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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duwamish River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Duwamish River" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Duwamish" title="Río Duwamish – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Duwamish" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_(rivero)" title="Duwamish (rivero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duwamish (rivero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duwamish River" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="نهر دواميش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر دواميش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_(rivier)" title="Duwamish (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duwamish (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%B7%9D" title="デュワミッシュ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デュワミッシュ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Duwamish River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%93%A6%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E6%B2%B3" title="杜瓦米什河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杜瓦米什河" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Duwamish_River&params=47_35_04_N_122_21_37_W_region:US-WA_type:river_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°35′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°21′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.58444°N 122.36028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.58444; -122.36028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Washington, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Duwamish River<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%"><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>: <i lang="lut">dxʷdəw</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Duwamish_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Lower_Duwamish_River.jpg/250px-Lower_Duwamish_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Lower_Duwamish_River.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The lower Duwamish Waterway and the <a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_South_Bridge" title="First Avenue South Bridge">First Avenue South Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Route_99" title="Washington State Route 99">State Route 99</a>), looking north. Slips 1, 2, and 3 can be seen on the eastern bank. Kellogg Island is the crescent-shaped island in the upper right portion. Terminal 115 is located in the central portion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Duwamishmap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Duwamishmap.png/220px-Duwamishmap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Duwamishmap.png/330px-Duwamishmap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Duwamishmap.png/440px-Duwamishmap.png 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Duwamish/Green River watershed with the Duwamish highlighted</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington" title="Tukwila, Washington">Tukwila</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Duwamish River)">Green River</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Bay" title="Elliott Bay">Elliott Bay</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">12 mi (19 km)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Elliott Bay</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duwamish River</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>: <i lang="lut">dxʷdəw</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the name of the lower 12 miles (19 km) of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> state's <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River_tributary)" title="Green River (Duwamish River tributary)">Green River</a>. Its industrialized estuary is known as the <b>Duwamish Waterway</b>. Although heavily polluted, it is an important habitat for the wildlife. Important to the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish people</a>, the Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center is on the west bank of the river and several parks have indigenous <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> names . </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> language, the name of the Duwamish River (and of the Cedar River) is <i><span title="Lushootseed-language text"><i lang="lut">dxʷdəw</i></span></i>, meaning "inside."<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lushootseed name for the Duwamish people, who lived along the river and its tributaries, is <i>dxʷdəwʔabš</i>, meaning "people of the inside."<sup id="cite_ref-Duw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg/170px-Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg/255px-Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg/340px-Seattle_topo_map_showing_old_route_of_Duwamish_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>This 1909 topographical map of Greater Seattle shows the old route of the Duwamish (lower center).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png/220px-Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png/330px-Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png/440px-Duwamishvalley1899-1959.png 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>Maps showing the changes of course and nomenclature of rivers in the Duwamish Valley, 1899–1959.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duwamish_River_1862_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Duwamish_River_1862_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Survey of the river in 1862, note the mouth of the river in its natural state.</figcaption></figure> <p>For thousands of years, the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_people" title="Duwamish people">Duwamish people</a> have lived along the Duwamish River and its tributaries. The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation along the Duwamish River dates back to the 6th century CE. The Duwamish traditionally used the river to hunt ducks and geese, fish for salmon, cod, and halibut, harvest clams, and gather berries, camas, and other plants for food and medicinal purposes. When the first American settlers came to what is now the <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> area in 1851, the Duwamish lived in more than 90 longhouses, in at least 17 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Duw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native villages on the Duwamish were eventually supplanted by white settlements and commercial uses, and there was evidence of deliberate burning of Indian longhouses in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Blecha_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blecha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duwamish people continued to work and fish in the area, using man-made "Ballast Island" on the Seattle waterfront as a canoe haul-out and informal market, but by the early 20th Century, most remnants of traditional life along the river had disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1906, the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="White River (Washington)">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Duwamish River)">Green Rivers</a> combined at <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Washington" title="Auburn, Washington">Auburn</a>, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(Duwamish_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black River (Duwamish River)">Black River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington" title="Tukwila, Washington">Tukwila</a> to form the Duwamish. In 1906, however, the White River changed course following a major flood and emptied into the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup River</a> as it does today. The lower portion of the historic White River—from the historic confluence of the White and Green Rivers to the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with the Black River—is now considered part of the Green River. Later, in 1911 the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_River_(Washington)" title="Cedar River (Washington)">Cedar River</a> was diverted to empty into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Washington" title="Lake Washington">Lake Washington</a> instead of into the Black River; at that time, the lake itself still emptied into the Black River. Then, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal" title="Lake Washington Ship Canal">Lake Washington Ship Canal</a> in 1916, the lake's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up. From that time forward, the point of the name change from Green to Duwamish is no longer the confluence of the Green and Black Rivers, though it has not changed location.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last year-round Duwamish residents on the river – an old man named Seetoowathl, and his wife – died of starvation in their float-house on Kellogg Island in the winter of 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center was opened on the west bank of the river as part of the Duwamish Tribal Organization's reassertion of its historic rights in the area and its continuing struggle for federal recognition as the Duwamish Tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Blecha_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blecha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duwamish_Waterway">Duwamish Waterway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duwamish Waterway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the present day, the <b>Duwamish Waterway</b> empties into <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Bay" title="Elliott Bay">Elliott Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. The waterway was completed after the completion of the man-made <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Island_(Seattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbor Island (Seattle)">Harbor Island</a> in 1909. The waterway is now divided into two channels, the East and West Waterways. </p><p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Semple" title="Eugene Semple">Eugene Semple</a>, who had earlier served as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, outlined a plan for a series of major public works projects in the Seattle area, including the straightening and dredging of the Duwamish River, both to open up the area to commercial use and to alleviate flooding. In 1909 the City of Seattle formed the Duwamish Waterway Commission to sell bonds and oversee the re-channelling of the river. Work began in October 1913, and the oxbows gradually disappeared, with a few recesses in the channel left to accommodate high water flows and turning ships. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Seattle" title="Georgetown, Seattle">Georgetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Seattle" title="South Park, Seattle">South Park</a> neighborhoods once on quiet riverbank found themselves inland; the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Steam_Plant" title="Georgetown Steam Plant">Georgetown Steam Plant</a> was now almost a mile from the river, and special water pumping facilities had to be installed. By 1920, 4½ miles of the Duwamish Waterway had been dredged to a depth of 50 feet, with 20 million cubic feet of mud and sand going into the expansion of Harbor Island.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shallow, meandering, nine-mile-long river became a five-mile engineered waterway capable of handling ocean-going vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Boe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duwamish basin soon became Seattle's industrial and commercial core area. Activities included cargo handling and storage, marine construction, ship and boat manufacturing, concrete manufacturing, paper and metals fabrication, food processing, and countless other industrial operations. <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Plant_1" title="Boeing Plant 1">Boeing Plant 1</a> was established on the Lower Duwamish in 1916, and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Plant_2" title="Boeing Plant 2">Boeing Plant 2</a>, further upriver, in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Boe_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg/220px-Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg/330px-Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg/440px-Tukwila_-_Duwamish_River_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Duwamish_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Duwamish River)">Green River</a> at the Allentown neighborhood of Tukwila, slightly upstream from where it becomes the Duwamish.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg/220px-Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg/330px-Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg/440px-Duwamish_River_at_South_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>The Duwamish at South Park, Seattle</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to 20th century industrial <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">contamination</a>, the lower 5 miles (8.0 km) of the Duwamish Waterway was declared a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contaminants include <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">PAHs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, discharged from multiple industries.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_environment_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_environment-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cleanup included a plan for an "early action" or hotspot cleanup proposed to dredge contaminated sediment and dump the resulting <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma's</a> <a href="/wiki/Commencement_Bay" title="Commencement Bay">Commencement Bay</a>, 26 miles (42 km) to the southwest. Opposition to this plan in both Seattle and Tacoma forced the sludge to be shipped to <a href="/wiki/Klickitat_County,_Washington" title="Klickitat County, Washington">Klickitat County</a> in south central <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> instead of disposal in Puget Sound.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA has identified responsible parties for the pollution and in 2014 it published a final cleanup plan. By late 2015, 50 percent of the PCB-contaminated sediment had been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, cleanup and restoration efforts are ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duwamish River faces other types of pollution such as <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">fecal coliform</a> bacteria, caused by <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined sewer overflow">combined sewer overflows</a>. If these overflows were to be cleaned up, the overall quality of the water would not improve much. The river's most common pollutant is petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common contamination occurs from farms, <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, or failing septic tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the spread of ecological concerns in the 1970s, various environmental, tribal, and community organizations became interested in the severely polluted Duwamish River and Waterway. Kellogg Island, the last remnant of the original river, was declared a wildlife preserve, and nearby terminal T-107 was converted into a park, creating a substantial natural area near the mouth of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition (DRCC) was established as a community advisory group in response to the EPA declaring the Duwamish a Superfund site. As of 2023, the DRCC continues to organize cleanup events, provide community education, and campaign for environmental justice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the industrialization of the Duwamish river, it remains an important habitat for the wildlife in the area. Thousands of salmon and trout that visit the marshes and estuaries each year to spawn. The Duwamish supports chinook, coho, chum and steelhead, as well as the more rare sockeye, sea-run cutthroat trout and bull trout. Pink salmon run in the millions every odd-numbered years in recent history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada geese, great blue herons, starlings, cormorants, pigeons, buffleheads, Caspian terns, warblers, hawks, ospreys, bald eagles, and numerous waterfowl call the river home and can be seen feeding in and around its waters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geese_duwamish_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geese_duwamish_river.jpg/220px-Geese_duwamish_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geese_duwamish_river.jpg/330px-Geese_duwamish_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Geese_duwamish_river.jpg/440px-Geese_duwamish_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A mother goose leads her goslings down a set of concrete stairs into the Duwamish River at low tide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the animal species found in or around the river contain an unhealthy amount of contaminants. For example, other than salmon, any type of fish or shellfish found in the river is unfit for human consumption. It was found that PCB levels in fish and crab that live in the waterway most of their lives are 35 to 110 times higher than in Puget Sound salmon. The Ecological Risk Assessment also found that river otters from the Lower Duwamish River might be exposed to such high levels of PCBs that the growth or survival of their offspring may be reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg/220px-River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg/330px-River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg/440px-River_otters_duwamish_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A group of river otters feed on fish together at the Duwamish River.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Port of Seattle owns several properties along the Duwamish River and industrial channels. In 2020, a set of six parks were renamed to use Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> names following consultation with local tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges">Bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction,_circa_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg/220px-West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg/330px-West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg/440px-West_Seattle_Bridge_under_construction%2C_circa_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Seattle_Bridge" title="West Seattle Bridge">West Seattle Bridge</a> under construction circa 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duwamish Waterway is spanned by four major, public bridges: the <a href="/wiki/First_Avenue_South_Bridge" title="First Avenue South Bridge">First Avenue South Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Park_Bridge" title="South Park Bridge">South Park Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spokane_Street_Bridge" title="Spokane Street Bridge">Spokane Street Bridge</a>, and, directly above the latter, the <a href="/wiki/West_Seattle_Bridge" title="West Seattle Bridge">West Seattle Bridge</a>. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/West_Spokane_Street_Bridge" title="West Spokane Street Bridge">West Spokane Street Bridge</a> also crossed the west fork of the Duwamish Waterway from 1924 until the 1970s and 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Washington_(state)" title="List of rivers of Washington (state)">List of rivers of Washington (state)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBatesHessHilbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hilbert" title="Vi Hilbert">Hilbert, Vi</a> (1994). <i>Lushootseed Dictionary</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97323-4"><bdi>978-0-295-97323-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29877333">29877333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lushootseed+Dictionary&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29877333&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97323-4&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thom&rft.au=Hilbert%2C+Vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120031607/http://www.duwamishtribe.org/culture.html">"Culture and History"</a>. <i>Duwamish Tribe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duwamishtribe.org/culture.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duwamish+Tribe&rft.atitle=Culture+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duwamishtribe.org%2Fculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blecha-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blecha_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blecha_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylink.org/File/8894">"Seattle's Duwamish Tribe celebrates new Longhouse and Cultural Center on January 3, 2009. - HistoryLink.org"</a>. <i>www.historylink.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historylink.org&rft.atitle=Seattle%27s+Duwamish+Tribe+celebrates+new+Longhouse+and+Cultural+Center+on+January+3%2C+2009.+-+HistoryLink.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2FFile%2F8894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duwamish Tribe-Exile to Ballast Island; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.duwamishtribe.org/ballastisland.html">http://www.duwamishtribe.org/ballastisland.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127212108/http://www.duwamishtribe.org/ballastisland.html">Archived</a> November 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retvd 12 13 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Green-Duwamish: A River System Re-Plumbed", <i>The Green-Duwamish River: Connecting people with a diverse environment</i>. Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition/TAG. No date, appears to be 2008 or 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwinn, Mary Ann-"Native landscape: The rich layer of indigenous history under Seattle’s skin",<i>The Seattle Times</i>, August 30, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burkemuseum.org/static/waterlines/process.php">"Waterlines: Overview"</a>. <i>www.burkemuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.burkemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Waterlines%3A+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burkemuseum.org%2Fstatic%2Fwaterlines%2Fprocess.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilma, David-"Straightening of Duwamish River begins on October 14, 1913." HistoryLink.org Essay 2986; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2986">http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2986</a> retvd 12 13 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boe_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boe_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeing-History of the Duwamish Waterway; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.boeing.com/principles/environment/duwamish/history.page">http://www.boeing.com/principles/environment/duwamish/history.page</a> retvd 12 13 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Lower_Duwamish_status_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.cleanup&id=1002020">"Lower Duwamish Waterway; Cleanup Activities"</a>. <i>Superfund</i>. 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May 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=How+EPA+wants+to+spend+%24290M+to+clean+up+a+Superfund+site+in+Seattle&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fenvironment%2Fepa-pitches-290-million-cleanup-for-duwamish-superfund-site%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattle.gov/util/stellent/groups/public/@spu/@ssw/documents/webcontent/spu01_002696.pdf">"Seattle's Aquatic Environments: Duwamish Estuary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Seattle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seattle%27s+Aquatic+Environments%3A+Duwamish+Estuary&rft.pub=City+of+Seattle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattle.gov%2Futil%2Fstellent%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F%40spu%2F%40ssw%2Fdocuments%2Fwebcontent%2Fspu01_002696.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/hotspot/L11305950">"Duwamish Waterway Park, King County, WA, US – eBird Hotspot"</a>. <i>ebird.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebird.org&rft.atitle=Duwamish+Waterway+Park%2C+King+County%2C+WA%2C+US+%E2%80%93+eBird+Hotspot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febird.org%2Fhotspot%2FL11305950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/LDW/Fact+Sheets/$FILE/LDW-FAQ-FS-08.pdf">"Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Region 10 Cleanup</i>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Region+10+Cleanup&rft.atitle=Lower+Duwamish+Waterway+Superfund+Site&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyosemite.epa.gov%2Fr10%2FCLEANUP.NSF%2FLDW%2FFact%2BSheets%2F%24FILE%2FLDW-FAQ-FS-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portseattle.org/news/port-announces-new-names-six-parks-along-duwamish-river">"Port Announces New Names for Six Parks along the Duwamish River"</a> (Press release). Port of Seattle. October 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Announces+New+Names+for+Six+Parks+along+the+Duwamish+River&rft.pub=Port+of+Seattle&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portseattle.org%2Fnews%2Fport-announces-new-names-six-parks-along-duwamish-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_River&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duwamish_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Duwamish River"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Duwamish River</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartnow2007" class="citation news cs1">Partnow, Jessica (September 24–28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017114717/http://www2.kuow.org/specials/2007/duwamish.php">"Life on the Duwamish:Rediscovering Seattle's Dirty South"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">KUOW-FM</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kuow.org/specials/2007/duwamish.php">the original</a> on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KUOW-FM&rft.atitle=Life+on+the+Duwamish%3ARediscovering+Seattle%27s+Dirty+South&rft.date=2007-09-24%2F2007-09-28&rft.aulast=Partnow&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kuow.org%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Fduwamish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2007" class="citation news cs1">McClure, Robert (November 26–28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/specials/duwamish/">"A River Lost? Decision time on the Duwamish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seattle Post-Intelligencer">The Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=A+River+Lost%3F+Decision+time+on+the+Duwamish&rft.date=2007-11-26%2F2007-11-28&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fspecials%2Fduwamish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuwamish+River" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Three of a long series published by the <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i> in Nov–Dec 2007. <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302151406/http://www.seattlepi.com/news/slideshow/A-River-Lost-4239.php%7CA">River Lost?</a>, November 11, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930021020/http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Many-question-if-Seattle-s-Duwamish-waterway-can-1256762.php">Many question if Seattle's Duwamish waterway can ever be restored</a>, November 25, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Duwamish-River-Dead-or-alive-1257390.php%7CDuwamish">River: Dead or alive?</a>, December 1, 2007.</li></ol></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output 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