CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Influenza D virus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3d80bc3b-50c2-41e1-bac6-dffd02ebf8ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Influenza_D_virus","wgTitle":"Influenza D virus","wgCurRevisionId":1259644221,"wgRevisionId":1259644221,"wgArticleId":58596967,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs","Orthomyxoviridae","Influenza"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Influenza_D_virus","wgRelevantArticleId":58596967,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Influenzavirus_D","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Influenza_D_virus","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q29002254","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="890"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="593"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="475"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Influenza D virus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_D_virus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_D_virus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Influenza_D_virus rootpage-Influenza_D_virus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Influenza+D+virus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Influenza+D+virus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Influenza+D+virus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Influenza+D+virus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Influenza_D_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influenza_D_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Influenza D virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influenza_D_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vaccination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Influenza D virus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%AF" title="إنفلونزا د – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنفلونزا د" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus#Influenza-D-Subtypen" title="Influenzavirus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Influenzavirus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_de_la_grippe_D" title="Virus de la grippe D – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virus de la grippe D" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%94%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_D%ED%98%95" title="인플루엔자바이러스 D형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인플루엔자바이러스 D형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_D" title="Influenzavirus D – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenzavirus D" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="D型インフルエンザウイルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="D型インフルエンザウイルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltainfluenzavirus" title="Deltainfluenzavirus – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Deltainfluenzavirus" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_c%C3%BAm_D" title="Virus cúm D – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Virus cúm D" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%9E%8B%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="丁型流感病毒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丁型流感病毒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29002254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Influenza_D_virus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_D_virus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Influenza_D_virus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Influenza_D_virus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&oldid=1259644221" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Influenza_D_virus&id=1259644221&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInfluenza_D_virus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInfluenza_D_virus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Influenza_D_virus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_D" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29002254" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenzavirus_D&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirus D">Influenzavirus D</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of virus</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><i>Influenza D virus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Influenza_virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png/220px-3D_Influenza_virus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png/330px-3D_Influenza_virus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/3D_Influenza_virus.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="264" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Deltainfluenzavirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthornavirae" title="Orthornavirae"><i>Orthornavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negarnaviricota" class="mw-redirect" title="Negarnaviricota"><i>Negarnaviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Articulavirales" title="Articulavirales"><i>Insthoviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Articulavirales" title="Articulavirales"><i>Articulavirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae"><i>Orthomyxoviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Deltainfluenzavirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Influenza D virus</b></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Influenza D virus </b></i> is a species in the <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i>Deltainfluenzavirus</i>, in the family <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>, that causes <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>. </p><p>Influenza D viruses are known to infect <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>; no human infections from this virus have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First isolated from pigs in 2011, the virus was categorized as a new genus of <i>Orthomyxoviridae</i> in 2016, distinct from the previously-known Influenzavirus C genus;<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-new_virus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_virus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before then, Influenza D virus was thought to be a subtype of Influenzavirus C.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cases of infections from the Type D virus are rare compared to Types A, B, and C. Similar to Type C, Type D has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influenza_D_virus">Influenza D virus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Influenza D virus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influenza viruses are members of the family <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses A, B, C, and D represent the four <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenic</a> types of influenza viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the four antigenic types, <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">influenza A virus</a> is the most severe, <a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">influenza B virus</a> is less severe but can still cause outbreaks, and <a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">influenza C virus</a> is usually only associated with minor symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenzavirus D is less common than the other antigenic types, and it is not known to cause any human infections. No samples of influenza D virus were detected in serum samples from humans; however, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza D virus have been detected in humans, with an estimated occurrence of 1.3% in the general population, suggesting that this virus may infect humans as well. However, those antibodies may have been produced after an infection by influenza C virus, the antibodies for which <a href="/wiki/Cross-reactivity" title="Cross-reactivity">cross-react</a> with the Type D virus. More studies are needed to conclude whether or not the Type D virus can infect humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenza D virus is 50% similar in amino acid composition to <a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">influenza C virus</a>, similar to the level of divergence between types A and B, while types C and D have a much greater level of divergence from types A and B.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenzavirus_C_and_D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenzaviruses C and D were estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor over 1,500 years ago, around 482 AD. Influenzavirus D itself currently has two lineages, which were estimated to have emerged over 45 years ago, around 1972 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza viruses C and D are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metatranscriptomics studies have also identified closely related "Influenza C and D-like" viruses in several amphibian and fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32962015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32962015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid37906647_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37906647-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenza A virus can infect a variety of animals as well as humans, and its natural host or reservoir is birds, whereas influenza viruses B, C, and D do not have animal reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses C and D are not as easily isolated so less information is known about these types, but studies show that they occur worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenzavirus_C_and_D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This virus may be spread through <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">fomites</a> (non-living material) due to its ability to survive on surfaces for short durations.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses have a relatively short <a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">incubation period</a> (lapse of time from exposure to pathogen to the appearance of symptoms) of 18–72 hours and infect the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cell culture, influenza D virus has demonstrated an ability to replicate well at 37°C, the normal lung temperature, and can also replicate better and in more types of cells than the Type C virus. This study suggests that influenza D virus may be only a few genetic changes away from being able to invade the lower lung, even though the virus does not actively spread among humans and has a much slower mutation rate than the other influenza viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_variation">Structure and variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influenza viruses, like all viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae, are enveloped <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA viruses</a> with single stranded <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antigens, <a href="/wiki/Viral_matrix_protein" title="Viral matrix protein">matrix protein (M1)</a> and nucleoprotein (NP), are used to determine if an influenza virus is type A, B, C, or D.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M1 protein is required for virus assembly and NP functions in <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These viruses also contain proteins on the surface of the cell membrane called glycoproteins. Type A and B have two glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Types C and D have only one glycoprotein: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemagglutinin-esterase_fusion_glycoprotein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemagglutinin-esterase fusion glycoprotein (page does not exist)">hemagglutinin-esterase fusion</a> (HEF).<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These glycoproteins allow for attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Fusion of these membranes allows the viral proteins and genome to be released into the host cell, which then causes the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types C and D are the only influenza viruses to express the enzyme esterase. This enzyme is similar to the enzyme neuraminidase produced by Types A and B in that they both function in destroying the host cell receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagaman89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagaman89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glycoproteins may undergo <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> (antigenic drift) or reassortment in which a new HA or NA is produced (antigenic shift). Influenza viruses C and D are only capable of <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_drift" title="Antigenic drift">antigenic drift</a> whereas Type A undergoes <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_shift" title="Antigenic shift">antigenic shift</a>, as well. When either of these processes occur, the antibodies formed by the immune system no longer protect against these altered <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a>. Because of this, viruses continually cause infections.<sup id="cite_ref-ref3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influenza viruses C and D are different from Types A and B in their growth requirements. Because of this, Influenzavirus D is not isolated and identified as frequently. Diagnosis is by virus isolation, <a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">serology</a>, and other tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsuzaki06_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsuzaki06-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) is one method of serology that detects antibodies for diagnostic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Manuguerra94_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuguerra94-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a> (immunoblot assay) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (<a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">ELISA</a>) are two other methods used to detect proteins (or antigens) in serum. In each of these techniques, the antibodies for the protein of interest are added and the presence of the specific protein is indicated by a color change.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ELISA was shown to have higher sensitivity to the HEF than the HI test.<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because only Influenza viruses C and D produce esterase, In Situ Esterase Assays provide a quick and inexpensive method of detecting just Types C and D.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagaman89_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagaman89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vaccination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because influenza virus A has an animal reservoir that contains all the known subtypes and can undergo antigenic shift, this type of influenza virus is capable of producing <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses A and B also cause seasonal <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> every year due to their ability to antigenic shift.<sup id="cite_ref-ref2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenza viruses C and D do not have this capability, and they have not been implicated in any pandemics; thus, there are currently no human vaccines available for Influenza viruses C or D.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenzavirus_C_and_D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inactivated Influenzavirus D vaccine was developed for cattle; however, the vaccine only provided partial protection in challenge experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Influenza_D-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenza_D_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShuo_SuXinliang_FuGairu_LiFiona_Kerlin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shuo Su; Xinliang Fu; Gairu Li; Fiona Kerlin; Michael Veit (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810478">"Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics"</a>. <i>Virulence</i>. <b>8</b> (8): 1580–1591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21505594.2017.1365216">10.1080/21505594.2017.1365216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810478">5810478</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812422">28812422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virulence&rft.atitle=Novel+Influenza+D+virus%3A+Epidemiology%2C+pathology%2C+evolution+and+biological+characteristics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1580-1591&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5810478%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28812422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21505594.2017.1365216&rft.au=Shuo+Su&rft.au=Xinliang+Fu&rft.au=Gairu+Li&rft.au=Fiona+Kerlin&rft.au=Michael+Veit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5810478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_virus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new_virus_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160901140433.htm">"New virus gets official name, influenza D"</a>. ScienceDaily. 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+virus+gets+official+name%2C+influenza+D&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2016%2F09%2F160901140433.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeltonHuber2022" class="citation journal cs1">Skelton, Raegan M.; Huber, Victor C. (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147167">"Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus"</a>. <i>Viruses</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 1036. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv14051036">10.3390/v14051036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4915">1999-4915</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147167">9147167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35632777">35632777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Comparing+Influenza+Virus+Biology+for+Understanding+Influenza+D+Virus&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1036&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9147167%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1999-4915&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35632777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv14051036&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Raegan+M.&rft.au=Huber%2C+Victor+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9147167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm">"Types of Influenza Viruses"</a>. <i>Influenza (Flu)</i>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103175618/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Influenza+%28Flu%29&rft.atitle=Types+of+Influenza+Viruses&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fabout%2Fviruses%2Ftypes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Hunt2009" class="citation web cs1">Margaret Hunt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mhunt/flu.htm">"Microbiology and Immunology On-line"</a>. University of South Carolina School of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microbiology+and+Immunology+On-line&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+School+of+Medicine&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Margaret+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpathmicro.med.sc.edu%2Fmhunt%2Fflu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Influenzavirus_C_and_D-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Influenzavirus_C_and_D_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swinehealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Influenza-virus-C-IVC-and-influenza-virus-D-IVD.pdf">"Influenza C and Influenza D Viruses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Influenza+C+and+Influenza+D+Viruses&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swinehealth.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FInfluenza-virus-C-IVC-and-influenza-virus-D-IVD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-origin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshiyuki_SuzukiMasatoshi_Nei2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Masatoshi Nei (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/19/4/501/995507#:~:text=The%20earliest%20divergence%20time%20between%20subtypes%20of%20influenza%20A%20virus,diverged%20about%208%2C000%20years%20ago.">"Origin and Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a></i>. <b>19</b> (4). Ocford Academic: 501–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a004105">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11919291">11919291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Origin+and+Evolution+of+Influenza+Virus+Hemagglutinin+Genes&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-509&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a004105&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11919291&rft.au=Yoshiyuki+Suzuki&rft.au=Masatoshi+Nei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmbe%2Farticle%2F19%2F4%2F501%2F995507%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520earliest%2520divergence%2520time%2520between%2520subtypes%2520of%2520influenza%2520A%2520virus%2Cdiverged%2520about%25208%252C000%2520years%2520ago.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32962015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32962015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryWilleTurnbullGeoghegan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Parry R, Wille M, Turnbull OM, Geoghegan JL, Holmes EC (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551885">"Divergent Influenza-Like Viruses of Amphibians and Fish Support an Ancient Evolutionary Association"</a>. <i>Viruses</i>. <b>12</b> (9): 1042. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv12091042">10.3390/v12091042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551885">7551885</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32962015">32962015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viruses&rft.atitle=Divergent+Influenza-Like+Viruses+of+Amphibians+and+Fish+Support+an+Ancient+Evolutionary+Association&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1042&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7551885%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32962015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fv12091042&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Wille%2C+M&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+OM&rft.au=Geoghegan%2C+JL&rft.au=Holmes%2C+EC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7551885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37906647-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37906647_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrone_ME,_Parry_R,_Mifsud_JCO,_Van_Brussel_K,_Vorhees_IEH,_Richards_ZT2023" class="citation journal cs1">Petrone ME, Parry R, Mifsud JCO, Van Brussel K, Vorhees IEH, Richards ZT; et al. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=37906647">"Evidence for an ancient aquatic origin of the RNA viral order Articulavirales"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>120</b> (45): e2310529120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2310529120">10.1073/pnas.2310529120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10636315">10636315</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906647">37906647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+an+ancient+aquatic+origin+of+the+RNA+viral+order+Articulavirales.&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=e2310529120&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10636315%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37906647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2310529120&rft.au=Petrone+ME%2C+Parry+R%2C+Mifsud+JCO%2C+Van+Brussel+K%2C+Vorhees+IEH%2C+Richards+ZT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Feutils%2Felink.fcgi%3Fdbfrom%3Dpubmed%26tool%3Dsumsearch.org%2Fcite%26retmode%3Dref%26cmd%3Dprlinks%26id%3D37906647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2006" class="citation web cs1">World Health Organization (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204275/1/WHO_SDE_WSH_06.1_eng.pdf">"Review of latest available evidence on potential transmission of avian influenza (H5H1) through water and sewage and ways to reduce the risks to human health"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+latest+available+evidence+on+potential+transmission+of+avian+influenza+%28H5H1%29+through+water+and+sewage+and+ways+to+reduce+the+risks+to+human+health&rft.date=2006&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F204275%2F1%2FWHO_SDE_WSH_06.1_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattisonMcMullinBradburyAlexander2008" class="citation book cs1">Pattison; McMullin; Bradbury; Alexander (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poultrydiseases00patt"><i>Poultry Diseases</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Elsevier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poultrydiseases00patt/page/n320">317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-28625" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-28625"><bdi>978-0-7020-28625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poultry+Diseases&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-28625&rft.au=Pattison&rft.au=McMullin&rft.au=Bradbury&rft.au=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoultrydiseases00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliAvalosPonimaskinNayak2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ali A, Avalos RT, Ponimaskin E, Nayak DP (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116382">"Influenza virus assembly: effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the membrane association of M1 protein"</a>. <i>J. Virol</i>. <b>74</b> (18): 8709–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjvi.74.18.8709-8719.2000">10.1128/jvi.74.18.8709-8719.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116382">116382</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954572">10954572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Virol.&rft.atitle=Influenza+virus+assembly%3A+effect+of+influenza+virus+glycoproteins+on+the+membrane+association+of+M1+protein&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=8709-19&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC116382%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10954572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjvi.74.18.8709-8719.2000&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Avalos%2C+RT&rft.au=Ponimaskin%2C+E&rft.au=Nayak%2C+DP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC116382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortelaDigard2002" class="citation journal cs1">Portela A, Digard P (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-4-723">"The influenza virus nucleoprotein: a multifunctional RNA-binding protein pivotal to virus replication"</a>. <i>J. Gen. Virol</i>. <b>83</b> (Pt 4): 723–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-4-723">10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-723</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11907320">11907320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Gen.+Virol.&rft.atitle=The+influenza+virus+nucleoprotein%3A+a+multifunctional+RNA-binding+protein+pivotal+to+virus+replication&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=723-34&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F0022-1317-83-4-723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11907320&rft.aulast=Portela&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Digard%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F0022-1317-83-4-723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoBrydonPalese2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gao Q, Brydon EW, Palese P (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2447078">"A seven-segmented influenza A virus expressing the influenza C virus glycoprotein HEF"</a>. <i>J. Virol</i>. <b>82</b> (13): 6419–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00514-08">10.1128/JVI.00514-08</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2447078">2447078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18448539">18448539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Virol.&rft.atitle=A+seven-segmented+influenza+A+virus+expressing+the+influenza+C+virus+glycoprotein+HEF&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=6419-26&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2447078%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18448539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.00514-08&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Brydon%2C+EW&rft.au=Palese%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2447078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissenhornDessenCalderHarrison1999" class="citation journal cs1">Weissenhorn W, Dessen A, Calder LJ, Harrison SC, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096876899294706">"Structural basis for membrane fusion by enveloped viruses"</a>. <i>Mol. Membr. Biol</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 3–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096876899294706">10.1080/096876899294706</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10332732">10332732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Membr.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Structural+basis+for+membrane+fusion+by+enveloped+viruses&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096876899294706&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10332732&rft.aulast=Weissenhorn&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Dessen%2C+A&rft.au=Calder%2C+LJ&rft.au=Harrison%2C+SC&rft.au=Skehel%2C+JJ&rft.au=Wiley%2C+DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F096876899294706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagaman89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagaman89_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagaman89_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagamanSpenceO'Callaghan1989" class="citation journal cs1">Wagaman PC, Spence HA, O'Callaghan RJ (May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC267439">"Detection of influenza C virus by using an in situ esterase assay"</a>. <i>J. Clin. Microbiol</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 832–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.27.5.832-836.1989">10.1128/JCM.27.5.832-836.1989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC267439">267439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2745694">2745694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Detection+of+influenza+C+virus+by+using+an+in+situ+esterase+assay&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=832-36&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC267439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2745694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJCM.27.5.832-836.1989&rft.aulast=Wagaman&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Spence%2C+HA&rft.au=O%27Callaghan%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC267439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsuzaki06-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matsuzaki06_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuzakiKatsushimaNagaiShoji2006" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuzaki Y, Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F502973">"Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children"</a>. <i>J. Infect. Dis</i>. <b>193</b> (9): 1229–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F502973">10.1086/502973</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586359">16586359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Infect.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Clinical+features+of+influenza+C+virus+infection+in+children&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1229-35&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F502973&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16586359&rft.aulast=Matsuzaki&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Katsushima%2C+N&rft.au=Nagai%2C+Y&rft.au=Shoji%2C+M&rft.au=Itagaki%2C+T&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+M&rft.au=Kitaoka%2C+S&rft.au=Mizuta%2C+K&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F502973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manuguerra94-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manuguerra94_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuguerraHannounSáenz_MdelVillar1994" class="citation journal cs1">Manuguerra JC, Hannoun C, Sáenz Mdel C, Villar E, Cabezas JA (1994). "Sero-epidemiological survey of influenza C virus infection in Spain". <i>Eur. J. Epidemiol</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 91–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01717459">10.1007/bf01717459</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7957798">7957798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13204506">13204506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Epidemiol.&rft.atitle=Sero-epidemiological+survey+of+influenza+C+virus+infection+in+Spain&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-94&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13204506%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7957798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01717459&rft.aulast=Manuguerra&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Hannoun%2C+C&rft.au=S%C3%A1enz+Mdel%2C+C&rft.au=Villar%2C+E&rft.au=Cabezas%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonCox2013" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, DL; Cox, MM (2013). <i>Principles of Biochemistry</i> (6th ed.). p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3414-6"><bdi>978-1-4292-3414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-3414-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=DL&rft.au=Cox%2C+MM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas_FergusonAlicia_K._OlivierSuzanne_GenovaWilliam_B._Epperson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas Ferguson; Alicia K. Olivier; Suzanne Genova; William B. Epperson; David R. Smith; Liesel Schneider; Kathleen Barton; Katlin McCuan; Richard J. Webby; Xiu-Feng Wan (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886773">"Pathogenesis of Influenza D Virus in Cattle"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>90</b> (12): 5636–5642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjvi.03122-15">10.1128/jvi.03122-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886773">4886773</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27030270">27030270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+of+Influenza+D+Virus+in+Cattle&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5636-5642&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4886773%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27030270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjvi.03122-15&rft.au=Lucas+Ferguson&rft.au=Alicia+K.+Olivier&rft.au=Suzanne+Genova&rft.au=William+B.+Epperson&rft.au=David+R.+Smith&rft.au=Liesel+Schneider&rft.au=Kathleen+Barton&rft.au=Katlin+McCuan&rft.au=Richard+J.+Webby&rft.au=Xiu-Feng+Wan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4886773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfluenza+D+virus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/Database/nph-select.cgi?go=database">ICTVdB database for Influenza viruses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Influenza_D_virus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Influenza D virus">Influenza D virus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fludb.org">Influenza Research Database</a> Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viralzone.expasy.org/6077"><i>Viralzone</i>: Influenzavirus D</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Influenza" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Influenza" title="Template:Influenza"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Influenza" title="Template talk:Influenza"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Influenza" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Influenza"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Influenza" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza treatment">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_Genome_Sequencing_Project" title="Influenza Genome Sequencing Project">Genome sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reassortment" title="Reassortment">Reassortment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superinfection" title="Superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu_season" title="Flu season">Flu season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viruses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirus B">Influenza B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirus C">Influenza C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenzavirus_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenzavirus D">Influenza D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Influenza A virus<br />subtypes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N2">H1N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H2N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H2N2">H2N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H2N3" title="Influenza A virus subtype H2N3">H2N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H3N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H3N1">H3N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H3N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H3N2">H3N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H3N8" title="Influenza A virus subtype H3N8">H3N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N2">H5N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N3" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N3">H5N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N6" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N6">H5N6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N8" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N8">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N9" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N9">H5N9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H6N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H6N1">H6N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N1">H7N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N2">H7N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N3" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N3">H7N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N4" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N4">H7N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N7" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N7">H7N7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H7N9" title="Influenza A virus subtype H7N9">H7N9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H9N2" title="Influenza A virus subtype H9N2">H9N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H10N3" title="Influenza A virus subtype H10N3">H10N3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H10N7" title="Influenza A virus subtype H10N7">H10N7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H10N8" title="Influenza A virus subtype H10N8">H10N8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H11N2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenza A virus subtype H11N2 (page does not exist)">H11N2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H11N9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenza A virus subtype H11N9 (page does not exist)">H11N9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H1N1">H1N1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" title="Influenza pandemic">Pandemics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 (Spanish flu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Russian_flu" title="1977 Russian flu">1977 (Russian flu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">2009 (Swine flu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_H1N1/09_virus" title="Pandemic H1N1/09 virus">2009 A/H1N1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">H5N1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flu_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird flu in Croatia">Croatia (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_H5N1_outbreak_in_India" title="2006 H5N1 outbreak in India">India (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Bernard_Matthews_H5N1_outbreak" title="2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak">UK (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_H5N1_outbreak_in_West_Bengal" title="2008 H5N1 outbreak in West Bengal">West Bengal (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2020s outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_genetic_structure" title="H5N1 genetic structure">Genetic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_and_infection_of_H5N1" title="Transmission and infection of H5N1">Transmission and infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_H5N1" title="Global spread of H5N1">Global spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">Vaccine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1 clinical trials">clinical trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mortality_from_H5N1" title="Human mortality from H5N1">Human mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_H5N1" title="Social effects of H5N1">Social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic#Government_preparations_for_a_potential_H5N1_pandemic_(2003–2009)" title="Influenza pandemic">Pandemic preparation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N8" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N8">H5N8</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_H5N8_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak">2020–2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza treatment">Treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamantane" title="Adamantane">Adamantane derivatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitor" title="Neuraminidase inhibitor">Neuraminidase inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">Oseltamivir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laninamivir" title="Laninamivir">Laninamivir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramivir" title="Peramivir">Peramivir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanamivir" title="Zanamivir">Zanamivir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peramivir" title="Peramivir">Peramivir <span style="font-size:85%;">(experimental)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umifenovir" title="Umifenovir">Umifenovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloxavir_marboxil" title="Baloxavir marboxil">Baloxavir marboxil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Vaccines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_influenza_vaccine_brands" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal influenza vaccine brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Audenz">Audenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Pandemics and<br />epidemics</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" title="Influenza pandemic">Pandemics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic" title="1510 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">Influenza pandemic (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic" title="1889–1890 pandemic">Russian flu (1889–1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">Spanish flu (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic" title="1957–1958 influenza pandemic">Asian flu (1957-1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu" title="Hong Kong flu">Hong Kong flu (1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Russian_flu" title="1977 Russian flu">1977 Russian flu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">Swine flu (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">Epidemics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_flu" title="Fujian flu">Fujian flu (H3N2)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931990_flu_epidemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989–1990 flu epidemic in the United Kingdom">1989–1990 UK outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Central_Luzon_H5N6_outbreak" title="2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak">Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Mammals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canine_influenza" title="Canine influenza">Canine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_flu" title="Cat flu">Feline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_influenza" title="Equine influenza">Equine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_equine_influenza_outbreak" title="2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak">2007 Australian outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swine_influenza" title="Swine influenza">Swine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Non-mammals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_flu" title="Fujian flu">Fujian (H5N1)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">Influenza-like illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_United_States_flu_season" title="2017–2018 United States flu season">2017–2018 United States flu season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_influenza_statistics_by_flu_season" class="mw-redirect" title="US influenza statistics by flu season">US influenza statistics by flu season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_cold" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_cold" title="Template:Common cold"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_cold" title="Template talk:Common cold"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_cold" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common cold"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_cold" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">Rhinovirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">Cough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Loss of appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">Malaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">Muscle aches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">Nasal congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneeze" title="Sneeze">Sneezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">Sore throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">Weakness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Template talk:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viral_systemic_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viral systemic diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infectious_diseases_–_viral_systemic_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a> – <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral systemic diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Papillomaviridae" title="Papillomaviridae">HPV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HPV-positive_oropharyngeal_cancer" title="HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer">Oropharyngeal cancer</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">KSHV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">EBV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Hodgkin lymphoma">Hodgkin lymphoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cell_sarcoma" title="Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma">Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extranodal_NK/T-cell_lymphoma,_nasal_type" title="Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type">Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell_polyomavirus" title="Merkel cell polyomavirus">MCPyV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma" title="Splenic marginal zone lymphoma">Splenic marginal zone lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_viral_disease" title="Central nervous system viral disease">Central<br /> nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Encephalitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_meningitis" title="Viral meningitis">meningitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human_polyomavirus_2" title="Human polyomavirus 2">Human polyomavirus 2</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Measles morbillivirus">MeV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Subacute_sclerosing_panencephalitis" title="Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis">Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">LCV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis" title="Lymphocytic choriomeningitis">Lymphocytic choriomeningitis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitis</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> (probable) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RV</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura vesiculovirus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral meningitis">Herpesviral meningitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_2" title="Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2">Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelitis" title="Myelitis">Myelitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">Poliovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Poliomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-polio_syndrome" title="Post-polio syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" title="Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Eye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">HSV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_keratitis" title="Herpes simplex keratitis">Herpes of the eye</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">acute viral<br />nasopharyngitis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_infection" title="Epstein–Barr virus infection">EBV infection</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV_–_positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">IV</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human coronavirus">Human coronavirus</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E" title="Human coronavirus 229E">229E</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63" title="Human coronavirus NL63">NL63</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1" title="Human coronavirus HKU1">HKU1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43" title="Human coronavirus OC43">OC43</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS coronavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V_–_negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">V</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">Influenza virus A</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_B_virus" title="Influenza B virus">B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Influenza_C_virus" title="Influenza C virus">C</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">D</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>V, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Human parainfluenza viruses</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_parainfluenza_viruses" title="Human parainfluenza viruses">Parainfluenza</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_orthopneumovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human orthopneumovirus">Human orthopneumovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus" title="Human metapneumovirus">hMPV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human<br /> digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_esophagitis" title="Cytomegalovirus esophagitis">Cytomegalovirus esophagitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Viral" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis#Virus" title="Gastroenteritis">diarrhea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">Adenovirus</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_infection" title="Adenovirus infection">Adenovirus infection</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rotaviral_gastroenteritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotaviral gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Astrovirus" title="Astrovirus">Astrovirus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">Coronavirus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Hepatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">HBV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">B</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A#Virology" title="Hepatitis A">HAV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">A</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">HCV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">C</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">HDV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_D" title="Hepatitis D">D</a>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepevirus_A" title="Orthohepevirus A">HEV</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">E</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxsackie_B_virus" title="Coxsackie B virus">CBV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mumps_virus" title="Mumps virus">MuV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">Mumps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/29px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/38px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&oldid=1259644221">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&oldid=1259644221</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthomyxoviridae" title="Category:Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Influenza" title="Category:Influenza">Influenza</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_without_primary_Wikidata_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs">Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 08:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza_D_virus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-kbgw6","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.678","walltime":"0.866","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4353,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":144601,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2384,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":112090,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 734.336 1 -total"," 29.71% 218.137 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.29% 156.338 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.64% 151.534 12 Template:Navbox"," 19.13% 140.446 1 Template:Virusbox"," 16.71% 122.673 1 Template:Influenza"," 11.62% 85.364 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.91% 58.121 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.69% 56.464 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.68% 27.018 1 Template:Wikispecies"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.446","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5561867,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.canary-75f9b6575f-sdd6v","timestamp":"20241126121526","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Influenza D virus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Influenza_D_virus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29002254","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29002254","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-09-28T02:00:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T08:07:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/3D_Influenza_virus.png","headline":"Virus of influenza type D"}</script> </body> </html>