall</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_(OLA_Z.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/172px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/172px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="115" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/258px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/344px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Krzywa_Wie%C5%BCa_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">City walls and the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Leaning Tower of Toruń">Leaning Tower</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG/175px-602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG/175px-602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="175" data-height="117" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG/263px-602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG/350px-602991_Toru%C5%84_Brama_Mostowa_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><i>Brama Mostowa</i> (Bridge Gate)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu,_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg/169px-Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2953"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg/169px-Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="169" data-height="116" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg/254px-Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg/338px-Widok_ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82a_%C5%9Bw._Jan%C3%B3w_w_Toruniu%2C_ulica_%C5%BBeglarska.Widok_z_platformy_widokowej_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Toruń Cathedral">Toruń Cathedral</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Toruń has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">preserved Gothic houses in Poland</a>, many with Gothic wall paintings or wood-beam ceilings from the 16th to the 18th centuries. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist_and_St._John_the_Evangelist,_Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, Toruń">Cathedral of SS. John the Evangelist and John the Baptist</a>, an aisled hall church built in the 14th century and extended in the 15th century; outstanding Gothic sculptures and paintings inside (Moses, St. Mary Magdalene, gravestone of Johann von Soest), Renaissance and Baroque epitaphs and altars (among them the epitaph of Copernicus from 1580), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Tuba_Dei" title="Tuba Dei">Tuba Dei</a>, the largest medieval <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bell</a> in Poland and one of the largest in Europe</li> <li>St. Mary's church, a formerly Franciscan aisled hall built in the 14th century</li> <li>St. James the Greater's church (often mistakenly called St Jacob's), a basilica from the 14th century, with monumental wall paintings and Gothic stalls</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_City_Hall_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Old Town City Hall in Toruń">Old Town Hall</a> was inaugurated in 1274, than extended and rebuilt between 1391 and 1399, and extended again at the end of the 16th century; considered one of the most monumental town halls in Central Europe (<a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Regional_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Toruń Regional Museum">Toruń Regional Museum</a> or <i>Muzeum Okręgowe</i> in Polish)</li> <li>City fortifications, begun in the 13th century, extended between the 14th and 15th centuries, mostly demolished in the 19th century, but partially preserved with a few city gates and watchtowers (among them the so-called <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Leaning Tower of Toruń">Leaning Tower</a>) from the Vistula side. See also: <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Fortress" title="Toruń Fortress">Toruń Fortress</a></li> <li>A 15th-century Gothic house (<a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Regional_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Toruń Regional Museum">now a museum</a>) where Copernicus was reputedly born</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Castle" title="Toruń Castle">Ruins of 13th-century Teutonic Knights' castle</a></li> <li>House at the sign of the Star (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kamienica Pod Gwiazdą</i>, the East Asian Museum, previously Gothic, briefly owned by <a href="/wiki/Filip_Callimachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Filip Callimachus">Filip Callimachus</a>, then rebuilt in the 16th century and in 1697, with a richly decorated stucco façade and wooden spiral stairs.</li></ul> <p>Toruń, unlike many other historic cities in Poland, escaped substantial destruction in World War II. Particularly left intact was the Old Town, all of whose important architectural monuments are originals, not reconstructions. </p><p>Major renovation projects have been undertaken in recent years to improve the condition and external presentation of the Old Town. Besides the renovation of various buildings, projects such as the reconstruction of the pavement of the streets and squares (reversing them to their historical appearance), and the introduction of new plants, trees and objects of 'small architecture', are underway. </p><p>Numerous buildings and other constructions, including the city walls along the boulevard, are illuminated at night, creating an impressive effect - probably unique among Polish cities with respect to the size of Toruń's Old Town and the scale of the illumination project itself. </p><p>Toruń is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Zoo and Botanical Garden in Toruń">Zoo and Botanical Garden</a> opened in 1965 and 1797 respectively and is one of the city's popular tourist attractions. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Districts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_-_czesci2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Torun_-_czesci2.svg/220px-Torun_-_czesci2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="1947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Torun_-_czesci2.svg/220px-Torun_-_czesci2.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Torun_-_czesci2.svg/330px-Torun_-_czesci2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Torun_-_czesci2.svg/440px-Torun_-_czesci2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Districts of Toruń</figcaption></figure> <p>Toruń is divided into 24 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government. The Districts include: <a href="/wiki/Barbarka,_Toru%C5%84" title="Barbarka, Toruń">Barbarka</a>, Bielany, Bielawy, Bydgoskie Przedmieście, Chełmińskie Przedmieście, Czerniewice, Glinki, Grębocin nad Strugą, Jakubskie Przedmieście, Kaszczorek, Katarzynka, Koniuchy, Mokre, Na Skarpie, <a href="/wiki/Piaski,_Toru%C5%84" title="Piaski, Toruń">Piaski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rz,_Toru%C5%84" title="Podgórz, Toruń">Podgórz</a>, Rubinkowo, Rudak, Rybaki, Stare Miasto (<i>Old Town</i>), Starotoruńskie Przedmieście, Stawki, Winnica, Wrzosy. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The colors of Toruń are white and blue in the horizontal arrangement, white top, blue bottom, equal in size. The flag of the city of Toruń is a bipartite sheet. The upper field is white, the lower field is blue. If the flag is hung vertically, the upper edge of the flag must be on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag with the coat of arms is also in use. The ratio of the height of the coat of arms to the width of the flag is 1:2.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The climate can be described as <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfb</i>) if the isotherm of 0 °C (32 °F) is used or an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<i>Cfb</i>) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is adopted. Back in 1930s, the city passed close to the original boundary and dividing line of climates C and D groups in the north–south direction proposed by climatologist <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toruń is in the transition between the milder climates of the west and north of the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the more extreme ones like the south (warmer summer) and the east (colder winter). It is not much different from the climates of more southerly <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and easterly <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it has slightly milder winters and more moderate summers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaa_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaa-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being close to definitely <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a>, it has a high variability caused by the contact of eastern continental air masses and western oceanic ones. This is influenced by the geographical location of the city – the Toruń Basin to the south, and the Vistula Valley to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Toruń (St. Joseph), elevation: 69 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br>(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br>(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br>(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br>(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br>(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br>(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br>(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br>(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br>(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br>(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br>(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br>(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br>(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br>(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br>(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br>(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br>(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br>(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br>(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br>(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br>(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br>(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br>(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4<br>(56.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br>(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br>(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br>(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br>(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br>(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br>(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br>(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br>(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br>(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br>(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br>(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9<br>(48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br>(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br>(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br>(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br>(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br>(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br>(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br>(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br>(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br>(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br>(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br>(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.6<br>(40.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.4<br>(−26.3) </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.3<br>(−20.7) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.5<br>(−15.7) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br>(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2<br>(19.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br>(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br>(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br>(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br>(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br>(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8<br>(−9.0) </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.5<br>(−12.1) </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.4<br>(−26.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br>(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br>(1.07) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br>(1.27) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br>(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2<br>(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7<br>(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6<br>(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br>(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8<br>(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9<br>(1.49) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br>(1.32) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5<br>(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">548.8<br>(21.61) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br>(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br>(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br>(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br>(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br>(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br>(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.1<br>(2.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.07 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.30 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.33 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.73 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.83 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.47 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.63 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.53 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.63 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.73 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.27 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.27 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">160.80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #515151; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 </td> <td style="background: #888888; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.3 </td> <td style="background: #B0B084; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.7 </td> <td style="background: #535353; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2 </td> <td style="background: #3F3F3F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34.9 </td> <td style="background: #C2C216; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,730.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtavg_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtavg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWtmax_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWtmax-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecip_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecip-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWprecipdays_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWprecipdays-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdepth_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdepth-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsnowdays_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsnowdays-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMGWsun_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMGWsun-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<sup id="cite_ref-recordhigh_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordhigh-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-recordlow_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recordlow-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-relativehumidity_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativehumidity-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,734</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1978</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">165,294</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1988</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">199,527</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">211,243</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">204,954</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">198,273</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg/220px-Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg/220px-Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg/330px-Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg/440px-Pa%C5%82ac_D%C4%85mbskich.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Dąmbski Palace - a baroque residence located on Żeglarska Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent statistics show a decrease in the population of the city, from 211,169 in 2001 (highest) to 202,562 in 2018. Among the demographic trends influencing this decline, are: suburbanisation, migration to larger urban centres, and wider trends observed in the whole of Poland such as general population decline, slowed down by immigration in 2017. The birth rate in the city in 2017 was 0.75. Low birthrates have been consistent in the city for the first two decades of 21st Century. </p><p>The official forecasts from <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Poland" title="Statistics Poland">Statistics Poland</a> state that by 2050 the city population will have declined to 157,949. </p><p>Inside the city itself, most of the population is concentrated on the right (northern) bank of the Vistula river. Two of the most densely populated areas are Rubinkowo and Na Skarpie, housing projects built mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, located between the central and easternmost districts; their total population is about 70,000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz%E2%80%93Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Bydgoszcz–Toruń">Bydgoszcz–Toruń</a> metro area of Toruń and <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, their counties, and a number of smaller towns, may in total have a population of as much as 800,000. Thus the area contains about one third of the population of the Kuyavia-Pomerania region (which has about 2.1 million inhabitants).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The transport network in the city has undergone major development in recent years. The partial completion of ring road (East and South), the completion of the second bridge (2013) and various road, and cycling lane improvements, including construction of <a href="/wiki/Drogowa_Trasa_%C5%9Arednicowa" title="Drogowa Trasa Średnicowa">Trasa Średnicowa</a>, have decidedly improved the traffic in the city. However, noise barriers that have been erected along the new or refurbished roads have been criticised as not conducive to a beautiful urban landscape. The extensive roadworks have also drawn attention to the declining population numbers, casting doubt that the city might over-delivered for the future number of road users, as the demographic trends forecast from <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Poland" title="Statistics Poland">Statistics Poland</a> predicts a reduction of population by almost 1/4 by year 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:372px;max-width:372px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Glowny_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg/182px-Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 136px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg/182px-Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="182" data-height="136" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg/273px-Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg/364px-Torun_Glowny_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Toruń Główny railway station">Toruń Główny railway station</a> (main railway station)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG/182px-Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG/182px-Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="182" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG/273px-Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG/364px-Dworzec_Autobusowy_w_Toruniu_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Main Bus Station</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The city's public transport system comprises <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Trams in Toruń">five tram lines</a> and about 40 bus routes, covering the city and some of the neighboring communities. </p><p>Toruń is situated at a major road junction, one of the most important in Poland. The <a href="/wiki/A1_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A1 autostrada (Poland)">A1</a> <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> reaches Toruń, and a southern <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">beltway</a> surrounds the city. Besides these, the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">European route E75</a> and a number of domestic roads (numbered 10, 15, and 80) run through the city. </p><p>With three main railway stations (<a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_(PKP_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toruń Główny (PKP station)">Toruń Główny</a>, Toruń Miasto and Toruń Wschodni), the city is a major rail junction, with two important lines crossing there (<a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>–<a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>). Two other lines stem from Toruń, toward <a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierpc" title="Sierpc">Sierpc</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg/220px-Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg/220px-Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg/330px-Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg/440px-Dachy_zsamolotu4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Józef Piłsudski Bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula river">Vistula river</a> - the older of the two road bridges in Toruń</figcaption></figure> <p>The rail connection with <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> is run under a name "BiT City" as a "metropolitan rail". Its main purpose is to allow traveling between and within these cities using one ticket. A joint venture of Toruń, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solec_Kujawski" title="Solec Kujawski">Solec Kujawski</a> and the voivodeship, it is considered as important in integrating <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz-Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Bydgoszcz-Toruń">Bydgoszcz-Toruń</a> metropolitan area. A major modernization of BiT City railroute, as well as a purchase of completely new vehicles to serve the line, is planned for 2008 and 2009. Technically, it will allow to travel between Toruń-East and Bydgoszcz-Airport stations at a speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) in a time of approximately half an hour. In a few years' time "BiT City" will be integrated with local transportation systems of Toruń and Bydgoszcz, thus creating a uniform metropolitan transportation network – with all necessary funds having been secured in 2008. </p><p>Since September 2008, the "one-ticket" solution has been introduced also as regards a rail connection with <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a>, as a "regional ticket". The same is planned for connection with <a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>. </p><p>Two bus depots serve to connect the city with other towns and cities in Poland. </p><p>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Airport" title="Toruń Airport">small sport airfield</a> exists in Toruń; however, a modernization of the airport is seriously considered with a number of investors interested in it. Independently of this, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski_Airport" title="Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport">Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport</a>, located about 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Toruń city centre, serves the whole <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz-Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Bydgoszcz-Toruń">Bydgoszcz-Toruń</a> metropolitan area, with a number of regular flights to European cities. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg/220px-Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg/220px-Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg/330px-Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg/440px-Toru%C5%84ski_Park_Technologiczny44.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń's Technology Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a medium-sized city, Toruń is the site of the headquarters of some of the largest companies in Poland, or at least of their subsidiaries. The official unemployment rate, as of September 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, is 5.4%. </p><p>In 2006, construction of new plants owned by <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a> and other companies of mainly Japanese origin has started in the neighboring community of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ysomice" class="mw-redirect" title="Łysomice">Łysomice</a> - about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from city centre. The facilities under construction are located in a newly created special economic zone. As a result of cooperation of the companies mentioned above, a vast high-tech complex is to be constructed in the next few years, providing as many as 10,000 jobs (a prediction for <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2010)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>) at the cost of about 450 million euros. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the creation of another special economic zone is being considered, this time inside city limits. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg/220px-Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4687" data-file-height="3390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg/220px-Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg/330px-Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg/440px-Torun_ul_Szeroka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń's city centre incorporates a large commercial district</figcaption></figure> <p>Thanks to its architectural heritage Toruń is visited by more than 1.5 million tourists a year (1.6 million in 2007). This makes tourism an important branch of the local economy, although time spent in the city by individual tourists or the number of hotels, which can serve them, are still not considered satisfactory. Major investments in renovation of the city's monuments, building new hotels (including high-standard ones), improvement in promotion, as well as launching new cultural and scientific events and facilities, give very good prospects for Toruń's tourism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg/250px-Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg/250px-Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg/330px-Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg/500px-Ma%C5%82e_Garbary_Street_in_Toru%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Małe Garbary, a typical street in the Old Town of Toruń</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years Toruń has been a site of intense building construction investments, mainly residential and in its transportation network. The latter has been possible partly due to the use of European Union funds assigned for new member states. Toruń city county generates by far the highest number of new dwellings built each year among all Kuyavian-Pomeranian counties, both relative to its population as well as in absolute values. It has led to almost complete rebuilding of some districts. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, many major constructions are either under development or are to be launched soon - the value of some of them exceeding 100 million euros. They include a new speedway stadium, major shopping and entertainment centres, a commercial complex popularly called a "New Centre of Toruń", a music theater, a centre of contemporary art, hotels, office buildings, facilities for the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń">Nicolaus Copernicus University</a>, roads and tram routes, sewage and fresh water delivery systems, residential projects, the possibility of a new bridge over the Vistula, and more. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/A1_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A1 autostrada (Poland)">A1 motorway</a> and th<a href="/wiki/Przewozy_Regionalne" class="mw-redirect" title="Przewozy Regionalne">e BiT City</a> fast metropolitan railway also directly affects the city. About 25,000 local firms are registered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in Toruń. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>The internationally renowned film festival <a href="/wiki/Camerimage" title="Camerimage">Camerimage</a> was founded in Toruń in 1993, and has been held annually in the city since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, with Australian actress <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> as jury president,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/32nd_International_Film_Festival_of_the_Art_of_Cinematography_Camerimage" title="32nd International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage">32nd International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage</a> screened <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/War_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="War drama">war drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Blitz_(2024_film)" title="Blitz (2024 film)">Blitz</a></i>, the first half of <a href="/wiki/Jon_M._Chu" title="Jon M. Chu">Jon M. Chu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Two-part_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-part film">two-part</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wicked_(2024_film)" title="Wicked (2024 film)">Wicked</a></i>, and the world premiere of <a href="/wiki/Joel_Souza" title="Joel Souza">Joel Souza</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">western film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rust_(2024_film)" title="Rust (2024 film)">Rust</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lineup_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lineup-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg/220px-Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg/220px-Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg/330px-Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg/440px-Teatr_im._Wilama_Horzycy_sm1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń's main stage, the Wilam Horzyca Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>Toruń has two drama theatres (<i>Teatr im. Wilama Horzycy</i> with three stages and <i>Teatr Wiczy</i>), two children's theatres (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Baj_Pomorski_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baj Pomorski Theater">Baj Pomorski</a></i> and <i>Zaczarowany Świat</i>), two music theatres (<i>Mała Rewia</i>, <i>Studencki Teatr Tańca</i>), and numerous other theatre groups. The city hosts, among others events, the international theatre festival, "Kontakt", annually in May. </p><p>A building called <i>Baj Pomorski</i> has recently been completely reconstructed. It is now one of the most modern cultural facilities in the city, with its front elevation in the shape of a gigantic chest of drawers. It is located at the south-east edge of the Old Town. Toruń has two cinemas including a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_City_Poland" title="Cinema City Poland">Cinema City</a>, which has over 2,000 seats. </p><p>Over ten major museums document the history of Toruń and the region. Among others, the "House of Kopernik" and the accompanying museum commemorate <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> and his revolutionary work, the university museum reveals the history of the city's academic past. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_(DerHexer)_2010-07-17_026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg/220px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="2695"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg/220px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg/330px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg/440px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_026.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tony_Halik" title="Tony Halik">Tony Halik</a> Travelers' Museum (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzeum_Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCnik%C3%B3w_im._Tony_Halika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzeum Podróżników im. Tony Halika (page does not exist)">Muzeum Podróżników im. Tony Halika</a>) was established in 2003 after <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Dzikowska" title="Elżbieta Dzikowska">Elżbieta Dzikowska</a> donated to citizens of Toruń a collection of objects from various countries and cultures following the death of her husband, famous explorer and writer, Toruń native, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Halik" title="Tony Halik">Tony Halik</a>. It is managed by the <a href="/wiki/District_Museum_in_Toru%C5%84" title="District Museum in Toruń">District Museum in Toruń</a>. </p><p>The Centre of Contemporary Art (<i>Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej</i> - <i>CSW</i>) opened in June 2008 and is one of the most important cultural facilities of this kind in Poland. The modern building is located in the very centre of the city, adjacent to the Old Town. The Toruń Symphonic Orchestra (formerly the Toruń Chamber Orchestra) is well-rooted in the Toruń cultural landscape. </p><p>Toruń is home to a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> (located downtown) and an <a href="/wiki/Piwnice_radio_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Piwnice radio observatory">astronomical observatory</a> (located in nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Piwnice,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Piwnice, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Piwnice</a>). The latter boasts the largest <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescope</a> in Central Europe with a diameter of 32 m (104.99 ft), second only to the <a href="/wiki/Effelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Effelsberg">Effelsberg</a> 100 m (328.08 ft) radio telescope. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/220px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/220px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/330px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg/440px-PL_gingerbread_from_Torun.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread">Toruń gingerbread</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toruń is well known for <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_gingerbread" title="Toruń gingerbread">gingerbread</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Pierniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierniki">piernik</a> often made in elaborate molds. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Toru%C5%84_Gingerbread" title="Museum of Toruń Gingerbread">Museum of Toruń Gingerbread</a> is a large museum dedicated to it.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also several gingerbread workshops in the town that offer hands-on experiences for tourists, including the popular <a href="/wiki/Living_Museum_of_Gingerbread" title="Living Museum of Gingerbread">Living Museum of Gingerbread</a>. The 15-year-old composer <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fryderyk Chopin">Fryderyk Chopin</a> was smitten with Toruń gingerbread when he visited his godfather, <a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Skarbek" title="Fryderyk Skarbek">Fryderyk Skarbek</a>, there in the summer of 1825. </p><p>Toruń is a center of conservative Roman Catholic culture. <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer">Redemptorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Rydzyk" title="Tadeusz Rydzyk">Tadeusz Rydzyk</a> has organized here <a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Trwam" title="Telewizja Trwam">Telewizja Trwam</a>, a college whose students contribute to the mentioned media.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a museum is being constructed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/12999_Toru%C5%84" title="12999 Toruń">12999 Toruń</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> is named after the city. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg/220px-Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg/220px-Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg/330px-Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg/440px-Miasteczko_Uniwersyteckie_w_Toruniu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Miasteczko uniwersyteckie (<i>University City</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 30 elementary and primary schools and over ten high schools make up the educational base of Toruń. Besides these, students can also attend a handful of private schools. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Collegium_Maximum_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg/220px-Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2542"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg/220px-Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg/330px-Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg/440px-Torun_Collegium_Maximum_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Collegium Maximum of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń">Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest institution of higher education in Toruń, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń">Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń</a>, serves over 20,000 students and was founded in 1945, based on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84_Scientific_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toruń Scientific Society (page does not exist)">Toruń Scientific Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory_University_in_Wilno" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory University in Wilno">Stefan Batory University in Wilno</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kazimierz_University_in_Lw%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów (page does not exist)">Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów</a>. The existence of a high-ranked and high-profiled university with so many students plays a great role the city's position and importance in general, as well as in creating an image of Toruń's streets and clubs filled with crowds of young people. It also has a serious influence on local economy. </p><p>Other public institutions of higher education: </p> <ul><li>Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne (a section of the Theological Faculty of the Nicolaus Copernicus University)</li> <li>The Teacher Training College - Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych (affiliated to the Nicolaus Copernicus University)</li> <li>College of Fashion (Kolegium Mody)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warmia_and_Mazury_in_Olsztyn" title="University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn">University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn</a> - Faculty of Geodesy and Land Management Department in Toruń</li> <li>College of Social Work - Kolegium Pracowników Służb Społecznych</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a> - College of Language</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg/220px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg/220px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg/330px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg/440px-I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>I Liceum Ogólnokształcące, one of the oldest high schools in Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also a number of private higher education facilities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WSB_Merito_Universities" title="WSB Merito Universities">WSB Merito Universities</a> - WSB Merito University in Toruń<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The University of Social & Medial Culture in Toruń - Wyższa Szkoła Kultury Społecznej i Medialnej (affiliate to the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja</a>)</li> <li>Toruńska Szkoła Wyższa</li> <li>Wyższa Szkoła Filologii Hebrajskiej (Higher School of Hebrew Philology)</li> <li>Toruń School of Entrepreneurship - Toruńska Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości</li></ul> <p>Also located in Toruń is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high schools</a> in Poland, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Liceum_Og%C3%B3lnokszta%C5%82c%C4%85ce_im._Miko%C5%82aja_Kopernika_w_Toruniu" class="extiw" title="pl:I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu">I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika</a>, which dates back to a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> founded in 1568.<sup id="cite_ref-LO_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LO-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Healthcare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg/220px-Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1607"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg/220px-Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg/330px-Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg/440px-Torun_Skarpa_szpital_dzieciecy_rondo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Municipal children's hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>Six hospitals of various specializations provide medical service for Toruń itself, its surrounding area, and to the region in general. The two largest of these hospitals, recently run by the voivodeship, were to be taken over by Nicolaus Copernicus University and run as its clinical units. At least one of them was to change its status in 2008,. In addition, there are a number of other healthcare facilities in the city. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Press <ul><li>daily newspapers: <a href="/wiki/Nasz_Dziennik" title="Nasz Dziennik">Nasz Dziennik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita" title="Rzeczpospolita">Rzeczpospolita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a> Toruń, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazeta_Pomorska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazeta Pomorska (page does not exist)">Gazeta Pomorska</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowo%C5%9Bci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowości (page does not exist)">Nowości</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro</a></li> <li>Weekly magazines: <a href="/wiki/Niedziela" title="Niedziela">Niedziela</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Toruń (page does not exist)">City Toruń</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teraz_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teraz Toruń (page does not exist)">Teraz Toruń</a></li> <li>Other: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undergrunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undergrunt (page does not exist)">Undergrunt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immuniet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immuniet (page does not exist)">Immuniet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilustrator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilustrator (page does not exist)">Ilustrator</a>, Poza Toruń</li></ul></li> <li>Radio stations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a> Pomorza i Kujaw,</li> <li>Radio ESKA – which plays international hits, along with Polish music</li> <li>Radio GRA</li> <li>Radio ZET Gold</li> <li>Radio Sfera</li> <li>Radio WAWA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMF_FM" title="RMF FM">RMF FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja</a> – a radio station that broadcasts religious observances such as mass and prayer in Polish</li></ul></li> <li>TV stations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TVN_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVN (Poland)">TVN</a>/<a href="/wiki/TVN24" title="TVN24">TVN24</a> – regional office</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVP_Info" title="TVP Info">TVP Info</a> – Oddział w Bydgoszczy, Redakcja Terenowa w Toruniu,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Trwam" title="Telewizja Trwam">Telewizja Trwam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCe_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podróże TV (page does not exist)">Podróże TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Kablowa_Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Telewizja Kablowa Toruń">Telewizja Kablowa Toruń</a></li> <li>Telewizja TAT Studio Region</li> <li>Telewizja Petrus</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadion_unibax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadion_unibax.jpg/220px-Stadion_unibax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadion_unibax.jpg/220px-Stadion_unibax.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadion_unibax.jpg/330px-Stadion_unibax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stadion_unibax.jpg/440px-Stadion_unibax.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MotoArena_Toru%C5%84" title="MotoArena Toruń">Toruń's MotoArena</a> is one of world's newest speedway stadia and the host of the <a href="/wiki/Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Poland" title="Speedway Grand Prix of Poland">Speedway Grand Prix of Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Professional sports teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Trophies </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KS_Toru%C5%84" title="KS Toruń">KS Toruń</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Speedway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekstraliga_(speedway)" title="Ekstraliga (speedway)">Ekstraliga</a> </td> <td>4 Polish Championships </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TKH_Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="TKH Toruń">KS Toruń HSA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polska_Hokej_Liga" title="Polska Hokej Liga">Polska Hokej Liga</a> </td> <td>1 Polish Cup (2005) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twarde_Pierniki_Toru%C5%84" title="Twarde Pierniki Toruń">Twarde Pierniki Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Basketball_League" title="Polish Basketball League">Polish Basketball League</a> </td> <td>1 Polish Cup (<a href="/wiki/2018_Polish_Basketball_Cup" title="2018 Polish Basketball Cup">2018</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katarzynki_Toru%C5%84" title="Katarzynki Toruń">Katarzynki Toruń</a> </td> <td>Women's basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basket_Liga_Kobiet" title="Basket Liga Kobiet">Basket Liga Kobiet</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomorzanin_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomorzanin Toruń (page does not exist)">Pomorzanin Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> </td> <td>Superliga </td> <td>3 Polish Championships </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anio%C5%82y_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anioły Toruń (page does not exist)">Anioły Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's volleyball </td> <td>II liga </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elana_Toru%C5%84" title="Elana Toruń">Elana Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/III_liga" title="III liga">III liga</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomorzanin_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomorzanin Toruń (page does not exist)">Pomorzanin Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IV_liga" title="IV liga">IV liga</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=FC_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FC Toruń (page does not exist)">FC Toruń</a> </td> <td>Men's futsal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa_(futsal)" title="Ekstraklasa (futsal)">Ekstraklasa</a> </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other clubs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_Toru%C5%84" title="Angels Toruń">Angels Toruń</a> – American football – <a href="/wiki/Polish_American_Football_League" title="Polish American Football League">Polish American Football League</a> First Division</li> <li>Nestle-Pacyfic – cycling</li> <li>Toruński Klub Bowlingowy – bowling</li> <li>Budowlani Toruń – volleyball (women premier league in Poland), whose home ground is the Arena Toruń</li> <li>UKS Budowlanka Toruń – volleyball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84ski_KS" class="mw-redirect" title="Toruński KS">Toruński KS</a> – defunct Polish football club, co-founders of the <a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa" title="Ekstraklasa">Polish football league</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/E11_European_long_distance_path" title="E11 European long distance path">E11 European long distance path</a> for hikers passes through Toruń</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <p>Notable residents of Toruń include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_(DerHexer)_2010-07-17_050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg/170px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg/170px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg/255px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg/340px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_050.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń">Nicolaus Copernicus Monument</a> at the Old Market Square (<i>Rynek Staromiejski</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg/250px-Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg/250px-Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg/330px-Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg/340px-Torun_pomnik_Lindego.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Linde" title="Samuel Linde">Samuel Linde</a> Monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg/170px-Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg/170px-Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg/255px-Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg/340px-Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA_Olga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olga_Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA" title="Olga Bołądź">Olga Bołądź</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Buonaccorsi" title="Filippo Buonaccorsi">Filippo Buonaccorsi</a> (1437–1496), Italian humanist, writer, and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (1473–1543), Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasa_of_Sweden" title="Anna Vasa of Sweden">Anna Vasa of Sweden</a> (1568–1625), Polish and Swedish princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Strobel" title="Bartholomeus Strobel">Bartholomeus Strobel</a> (1591–1650), Baroque painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</a> (1755–1830), German physician and anatomist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Linde" title="Samuel Linde">Samuel Linde</a> (1771–1847), linguist, librarian, and lexicographer of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fryderyk_Skarbek" title="Fryderyk Skarbek">Fryderyk Skarbek</a> (1792–1866), economist, novelist, historian, social activist, administrator, politician, and penologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer" title="Zvi Hirsch Kalischer">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a> (1795–1874), rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> (1810–1849), composer and virtuoso pianist of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> period<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Kalischer" title="Salomon Kalischer">Salomon Kalischer</a> (1845–1924), German composer, pianist, and physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Hirschfeld" title="Hartwig Hirschfeld">Hartwig Hirschfeld</a> (1854–1934), British Orientalist, bibliographer, and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Baerwald" title="Moritz Baerwald">Moritz Baerwald</a> (1860–1919), German lawyer and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Wolfthorn" title="Julie Wolfthorn">Julie Wolfthorn</a> (1864–1944), German painter, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Oppenheim" title="Berthold Oppenheim">Berthold Oppenheim</a> (1867–1942), rabbi murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Dziewulski" title="Władysław Dziewulski">Władysław Dziewulski</a> (1878–1962), astronomer and mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Kuna" title="Henryk Kuna">Henryk Kuna</a> (c.1885–1945), sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a> (1887–1982), German conservative reactionary politician and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6ttcher" title="Karl Böttcher">Karl Böttcher</a> (1889–1973), Nazi German general who received the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hinkler" title="Paul Hinkler">Paul Hinkler</a> (1892–1945), prominent member of the Nazi Party, high-ranking Nazi police official</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a> (1893–1970), philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Chill" title="Kurt Chill">Kurt Chill</a> (1895–1976), Nazi German general who received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Jacobi" title="Lotte Jacobi">Lotte Jacobi</a> (1896–1990), American portrait photographer and photojournalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Finger" title="Arthur Finger">Arthur Finger</a> (1898–1945), Nazi German general who received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Zawacka" title="Elżbieta Zawacka">Elżbieta Zawacka</a> (1909–2009), university professor, scouting instructor, SOE agent, and a freedom fighter during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Walter_Zech%E2%80%90Nenntwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Walter Zech‐Nenntwich">Hans Walter Zech‐Nenntwich</a> (1916–after 1964), member of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>, convicted of mass killings of 5,200 Jews while with the <a href="/wiki/SS_Cavalry_Brigade" title="SS Cavalry Brigade">SS Cavalry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Sternberg" title="Rudy Sternberg">Rudy Sternberg</a>, Baron Plurenden (1917–1978), British industrialist and farmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Halik" title="Tony Halik">Tony Halik</a> (1921–1998), film operator, documentary filmmaker, travel writer, traveller, explorer, and polyglot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Serocki" title="Kazimierz Serocki">Kazimierz Serocki</a> (1922–1981), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sobolewski" title="Sigmund Sobolewski">Sigmund Sobolewski</a> (1923–2017), Catholic Holocaust survivor, opponent of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> (born 1946), astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Linda" title="Bogusław Linda">Bogusław Linda</a> (born 1952), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Zaleski" title="Michał Zaleski">Michał Zaleski</a> (born 1952), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_Rapp%C3%A9" title="Jadwiga Rappé">Jadwiga Rappé</a> (born 1952), operatic contralto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Fydrych" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldemar Fydrych">Waldemar Fydrych</a> (born 1953), Polish activist, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Wenderlich" title="Jerzy Wenderlich">Jerzy Wenderlich</a> (born 1954), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Scheuring-Wielgus" title="Joanna Scheuring-Wielgus">Joanna Scheuring-Wielgus</a> (born 1972), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_G%C5%82owacki" title="Piotr Głowacki">Piotr Głowacki</a> (born 1980), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Wasilewski" title="Tomasz Wasilewski">Tomasz Wasilewski</a> (born 1980), film director and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Bo%C5%82%C4%85d%C5%BA" title="Olga Bołądź">Olga Bołądź</a> (born 1984), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kubicki" title="Adrian Kubicki">Adrian Kubicki</a> (born 1987), <a href="/wiki/Polish_Consulate_General,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Consulate General, New York City">Consul General of the Republic of Poland in New York City</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg/170px-Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg/170px-Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg/255px-Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg/340px-Katarzyna_Zillmann_-_Polish_rower_on_water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_Zillmann" title="Katarzyna Zillmann">Katarzyna Zillmann</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_T%C3%BCmmler" title="Bodo Tümmler">Bodo Tümmler</a> (born 1943), German Olympic middle-distance runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Weyna" title="Teresa Weyna">Teresa Weyna</a> (born 1950), ice dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Warczachowski" title="Tomasz Warczachowski">Tomasz Warczachowski</a> (born 1974), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Go%C5%82a%C5%9B" title="Michał Gołaś">Michał Gołaś</a> (born 1984), road bicycle racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Waczy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Waczyński">Adam Waczyński</a> (born 1989), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski" title="Michał Kwiatkowski">Michał Kwiatkowski</a> (born 1990), road bicycle racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_%C5%81yczbi%C5%84ska" title="Hanna Łyczbińska">Hanna Łyczbińska</a> (born 1990), Olympic fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyna_Jeli%C5%84ska" title="Martyna Jelińska">Martyna Jelińska</a> (born 1992), Olympic fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarzyna_Zillmann" title="Katarzyna Zillmann">Katarzyna Zillmann</a> (born 1995), Olympic rower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Piotrowski" title="Jakub Piotrowski">Jakub Piotrowski</a> (born 1997), footballer</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <p>Honouring Toruń's sister relationship with <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, the Bulwar Filadelfijski (<i>Philadelphia Boulevard</i>), a 2 km (1.2 mi) long street running mostly between Vistula River and walls of the Old Town and the boulevard itself, bears its name. The Ślimak Getyński is one of the lanes connecting Piłsudski Bridge / John Paul II Avenue with Philadelphia Boulevard at their downtown interchange. It honours the relationship with Göttingen, its name derived from the street's half-circular shape (Polish word <i>ślimak</i> meaning "snail"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg/170px-Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg/170px-Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg/255px-Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg/340px-Tablice_miast_partnerskich_na_budynku_urz%C4%99du_miasta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Toruń's <a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">twin cities</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toruń is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, since 1977<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, since 1978<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><noscript><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Netherlands" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, since 1988<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><noscript><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="Finland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4meenlinna" title="Hämeenlinna">Hämeenlinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, since 1989<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><noscript><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovakia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cadca" title="Čadca">Čadca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, since 1996<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, since 2003<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twin_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twin-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><noscript><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Novo_Mesto" title="Novo Mesto">Novo Mesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, since 2005<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, since 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, since 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_twinnings_80-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84_twinnings-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Former twin towns: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia (since 1995 until 2022, terminated due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Town Hall"><noscript><img alt="Old Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg/310px-Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1208"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 207px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg/310px-Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg" data-alt="Old Town Hall" data-width="207" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg/464px-Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg/619px-Torun_ratusz_corr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Town Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House Under the Star"><noscript><img alt="House Under the Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg/114px-Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="4027"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg/114px-Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg" data-alt="House Under the Star" data-width="76" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg/171px-Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg/228px-Torun_apartment_house_under_the_star2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House Under the Star</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Spirit Church"><noscript><img alt="Holy Spirit Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg/280px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg/280px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg" data-alt="Holy Spirit Church" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg/420px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg/560px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Aw._Ducha.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Spirit Church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artus Court"><noscript><img alt="Artus Court" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg/157px-Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg/157px-Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg" data-alt="Artus Court" data-width="105" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg/236px-Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg/315px-Artus_Court_in_Toru%C5%84_in_National_Day_decoration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artus Court</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_ul._Piekary_35,_37,_39_(OLA_Z.).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Caesar's Arch Tenement House"><noscript><img alt="Caesar's Arch Tenement House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/124px-Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2423" data-file-height="4093"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/124px-Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG" data-alt="Caesar's Arch Tenement House" data-width="83" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/186px-Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG/248px-Toru%C5%84%2C_ul._Piekary_35%2C_37%2C_39_%28OLA_Z.%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caesar's Arch Tenement House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brama Klasztorna (Convent Gate)"><noscript><img alt="Brama Klasztorna (Convent Gate)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg/157px-Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg/157px-Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg" data-alt="Brama Klasztorna (Convent Gate)" data-width="105" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg/236px-Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg/315px-Convent_Gate_in_Toru%C5%84_side.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Brama Klasztorna</i> (Convent Gate)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Catherine of Alexandria church"><noscript><img alt="Saint Catherine of Alexandria church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg/280px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg/280px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg" data-alt="Saint Catherine of Alexandria church" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg/420px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg/560px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Katarzyny_w_Toruniu44.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Catherine of Alexandria church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street"><noscript><img alt="Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG/320px-Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2656"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG/320px-Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG" data-alt="Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street" data-width="214" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG/479px-Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG/639px-Toru%C5%84%2C_kamienice_przy_ul._Warszawskiej.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_(01).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Police Station Building"><noscript><img alt="Former Police Station Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG/263px-10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="2235"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 176px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG/263px-10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG" data-alt="Former Police Station Building" data-width="176" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG/394px-10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG/526px-10_Wa%C5%82y_Genera%C5%82a_Sikorskiego_in_Toru%C5%84_%2801%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Police Station Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia,_Toru%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City tram line"><noscript><img alt="City tram line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg/280px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg/280px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg" data-alt="City tram line" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg/420px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg/560px-W%C4%99ze%C5%82_przesiadkowy_na_Placu_18._Stycznia%2C_Toru%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Trams in Toruń">City tram line</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Post Office"><noscript><img alt="Main Post Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg/315px-Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg/315px-Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg" data-alt="Main Post Office" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg/473px-Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg/630px-Toru%C5%84_-_Poczta_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main Post Office</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baj Pomorski Theatre"><noscript><img alt="Baj Pomorski Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg/280px-Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg/280px-Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg" data-alt="Baj Pomorski Theatre" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg/420px-Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg/560px-Toru%C5%84_Teatr_Baj_Pomorski.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baj_Pomorski_Theatre" title="Baj Pomorski Theatre">Baj Pomorski Theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84,_Szeroka_Street_(DerHexer)_2010-07-17_053.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Szeroka Street"><noscript><img alt="Szeroka Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg/316px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg/316px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg" data-alt="Szeroka Street" data-width="211" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg/475px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg/633px-Toru%C5%84%2C_Szeroka_Street_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_053.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Szeroka Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to the victims of Intelligenzaktion Pommern"><noscript><img alt="Memorial to the victims of Intelligenzaktion Pommern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg/118px-Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg/118px-Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg" data-alt="Memorial to the victims of Intelligenzaktion Pommern" data-width="79" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg/177px-Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg/236px-Pomnik_Ofiar_Zbrodni_Pomorskiej_1939_w_Toruniu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to the victims of <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion_Pommern" title="Intelligenzaktion Pommern">Intelligenzaktion Pommern</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_(DerHexer)_2010-07-17_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University"><noscript><img alt="Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg/296px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 198px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg/296px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg" data-alt="Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University" data-width="198" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg/444px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg/592px-Toru%C5%84_%28DerHexer%29_2010-07-17_024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_(15534603971).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City panorama"><noscript><img alt="City panorama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg/288px-Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4507" data-file-height="3288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg/288px-Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg" data-alt="City panorama" data-width="192" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg/432px-Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg/576px-Torun_%2815534603971%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City panorama</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dybów Castle"><noscript><img alt="Dybów Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg/315px-Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg/315px-Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg" data-alt="Dybów Castle" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg/473px-Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg/630px-Torun_zamek_Dybow_brama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dyb%C3%B3w_Castle" title="Dybów Castle">Dybów Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spichrze,_piekary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old granaries in the Old Town"><noscript><img alt="Old granaries in the Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg/315px-Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2208"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg/315px-Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg" data-alt="Old granaries in the Old Town" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg/473px-Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg/630px-Spichrze%2C_piekary.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old granaries in the Old Town</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diocesan Museum"><noscript><img alt="Diocesan Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg/139px-Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="3360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg/139px-Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg" data-alt="Diocesan Museum" data-width="93" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg/208px-Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg/278px-Toru%C5%84_%C5%BBeglarska_7_Muzeum_Diecezjalne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diocesan Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tony Halik Travelers' Museum"><noscript><img alt="Tony Halik Travelers' Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg/140px-Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="4700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg/140px-Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg" data-alt="Tony Halik Travelers' Museum" data-width="94" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg/210px-Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg/280px-Torun_Muzeum_Podroznikow_Franciszkanska.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Halik" title="Tony Halik">Tony Halik</a> Travelers' Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_most_Zawackiej_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. Elżbieta Zawacka Bridge"><noscript><img alt="Gen. Elżbieta Zawacka Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg/315px-Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="3642"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg/315px-Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg" data-alt="Gen. Elżbieta Zawacka Bridge" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg/473px-Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg/630px-Torun_most_Zawackiej_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gen. <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Zawacka" title="Elżbieta Zawacka">Elżbieta Zawacka</a> Bridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Józef Piłsudski Bridge over the Vistula River"><noscript><img alt="Józef Piłsudski Bridge over the Vistula River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg/315px-Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg/315px-Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg" data-alt="Józef Piłsudski Bridge over the Vistula River" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg/473px-Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg/630px-Most_Pi%C5%82sudskiego_s3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> Bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_areszt_sledczy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic prison building"><noscript><img alt="Historic prison building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg/280px-Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2201"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg/280px-Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="Historic prison building" data-width="187" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg/420px-Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg/560px-Torun_areszt_sledczy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historic prison building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Mary's Church"><noscript><img alt="St. Mary's Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg/157px-Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="2222"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg/157px-Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg" data-alt="St. Mary's Church" data-width="105" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg/236px-Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg/314px-Torun_NMP_witraz_prezbiterium_wsch_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Mary's Church</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li>Thorn (Toruń) is one of the starting towns of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a> in the turn-based strategy game <i><a href="/wiki/Medieval_II:_Total_War:_Kingdoms#Teutonic_campaign" title="Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms">Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Toruń also makes an appearance in the alternate history RTS <a href="/wiki/Command_and_Conquer:_Red_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and Conquer: Red Alert">Command and Conquer: Red Alert</a>; in the Soviet campaign of the game, the player is tasked on liquidating the city's inhabitants after the Soviet leadership discover resistance fighters had aided escaped test subjects.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="20" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Poland" title="Tourism in Poland">Tourism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingerbread Museum">Gingerbread Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Russians in Toruń">Russians in Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Ukrainians in Toruń">Ukrainians in Toruń</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Pronunciation: <ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>),<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Toruń_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toru%C5%84-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈtɔruɲ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/Pl-Toru%C5%84.ogg\/Pl-Toru%C5%84.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Toru\u0144.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Pl-Toru%C5%84.ogg/Pl-Toru%C5%84.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Toru%C5%84.ogg" title="File:Pl-Toruń.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Thorn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtoːɐ̯n]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/De-Thorn.oga\/De-Thorn.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Thorn.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/De-Thorn.oga/De-Thorn.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Thorn.oga" title="File:De-Thorn.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Thorunium</i>, <i>Thorunia</i></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka">"Local Data Bank"</a>. Statistics Poland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Data+Bank&rft.pub=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fteryt%2Fjednostka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span> Data for territorial unit 0463000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nama_10r_3gdp/default/table">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+NUTS+3+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fnama_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19940500422">Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii.</a>, M.P., 1994, vol. 50, No. 422 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826135114/https://www.dictionary.com/">"Toruń"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Toru%C5%84">the original</a> on 26 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toru%C5%84&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FToru%25C5%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Torun" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Torun">"Torun"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torun&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DTorun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toruń-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/torun">"Toruń"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Toru%C5%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftorun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Toru%C5%84">"Toruń"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Toru%C5%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FToru%25C5%2584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TERYT-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TERYT_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eteryt.stat.gov.pl/eTeryt/rejestr_teryt/udostepnianie_danych/baza_teryt/uzytkownicy_indywidualni/wyszukiwanie/wyszukiwanie.aspx?contrast=default">"Główny Urząd Statystyczny"</a> [Central Statistical Office] (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feteryt.stat.gov.pl%2FeTeryt%2Frejestr_teryt%2Fudostepnianie_danych%2Fbaza_teryt%2Fuzytkownicy_indywidualni%2Fwyszukiwanie%2Fwyszukiwanie.aspx%3Fcontrast%3Ddefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span> Select Miejscowości (SIMC) tab, select fragment (min. 3 znaki), enter town name in the field below, click WYSZUKAJ (Search)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torun.pl/en/kultura/history-torun">"History of Toruń"</a>. <i>www.torun.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.torun.pl&rft.atitle=History+of+Toru%C5%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torun.pl%2Fen%2Fkultura%2Fhistory-torun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Bogucka, <i>Miasto i mieszczanin w społeczeństwie Polski nowożytnej XVI-XVIII w.</i>, Warsaw 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inh_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inh_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowahistoria.interia.pl/drogi-do-wolnosci/news-torun-stolica-polski-przez-trzy-tygodnie,nId,2946535">"Toruń stolicą Polski? Przez trzy tygodnie"</a>. <i>Interia Nowa Historia</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interia+Nowa+Historia&rft.atitle=Toru%C5%84+stolic%C4%85+Polski%3F+Przez+trzy+tygodnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowahistoria.interia.pl%2Fdrogi-do-wolnosci%2Fnews-torun-stolica-polski-przez-trzy-tygodnie%2CnId%2C2946535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevelopment" class="citation web cs1">Development, JW Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visittorun.pl/">"VisitTorun: Torun Guide - Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VisitTorun%3A+Torun+Guide+-+Home&rft.aulast=Development&rft.aufirst=JW+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visittorun.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbnews.pl/jakosc-zycia-w-polskich-miastach-ranking/">"Jakość życia w polskich miastach - ranking - Urbnews.pl"</a>. 2 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jako%C5%9B%C4%87+%C5%BCycia+w+polskich+miastach+-+ranking+-+Urbnews.pl&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbnews.pl%2Fjakosc-zycia-w-polskich-miastach-ranking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziejba.org/strony/english/summary.htm">Hypothetical reconstruction of a Lusatian culture settlement, built using bronze age tools: Wola Radziszowska, Poland</a>, part of a study by scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>'s Institute of Archaeology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWN-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PWN_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019152838/http://torun.pl/portal/index.php?strona=zw_krzy">"Krzyżacy - założyciele Torunia" (Teutonic Knights — the founders of Thorn).</a> (Internet Archive) Urząd Miasta Torunia. "The foundation charter for Thorn was signed on 28 December 1233 by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Hermann von Salza and the National Master for Prussia and the Slavonic Lands Hermann Balka. In that way Thorn was founded by the Teutonic Order and managed by the Knights until 1454." Retrieved 16 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historischcompa00tpgoog/page/n186">Max Töppen <i>Historisch-comparative Geographie von Preussen: Nach den Quellen, namentlich auch archivalischen</i></a>, J. Perthes, 1858; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historischcompa00tpgoog">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (2005). <i>God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795</i>. 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Kraków: <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Uniwersytet Jagielloński</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Jagiello%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteka Jagiellońska">Biblioteka Jagiellońska</a>. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niemiecka+polityka+eksterminacji+i+germanizacji+polskich+dzieci+w+czasie+II+wojny+%C5%9Bwiatowej&rft.btitle=Zbrodnia+bez+kary...+Eksterminacja+i+cierpienie+polskich+dzieci+pod+okupacj%C4%85+niemieck%C4%85+%281939%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski%2C+Biblioteka+Jagiello%C5%84ska&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kostkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Janina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turystyka.torun.pl/art/314/herb-flaga-hejnal-torunia.html">"Herb, flaga, hejnał Torunia - Atrakcje Torunia. Przewodnik po Toruniu"</a>. <i>www.turystyka.torun.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor, Griffith Wagner, A. Ward, Robert DeC. Wegener (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1936.pdf"><i>Handbuch der Klimatologie. Das geographische System der Klimate</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+%2812250%29+-+WMO+Weather+Station&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FPL%2F12250.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAATorun">Archived</a> 27 December 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powiaty.torun.com.pl:80/torun/pol/srodowisko.htm">"Środowisko geograficzno-przyrodnicze"</a>. Powiat Toruński. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808034050/http://www.powiaty.torun.com.pl/torun/pol/srodowisko.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%9Arodowisko+geograficzno-przyrodnicze&rft.pub=Powiat+Toru%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powiaty.torun.com.pl%3A80%2Ftorun%2Fpol%2Fsrodowisko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtavg-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtavg_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE">the original</a> on 3 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+dobowa+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTSR_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmin_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE">the original</a> on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+minimalna+temperatura+powietrza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FTMIN_AVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWtmax-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWtmax_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">"Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE">the original</a> on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA">the original</a> on 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=Liczba+dni+z+pokryw%C4%85+%C5%9Bnie%C5%BCna+%3E+0+cm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FSNIEG_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMGWsun-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMGWsun_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)"</a>. <i>Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020</i> (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL">the original</a> on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Normy+klimatyczne+1991-2020&rft.atitle=%C5%9Arednia+suma+us%C5%82onecznienia+%28h%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklimat.imgw.pl%2Fpl%2Fclimate-normals%2FUSL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordhigh-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recordhigh_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353180250&par=tmax&max_empty=3">"Toruń Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+Absolutna+temperatura+maksymalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D353180250%26par%3Dtmax%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordlow-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recordlow_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353180250&par=tmin&max_empty=3">"Toruń Absolutna temperatura minimalna"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+Absolutna+temperatura+minimalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D353180250%26par%3Dtmin%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativehumidity-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-relativehumidity_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=353180250&par=rh&max_empty=3">"Toruń Średnia wilgotność"</a> (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+%C5%9Arednia+wilgotno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D353180250%26par%3Drh%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Torun">"Toruń (Kujawsko-pomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+%28Kujawsko-pomorskie%29+%C2%BB+mapy%2C+nieruchomo%C5%9Bci%2C+GUS%2C+noclegi%2C+szko%C5%82y%2C+regon%2C+atrakcje%2C+kody+pocztowe%2C+wypadki+drogowe%2C+bezrobocie%2C+wynagrodzenie%2C+zarobki%2C+tabele%2C+edukacja%2C+demografia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskawliczbach.pl%2FTorun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf">"Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+and+occupational+structure+and+housing+conditions+of+the+urban+population+in+1978-1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2FRQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/">"Statistics Poland - National Censuses"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Poland+-+National+Censuses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2Fbdl%2Fdane%2Fpodgrup%2Ftemat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Torun">"Toruń (Kujawsko-pomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toru%C5%84+%28Kujawsko-pomorskie%29+%C2%BB+mapy%2C+nieruchomo%C5%9Bci%2C+GUS%2C+noclegi%2C+szko%C5%82y%2C+regon%2C+atrakcje%2C+kody+pocztowe%2C+wypadki+drogowe%2C+bezrobocie%2C+wynagrodzenie%2C+zarobki%2C+tabele%2C+edukacja%2C+demografia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskawliczbach.pl%2FTorun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camerimage.pl/en/o-nas/">"About Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430211523/https://camerimage.pl/en/o-nas/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Alec+Baldwin+Western+%27Rust%27+To+Debut+At+Poland%27s+Camerimage+Film+Festival&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft.aulast=Ntim&rft.aufirst=Zac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F10%2Falec-baldwin-rust-halyna-hutchins-camerimage-film-festival-poland-2024-1236106047%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kopernik.com.pl/en/33/dzial_muzeum_torunskiego_piernika.html">"The Museum of Toruń Gingerbread"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tvp+Bydgoszcz&rft.pub=Ww6.tvp.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww6.tvp.pl%2F6490%2C20060910393179.strona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClerke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Mary_Clerke" title="Agnes Mary Clerke">Clerke, Agnes Mary</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Copernicus, Nicolaus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Copernicus,_Nicolaus">"Copernicus, Nicolaus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copernicus%2C+Nicolaus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clerke&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chopin, Frederic François"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chopin,_Frederic_Fran%C3%A7ois">"Chopin, Frederic François" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chopin%2C+Frederic+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=268&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/usa-en/consul-general-new-york">"Consul General in New York - Poland in US"</a>. <i>Poland in US - Gov.pl website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland+in+US+-+Gov.pl+website&rft.atitle=Consul+General+in+New+York+-+Poland+in+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fusa-en%2Fconsul-general-new-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toruń_twinnings-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toru%C5%84_twinnings_80-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torun.pl/pl/node/1700">"Miasta bliźniacze Torunia"</a> [Toruń's twin towns]. <i>Urząd Miasta Torunia [City of Toruń Council]</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urz%C4%85d+Miasta+Torunia+%5BCity+of+Toru%C5%84+Council%5D&rft.atitle=Miasta+bli%C5%BAniacze+Torunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torun.pl%2Fpl%2Fnode%2F1700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twin-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twin_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603030740/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/heritage-twintowns">"Heritage Twin Towns"</a>. 2003-2009 Swindon Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swindon.gov.uk/heritage-twintowns">the original</a> on 3 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=2003-2009+Swindon+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swindon.gov.uk%2Fheritage-twintowns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408023845/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/yourcouncil/heritage-twintowns/heritage-torun.htm">"Torun - Twin Town in Poland"</a>. swindon.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swindon.gov.uk/yourcouncil/heritage-twintowns/heritage-torun.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torun+-+Twin+Town+in+Poland&rft.pub=swindon.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swindon.gov.uk%2Fyourcouncil%2Fheritage-twintowns%2Fheritage-torun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/polityka-i-spoleczenstwo/radni-torunia-zerwali-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-miastem-choc-prezydent-byl-przeciwny,357795.html">"Radni Torunia zerwali współpracę z rosyjskim miastem, choć prezydent był przeciwny"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radni+Torunia+zerwali+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82prac%C4%99+z+rosyjskim+miastem%2C+cho%C4%87+prezydent+by%C5%82+przeciwny&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalsamorzadowy.pl%2Fpolityka-i-spoleczenstwo%2Fradni-torunia-zerwali-wspolprace-z-rosyjskim-miastem-choc-prezydent-byl-przeciwny%2C357795.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.totalwar.com/w/The_Teutonic_Order_(M2TW-K-TC_faction)">"The Teutonic Order (M2TW-K-TC faction)"</a>. <i>wiki.totalwar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.totalwar.com&rft.atitle=The+Teutonic+Order+%28M2TW-K-TC+faction%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.totalwar.com%2Fw%2FThe_Teutonic_Order_%28M2TW-K-TC_faction%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToru%C5%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(21)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-21 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-21"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" class="extiw" title="commons:Toruń"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Toruń</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Thorn_(town)" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Thorn (town)">Thorn (town)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416043512/http://www.torun.pl/portal/index.php?lang=en">Municipal website</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Torun#Q47554" class="extiw" title="voy:Torun">Torun</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toruń&oldid=1277343358">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toruń&oldid=1277343358</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Toru%C5%84&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Marcin 303" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1740365468"> <span>Last edited on 24 February 2025, at 02:51</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تورون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun" title="Torun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ترونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Торун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Торун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84_(munisipyo)" title="Toruń (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Toruń (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%88" title="Toruň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toruň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Τόρουν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόρουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%BAn" title="Torún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A3%AC" title="토룬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토룬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թորուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טורון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტორუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტორუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C5%84" title="Torń – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Torń" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorunium" title="Thorunium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thorunium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%86a" title="Toruņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toruņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun%C4%97" title="Torunė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Torunė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%9A" title="Торуњ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Торуњ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტორუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტორუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="تورون (تجمع سكان فى محافظه كويافيا-بوميرانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تورون (تجمع سكان فى محافظه كويافيا-بوميرانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun" title="Torun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Torun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="トルン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="تورون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تورون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn" title="Thorn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thorn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun" title="Torun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Torun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%88" title="Toruň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toruň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torunj" title="Torunj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Torunj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="تۆرون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆرون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%9A" title="Торуњ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Торуњ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D" title="ตอรุญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตอรุญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Торунь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торунь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تورینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تورینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun%27" title="Torun' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Torun'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toruń" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E4%BC%A6" title="托伦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%80%AB" title="托倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="托倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torun" title="Torun – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Torun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E4%BC%A6" title="托伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" 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