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Gulag – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre

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class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-História" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#História"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>História</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-História-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Número_de_prisioneiros" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Número_de_prisioneiros"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Número de prisioneiros</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Número_de_prisioneiros-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imagens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imagens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Imagens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imagens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas_e_referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas_e_referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notas e referências</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notas_e_referências-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Notas e referências</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notas_e_referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulag</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 80 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goelag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="جولاج — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جولاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bom"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/QULAQ" title="QULAQ — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="QULAQ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="ГУЛаг — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="ГУЛаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulag" title="Goulag — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goulag" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlag" title="Gwlag — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlag" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γκουλάγκ — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουλάγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulago" title="Gulago — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gulago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GULAG" title="GULAG — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GULAG" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="گولاگ — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گولاگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulag" title="Goulag — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goulag" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/GULag" title="GULag — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="GULag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaichean_Gulag" title="Campaichean Gulag — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Campaichean Gulag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92" title="גולאג — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גולאג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="गुलाग — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुलाग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Գուլագ — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուլագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAlag" title="Gúlag — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gúlag" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="グラーグ — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გულაგი — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გულაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="굴라크 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulagia" title="Gulagia — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulagia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulagas" title="Gulagas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gulagas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulags" title="Gulags — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gulags" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гулаг — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гулаг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="गुलाग — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलाग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goelag" title="Goelag — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goelag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97" title="ਗੁਲਾਗ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਲਾਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%82ag" title="Gułag — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gułag" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="گولاگ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گولاگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag_(1930_%E2%80%93_1960)" title="Gulag (1930 – 1960) — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gulag (1930 – 1960)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulagu" title="Gulagu — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gulagu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Гулаг — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гулаг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="กูลัก — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กูลัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93" title="ГУЛАГ — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ГУЛАГ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="گولاگ — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گولاگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_c%E1%BA%A3i_t%E1%BA%A1o_lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Trại cải tạo lao động của Liên Xô — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại cải tạo lao động của Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="古拉格 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古拉格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გულაგი — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გულაგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="古拉格 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古拉格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gulag" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="古拉格 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古拉格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Revisão plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/60px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/80px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Esta página ou seção foi marcada para revisão devido a incoerências ou dados de confiabilidade duvidosa.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Se tem algum conhecimento sobre o tema, por favor, verifique e <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit">melhore</a></span> a coerência e o rigor deste artigo.<br /><small>Considere colocar uma explicação mais detalhada na <a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Gulag" title="Discussão:Gulag">discussão</a>.</small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r68971778"><table class="box-Parcial plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Princ%C3%ADpio_da_imparcialidade" title="Wikipédia:Princípio da imparcialidade"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/40px-Ambox_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/60px-Ambox_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg/80px-Ambox_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">A <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Princ%C3%ADpio_da_imparcialidade" title="Wikipédia:Princípio da imparcialidade">neutralidade</a> deste artigo foi questionada</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Discussão relevante pode ser encontrada na <a href="/wiki/Discuss%C3%A3o:Gulag##" title="Discussão:Gulag">página de discussão</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Janeiro de 2013</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg/260px-Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg/390px-Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg/520px-Gulag_prisoners_at_work_1936-1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Prisioneiros de um campo do gulag no trabalho, 1936-1937</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gulag</b> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ru-Gulag.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Gulag.ogg">ouvir</a> <sup><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_consulta_e_reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Reproduzindo_Ogg" title="Ajuda:Guia de consulta e reprodução/Reproduzindo Ogg">?</a> · <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ru-Gulag.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Gulag.ogg">ficheiro</a></sup></span>) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>nota 1<span>]</span></a></sup> ou <b>gulague</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> era um sistema de <a href="/wiki/Trabalho_for%C3%A7ado" title="Trabalho forçado">campos de trabalhos forçados</a> para <a href="/wiki/Criminoso" title="Criminoso">criminosos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preso_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Preso político">presos políticos</a> e qualquer cidadão em geral que se opusesse ao regime na <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="União Soviética">União Soviética</a> (todavia, a grande maioria era de presos políticos;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> no campo Gulag de Kengir, em junho de 1954, existiam 650 presos comuns e 5200 presos políticos).<sup id="cite_ref-podrob_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podrob-6"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Antes da Revolução, o Gulag chamava-se <a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">Katorga</a>, e aplicava exatamente a mesma coisa: pena privativa de liberdade, pena de trabalhos forçados e pena de morte. Os <a href="/wiki/Bolchevique" title="Bolchevique">bolcheviques</a> continuaram a tradição autocrática-imperial russa em uma escala dezenas de vezes maior<sup id="cite_ref-anne_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne-7"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> e em condições muito piores,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> nas quais até o <a href="/wiki/Caso_Nazino" class="mw-redirect" title="Caso Nazino">canibalismo existiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mem_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mem-11"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> A criminalização da dissidência política era regra tanto na antiga União Soviética quanto no Império Russo Czarista (que também criminalizava heresias religiosas). Além de presos políticos, havia presos condenados por vadiagem, furto, roubo, agressão, homicídio e estupro. Finalmente, a antiga União Soviética passou por guerras internas e externas, assim como o <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Russo" title="Império Russo">Império Russo</a>, então uma parte desses presidiários eram prisioneiros de guerra.<sup id="cite_ref-anne_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne-7"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="História"><span id="Hist.C3.B3ria"></span>História</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar secção: História" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: História"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O sistema funcionou de <a href="/wiki/25_de_abril" title="25 de abril">25 de abril</a> de <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> até <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Foram aprisionadas milhões de pessoas, muitas delas vítimas das perseguições de <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, as consideradas "pessoas infames", para a chamada "Pátria Mãe" (a <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_das_Rep%C3%BAblicas_Socialistas_Sovi%C3%A9ticas" class="mw-redirect" title="União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas">União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas</a>), e que deveriam passar por "trabalhos forçados educacionais" e merecerem viver na chamada "Pátria Mãe".<sup id="cite_ref-solz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solz-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O Gulag tornou-se um símbolo da repressão da <a href="/wiki/Ditadura" title="Ditadura">ditadura</a> de <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>. Na verdade, as condições de trabalho nos campos eram bastante penosas e incluíam <a href="/wiki/Fome" title="Fome">fome</a>, frio, trabalho intensivo de características próprias da <a href="/wiki/Escravatura" title="Escravatura">escravatura</a> (por exemplo, horário de trabalho excessivo) e guardiões desumanos.<sup id="cite_ref-solz_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solz-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Floresceram durante o regime chamados pelos <a href="/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador">historiadores</a> de <a href="/wiki/Stalinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinista">stalinista</a> da URSS, estendendo-se a regiões como a <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A9ria" title="Sibéria">Sibéria</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Ucr%C3%A2nia" title="Ucrânia">Ucrânia</a>, por exemplo, e destinavam-se, na verdade, a silenciar e <a href="/wiki/Tortura" title="Tortura">torturar</a> opositores ao <a href="/wiki/Regime" class="mw-disambig" title="Regime">regime</a>, incluindo entre eles <a href="/wiki/Anarquismo" title="Anarquismo">anarquistas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Trotsky">trotskistas</a> e outros <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">marxistas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solz_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solz-14"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenez_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenez-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Coreia_do_Norte" title="Coreia do Norte">Coreia do Norte</a>, considerada um dos últimos Estados comunistas, ainda mantém disfarçados "campos de trabalhos forçados" muito semelhantes no sentido de tratamento "educacional" e "adoecimento" (pela loucura),<sup id="cite_ref-WPMap_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPMap-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amnistía_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnistía-22"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> muitas vezes chamados também de gulags.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Norte-coreanos como <a href="/wiki/Shin_Dong-hyuk" title="Shin Dong-hyuk">Shin Dong-hyuk</a>, único prisioneiro nascido num campo de trabalhos forçados do país que conseguiu fugir, tem denunciado violações aos direitos humanos ali praticados.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Número_de_prisioneiros"><span id="N.C3.BAmero_de_prisioneiros"></span>Número de prisioneiros</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar secção: Número de prisioneiros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Número de prisioneiros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png/280px-Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png/420px-Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png/560px-Evolution_nombre_de_prisonniers_du_Goulag.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A evolução do número de presos no Gulag (1930-1953)</figcaption></figure> <p>O número de presos cresceu gradualmente a partir de 1930 (179.000) para 1934 (510.307), quando cresceu mais rapidamente em 1938 relacionado a expurgos (1.881.570), e, em seguida, diminuiu durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial por causa de recrutamento para o <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Vermelho" title="Exército Vermelho">Exército Vermelho</a> (1.179.819 em 1944). Em 1945 voltou a crescer até 1950, atingindo um valor máximo (cerca de 2.500.000), que se manteve praticamente constante até 1953. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Número de prisioneiros pelos documentos do NKVD e MGB<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>1930</b> </td> <td align="right">179.000 </td> <td><b>1936</b> </td> <td align="right">1.296.494 </td> <td><b>1942</b> </td> <td align="right">1.777.043 </td> <td><b>1948</b> </td> <td align="right">2.199.535 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1931</b> </td> <td align="right">212.000 </td> <td><b>1937</b> </td> <td align="right">1.196.369 </td> <td><b>1943</b> </td> <td align="right">1.484.182 </td> <td><b>1949</b> </td> <td align="right">2.356.685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1932</b> </td> <td align="right">268.700 </td> <td><b>1938</b> </td> <td align="right">1.881.570 </td> <td><b>1944</b> </td> <td align="right">1.179.819 </td> <td><b>1950</b> </td> <td align="right">2.561.351 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1933</b> </td> <td align="right">334.300 </td> <td><b>1939</b> </td> <td align="right">1.672.438 </td> <td><b>1945</b> </td> <td align="right">1.460.677 </td> <td><b>1951</b> </td> <td align="right">2.525.146 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1934</b> </td> <td align="right">510.307 </td> <td><b>1940</b> </td> <td align="right">1.659.992 </td> <td><b>1946</b> </td> <td align="right">1.703.095 </td> <td><b>1952</b> </td> <td align="right">2.504.514 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1935</b> </td> <td align="right">965.742 </td> <td><b>1941</b> </td> <td align="right">1.929.729 </td> <td><b>1947</b> </td> <td align="right">1.721.543 </td> <td><b>1953</b> </td> <td align="right">2.468.524 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Os fluxos de entrada e saída dos campos era muito substancial, o número total de detentos entre 1929 e 1953 é de cerca de 18 milhões. Como parte do mais amplo "trabalho duro", se deve adicionar cerca de 4 milhões de prisioneiros de guerra, e pelo menos 6 milhões de "especiais", ou seja, de camponeses que foram deportados durante a coletivização, para um total de 28.000.000<sup id="cite_ref-anne1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne1-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O número de mortes ainda está sob investigação, um valor provisório é de 2.749.163.<sup id="cite_ref-anne1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne1-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Este número não leva em conta as execuções relacionadas com o sistema judicial (as execuções apenas por razões políticas são de 786.098).<sup id="cite_ref-anne1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anne1-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo dados soviéticos morreram no gulag 1&#160;053&#160;829 pessoas entre <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> e <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>, excluindo mortos em colónias de trabalho.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os campos recebiam também prisioneiros de outras nacionalidades, incluindo cidadãos americanos.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Em <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Amtorg_Trading_Corporation" title="Amtorg Trading Corporation">Amtorg Trading Corporation</a> (primeira <a href="/wiki/Representa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_comercial" title="Representação comercial">representação comercial</a> soviética nos <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>) recrutou milhares de trabalhadores americanos, que sofriam as consequências da <a href="/wiki/Grande_Depress%C3%A3o" title="Grande Depressão">Grande Depressão</a>, atraindo-os com promessas de boas condições de trabalho.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Estes trabalhadores, que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento indústria da URSS, eram dispensados quando não mais necessários e poucos conseguiram retornar aos EUA.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Muitos, foram enviados aos Gulags, permanecendo detidos ali por anos.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> O <a href="/wiki/Telefilme" title="Telefilme">telefilme</a> de <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coming_Out_of_the_Ice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coming Out of the Ice (página não existe)">Coming Out of the Ice</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" title="Língua portuguesa">pt</a>. Atrás da Cortina de Gelo), baseado no livro homônimo,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> dramatiza a vida de <a href="/wiki/Victor_Herman" title="Victor Herman">Victor Herman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraquedista" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraquedista">paraquedista</a> <a href="/wiki/Estadunidense" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadunidense">estadunidense</a> que passou 18 anos detido na <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A9ria" title="Sibéria">Sibéria</a> por recusar-se a adotar a <a href="/wiki/Sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Soviéticos">nacionalidade soviética</a> após bater o <a href="/wiki/Recorde" title="Recorde">recorde</a> de <a href="/wiki/Salto_em_queda_livre" title="Salto em queda livre">salto em queda livre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Segundo Werh Nicolas, um historiador francês do Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, em <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, no livro "História da Rússia no século XX" nas páginas 318-9 se lê textualmente: "As estimativas do número de presos no Gulag no final dos anos trinta variam entre 3.000.000 (Timasheff, Bergson, Wheatcroft) e de 9 a 10.000.000 (Dallin, Conquest, Avtorkhanov, Rosefielde, Solzhenitsyn). Os arquivos do Gulag, confirmados pelos dados dos censos de 1937 e 1939, em documentos dos Ministérios da Justiça, do Interior e da Procuradoria Geral, dão um valor de cerca de 2.000.000 prisioneiros em 1940 (cerca de 300.000 em 1932, e de 1.200.000, no início de 1937). </p><p>O número acumulado de entradas no Gulag durante os anos 30 tendo em conta a alta rotatividade dos detentos é cerca de 6.000.000 pessoas. "No mesmo livro na página 416, lemos: "Como evidenciado pelos arquivos do Gulag, recentemente exumados, nos anos 1945-53 houve um forte aumento no número de prisioneiros nos campos de trabalho Gulag (passando de 1.200. 000 para 2.500.000 entre 1944 e 1953 ) e o número de deportados "especiais" de 1.700.000 em 1943, para 2.700.000 em 1953. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg/450px-Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg/675px-Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg/900px-Gulag_Location_Map_af.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><center><b>Localização dos campos do gulag na União Soviética</b><center></center></center></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imagens">Imagens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar secção: Imagens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Imagens"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r60995664">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prisioneiros trabalhando na construção do Canal do Mar Branco."><img alt="Prisioneiros trabalhando na construção do Canal do Mar Branco." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg/221px-Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg/332px-Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg/443px-Canal_Mer_Blanche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prisioneiros trabalhando na construção do <a href="/wiki/Canal_do_Mar_Branco" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal do Mar Branco">Canal do Mar Branco</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruínas de um gulag na Sibéria."><img alt="Ruínas de um gulag na Sibéria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg/119px-Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg/178px-Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg/238px-Taiga_Gulag_Pritsche_Turuchansk_08020035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center>Ruínas de um gulag na Sibéria.</center></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ver_também"><span id="Ver_tamb.C3.A9m"></span>Ver também</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar secção: Ver também" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arquip%C3%A9lago_Gulag" title="Arquipélago Gulag">Arquipélago Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassinatos_em_massa_sob_regimes_comunistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinatos em massa sob regimes comunistas">Assassinatos em massa sob regimes comunistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de_prisioneiros_de_Solovki" title="Campo de prisioneiros de Solovki">Campo de prisioneiros de Solovki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campos_de_trabalho_for%C3%A7ado_na_Bulg%C3%A1ria_comunista" title="Campos de trabalho forçado na Bulgária comunista">Campos de trabalho forçado na Bulgária comunista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_contra_a_humanidade_sob_regimes_comunistas" title="Crimes contra a humanidade sob regimes comunistas">Crimes contra a humanidade sob regimes comunistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_de_guerra_sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Crimes de guerra soviéticos">Crimes de guerra soviéticos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democ%C3%ADdio" title="Democídio">Democídio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Stalin" title="Era Stalin">Era Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fome_cazaque_de_1930-1933" title="Fome cazaque de 1930-1933">Fome cazaque de 1930-1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Expurgo" title="Grande Expurgo">Grande Expurgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katorga" title="Katorga">Katorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_das_V%C3%ADtimas_do_Comunismo" title="Memorial das Vítimas do Comunismo">Memorial das Vítimas do Comunismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Vermelho" title="Terror Vermelho">Terror Vermelho</a></li></ul> </div> <h2 id="Notas_e_referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Notas_e_refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Notas e referências</h2><h3 id="Notas" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso.">Notas</h3> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_russa" title="Língua russa">russo</a>: <span lang="ru"> <b>ГУЛаг</b></span> de <b>Г</b>лавное <b>у</b>правление исправительно-трудовых <b>лаг</b>ерей и колоний; <a href="/wiki/Translit." class="mw-redirect" title="Translit.">translit.</a>: <b>G</b>lavnoye <b>u</b>pravleniye ispravitelno-trudovykh <b>lag</b>erey i kolonij; em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" title="Língua portuguesa">português</a>: <span lang="pt"> <i>Administração Geral dos Campos de Trabalho Correcional e Colônias</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"></div> <h3 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h3> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masterandmargarita.eu/en/09context/nkvd.html"><i>The labor camps were managed by another special department of the </i></a><i><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, the Главное Управление Исправительно-Трудовых Лагерей и колоний or Main Directorat for Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies, which was created in <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a> and also well known in the west under its Russian abbreviation ГУЛАГ or Gulag.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babylon.com/definition/Gulag/Urdu">Definição no Babylon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">S.A, Priberam Informática. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/gulague">«gulague»</a>. <i>Dicionário Priberam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de maio de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=gulague&amp;rft.aufirst=Priberam+Inform%C3%A1tica&amp;rft.aulast=S.A&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Priberam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdicionario.priberam.org%2Fgulague&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanci D, Adler "The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System", Transaction Pub., New York (2001,; <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0765800713" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7658-0071-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podrob-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-podrob_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podrobnosty1.borda.ru/?1-7-0-00000010-000-100-0">«Kengir: 40 days and 50 years»</a>. <i>Memorial’s newspaper “30-th October” 2004. #44 p. 4</i> (em russo). State Archive of Russsian Federation (SA RF). F. 9414. Op. 1. D. 229. P. 21, 173, 270); SA RF. F. 9414. Op. 1. D. 285. P. 309. 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=Kengir%3A+40+days+and+50+years&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Memorial%99s+newspaper+%9C30-th+October%9D+2004.+%2344+p.+4&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodrobnosty1.borda.ru%2F%3F1-7-0-00000010-000-100-0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parâmetro desconhecido <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;so=</code> ignorado (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#parameter_ignored" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anne-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne_7-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne_7-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Anne Applebaum (2003). «Intruduction e 20». <i>"Gulag – A History"</i> (em inglês). Londres: Penguin Books Ltd. p.&#160;16-17, 396-8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-14-028310-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-14-028310-5">978-0-14-028310-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=Intruduction+e+20&amp;rft.au=Anne+Applebaum&amp;rft.btitle=%22Gulag+%93+A+History%22&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-028310-5&amp;rft.pages=16-17%2C+396-8&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">«Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:8015/katorga.pdf"><i>In The Siberian Saga: A History of Russia’s Wild East</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 2005. pp.&#160;73–85. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0820473944" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0820473944">0820473944</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=Katorga%3A+Penal+Labor+and+Tsarist+Siberia&amp;rft.btitle=In+The+Siberian+Saga%3A+A+History+of+Russia%99s+Wild+East&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0820473944&amp;rft.pages=73-85&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt&amp;rft.pub=Peter+Lang&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Feserv%2FUQ%3A8015%2Fkatorga.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parâmetro desconhecido <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;sobreonme=</code> ignorado (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#parameter_ignored" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>); </span><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;nome1=</code> sem <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;sobrenome1=</code> em Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#first_missing_last" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soljen%C3%ADtsin" title="Alexander Soljenítsin">Alexander Soljenítsin</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Arquip%C3%A9lago_Gulag" title="Arquipélago Gulag">Arquipélago Gulag</a></i>. [S.l.]: The Harvill Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1843430858" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1843430858">978-1843430858</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.au=Alexander+Soljen%C3tsin&amp;rft.btitle=Arquip%C3%A9lago+Gulag&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1843430858&amp;rft.pub=The+Harvill+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Donald G. Boundreau (2012). <i>Resistance in the Gulag Archipelago</i>. [S.l.]: Amazon Digital Services Inc. p.&#160;190. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008CMFEZO">B008CMFEZO</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.au=Donald+G.+Boundreau&amp;rft.btitle=Resistance+in+the+Gulag+Archipelago&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=190&amp;rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+Inc.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mem-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mem_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barysheva, A.I (18 de novembro de 1988). Memorial, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorial.krsk.ru/eng/Dokument/Memuar/Barysheva.htm">«The Island of Death»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.aufirst=A.I&amp;rft.aulast=Barysheva&amp;rft.btitle=The+Island+of+Death&amp;rft.date=1988-11-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memorial.krsk.ru%2Feng%2FDokument%2FMemuar%2FBarysheva.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nicolas Werth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=s72TevH9XOcC"><i><span></span></i>Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag<i><span></span></i></a>. [S.l.]: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780691130835" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780691130835">9780691130835</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.au=Nicolas+Werth&amp;rft.btitle=Cannibal+Island%3A+Death+in+a+Siberian+Gulag&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780691130835&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Ds72TevH9XOcC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/history/NKVD/GULAG/r1/r1-4.htm">«Gulag»</a>, Memo, <i>NKVD</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=Gulag&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=NKVD&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memo.ru%2Fhistory%2FNKVD%2FGULAG%2Fr1%2Fr1-4.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-solz_14-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-solz_14-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-solz_14-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr "The Gulag Archipelago", Harper &amp; Row (1976), <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0060803967" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-080396-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/goldman/works/1920s/disillusionment/ch16.htm"><i>My Disillusionment in Russia. Mariya Spiridónova</i></a> de <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> - visitado em 26/10/2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-there-is-no-communism-in-russia">"There Is No Communism in Russia"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenez-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kenez_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kenez, Peter (1999). «5». <i>A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;103-108. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-521-31198-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-521-31198-5">0-521-31198-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=5&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Kenez&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Soviet+Union+from+the+Beginning+to+the+End&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-31198-5&amp;rft.pages=103-108&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McCauley, Martin (1993). «2». <i>Stalin and Stalinism</i>. England: Longman Group. p.&#160;34-35. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-582-27658-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-582-27658-6">0-582-27658-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=2&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=McCauley&amp;rft.btitle=Stalin+and+Stalinism&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-582-27658-6&amp;rft.pages=34-35&amp;rft.place=England&amp;rft.pub=Longman+Group&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i>O livro negro do comunismo</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=O+livro+negro+do+comunismo&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPMap-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WPMap_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/north-korean-prison-camps-2009/">"On the Map: Five Major North Korean Prison Camps"</a> interactive map in <i>The Washington Post</i> - 20 de julho de 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2952180">"Report on political prisoners in North soon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523090447/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2952180">Arquivado em</a> 23 de maio de 2013, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. artigo escrito por Han Yeong-ik no Korea Joongang Daily - 30 de abril de 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnistía-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-amnistía_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em castelhano)<cite class="citation web">Amnistía Internacional. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.org/es/library/asset/ASA24/002/2003/es/f89036c8-d702-11dd-b0cc-1f0860013475/asa240022003es.html">«<i>Corea del Norte: Motivos de preocupación sobre derechos humanos</i>»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 31 de maio de 2009</span>. <q>Documento en dominio público.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.au=Amnist%C3a+Internacional&amp;rft.btitle=Corea+del+Norte%3A+Motivos+de+preocupaci%C3%B3n+sobre+derechos+humanos&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fes%2Flibrary%2Fasset%2FASA24%2F002%2F2003%2Fes%2Ff89036c8-d702-11dd-b0cc-1f0860013475%2Fasa240022003es.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hawk, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219072503/http://www.davidrhawk.com/HiddenGulag.pdf">«<i>The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps - Prisoners' Testimonies and Satellite Photographs</i>»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de agosto de 2007</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrhawk.com/HiddenGulag.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 19 de fevereiro de 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Gulag%3A+Exposing+North+Korea%99s+Prison+Camps+-+Prisoners%27+Testimonies+and+Satellite+Photographs&amp;rft.au=Hawk%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=U.S.+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrhawk.com%2FHiddenGulag.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;capítulo=</code> ignorado (<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Erros_nas_refer%C3%AAncias#chapter_ignored" title="Ajuda:Erros nas referências">ajuda</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em francês) <cite class="citation web">Journal international de victimologie IDV 13 (Tome 5, numéro 1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322060025/http://www.jidv.com/njidv/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=216:refugies-nord-coreens-des-traumatismes-oublies&amp;catid=119:jidv-13&amp;Itemid=610">«Réfugiés Nord Coréens&#160;: des traumatismes oubliés»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2011</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jidv.com/njidv/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=216:refugies-nord-coreens-des-traumatismes-oublies&amp;catid=119:jidv-13&amp;Itemid=610">original</a> em 22 de março de 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.au=Journal+international+de+victimologie+IDV+13+%28Tome+5%2C+num%C3%A9ro+1%29&amp;rft.btitle=R%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s+Nord+Cor%C3%A9ens+%3A+des+traumatismes+oubli%C3%A9s&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jidv.com%2Fnjidv%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D216%3Arefugies-nord-coreens-des-traumatismes-oublies%26catid%3D119%3Ajidv-13%26Itemid%3D610&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em francês)<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912095728/http://www.aidh.org/ONU_GE/Commission/59/resol_coreend.htm">«<i>La violation des Droits de l'Homme en Corée du Nord</i>»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 26 de março de 2013</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidh.org/ONU_GE/Commission/59/resol_coreend.htm">original</a> em 12 de setembro de 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=La+violation+des+Droits+de+l%27Homme+en+Cor%C3%A9e+du+Nord&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidh.org%2FONU_GE%2FCommission%2F59%2Fresol_coreend.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em francês)<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204033341/http://www.amnesty.fr/2539">«<i>Corée du Nord: des images satellite révèlent l'étendue de camps pour prisonniers politiques</i>»</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 3 de maio de 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de novembro de 2012</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.fr/2539">original</a> em 4 de dezembro de 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Cor%C3%A9e+du+Nord%3A+des+images+satellite+r%C3%A9v%C3%A8lent+l%27%C3%A9tendue+de+camps+pour+prisonniers+politiques&amp;rft.date=2012-05-03&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Amnesty+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.fr%2F2539&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf">«The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 13 de novembro de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Gulag+%93+Exposing+Crimes+against+Humanity+in+North+Korea%99s+Vast+Prison+System&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=The+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FHRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <cite class="citation web">The Far Eastern Economic Review, ed. (5 de dezembro de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.radicalparty.org/pressreview/print_right.php?func=detail&amp;par=3779">«<i>Exposed - Kim's Slave Camps</i>»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de dezembro de 2002</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Exposed+-+Kim%27s+Slave+Camps&amp;rft.date=2002-12-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.radicalparty.org%2Fpressreview%2Fprint_right.php%3Ffunc%3Ddetail%26par%3D3779&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_inativa" title="Wikipédia:Ligação inativa"><i>[ligação inativa]</i></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em francês)<cite class="citation web">Portesouvertes (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portesouvertes.fr/fr/indice-persecution.php">«<i>Portes ouvertes: WWL: Indice de persécutions</i>»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 6 de abril de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Portes+ouvertes%3A+WWL%3A+Indice+de+pers%C3%A9cutions&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portesouvertes.fr%2Ffr%2Findice-persecution.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiaeciencia.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/024708.html">Os gulags escondidos na Coreia do Norte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuga_do_Campo_14&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuga do Campo 14 (página não existe)">Fuga do Campo 14</a>.</i> Blaine Harden, Editora <a href="/wiki/Intr%C3%ADnseca" title="Intrínseca">Intrínseca</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9788580571653" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9788580571653</a> Adicionado em 16 de Novembro de 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A tabela, copiada de documentos da NKVD, e publicada em <i>Gulag</i> de Anne Applebaum, pag. 602, reportando semelhantes dados publicados em V.N. Zemskov, 1991, "Zaklyuchennyje, spetsposelentsy, ssyl'noposelentsy, ssyl'nyje i vyslannyje (statistiko-geograficheskij aspekt)", Istorija SSSR, no. 5, pp. 151-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anne1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne1_33-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne1_33-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-anne1_33-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne, Applebaum; "Gulag: A History"; Anchor ed.; New York; (2003); <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/1400034094" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4000-3409-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence. The American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1993), pp. 1017-1049.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Forsaken:_An_American_Tragedy_in_Stalin&#39;s_Russia_35-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <i>The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin's Russia.</i> Tim Tzouliadis, Penguin Books, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780143115427" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780143115427</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083749/">IMDB</a> - Coming Out of the Ice. Página visitada em 16 de Setembro de 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <i>Coming Out of the Ice: An Unexpected Life</i> de Victor Herman, Freedom Press, 1983. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780915031023" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780915031023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(em inglês) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1985-03-29/local/me-20459_1_victor-herman">Los Angeles Times</a> - Author Who Was Russian Prisoner Dies&#160;: American Victor Herman Held 18 Years; Ordeal Became TV Film. <a href="/wiki/Artigo_(jornalismo)" title="Artigo (jornalismo)">Artigo</a> de 29 de Março de 1985. Página visitada em 16 de Setembro de 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulag&amp;uselang=pt">Gulag</a></span></b></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulag.memorial.de/index.html">«Gulag Memorial»</a> (em alemão)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Gulag+Memorial&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulag.memorial.de%2Findex.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=288285&amp;word=">«NYPL Digital Gallery»</a>. (em inglês)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=NYPL+Digital+Gallery&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalgallery.nypl.org%2Fnypldigital%2Fdgkeysearchresult.cfm%3Fparent_id%3D288285%26word%3D&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plural.motime.com/post/713036">«Motime»</a> (em inglês). Uma história do Gulag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Motime&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplural.motime.com%2Fpost%2F713036&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulagmuseum.org">«Gulagmuseum»</a>. - sítio do Museu virtual do Gulag, com versões russa, inglesa e alemã. (em russo)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGulag&amp;rft.btitle=Gulagmuseum&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulagmuseum.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.gulagmemories.eu/en/home/homepage">Museu online do Gulag</a></li></ul> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"><li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28Soviet_Union%29_%281924%E2%80%931955%29_%2816%E2%80%939%29.svg/50px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%28Soviet_Union%29_%281924%E2%80%931955%29_%2816%E2%80%939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Portal:União Soviética">Portal da União Soviética</a></span></span></li> <li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:HumanRightSymbol.png" title="Portal dos direitos humanos"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumanRightSymbol.png/25px-HumanRightSymbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumanRightSymbol.png/38px-HumanRightSymbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HumanRightSymbol.png/50px-HumanRightSymbol.png 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Direitos_humanos" title="Portal:Direitos humanos">Portal dos direitos humanos</a></span></span></li> <li style="display: inline;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; margin: auto 1.5em"><span style="margin-right: 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Vote.svg" title="Portal da política"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/25px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/50px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span> <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Portal:Política">Portal da política</a></span></span></li> </ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Josef_Stalin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Josef_Stalin" title="Predefinição:Josef Stalin"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Josef_Stalin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Josef Stalin (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Josef_Stalin&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Josef_Stalin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">História e política</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ascens%C3%A3o_de_Josef_Stalin" title="Ascensão de Josef Stalin">Ascensão</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Era_Stalin" title="Era Stalin">Era Stalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coletiviza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_for%C3%A7ada_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Coletivização forçada na União Soviética">Coletivização</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="União Soviética na Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_Molotov-Ribbentrop" title="Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop">Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_Inverno" title="Guerra de Inverno">Guerra de Inverno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Rep%C3%BAblicas_B%C3%A1lticas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocupação das Repúblicas Bálticas">Ocupação dos Estados Bálticos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_sovi%C3%A9tica_da_Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Invasão soviética da Polónia">Invasão da Polônia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negocia%C3%A7%C3%B5es_sobre_a_ades%C3%A3o_da_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica_ao_Eixo" class="mw-redirect" title="Negociações sobre a adesão da União Soviética ao Eixo">Negociações sobre a adesão da União Soviética ao Eixo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacto_de_Neutralidade_Nip%C3%B4nico-Sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Pacto de Neutralidade Nipônico-Soviético">Pacto nipônico-soviético</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Teer%C3%A3" title="Conferência de Teerã">Conferência de Teerã</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Ialta" title="Conferência de Ialta">Conferência de Yalta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Potsdam" title="Conferência de Potsdam">Conferência de Potsdam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guerra_Fria" title="Guerra Fria">Guerra Fria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tratado_de_Amizade,_Alian%C3%A7a_e_Assist%C3%AAncia_M%C3%BAtua_Sino-Sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Tratado de Amizade, Aliança e Assistência Mútua Sino-Soviético">Tratado de Amizade, Aliança e Assistência Mútua Sino-Soviético</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloco_de_Leste" title="Bloco de Leste">Bloco de Leste</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruptura_Tito%E2%80%93Stalin" title="Ruptura Tito–Stalin">Ruptura Tito–Stalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culto_%C3%A0_personalidade_de_Stalin" title="Culto à personalidade de Stalin">Culto de Stalin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Stalin"><img alt="Joseph Stalin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/70px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/105px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg/140px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conceitos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stalinismo" title="Stalinismo">Stalinismo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neostalinismo" title="Neostalinismo">Neostalinismo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Socialismo_em_um_s%C3%B3_pa%C3%ADs" title="Socialismo em um só país">Socialismo em um só país</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Realismo_socialista" title="Realismo socialista">Realismo socialista</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classicismo_sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Classicismo soviético">Arquitetura stalinista</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controvérsias</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Expurgo" title="Grande Expurgo">Grande Expurgo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulags</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Descossaquiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Descossaquização">Descossaquização</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transfer%C3%AAncias_populacionais_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Transferências populacionais na União Soviética">Transferências populacionais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assentamentos_for%C3%A7ados_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Assentamentos forçados na União Soviética">Assentamentos forçados</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crimes_de_guerra_sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Crimes de guerra soviéticos">Crimes de guerra soviéticos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitas_sem_ra%C3%ADzes" title="Cosmopolitas sem raízes">Cosmopolitas sem raízes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Compl%C3%B4_dos_m%C3%A9dicos" title="Complô dos médicos">Complô dos médicos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assalto_ao_banco_de_T%C3%ADflis" title="Assalto ao banco de Tíflis">Assalto ao banco de Tíflis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Processos_de_Moscou" title="Processos de Moscou">Processos de Moscou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serguei_Kirov" title="Serguei Kirov">Morte de Sergey Kirov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_de_Katyn" title="Massacre de Katyn">Massacre de Katyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Norte" title="Operação Norte">Operação <i>Norte</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caso_georgiano" title="Caso georgiano">Caso georgiano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caso_Leningrado" title="Caso Leningrado">Caso Leningrado</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Falsifica%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_fotografias_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Falsificações de fotografias na União Soviética">Falsificações de fotografias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deporta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_chechenos_e_inguches" title="Deportação de chechenos e inguches">Deportação de chechenos e inguches</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Priboi" title="Operação Priboi">Operação <i>Priboi</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9dia_de_Nazino" title="Tragédia de Nazino">Caso Nazino</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desestaliniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Desestalinização">Desestalinização</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reabilita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica)" title="Reabilitação (União Soviética)">Reabilitação</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degelo_de_Kruschev" title="Degelo de Kruschev">Degelo de Kruschev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Discurso_Secreto" title="Discurso Secreto">Sobre o culto à personalidade e suas consequências</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outubro_polaco_de_1956" title="Outubro polaco de 1956">Outubro Polonês</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comiss%C3%A3o_Shvernik" title="Comissão Shvernik">Comissão Shvernik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Era_da_Estagna%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Era da Estagnação">Era da Estagnação</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crítica</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Testamento_de_Lenin" title="Testamento de Lenin">Testamento de Lenin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caso_Ryutin" title="Caso Ryutin">Caso Ryutin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esquerda_antistalinista" title="Esquerda antistalinista">Esquerda antistalinista</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Família</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili (pai)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ketevan_Geladze" title="Ketevan Geladze">Ketevan Geladze (mãe)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Svanidze" title="Ekaterina Svanidze">Ekaterina Svanidze (primeira esposa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Djugashvili" title="Yakov Djugashvili">Yakov Djugashvili (filho)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov (filho)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadejda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadejda Alliluyeva">Nadejda Alliluyeva (segunda esposa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Djugashvili" title="Vasili Djugashvili">Vasily Djugashvili (filho)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva (filha)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/24px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/32px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Josef_Stalin" title="Categoria:Josef Stalin">Categoria:Josef Stalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/16px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/32px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joseph_Stalin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joseph Stalin">Commons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/16px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/24px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Portal:União Soviética">Portal:União Soviética</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/16px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/24px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comunismo" title="Portal:Comunismo">Portal:Comunismo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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