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</head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fotografi rootpage-Fotografi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Fotografi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Fotografi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Fotografi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Fotografi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_Fotografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_Fotografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah Fotografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_Fotografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_kamera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_kamera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jenis kamera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis_kamera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium_foto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium_foto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medium foto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium_foto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemimpin_dunia_dan_tokoh_lainnya_dalam_fotografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemimpin_dunia_dan_tokoh_lainnya_dalam_fotografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pemimpin dunia dan tokoh lainnya dalam fotografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemimpin_dunia_dan_tokoh_lainnya_dalam_fotografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokoh_Fotografi_(Jurnalistik)_di_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokoh_Fotografi_(Jurnalistik)_di_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tokoh Fotografi (Jurnalistik) di Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tokoh_Fotografi_(Jurnalistik)_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Tokoh Fotografi (Jurnalistik) di Indonesia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tokoh_Fotografi_(Jurnalistik)_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alex_Mendur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alex_Mendur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alex Mendur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alex_Mendur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedu_Saini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedu_Saini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bedu Saini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedu_Saini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokoh_Fotografi_(Umum)_di_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokoh_Fotografi_(Umum)_di_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tokoh Fotografi (Umum) di Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokoh_Fotografi_(Umum)_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fotografi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 159 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa" title="Fotografía – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fotografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تصوير ضوئي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فوتوجرافيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوتوجرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80" title="ফটোগ্ৰাফী – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফটোগ্ৰাফী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa" title="Fotografía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fotografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afigasuteropa" title="Afigasuteropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Afigasuteropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoqrafiya" title="Fotoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fotoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="عکاسلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عکاسلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie" title="Photographie – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Photographie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puort%C4%97grap%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Puortėgrapėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puortėgrapėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potograpiya" title="Potograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Potograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фатаграфія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фатаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фатаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фатаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="फोटोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फोटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94t%C9%9Bba" title="Kɔtɛba – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kɔtɛba" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="আলোকচিত্রশিল্প – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকচিত্রশিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་པར་རྒྱབ་ཐབས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་པར་རྒྱབ་ཐབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%27hskeudennerezh" title="Luc'hskeudennerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luc'hskeudennerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وێنەگری – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنەگری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2tografij%C3%B4" title="Fòtografijô – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fòtografijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Фѡтографїꙗ – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Фѡтографїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Фотографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фотографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffotograffiaeth" title="Ffotograffiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffotograffiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φωτογραφία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Photography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografio" title="Fotografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa" title="Fotografía – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograafia" title="Fotograafia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argazkigintza" title="Argazkigintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argazkigintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عکاسی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valokuvaus" title="Valokuvaus – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valokuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokunst" title="Fotokunst – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Fotokunst" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiitaba" title="Veiitaba – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veiitaba" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie" title="Photographie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografy" title="Fotografy – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fotografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianghrafad%C3%B3ireacht" title="Grianghrafadóireacht – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianghrafadóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%8D%E7%9B%B8" title="拍相 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拍相" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa" title="Fotografía – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3to" title="Fóto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Fóto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Photography" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="צילום – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צילום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="छायाचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छायाचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Photography" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyk%C3%A9pez%C3%A9s" title="Fényképezés – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fényképezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լուսանկարչություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուսանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լուսանկարչութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուսանկարչութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographia" title="Photographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Photographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi%C3%B1i%C4%A1a%C4%A1%C3%B1iq" title="Qiñiġaġñiq – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qiñiġaġñiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potograpia" title="Potograpia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Potograpia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografo" title="Fotografo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fotografo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3smyndun" title="Ljósmyndun – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósmyndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%AE%E5%BD%B1" title="撮影 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="撮影" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფოტოგრაფია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografiya" title="Fotografiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fotografiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9l%C9%9Bm%C9%A9%C5%8B_l%C9%A9z%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩlɛmɩŋ lɩzʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94" title="អ្នកថតរូប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ្នកថតរូប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF" title="ಫೋಟೋಗ್ರಫಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫೋಟೋಗ್ರಫಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84%EC%88%A0" title="사진술 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사진술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%97%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فوٹوٗگرٛافی – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فوٹوٗگرٛافی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographia" title="Photographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Photographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%96%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%9A" title="ການຖ່າຍຮູບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຖ່າຍຮູບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotogr%C4%81fija" title="Fotogrāfija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fotogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фотографија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фотографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഛായാഗ്രഹണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛായാഗ്രഹണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гэрэл зураг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрэл зураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="छायाचित्रण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छायाचित्रण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="फोटोग्राफी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie" title="Photographie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Photographie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਫ਼ੋਟੋਗਰਾਫ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੋਟੋਗਰਾਫ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikder" title="Pikder – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pikder" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograafii" title="Fotograafii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Fotograafii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فوٹوگرافی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوٹوگرافی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87" title="انځوراخيستنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انځوراخيستنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aqillqay" title="Rikch'aqillqay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aqillqay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futugr%C3%A2fii" title="Futugrâfii – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Futugrâfii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фотоґрафія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фотоґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="छायाचित्रणम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छायाचित्रणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotugraf%C3%ACa" title="Fotugrafìa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fotugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photografie" title="Photografie – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Photografie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="فوٽوگرافي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فوٽوگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="ඡායාරූප ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡායාරූප ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografovanie" title="Fotografovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fotografovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фотографија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фотографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie" title="Photographie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Photographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upigaji_picha" title="Upigaji picha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upigaji picha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளிப்படவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிப்படவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="ఫోటోగ్రఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోటోగ్రఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Аккосӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аккосӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="การถ่ายภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potograpiya" title="Potograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Potograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fotografija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto%C4%9Fraf%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Fotoğrafçılık – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fotoğrafçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фотография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фотографія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фотографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="عکاسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عکاسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografiya" title="Fotografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fotografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fotografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografii" title="Fotografii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fotografii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BA%BFp_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nhiếp ảnh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiếp ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie" title="Fotografie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fotografie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografeye" title="Fotografeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fotografeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagritrato" title="Pagritrato – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagritrato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataal" title="Nataal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nataal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="摄影 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摄影" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფოტოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פאטאגראפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E1%BB%8D%CC%81t%C3%B2y%C3%ADy%C3%A0" title="Fọ́tòyíyà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fọ́tòyíyà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="摄影 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摄影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-si%C3%B2ng" title="Hip-siòng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hip-siòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E7%9B%B8" title="影相 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="影相" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Fotografi" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fotografi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Fotografi" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Fotografi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&oldid=25717744" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Fotografi&id=25717744&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFotografi"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFotografi"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fotografi"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg/206px-Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg/309px-Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg/412px-Camera_Canon_EOS_60D_photo_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kamera</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fotografi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>: <span lang="en"><i>photography</i></span>, yang berasal dari kata Yunani yaitu "<i>phos</i>": cahaya dan "<i>graphien</i>": melukis/menulis) adalah proses melukis/menulis dengan menggunakan media <a href="/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai istilah umum, fotografi berarti proses atau metode untuk menghasilkan gambar atau <a href="/wiki/Foto" title="Foto">foto</a> dari suatu objek dengan merekam pantulan cahaya yang mengenai objek tersebut pada media yang peka cahaya. Alat paling populer untuk menangkap cahaya ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">kamera</a>. Tanpa cahaya, tidak ada foto yang bisa dibuat. </p><p>Prinsip fotografi adalah memfokuskan cahaya dengan bantuan pembiasan sehingga mampu membakar medium penangkap cahaya. Medium yang telah dibakar dengan ukuran luminitas cahaya yang tepat akan menghasilkan bayangan identik dengan cahaya yang memasuki medium pembiasan (selanjutnya disebut lensa). </p><p>Untuk menghasilkan intensitas cahaya yang tepat untuk menghasilkan gambar, digunakan bantuan alat ukur berupa lightmeter. Setelah mendapat ukuran pencahayaan yang tepat, seorang fotografer bisa mengatur intensitas cahaya tersebut dengan mengubah kombinasi ISO/ASA (<i><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_film" title="Kecepatan film">ISO Speed</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Diafragma_(fotografi)" title="Diafragma (fotografi)">diafragma</a> (<i>Aperture</i>), dan <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_rana" title="Kecepatan rana">kecepatan rana</a> (<i>speed</i>). Kombinasi antara ISO, diafragma & speed disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pajanan" title="Pajanan">pajanan</a> (<i>exposure</i>). </p><p>Di era fotografi digital di mana film tidak digunakan, maka kecepatan film yang semula digunakan berkembang menjadi digital ISO. </p><p>Fotografi saat ini telah berkembang menjadi sebuah gaya hidup, hal ini dimulai semenjak munculnya era digital dan berkembangnya media sosial. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_Fotografi">Sejarah Fotografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah Fotografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah Fotografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1614, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sala" title="Angelo Sala">Angelo Sala</a> menggunakan perak nitrat yang dibakar oleh sinar matahari dengan kertas dibungkus. Ini dikemukakannya pada tulisannya yang berjudul <i>Septem Planetarum terrestrium Spagirica recensio</i>, "Jika serbuk perak nitrat terkena sinar matahari, maka akan berubah menjadi hitam seperti tinta".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penemuan dengan efek sinar matahari ini dianggap kurang berguna oleh ilmuwan lain. Pada tahun 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze, profesor Jerman yang menggunakan botol berisi perak nitrat dan kapur secara tidak sengaja ada dekat jendela. Campuran ini membuat menjadi gelap dengan sebagian berwarna putih dan membuat garis pada botol. Seorang ahli kimia, Carl Wilhelm Scheele menemukan ammonia larut dalam perak nitrat tetapi bukan partikel gelap. Penemuan ini membuat untuk menstabilkan suatu gambar perak nitrat, ini dianggap sebagai penemuan eksperimen fotografi. Tidak lama kemudian tahun 1800 Thomas Wedgwood menangkap gambar dengan kamera obskura. Sayang Wedgwood terlanjur meninggal pada usia 34 pada tahun 1805. "Boulevard du Temple", daguerreotype dibuat oleh Louis Daguerre dalam tahun 1838 sebagai awal dari foto pertama dengan adanya orang di dalam foto. Pada tahun 1816 Nicéphore Niépce menggunakan kertas yang dibungkus perak nitrat berhasil membuat foto dengan kamera yang kecil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/220px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/330px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tartan_Ribbon.jpg/440px-Tartan_Ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Citra berwarna yang pertama, Maxwell, 1861</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NBSFirstScanImage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/170px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/255px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/NBSFirstScanImage.jpg/340px-NBSFirstScanImage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4869" data-file-height="5933" /></a><figcaption>Citra hasil pemindaian komputer digital, 1957</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1822–<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Nicéphore Niépce</a> membuat <a href="/wiki/Foto" title="Foto">foto</a> <a href="/wiki/Heliografi" title="Heliografi">Heliografi</a> yang pertama dengan subjek <a href="/wiki/Paus_Pius_VII" title="Paus Pius VII">Paus Pius VII</a>, menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_heliografik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses heliografik (halaman belum tersedia)">proses heliografik</a>. Salah satu foto yang bertahan hingga sekarang dibuat pada tahun 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-utexas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utexas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1826–<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Nicéphore Niépce</a> membuat foto pemandangan yang pertama,<sup id="cite_ref-utexas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utexas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang dibuat dengan pajanan selama 8 jam.</li> <li>1835–<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a> menemukan proses fotografi yang baru.</li> <li>1839–<a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> mematenkan <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>.</li> <li>1839–<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a> menemukan proses positif/negatif yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabotype (halaman belum tersedia)">Tabotype</a>.</li> <li>1839–<a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> menemukan film negatif dengan larutan <i>Sodium thiosulfate</i>/hyposulfite of soda<i> yang disebut </i>hypo<i> atau </i>fixer<i>.</i></li> <li>1851–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Scott_Archer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Scott Archer (halaman belum tersedia)">Frederick Scott Archer</a> memperkenalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">proses koloid</a>.</li> <li>1854–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Adolphe_Eug%C3%A8ne_Disd%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri (halaman belum tersedia)">André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri</a> memperkenalkan <i>rotating camera</i> yang dapat merekam 8 citra berbeda dalam satu film. Setelah hasilnya dicetak di atas kertas albumen, citra tersebut dipotong menjadi 8 bagian terpisah dan direkatkan pada lembaran kartu. Kartu ini menjadi inspirasi penyebutan (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">fr</a>:<i>carte de visite</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>:<i>visiting card</i>)</li> <li>1861–Foto berwarna yang pertama diperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.</li> <li>1868–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Ducos_du_Hauron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Ducos du Hauron (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Ducos du Hauron</a> mematenkan metode <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtractive_color_photography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtractive color photography (halaman belum tersedia)">subtractive color photography</a></i>.</li> <li>1871–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Maddox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Maddox (halaman belum tersedia)">Richard Maddox</a> menemukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_fotografis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Film fotografis (halaman belum tersedia)">film fotografis</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emulsi_gelatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emulsi gelatin (halaman belum tersedia)">emulsi gelatin</a>.</li> <li>1876–F. Hurter & V. C. Driffield memulai evaluasi sistematis pada kepekaan emulsi fotografis yang kemudian dikenal dengan istilah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensitometri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensitometri (halaman belum tersedia)">sensitometri</a>.</li> <li>1878–<a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> membuat sebuah <a href="/wiki/Foto" title="Foto">foto</a> <i>high-speed photographic</i> dari seekor kuda yang berlari.</li> <li>1887–Film <a href="/wiki/Seluloid" title="Seluloid">Seluloid</a> yang pertama diperkenalkan.</li> <li>1888–<a href="/wiki/Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> memasarkan <i>box camera</i> n°1, kamera <i>easy-to-use</i> yang pertama.</li> <li>1887–<a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> menemukan reproduksi warna pada foto.</li> <li>1891–<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a> mematenkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_kinetoskopis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera kinetoskopis (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera kinetoskopis</a> <i>(motion pictures)</i>.</li> <li>1895–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière (halaman belum tersedia)">Auguste and Louis Lumière</a> menemukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9matographe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinématographe (halaman belum tersedia)">cinématographe</a>.</li> <li>1898–Kodak memperkenalkan produk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_folding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera folding (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera folding</a> Pocket Kodak.</li> <li>1900–Kodak memperkenalkan produk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_Brownie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera Brownie (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera Brownie</a>.</li> <li>1901–Kodak memperkenalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=120_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="120 film (halaman belum tersedia)">120 film</a>.</li> <li>1902–<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a> membuat teknologi <i>phototelegraphy;; yang mengubah citra menjadi sinyal yang dapat ditransmisikan melalui kabel. </i>Wire-Photos<i> digunakan luas di daratan <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> pada tahun 1910 dan transmisi antarbenua dimulai sejak 1922.</i></li> <li>1907–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autochrome Lumière (halaman belum tersedia)">Autochrome Lumière</a> merupakan pemasaran proses fotografi berwarna yang pertama.</li> <li>1912–<i>Vest Pocket Kodak</i> menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=127_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="127 film (halaman belum tersedia)">127 film</a>.</li> <li>1913–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinemacolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinemacolor (halaman belum tersedia)">Kinemacolor</a>, sebuah sistem "natural color" untuk penayangan komersial, ditemukan.</li> <li>1914–Kodak memperkenalkan sistem <i>autographic film</i>.</li> <li>1920s–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasujiro_Niwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasujiro Niwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Yasujiro Niwa</a> menemukan peralatan untuk transmisi <i>phototelegraphic</i> melalui <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_radio" title="Gelombang radio">gelombang radio</a>.</li> <li>1923–Doc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Edgerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Edgerton (halaman belum tersedia)">Harold Edgerton</a> menemukan <i>xenon flash lamp</i> dan <i>strobe photography</i>.</li> <li>1925–<a href="/wiki/Leica" title="Leica">Leica</a> memperkenalkan format film 35mm pada <i>still photography</i>.</li> <li>1932–Tayangan berwarna pertama dari <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> bertajuk <a href="/wiki/Flowers_and_Trees" title="Flowers and Trees">Flowers and Trees</a> dibuat oleh <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>.</li> <li>1934–Kartrid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Film 135 (halaman belum tersedia)">film 135</a> diperkenalkan, membuat kamera 35mm mudah digunakan.</li> <li>1936–IHAGEE membuat Ihagee Kine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exakta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exakta (halaman belum tersedia)">Exakta</a> 1. Kamera SLR 35mm yang pertama.</li> <li>1936–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodachrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodachrome (halaman belum tersedia)">Kodachrome</a> mengembangkan <i>multi-layered reversal color film</i> yang pertama.</li> <li>1937–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agfacolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agfacolor (halaman belum tersedia)">Agfacolor-Neu</a> mengembangkan <i>reversal color film</i>.</li> <li>1939–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agfacolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agfacolor (halaman belum tersedia)">Agfacolor</a> membuat <i>"print" film</i> modern yang pertama dengan materi warna positif/negatif.</li> <li>1939–<a href="/w/index.php?title=View-Master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="View-Master (halaman belum tersedia)">View-Master</a> memperkenalkan kamera <i>stereo viewer</i>.</li> <li>1942–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodacolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodacolor (halaman belum tersedia)">Kodacolor</a> memasarkan <i>"print" film</i> Kodak yang pertama.</li> <li>1947–<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> menemukan <i><a href="/wiki/Holografi" title="Holografi">holografi</a></i>.</li> <li>1947–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Edgerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Edgerton (halaman belum tersedia)">Harold Edgerton</a> mengembangkan <i>rapatronic camera</i> untuk pemerintah Amerika Serikat.</li> <li>1948–Kamera <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> mulai dipasarkan.</li> <li>1948–<a href="/wiki/Edwin_Herbert_Land" title="Edwin Herbert Land">Edwin H. Land</a> membuat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_instan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera instan (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera instan</a> yang pertama dengan merk <a href="/wiki/Polaroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaroid">Polaroid</a>.</li> <li>1952–Era <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-D_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-D film (halaman belum tersedia)">3-D film</a> dimulai.</li> <li>1954–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leica_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leica M (halaman belum tersedia)">Leica M</a> diperkenalkan.</li> <li>1957–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahi_Pentax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahi Pentax (halaman belum tersedia)">Asahi Pentax</a> memperkenalkan <a href="/wiki/Kamera_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamera SLR">kamera SLR</a> yang pertama.</li> <li>1957–Citra digital yang pertama dibuat dengan komputer oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Kirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Kirsch (halaman belum tersedia)">Russell Kirsch</a> di <i>U.S. National Bureau of Standards</i> (sekarang bernama National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2007_0524.htm#image">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706110630/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2007_0524.htm#image">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-07-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>1959–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikon_F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikon F (halaman belum tersedia)">Nikon F</a> diperkenalkan.</li> <li>1959–<a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">AGFA</a> memperkenalkan kamera otomatis yang pertama, <i>Optima</i>.</li> <li>1963–<a href="/wiki/Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> memperkenalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instamatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instamatic (halaman belum tersedia)">Instamatic</a>.</li> <li>1964–<a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">Kamera</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentax_Spotmatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentax Spotmatic (halaman belum tersedia)">Pentax Spotmatic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-lens_reflex_camera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Single-lens reflex camera (halaman belum tersedia)">SLR</a> diperkenalkan.</li> <li>1973–<a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> memproduksi sensor <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> skala besar yang terdiri dari 100 baris dan 100 kolom.</li> <li>1975–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryce_Bayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryce Bayer (halaman belum tersedia)">Bryce Bayer</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> mengembangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pola_mosaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pola mosaic (halaman belum tersedia)">pola mosaic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_Bayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filter Bayer (halaman belum tersedia)">filter Bayer</a> untuk <i>CCD color image sensor</i>.</li> <li>1986–Ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> menemukan sensor dengan kapasitas <a href="/wiki/Megapiksel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapiksel">megapiksel</a> yang pertama.</li> <li>2005–<a href="/w/index.php?title=AgfaPhoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgfaPhoto (halaman belum tersedia)">AgfaPhoto</a> menyatakan bangkrut. Produksi film konsumen bermerk Agfa terhenti.</li> <li>2006–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalsa (halaman belum tersedia)">Dalsa</a> membuat sensor <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> dengan kapasitas 111 megapixel, yang terbesar saat itu.</li> <li>2008–<a href="/wiki/Polaroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaroid">Polaroid</a> mengumumkan penghentian semua produksi produk film instan berkaitan dengan semakin berkembangnya teknologi citra digital.</li> <li>2009 - <a href="/wiki/Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> mengumumkan penghentian film Kodachrome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a></i>:<i>Aerial photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Analog photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Animated photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Astrophotography, Astronomical photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Black and White photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Candid photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Chemical photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Chronophotography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Cloudscape photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Commercial photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_komersial" title="Fotografi komersial">Fotografi komersial</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Democratic photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Digital photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_digital" title="Fotografi digital">Fotografi digital</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Documentary photography</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_dokumentasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi dokumentasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi dokumentasi</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Erotic photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Expressive photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Fashion photography</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_fesyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi fesyen (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi fesyen</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Fine art photography</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi seni (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi seni</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Flower photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Forensic photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Formal photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Full spectrum photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Glamour photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Heliography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Heliografi" title="Heliografi">Heliografi</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>High dynamic range photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>High speed photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Holography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Holografi" title="Holografi">Holografi</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Impact photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Indoor photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Infrared (IR) photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_inframerah" title="Fotografi inframerah">Fotografi inframerah</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Kirlian photography, Photogram</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Kite aerial photography, KAP</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Labor photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Landscape photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Lomography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Low light photography</i>)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Macro photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_makro" title="Fotografi makro">Fotografi makro</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Nature photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_alam" title="Fotografi alam">Fotografi alam</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Newborn photography</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_Newborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi Newborn (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi Newborn</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Night photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Nude photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Outdoor photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Panning photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Panoramic photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Photojournalism</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_jurnalistik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi jurnalistik (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi jurnalistik</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Phototelegraphy</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Pornography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Portrait photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Post mortem photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Prime focus photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Rembrandt photography</i>).</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Rephotography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Rollout photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Scenic photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Schlieren photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Stacking photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Stellar photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Still photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Stock photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Street photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Strobe photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Studio photography</i>) <a href="/wiki/Fotografi_studio" title="Fotografi studio">Fotografi studio</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Subtractive color photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Time lapse photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Travel photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Underwater photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Vernacular photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Wedding photography</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Wildlife photography</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi_satwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi satwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi satwa</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_kamera">Jenis kamera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis kamera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis kamera"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Camera obscura</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Analog camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_analog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera analog (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera analog</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Box camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Brownie camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_Brownie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera Brownie (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera Brownie</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Cinématographe</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Digital camera</i>) <a href="/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera digital">Kamera digital</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Folding camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_folding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera folding (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera folding</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Instant image camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Kinetoscopic camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_kinetoskopis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera kinetoskopis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera kinetoskopis</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Large format camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_format_besar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera format besar (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera format besar</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Lomo camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Mammoth camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Medium format camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_format_medium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera format medium (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera format medium</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Pocket camera</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_saku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera saku (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamera saku</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Point&Shoot camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Prosumer camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Rapatronic camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Rotating camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Single lens reflex (SLR) camera</i>) <a href="/wiki/Kamera_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamera SLR">Kamera SLR</a></li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Stereo camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Twin lens reflex (TLR) camera</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>View camera</i>)</li></ul> <p>Pada umumnya, jenis kamera yang ada di pasaran berdasarkan teknik pengambilan gambar terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu kamera SLR dan kamera DSLR. Kedua jenis kamera ini seringkali dianggap sama, padahal banyak perbedaan yang dapat ditemukan dari kedua jenis kamera tersebut. </p><p>Dari segi istilah, sebenarnya perbedaan kamera SLR dan DSLR sudah terlihat dari istilah kata yang digunakan. Kalau kamera SLR atau <i>Single Lens Reflex</i> artinya refleks lensa tunggal.Maksudnya disini adalah teknik pengambilan foto pada kamera menggunakan sistem lensa yang berjalur tunggal atau memakai hanya satu lensa saja. </p><p>Sedangkan kamera DSLR atau Digital Single Lens Reflex, terdapat penggunaan istilah digital pada kamera DSLR ini. </p><p>Berbeda dengan kamera SLR, teknik pengambilan foto pada kamera ini menggunakan pentraprisma dan <i>system</i> yang mampu memfokuskan cahaya dan langsung meneruskannya ke <i>optical viewfinder</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medium_foto">Medium foto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Medium foto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Medium foto"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Calotype</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Celluloid film</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Gelatin emulsion photographic film</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Daguerreotype</i>)</li> <li>(<i>bahasa Inggris</i>:<i>Talbotype</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemimpin_dunia_dan_tokoh_lainnya_dalam_fotografi">Pemimpin dunia dan tokoh lainnya dalam fotografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pemimpin dunia dan tokoh lainnya dalam fotografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemimpin dunia dan tokoh lainnya dalam fotografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mendur" title="Alex Mendur">Alex Mendur</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eisenstaedt" title="Alfred Eisenstaedt">Alfred Eisenstaedt</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Adolphe_Eug%C3%A8ne_Disd%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri (halaman belum tersedia)">André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sala" title="Angelo Sala">Angelo Sala</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Easton_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansel Easton Adams">Ansel Easton Adams</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Wolfe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Wolfe (halaman belum tersedia)">Art Wolfe</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Weston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brett Weston (halaman belum tersedia)">Brett Weston</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Mees (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Mees</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Waite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie Waite (halaman belum tersedia)">Charlie Waite</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Doubilet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Doubilet (halaman belum tersedia)">David Doubilet</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Bausch (halaman belum tersedia)">Edward Bausch</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Weston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Weston (halaman belum tersedia)">Edward Weston</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Jules_Marey" title="Étienne Jules Marey">Étienne Jules Marey</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Smith (halaman belum tersedia)">Eugene Smith</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Salomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Salomon (halaman belum tersedia)">Erich Salomon</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Hoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Hoff (halaman belum tersedia)">Ernest Hoff</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Haas (halaman belum tersedia)">Ernst Haas</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Lanting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Lanting (halaman belum tersedia)">Frans Lanting</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_Sumarto_Mendur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans Sumarto Mendur (halaman belum tersedia)">Frans Sumarto Mendur</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galen_Rowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galen Rowell (halaman belum tersedia)">Galen Rowell</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Fricius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemma Fricius (halaman belum tersedia)">Gemma Fricius</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D._Lepp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George D. Lepp (halaman belum tersedia)">George D. Lepp</a>  • <a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Hoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannah Hoch (halaman belum tersedia)">Hannah Hoch</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Goodwin" title="Hannibal Goodwin">Hannibal Goodwin</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Edgerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Edgerton (halaman belum tersedia)">Harold Edgerton</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_J._Newton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry J. Newton (halaman belum tersedia)">Henry J. Newton</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphrey_Davy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humphrey Davy (halaman belum tersedia)">Humphrey Davy</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imogen_Cunningham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imogen Cunningham (halaman belum tersedia)">Imogen Cunningham</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Jez_O%27Hare" title="Jez O'Hare">Jez O'Hare</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Shaw (halaman belum tersedia)">John Shaw</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mullin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mullin (halaman belum tersedia)">John Mullin</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Schulse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Schulse (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Heinrich Schulse</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Ferdinand_Gabriel_Lippmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann">Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Nicéphore Niépce</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Kassian_Cephas" title="Kassian Cephas">Kassian Cephas</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Ducos_du_Hauron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Ducos du Hauron (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Ducos du Hauron</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Louis-Jacques-Mand%C3%A9_Daguerre" title="Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre">Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_W._Hine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis W. Hine (halaman belum tersedia)">Lewis W. Hine</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Engelhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Engelhard (halaman belum tersedia)">Marc Engelhard</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Hausmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raoul Hausmann (halaman belum tersedia)">Raoul Hausmann</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redika_Yudha_Kurniadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redika Yudha Kurniadi (halaman belum tersedia)">Redika Yudha Kurniadi</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Maddox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Maddox (halaman belum tersedia)">Richard Maddox</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Frank (halaman belum tersedia)">Robert Frank</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Kirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Kirsch (halaman belum tersedia)">Russell Kirsch</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Salgado" title="Sebastião Salgado">Sebastião Salgado</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moran" title="Thomas Moran">Thomas Moran</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wedgwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wedgwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Wedgwood</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Flach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Flach (halaman belum tersedia)">Tim Flach</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Van_Dyke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Van Dyke (halaman belum tersedia)">Willard Van Dyke</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Albert_Allard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Albert Allard (halaman belum tersedia)">William Albert Allard</a>  • <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a>  • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasujiro_Niwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasujiro Niwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Yasujiro Niwa</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Khaldei" title="Yevgeny Khaldei">Yevgeny Khaldei</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tokoh_Fotografi_(Jurnalistik)_di_Indonesia"><span id="Tokoh_Fotografi_.28Jurnalistik.29_di_Indonesia"></span>Tokoh Fotografi (Jurnalistik) di Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Tokoh Fotografi (Jurnalistik) di Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tokoh Fotografi (Jurnalistik) di Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tanpa_referensi plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bab atau bagian ini <b>tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">referensi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya</a></b> sehingga isinya tidak bisa <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian">dipastikan</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Tolong bantu <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit">perbaiki artikel ini</a></span> dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi/Kembangkan#Bab_atau_bagian" title="Wikipedia:Warung Kopi/Kembangkan">Bab atau bagian</a> ini akan dihapus bila tidak tersedia referensi ke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Catatan_kaki" title="Bantuan:Catatan kaki">catatan kaki</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_luar" title="Wikipedia:Pranala luar">pranala luar</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Arbain_Rambey" title="Arbain Rambey">Arbain Rambey</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Frans_Mendur" title="Frans Mendur">Frans Mendur</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Agus_Susanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agus Susanto">Agus Susanto</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alex_Mendur">Alex Mendur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Alex Mendur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Alex Mendur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexiux Impurung Mendur adalah salah satu fotografi <a href="/wiki/Kewartawanan" title="Kewartawanan">jurnalistik</a> yang berhasil mengabadikan detik-detik proklamasi Kemerdekaan Indonesia pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945. Pasca proklamasi, Alex mendirikan Press Photo Service (IPPHOS) pada 2 Oktober 1946 yang bertujuan untuk menyediakan foto-foto keadaan Indonesia selama masa perjuangan kemerdekaan. Foto tersebut berguna untuk keperluan kantor berita lokal dan asing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bedu_Saini">Bedu Saini</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bedu Saini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bedu Saini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bedu_Saini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bedu Saini (halaman belum tersedia)">Bedu Saini</a> pernah menjadi fotografi jurnalistik di surat kabar harian Serambi Mekkah (surat kabar asal Aceh). Bedu Saini adalah orang pertama yang mendapatkan penghargaan dari Organisasi Pewarta Foto Indonesia (PFI). Pada ajang tersebut ia dinobatkan sebagai 'Fotografer Sepanjang Masa'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tokoh_Fotografi_(Umum)_di_Indonesia"><span id="Tokoh_Fotografi_.28Umum.29_di_Indonesia"></span>Tokoh Fotografi (Umum) di Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Tokoh Fotografi (Umum) di Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tokoh Fotografi (Umum) di Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="box-Tanpa_referensi plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bab atau bagian ini <b>tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">referensi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya</a></b> sehingga isinya tidak bisa <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian">dipastikan</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Tolong bantu <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit">perbaiki artikel ini</a></span> dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi/Kembangkan#Bab_atau_bagian" title="Wikipedia:Warung Kopi/Kembangkan">Bab atau bagian</a> ini akan dihapus bila tidak tersedia referensi ke <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Catatan_kaki" title="Bantuan:Catatan kaki">catatan kaki</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_luar" title="Wikipedia:Pranala luar">pranala luar</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Era Analog</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sanusi" title="Anwar Sanusi">Anwar Sanusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BJ_Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="BJ Habibie">BJ Habibie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Hasman" title="Don Hasman">Don Hasman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Zoelverdi" title="Ed Zoelverdi">Ed Zoelverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartono_Ryadi" title="Kartono Ryadi">Kartono Ryadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassian_Cephas" title="Kassian Cephas">Kassian Cephas</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Era Digital</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyamin_Muhamad_Wari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunyamin Muhamad Wari (halaman belum tersedia)">Bunyamin Muhamad Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaerul_Umam" title="Chaerul Umam">Chaerul Umam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwis_Triadi" title="Darwis Triadi">Darwis Triadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigit_Pramono" title="Sigit Pramono">Sigit Pramono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens_Riyadi" title="Valens Riyadi">Valens Riyadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Era Kontemporer</b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angki_Purbandono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angki Purbandono (halaman belum tersedia)">Angki Purbandono</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambodo (halaman belum tersedia)">Sambodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandriani_Permani" title="Sandriani Permani">Sandriani Permani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimo_Ambala_Bayang" title="Wimo Ambala Bayang">Wimo Ambala Bayang</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_istilah_fotografi" title="Daftar istilah fotografi">Daftar istilah fotografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspektif_paksa" title="Perspektif paksa">Perspektif paksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukisan_cahaya" title="Lukisan cahaya">Lukisan cahaya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_New_Grolier_Multimedia_Encyclopedia.html?id=nJK2yAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia</i></a>. Grolier. 1993. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780717239405" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780717239405">9780717239405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724073452/https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_New_Grolier_Multimedia_Encyclopedia.html?id=nJK2yAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grolier+Multimedia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780717239405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_New_Grolier_Multimedia_Encyclopedia.html%3Fid%3DnJK2yAEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://levity.com/alchemy/tree_of_silver.html">"An account of an experiment to grow a tree of silver"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081729/http://levity.com/alchemy/tree_of_silver.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+account+of+an+experiment+to+grow+a+tree+of+silver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flevity.com%2Falchemy%2Ftree_of_silver.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utexas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utexas_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utexas_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006135924/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/heliography.html">"The First Photograph - Heliography"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/heliography.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-11-12</span></span>. <q>from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Photograph+-+Heliography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fpermanent%2Fwfp%2Fheliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=2709&gpcid=0900688a80b4e692&ignoreLocale=true&pq-locale=en_US&_requestid=5434">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503153752/https://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=2709&gpcid=0900688a80b4e692&ignoreLocale=true&pq-locale=en_US&_requestid=5434">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2009-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Feknec%2FPageQuerier.jhtml%3Fpq-path%3D2709%26gpcid%3D0900688a80b4e692%26ignoreLocale%3Dtrue%26pq-locale%3Den_US%26_requestid%3D5434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Media, Kompas Cyber (2020-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/08/17/125853569/alex-dan-frans-mendur-fotografer-yang-mengabadikan-detik-detik-proklamasi">"Alex dan Frans Mendur, Fotografer yang Mengabadikan Detik-detik Proklamasi Halaman all"</a>. <i>KOMPAS.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623004416/https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/08/17/125853569/alex-dan-frans-mendur-fotografer-yang-mengabadikan-detik-detik-proklamasi">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2023-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOMPAS.com&rft.atitle=Alex+dan+Frans+Mendur%2C+Fotografer+yang+Mengabadikan+Detik-detik+Proklamasi+Halaman+all&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.aulast=Media&rft.aufirst=Kompas+Cyber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.com%2Fskola%2Fread%2F2020%2F08%2F17%2F125853569%2Falex-dan-frans-mendur-fotografer-yang-mengabadikan-detik-detik-proklamasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gayo.tribunnews.com/2022/12/25/profil-bedu-saini-jurnalis-foto-abadikan-momen-luka-nan-bersejarah-tsunami-aceh-2004">"Profil Bedu Saini, Jurnalis Foto Abadikan Momen Luka nan Bersejarah Tsunami Aceh"</a>. <i>Gayo Tribunnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 Juli</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gayo+Tribunnews&rft.atitle=Profil+Bedu+Saini%2C+Jurnalis+Foto+Abadikan+Momen+Luka+nan+Bersejarah+Tsunami+Aceh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgayo.tribunnews.com%2F2022%2F12%2F25%2Fprofil-bedu-saini-jurnalis-foto-abadikan-momen-luka-nan-bersejarah-tsunami-aceh-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AFotografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&oldid=25717744">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotografi&oldid=25717744</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Fotografi" title="Kategori:Fotografi">Fotografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Seni_rupa" title="Kategori:Seni rupa">Seni rupa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_tidak_memiliki_referensi_Mei_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Mei 2024">Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Mei 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 15 Mei 2024, pukul 15.23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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