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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biolinguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Generative grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="النحو التوليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النحو التوليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_linqvistika" title="Generativ linqvistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Generativ linqvistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="উৎপাদনশীল ব্যাকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উৎপাদনশীল ব্যাকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генеративна граматика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генеративна граматика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A0tica_generativa" title="Gramàtica generativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gramàtica generativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativn%C3%AD_gramatika" title="Generativní gramatika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Generativní gramatika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramadeg_cynhyrchiol" title="Gramadeg cynhyrchiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gramadeg cynhyrchiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_grammatik" title="Generativ grammatik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Generativ grammatik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_Grammatik" title="Generative Grammatik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generative Grammatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatiivne_grammatika" title="Generatiivne grammatika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Generatiivne grammatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_generativa" title="Gramática generativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gramática generativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera_gramatiko" title="Genera gramatiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genera gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_sortzaile" title="Gramatika sortzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gramatika sortzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دستور زایشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستور زایشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_xenerativa" title="Gramática xenerativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gramática xenerativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95" title="생성문법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생성문법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="प्रजनक व्याकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रजनक व्याकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktanta_gramatiko" title="Produktanta gramatiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Produktanta gramatiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Generative grammar" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_bahasa_generatif" title="Tata bahasa generatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata bahasa generatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_generativa" title="Grammatica generativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grammatica generativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatica_generativa" title="Grammatica generativa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grammatica generativa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatieve_grammair" title="Generatieve grammair – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Generatieve grammair" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രജനകവ്യാകരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രജനകവ്യാകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatabahasa_generatif" title="Tatabahasa generatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tatabahasa generatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatieve_taalkunde" title="Generatieve taalkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Generatieve taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生成文法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_grammatikk" title="Generativ grammatikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Generativ grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_grammatikk" title="Generativ grammatikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Generativ grammatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_grammatika" title="Generativ grammatika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Generativ grammatika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatyka_generatywna" title="Gramatyka generatywna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gramatyka generatywna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_gerativa" title="Gramática gerativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gramática gerativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Порождающая грамматика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порождающая грамматика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativizmus" title="Generativizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Generativizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativna_gramatika" title="Generativna gramatika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Generativna gramatika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generativ_grammatik" title="Generativ grammatik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Generativ grammatik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="ไวยากรณ์เพิ่มพูน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไวยากรณ์เพิ่มพูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%88%D3%A3" title="Дастури зоишӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дастури зоишӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cretici_dilbilgisi" title="Üretici dilbilgisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üretici dilbilgisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Генеративна граматика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генеративна граматика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生成文法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_linguistics&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">Generative linguistics</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Research tradition in linguistics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Standard Theory" redirects here. For the theory of Greek Egyptian verbal syntax, see <a href="/wiki/Standard_Theory_(Egyptology)" title="Standard Theory (Egyptology)">Standard Theory (Egyptology)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cgisf-tgg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cgisf-tgg.png/300px-Cgisf-tgg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cgisf-tgg.png/450px-Cgisf-tgg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Cgisf-tgg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">syntax tree</a> in which the sentence <i>S</i> breaks down into a noun phrase <i>NP</i> and a verb phrase <i>VP</i>, both of which break down into additional smaller constituents.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Generative grammar</b> is a research tradition in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> that aims to explain the <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge. Generative linguists, or <b>generativists</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tend to share certain working assumptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">competence</a>–<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_performance" title="Linguistic performance">performance</a> distinction and the notion that some <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-specific">domain-specific</a> aspects of grammar are partly innate in humans. These assumptions are rejected in non-generative approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">usage-based models of language</a>. Generative linguistics includes work in core areas such as <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>, with additional extensions to topics including <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Music cognition">music cognition</a>. </p><p>Generative grammar began in the late 1950s with the work of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, having roots in earlier approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>. The earliest version of Chomsky's model was called <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">Transformational grammar</a>, with subsequent iterations known as <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">Government and binding theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalist program</a>. Other present-day generative models include <a href="/wiki/Optimality_theory" title="Optimality theory">Optimality theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" title="Tree-adjoining grammar">Tree-adjoining grammar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative grammar is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches to linguistics. What unites these approaches is the goal of uncovering the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookUmbrella_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookUmbrella-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carnie_p5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnie_p5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_science">Cognitive science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cognitive science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative grammar studies language as part of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>. Thus, research in the generative tradition involves formulating and testing hypotheses about the mental processes that allow humans to use language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookMental_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookMental-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdgerCogSci_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerCogSci-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other approaches in linguistics, generative grammar engages in <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">linguistic description</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescriptivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic prescriptivism">linguistic prescription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookPreDes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookPreDes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explicitness_and_generality">Explicitness and generality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Explicitness and generality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative grammar proposes models of language consisting of explicit rule systems, which make testable <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a> predictions. This is different from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_grammar" title="Traditional grammar">traditional grammar</a> where grammatical patterns are often described more loosely.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookExpGen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AdgerExpGen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerExpGen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These models are intended to be parsimonious, capturing generalizations in the data with as few rules as possible. For example, because English <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Tag_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag questions">tag questions</a> obey the same restrictions that second person <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> <a href="/wiki/Declarative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative mood">declarative</a> tags do, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Postal" title="Paul Postal">Paul Postal</a> proposed that the two constructions are derived from the same underlying structure. By adopting this hypothesis, he was able to capture the restrictions on tags with a single rule. This kind of reasoning is commonplace in generative research.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookExpGen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particular theories within generative grammar have been expressed using a variety of <a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">formal systems</a>, many of which are modifications or extensions of <a href="/wiki/Context_free_grammars" class="mw-redirect" title="Context free grammars">context free grammars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookExpGen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competence_versus_performance">Competence versus performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competence versus performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative grammar generally distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">linguistic competence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_performance" title="Linguistic performance">linguistic performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookCompPerf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookCompPerf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competence is the collection of subconscious rules that one knows when one knows a language; performance is the system which puts these rules to use.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookCompPerf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookCompPerf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction is related to the broader notion of <a href="/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)#Levels_of_analysis" title="David Marr (neuroscientist)">Marr's levels</a> used in other cognitive sciences, with competence corresponding to Marr's computational level.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, generative theories generally provide competence-based explanations for why <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> speakers would judge the sentence in (1) as <a href="/wiki/Acceptability_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptability (linguistics)">odd</a>. In these explanations, the sentence would be <a href="/wiki/Ungrammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungrammatical">ungrammatical</a> because the rules of English only generate sentences where <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a> of their associated <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdgerCompPerf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerCompPerf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(1) *That cats is eating the mouse.</dd></dl> <p>By contrast, generative theories generally provide performance-based explanations for the oddness of <a href="/wiki/Center_embedding" title="Center embedding">center embedding</a> sentences like one in (2). According to such explanations, the grammar of English could in principle generate such sentences, but doing so in practice is so taxing on <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> that the sentence ends up being <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">unparsable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdgerCompPerf_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerCompPerf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DillonMomaSlides_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DillonMomaSlides-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(2) *The cat that the dog that the man fed chased meowed.</dd></dl> <p>In general, performance-based explanations deliver a simpler theory of grammar at the cost of additional assumptions about memory and parsing. As a result, the choice between a competence-based explanation and a performance-based explanation for a given phenomenon is not always obvious and can require investigating whether the additional assumptions are supported by independent evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-DillonMomaSlides_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DillonMomaSlides-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, while many generative models of syntax explain <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic island">island effects</a> by positing constraints within the grammar, it has also been argued that some or all of these constraints are in fact the result of limitations on performance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-generative approaches often do not posit any distinction between competence and performance. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">usage-based models of language</a> assume that grammatical patterns arise as the result of usage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innateness_and_universality">Innateness and universality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Innateness and universality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major goal of generative research is to figure out which aspects of linguistic competence are innate and which are not. Within generative grammar, it is generally accepted that at least some <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-specific">domain-specific</a> aspects are innate, and the term "universal grammar" is often used as a placeholder for whichever those turn out to be.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookUniversality_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookUniversality-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PesetskyUG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PesetskyUG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that at least some aspects are innate is motivated by <a href="/wiki/Poverty_of_the_stimulus" title="Poverty of the stimulus">poverty of the stimulus</a> arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-AdgerPOS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerPOS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lasnik&LidzPOS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lasnik&LidzPOS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one famous poverty of the stimulus argument concerns the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Yes-no_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes-no question">yes-no questions</a> in English. This argument starts from the observation that children only make mistakes compatible with rules targeting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hierarchical_structure_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hierarchical structure (linguistics) (page does not exist)">hierarchical structure</a> even though the examples which they encounter could have been generated by a simpler rule that targets linear order. In other words, children seem to ignore the possibility that the question rule is as simple as "switch the order of the first two words" and immediately jump to alternatives that rearrange <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">tree structures</a>. This is taken as evidence that children are born knowing that grammatical rules involve hierarchical structure, even though they have to figure out what those rules are.<sup id="cite_ref-AdgerPOS_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdgerPOS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lasnik&LidzPOS_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lasnik&LidzPOS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empirical basis of poverty of the stimulus arguments has been challenged by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Geoffrey Pullum</a> and others, leading to back-and-forth debate in the <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-PullumScholz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PullumScholz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LegateYang_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegateYang-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work has also suggested that some <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">recurrent neural network</a> architectures are able to learn hierarchical structure without an explicit constraint.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within generative grammar, there are a variety of theories about what universal grammar consists of. One notable hypothesis proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hagit_Borer" title="Hagit Borer">Hagit Borer</a> holds that the fundamental syntactic operations are universal and that all variation arises from different <a href="/wiki/Feature_(linguistics)" title="Feature (linguistics)">feature</a>-specifications in the <a href="/wiki/Mental_lexicon" title="Mental lexicon">lexicon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PesetskyUG_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PesetskyUG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a strong hypothesis adopted in some variants of <a href="/wiki/Optimality_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimality Theory">Optimality Theory</a> holds that humans are born with a universal set of constraints, and that all variation arises from differences in how these constraints are ranked.<sup id="cite_ref-PesetskyUG_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PesetskyUG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCarthyOT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthyOT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2002 paper, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Hauser" title="Marc Hauser">Marc Hauser</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Tecumseh_Fitch" title="W. Tecumseh Fitch">W. Tecumseh Fitch</a> proposed that universal grammar consists solely of the capacity for hierarchical phrase structure.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In day-to-day research, the notion that universal grammar exists motivates analyses in terms of general principles. As much as possible, facts about particular languages are derived from these general principles rather than from language-specific stipulations.<sup id="cite_ref-WasowHandbookUniversality_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookUniversality-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subfields">Subfields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in generative grammar spans a number of subfields. These subfields are also studied in non-generative approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntax studies the rule systems which combine smaller units such as <a href="/wiki/Morphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphemes">morphemes</a> into larger units such as <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within generative syntax, prominent approaches include <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">Government and binding theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_Functional_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical Functional Grammar">Lexical-functional grammar</a> (LFG), and <a href="/wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Head-driven phrase structure grammar">Head-driven phrase structure grammar</a> (HPSG).<sup id="cite_ref-carnie_p5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carnie_p5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phonology studies the rule systems which organize linguistic sounds. For example, research in phonology includes work on <a href="/wiki/Phonotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotactic">phonotactic</a> rules which govern which <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> can be combined, as well as those that determine the placement of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">suprasegmental</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-ClementsPhonology_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClementsPhonology-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within generative grammar, a prominent approach to phonology is <a href="/wiki/Optimality_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimality Theory">Optimality Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthyOT_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthyOT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Semantics studies the rule systems that determine expressions' meanings. Within generative grammar, semantics is a species of <a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">formal semantics</a>, providing <a href="/wiki/Compositionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositionality">compositional</a> models of how the <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotations</a> of sentences are computed on the basis of the meanings of the individual <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> and their syntactic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-H&K_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H&K-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative grammar has been applied to <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_analysis" title="Musical analysis">analysis</a> since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable approach is <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff" title="Ray Jackendoff">Ray Jackendoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a>, which formalized and extended ideas from <a href="/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis" title="Schenkerian analysis">Schenkerian analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent work in generative-inspired <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a> has proposed that universal grammar consists solely of syntactic <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a>, and that it arose recently in humans as the result of a random genetic mutation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generative-inspired biolinguistics has not uncovered any particular genes responsible for language. While some prospects were raised at the discovery of the <i><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff_2005-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is not enough support for the idea that it is 'the grammar gene' or that it had much to do with the relatively recent emergence of syntactical speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Diller_2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diller_2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a distinct research tradition, generative grammar began in the late 1950s with the work of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its roots include earlier <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">glossematics</a> which themselves had older roots, for instance in the work of the ancient Indian grammarian <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner_1978_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner_1978-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military funding to generative research was an important factor in its early spread in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial version of generative syntax was called <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a>. In transformational grammar, rules called transformations mapped a level of representation called <a href="/wiki/Deep_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep structure">deep structures</a> to another level of representation called surface structure. The semantic interpretation of a sentence was represented by its deep structure, while the surface structure provided its pronunciation. For example, an active sentence such as "The doctor examined the patient" and "The patient was examined by the doctor", had the same deep structure. The difference in surface structures arises from the application of the passivization transformation, which was assumed to not affect meaning. This assumption was challenged in the 1960s by the discovery of examples such as "Everyone in the room knows two languages" and "Two languages are known by everyone in the room".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a> of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Chomsky developed a revised model of syntax called <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">Government and binding theory</a>, which eventually grew into <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalism</a>. In the aftermath of those disputes, a variety of other generative models of syntax were proposed including <a href="/wiki/Relational_grammar" title="Relational grammar">relational grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_Functional_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical Functional Grammar">Lexical-functional grammar</a> (LFG), and <a href="/wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Head-driven phrase structure grammar">Head-driven phrase structure grammar</a> (HPSG).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generative phonology originally focused on <a href="/wiki/Rewriting" title="Rewriting">rewrite rules</a>, in a system commonly known as <i>SPE Phonology</i> after the 1968 book <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a> by Chomsky and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a>. In the 1990s, this approach was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Optimality_theory" title="Optimality theory">Optimality theory</a>, which was able to capture generalizations called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conspiracy_(phonology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conspiracy (phonology) (page does not exist)">conspiracies</a> which needed to be stipulated in SPE phonology.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthyOT_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthyOT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semantics emerged as a subfield of generative linguistics during the late 1970s, with the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montague" title="Richard Montague">Richard Montague</a>. Montague proposed a system called <a href="/wiki/Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a> which consisted of interpretation rules mapping expressions from a bespoke model of syntax to formulas of <a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">intensional logic</a>. Subsequent work by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Partee" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Partee">Barbara Partee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Heim" title="Irene Heim">Irene Heim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Reinhart" title="Tanya Reinhart">Tanya Reinhart</a>, and others showed that the key insights of Montague Grammar could be incorporated into more syntactically plausible systems.<sup id="cite_ref-parteebaltic_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parteebaltic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">Cognitive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_infinity" title="Digital infinity">Digital infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_theories_of_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional theories of grammar">Functional theories of grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_lexicon" title="Generative lexicon">Generative lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_metrics" title="Generative metrics">Generative metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_principle" title="Generative principle">Generative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_semantics" title="Generative semantics">Generative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_systems" title="Generative systems">Generative systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules" title="Phrase structure rules">Phrase structure rules</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Generativist">"Generativist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generativist&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FGenerativist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WasowHandbookUmbrella-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookUmbrella_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wasow" title="Tom Wasow">Wasow, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631204978/12.pdf">"Generative Grammar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Blackwell. pp. 296, 311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12%7D">10.1002/9780470756409.ch12}</a>. <q>...generative grammar is not so much a theory as a family or theories, or a school of thought... [having] shared assumptions and goals, widely used formal devices, and generally accepted empirical results</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generative+Grammar&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=296%2C+311&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12%7D&rft.aulast=Wasow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FWWW_Content%2F9780631204978%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carnie_p5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carnie_p5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carnie_p5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnie" title="Andrew Carnie">Carnie, Andrew</a> (2002). <i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0"><bdi>978-0-631-22543-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22543-0&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnie" title="Andrew Carnie">Carnie, Andrew</a> (2002). <i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 4–6, 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0"><bdi>978-0-631-22543-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.pages=4-6%2C+8&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22543-0&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WasowHandbookMental-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookMental_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wasow" title="Tom Wasow">Wasow, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631204978/12.pdf">"Generative Grammar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Blackwell. pp. 295–296, 299–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12">10.1002/9780470756409.ch12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generative+Grammar&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=295-296%2C+299-300&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12&rft.aulast=Wasow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FWWW_Content%2F9780631204978%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdgerCogSci-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdgerCogSci_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdger2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adger" title="David Adger">Adger, David</a> (2003). <i>Core syntax: A minimalist approach</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199243709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199243709"><bdi>978-0199243709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+syntax%3A+A+minimalist+approach&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0199243709&rft.aulast=Adger&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnie" title="Andrew Carnie">Carnie, Andrew</a> (2002). <i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22543-0"><bdi>978-0-631-22543-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22543-0&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WasowHandbookPreDes-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookPreDes_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wasow" title="Tom Wasow">Wasow, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631204978/12.pdf">"Generative Grammar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Blackwell. pp. 295, 297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12">10.1002/9780470756409.ch12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generative+Grammar&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=295%2C+297&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12&rft.aulast=Wasow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FWWW_Content%2F9780631204978%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WasowHandbookExpGen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookExpGen_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wasow" title="Tom Wasow">Wasow, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631204978/12.pdf">"Generative Grammar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Blackwell. pp. 298–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12">10.1002/9780470756409.ch12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generative+Grammar&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=298-300&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12&rft.aulast=Wasow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FWWW_Content%2F9780631204978%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdgerExpGen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdgerExpGen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdger2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adger" title="David Adger">Adger, David</a> (2003). <i>Core syntax: A minimalist approach</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199243709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199243709"><bdi>978-0199243709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+syntax%3A+A+minimalist+approach&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0199243709&rft.aulast=Adger&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WasowHandbookCompPerf-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookCompPerf_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WasowHandbookCompPerf_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wasow" title="Tom Wasow">Wasow, Thomas</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/WWW_Content/9780631204978/12.pdf">"Generative Grammar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Aronoff, Mark; Ress-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Blackwell. pp. 297–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12%7D">10.1002/9780470756409.ch12}</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generative+Grammar&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470756409.ch12%7D&rft.aulast=Wasow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwellpublishing.com%2Fcontent%2FBPL_Images%2FContent_store%2FWWW_Content%2F9780631204978%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchett1992" class="citation book cs1">Pritchett, Bradley (1992). <i>Grammatical competence and parsing performance</i>. 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John Benjamins. pp. 21–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+historiography+of+linguistics&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Historiography+of+Linguistics%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pages=21-54&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=E.+F.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomfield, Leonard, 1929, 274; cited in Rogers, David, 1987, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hockett, Charles, 1987, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newmeyer, F. J. (1986). Has there been a 'Chomskyan revolution' in linguistics?. Language, 62(1), p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parteebaltic-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parteebaltic_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Partee, Barbara (2011). "Formal semantics: Origins, issues, early impact". <i>The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.826.5720">10.1.1.826.5720</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltic+International+Yearbook+of+Cognition%2C+Logic+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Formal+semantics%3A+Origins%2C+issues%2C+early+impact.&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.826.5720%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Partee&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrničPesetskySauerland2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crnič, Luka; Pesetsky, David; Sauerland, Uli (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticsarchive.net/Archive/jZiNmM4N/CrnicPesetskySauerland.pdf">"Introduction: Biographical Notes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Crnič, Luka; Sauerland, Uli (eds.). <i>The art and craft of semantics: A Festschrift for Irene Heim</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Biographical+Notes&rft.btitle=The+art+and+craft+of+semantics%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Irene+Heim&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Crni%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft.au=Pesetsky%2C+David&rft.au=Sauerland%2C+Uli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticsarchive.net%2FArchive%2FjZiNmM4N%2FCrnicPesetskySauerland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</li> <li>Hurford, J. (1990) <i>Nativist and functional explanations in language acquisition</i>. In I. M. Roca (ed.), Logical Issues in Language Acquisition, 85–136. Foris, Dordrecht.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarantz2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Marantz" title="Alec Marantz">Marantz, Alec</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/as/documents/What%20do%20linguists%20do_For_PDF.pdf">"What do linguists do?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+linguists+do%3F&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Marantz&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyu-as%2Fas%2Fdocuments%2FWhat%2520do%2520linguists%2520do_For_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacCharles_Reiss2013" class="citation book cs1">Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ilanguageintrodu00dani"><i>I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953420-3"><bdi>978-0-19-953420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I-language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953420-3&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Charles+Reiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filanguageintrodu00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenerative+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formal_languages_and_grammars" title="Template talk:Formal languages and grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_languages_and_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal languages and grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automata_theory:_formal_languages_and_formal_grammars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a>: <a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">formal languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Grammars</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machines</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>Type-0</li> <li>—</li> <li>Type-1</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li> <li>Type-2</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li> <li>Type-3</li> <li>—</li> <li>—</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_grammar" title="Unrestricted grammar">Unrestricted</a></li> <li>(no common name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-sensitive_grammar" title="Context-sensitive grammar">Context-sensitive</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Positive <a href="/wiki/Range_concatenation_grammars" class="mw-redirect" title="Range concatenation grammars">range concatenation</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_grammar" title="Indexed grammar">Indexed</a></li> <li>—</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_context-free_rewriting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear context-free rewriting system">Linear context-free rewriting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" title="Tree-adjoining grammar">Tree-adjoining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">Context-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_context-free_grammar" title="Deterministic context-free grammar">Deterministic context-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_word" title="Nested word">Visibly pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_grammar" title="Regular grammar">Regular</a></li> <li>—</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-recursive_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-recursive grammar">Non-recursive</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recursively_enumerable_language" title="Recursively enumerable language">Recursively enumerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_language" title="Recursive language">Decidable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-sensitive_language" title="Context-sensitive language">Context-sensitive</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Positive <a href="/wiki/Range_concatenation_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Range concatenation language">range concatenation</a><sup>*</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_language" title="Indexed language">Indexed</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li>—</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_context-free_rewriting_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear context-free rewriting language">Linear context-free rewriting language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" title="Tree-adjoining grammar">Tree-adjoining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-free_language" title="Context-free language">Context-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_context-free_language" title="Deterministic context-free language">Deterministic context-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_word" title="Nested word">Visibly pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_language" title="Regular language">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-free_language" title="Star-free language">Star-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite language">Finite</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decider_(Turing_machine)" title="Decider (Turing machine)">Decider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_bounded_automaton" title="Linear bounded automaton">Linear-bounded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTIME" class="mw-redirect" title="PTIME">PTIME</a> Turing Machine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_stack_automaton" title="Nested stack automaton">Nested stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_automaton" title="Thread automaton">Thread automaton</a></li> <li>restricted <a href="/wiki/Tree_stack_automaton" title="Tree stack automaton">Tree stack automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_pushdown_automaton" title="Embedded pushdown automaton">Embedded pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushdown_automaton" title="Pushdown automaton">Nondeterministic pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_pushdown_automaton" title="Deterministic pushdown automaton">Deterministic pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_word" title="Nested word">Visibly pushdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperiodic_finite_state_automaton" title="Aperiodic finite state automaton">Counter-free (with aperiodic finite monoid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_acyclic_finite_state_automaton" title="Deterministic acyclic finite state automaton">Acyclic finite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Each category of languages, except those marked by a <sup>*</sup>, is a <a href="/wiki/Proper_subset" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper subset">proper subset</a> of the category directly above it.</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Any language in each category is generated by a grammar and by an automaton in the category in the same line.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Noam_Chomsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Noam_Chomsky" title="Template:Noam Chomsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noam_Chomsky" title="Template talk:Noam Chomsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noam_Chomsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noam Chomsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noam_Chomsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky_bibliography_and_filmography" title="Noam Chomsky bibliography and filmography">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously" title="Colorless green ideas sleep furiously">Colorless green ideas sleep furiously</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees_awarded_to_Noam_Chomsky" title="List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky">Honorary degrees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Noam_Chomsky" title="Political positions of Noam Chomsky">Political positions</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Select<br />bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a></i> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Current_Issues_in_Linguistic_Theory" title="Current Issues in Linguistic Theory">Current Issues in Linguistic Theory</a></i> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_the_Theory_of_Syntax" title="Aspects of the Theory of Syntax">Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</a></i> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_linguistics" title="Cartesian linguistics">Cartesian Linguistics</a></i> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Mind" title="Language and Mind">Language and Mind</a></i> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a></i> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Remarks_on_Nominalization" title="Remarks on Nominalization">Remarks on Nominalization</a>" (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Conditions_on_Transformations" title="Conditions on Transformations">Conditions on Transformations</a>" (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Language" title="Reflections on Language">Reflections on Language</a></i> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Logical_Structure_of_Linguistic_Theory" title="The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory">The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory</a></i> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Government_and_Binding" title="Lectures on Government and Binding">Lectures on Government and Binding</a></i> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_Language" title="Knowledge of Language">Knowledge of Language</a></i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">The Minimalist Program</a></i> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons_in_the_Study_of_Language_and_Mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind (page does not exist)">New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind</a></i> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Responsibility_of_Intellectuals" title="The Responsibility of Intellectuals">The Responsibility of Intellectuals</a>" (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/American_Power_and_the_New_Mandarins" title="American Power and the New Mandarins">American Power and the New Mandarins</a></i> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/For_Reasons_of_State" title="For Reasons of State">For Reasons of State</a></i> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Counter-Revolutionary_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Revolutionary Violence">Counter-Revolutionary Violence</a></i> (1973), with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fateful_Triangle" title="The Fateful Triangle">The Fateful Triangle</a></i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a></i> (1988), with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Illusions" title="Necessary Illusions">Necessary Illusions</a></i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Deterring_Democracy" title="Deterring Democracy">Deterring Democracy</a></i> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_Lexington" title="Letters from Lexington">Letters from Lexington</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prosperous_Few_and_the_Restless_Many" title="The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many">The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/World_Orders_Old_and_New" title="World Orders Old and New">World Orders Old and New</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_and_Liberal_Scholarship" title="Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship">Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship</a></i> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_or_Survival" title="Hegemony or Survival">Hegemony or Survival</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Failed_States:_The_Abuse_of_Power_and_the_Assault_on_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy">Failed States</a></i> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Requiem_for_the_American_Dream" title="Requiem for the American Dream">Requiem for the American Dream</a></i> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Class_Warfare" title="Class Warfare">Class Warfare</a></i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Illusions" title="Middle East Illusions">Middle East Illusions</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ambitions" title="Imperial Ambitions">Imperial Ambitions</a></i> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Interventions_(Chomsky_book)" title="Interventions (Chomsky book)">Interventions</a></i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gaza_in_Crisis" title="Gaza in Crisis">Gaza in Crisis</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/9-11:_Was_There_An_Alternative%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="9-11: Was There An Alternative?">9-11: Was There An Alternative?</a></i> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Making_the_Future" title="Making the Future">Making the Future</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Occupy_(book)" title="Occupy (book)">Occupy</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Palestine (page does not exist)">On Palestine</a></i> (2015), with <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic<br />works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chomsky_(Lyons_book)" title="Chomsky (Lyons book)">Chomsky</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%27s_Universal_Grammar:_An_Introduction" title="Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction">Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decoding_Chomsky" title="Decoding Chomsky">Decoding Chomsky</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky:_A_Life_of_Dissent" title="Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent">Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Chomsky_Reader" title="The Anti-Chomsky Reader">The Anti-Chomsky Reader</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Chomsky" title="The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky">The Cambridge Companion to Chomsky</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_Speech" title="The Kingdom of Speech">The Kingdom of Speech</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent_(film)" title="Manufacturing Consent (film)">Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media</a></i> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Party_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Party 2000">Last Party 2000</a></i> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_and_Terror:_Noam_Chomsky_in_Our_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times (page does not exist)">Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times</a></i> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distorted_Morality_%E2%80%93_America%27s_War_on_Terror%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distorted Morality – America's War on Terror? (page does not exist)">Distorted Morality – America's War on Terror?</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky:_Rebel_Without_a_Pause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause (page does not exist)">Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause</a></i> (2003) (TV)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Peace,_Propaganda_%26_the_Promised_Land" title="Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land">Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Is_the_Man_Who_Is_Tall_Happy%3F" title="Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?">Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?</a></i> (2013)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Chomsky" title="Carol Chomsky">Carol Chomsky</a> (deceased wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Valeria Wasserman (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Aviva Chomsky</a> (daughter)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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