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Saadaval 99 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="إميل دوركايم – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إميل دوركايم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_D%C3%BCrkheym" title="Emil Dürkheym – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emil Dürkheym" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85" title="امیل دورکیم – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="امیل دورکیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE" title="এমিল দ্যুর্কাইম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এমিল দ্যুর্কাইম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" title="Emile Durkheim – bandžari" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Emile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="bandžari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Эміль Дзюркгейм – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эміль Дзюркгейм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Емил Дюркем – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емил Дюркем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Εμίλ Ντιρκέμ – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμίλ Ντιρκέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Эмиль Дюркгейм – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эмиль Дюркгейм" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85" title="امیل دورکیم – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امیل دورکیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" title="Emile Durkheim – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Emile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – friuuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE" title="એમિલ દર્ખેમ – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એમિલ દર્ખેમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%EB%92%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%BC%90" title="에밀 뒤르켐 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에밀 뒤르켐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4" title="Էմիլ Դյուրկհայմ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էմիլ Դյուրկհայմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="इमाईल दुर्खीम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इमाईल दुर्खीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אמיל דורקהיים – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמיל דורקהיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಏಮೀಲ್ ಡರ್ಕ್‍ಹೈಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಮೀಲ್ ಡರ್ಕ್‍ಹೈಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ემილ დიურკემი – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემილ დიურკემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Эмиль Дюркгейм – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмиль Дюркгейм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Эмиль Дюркгейм – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эмиль Дюркгейм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Durkheim" title="Aemilius Durkheim – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aemilius Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C4%ABls_Dirkems" title="Emīls Dirkems – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emīls Dirkems" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Емил Диркем – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емил Диркем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82" title="എമിലി ദുർക്കെയിം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എമിലി ദുർക്കെയിം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ემილ დიურკჰაიმი – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემილ დიურკჰაიმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="اميل دوركايم – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اميل دوركايم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Эмиль Дюркгейм – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эмиль Дюркгейм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="エミール・デュルケーム – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エミール・デュルケーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE" title="ਏਮੀਲ ਦੁਰਖਿਮ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਮੀਲ ਦੁਰਖਿਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85" title="اميل دورخيم – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اميل دورخيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дюркгейм, Эмиль – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дюркгейм, Эмиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="एमील डर्खीम – sanskriti" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एमील डर्खीम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskriti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Dyrkhemi" title="Emil Dyrkhemi – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emil Dyrkhemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="එමිල් ඩුර්කයිම් – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එමිල් ඩුර්කයිම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ئێمیل دورکایم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێمیل دورکایم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Емил Диркем – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емил Диркем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imil_Durkaym" title="Imil Durkaym – šilha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imil Durkaym" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எமில் டேர்க்கேம் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எமில் டேர்க்கேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%82" title="ఎమైల్ దుర్క్ హైం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎమైల్ దుర్క్ హైం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="เอมีล ดูร์กายม์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอมีล ดูร์กายม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Еміль Дюркгайм – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еміль Дюркгайм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – volapüki" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapüki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" title="埃米尔·涂尔干 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃米尔·涂尔干" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Émile Durkheim" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BD%8C%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9" title="艾彌爾·涂爾幹 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾彌爾·涂爾幹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C4%97lis_Dorheims" title="Emėlis Dorheims – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Emėlis Dorheims" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" title="埃米尔·涂尔干 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃米尔·涂尔干" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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accesskey="h"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tööriistad" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tööriistad</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tööriistad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Erilehek%C3%BCljed" title="Erilehekülgede loend [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Erileheküljed</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&oldid=6312395" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6347534">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox.sisterproject{width:20em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.standard-talk{border:1px solid 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th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}</style></div><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Émile Durkheim</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg/220px-%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg/330px-%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg/440px-%C3%89mile_Durkheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sünniaeg</th><td> 15. aprill 1858<br /><span class="birthplace">Épinal</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Surmaaeg</th><td> 15. november 1917 (59-aastaselt)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pariis" title="Pariis">Pariis</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Alma mater</th><td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5492022">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Amet</th><td class="role"> <a href="/wiki/Sotsioloog" title="Sotsioloog">sotsioloog</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Töökoht</th><td class="org"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5492022"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariisi_%C3%9Clikool" title="Pariisi Ülikool">Pariisi Ülikool</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_pratique_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes" title="École pratique des hautes études">École pratique des hautes études</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15948" class="extiw" title="d:Q15948">muuda Wikidatas</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Émile Durkheim</b> (<a href="/wiki/15._aprill" title="15. aprill">15. aprill</a> <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89pinal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Épinal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Épinal</a> – <a href="/wiki/13._september" title="13. september">13. september</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> <a href="/wiki/Pariis" title="Pariis">Pariis</a>) oli <a href="/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa">prantsuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia">sotsioloog</a>. Tema tööd on kõige enam mõjutanud nüüdisaegset <a href="/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia">sotsioloogiat</a> ja panid aluse kaasaegsele sotsioloogilisele teooriale. Sotsioloogiast sai uus <a href="/wiki/Teadus" title="Teadus">teadus</a>, mille probleeme ja küsimusi saab lahti mõtestada <a href="/wiki/Empiiriline" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiiriline">empiirilisel</a> teel. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a>.aastal sai Durkheimist <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>’ ülikoolis sotsioloogia kateedri juhataja ning oli esimene, kes asus sotsioloogiat õpetama kui iseseisvat ainet. Sotsioloogia ei leidnud kohe poolehoidu. <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a>. aastal asutas sotsioloogia aastaraamatu "<i>Année sociologique</i>", mis oli esimene sotsiaalteaduslik <a href="/wiki/Ajakiri" title="Ajakiri">ajakiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa">Prantsusmaal</a>. Aastaraamatus ilmusid ka Durkheimi peamised tööd "Ühiskondlikust tööjaotusest", "Sotsioloogia meetodi reeglid", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enesetapp_(raamat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enesetapp (raamat) (pole veel kirjutatud)">Enesetapp</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usuelu_algvormid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usuelu algvormid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Usuelu algvormid</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tööd"><span id="T.C3.B6.C3.B6d"></span>Tööd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Tööd"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Tööd" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durkheimi sotsioloogia teooriad väljendasid optimistlikku nägemust inimese <a href="/wiki/Eneseteostus" title="Eneseteostus">eneseteostuse</a> võimalustest õigesti korraldatud ühiskonnas. Durkheimi sotsiologism – sotsioloogia teoreetilised printsiibid ja metodoloogia. </p><p>Kaks aspekti: </p> <ol><li>Ontoloogiline: sotsiaalne reaalsus on üleüldises universaalses korras, samas iseseisev</li> <li>Metodoloogiline: sotsioloogia on iseseisev teadus omaenda metodoloogiliste vahenditega ja sõltumatu teistest teadustest.</li></ol> <p>Durkheim jagab ühiskonnad kaheks: </p> <ol><li>traditsioonilised ühiskonnad – individuaalsed erinevused on väikesed, ühised ideed on intensiivsemad ja arvukamad kui individuaalsed, ühiskonnaliikmed pühenduvad ühisele eesmärgile. See solidaarsus saab kasvada ainult isiksuse vähenemise arvelt. See on mehaaniline solidaarsus.</li> <li>kaasaegsed ühiskonnad – inimesed spetsialiseeruvad, tekib tugev tööjaotus. Kuigi indiviididel on vähe ühist, sõltuvad nad üksteisest siiski rohkem kui mehaanilise solidaarsuse korral. Sõltuvuse tõttu tekib orgaaniline solidaarsus. Ühiseid uskumusi on vähem.</li></ol> <p>Ühiskonnas on <a href="/wiki/Integratsioon" class="mw-redirect" title="Integratsioon">integratsioon</a> ehk side. Mida suurem see side on, seda tugevam on indiviidide sotsiaalne ja psühholoogiline turvatunne (nt leevendab frustratsiooni). Mida tugevam turvatunne, seda väiksem enesetappude arv. Vallalistel rohkem suitsiide, naistel vähem kui meestel, <a href="/wiki/Katoliiklane" class="mw-redirect" title="Katoliiklane">katoliiklastel</a> vähem kui <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">protestantidel</a>, suvel rohkem kui <a href="/wiki/Talv" title="Talv">talvel</a>. Kui välised <a href="/wiki/Sotsiaalne_norm" title="Sotsiaalne norm">normid</a> liialt nõrgad või liialt tugevad, siis rohkem suitsiide. Samas <a href="/wiki/Vaesus" title="Vaesus">vaesus</a> kaitseb <a href="/wiki/Enesetapp" title="Enesetapp">suitsiidide</a> eest, kuna on oma olemuselt piirav. </p><p>Kiire muutus võib kaasa tuua <a href="/wiki/Anoomia" title="Anoomia">anoomia</a>, näiteks ülenev <a href="/wiki/Sotsiaalne_mobiilsus" title="Sotsiaalne mobiilsus">sotsiaalne mobiilsus</a>. Anoomia on kahjulik nii üksikindiviidile kui ka ühiskonnale tervikuna. </p> <ul><li><i>The Division of Labor in Society</i>, (1893) The Free Press reprint 1997, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0684836386" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-83638-6</a></li> <li><i>Rules of Sociological Method</i>, (1895) The Free Press 1982, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0029079403" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-02-907940-3</a></li> <li><i>Suicide</i>, (1897), The Free Press reprint 1997, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0684836327" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-684-83632-7</a></li> <li><i>The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life</i>, (1912)</li> <li><i>Serge Moscovici: <a href="/wiki/Jumalate_loomise_mehhanism:_sotsioloogia_ja_ps%C3%BChholoogia" title="Jumalate loomise mehhanism: sotsioloogia ja psühholoogia">Jumalate loomise mehhanism: sotsioloogia ja psühholoogia, (1988/2022)</a></i></li> <li><i>Professional Ethics and Civic Morals</i>, (1955)</li> <li>Steven Lukes: <i>Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, a Historical and Critical Study.</i> Stanford University Press, 1985.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Émile_Durkheim&oldid=6312395">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Émile_Durkheim&oldid=6312395</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Prantsusmaa_sotsioloogid" title="Kategooria:Prantsusmaa sotsioloogid">Prantsusmaa sotsioloogid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:S%C3%BCndinud_1858" title="Kategooria:Sündinud 1858">Sündinud 1858</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Surnud_1917" title="Kategooria:Surnud 1917">Surnud 1917</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:ISBN-v%C3%B5lulingiga_lehek%C3%BCljed" title="Kategooria:ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed">ISBN-võlulingiga leheküljed</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 15:58, 1. veebruar 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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