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Hübner</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: S. Hübner"> <meta name="keywords" content="S. Hübner"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="S. 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Hübner"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 20</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: S. Hübner</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Toxicity of Cry1ac Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Artificial Diet under Laboratory Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahammal%20Hussain">Tahammal Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khuram%20Zia"> Khuram Zia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mumammad%20Jalal%20Arif"> Mumammad Jalal Arif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megha%20Parajulee"> Megha Parajulee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Hakeem"> Abdul Hakeem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Bioassay on neonate, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were conducted against Bacillus thuringiensis proteins Cry1Ac. Cry1Ac was incorporated into an artificial diet and was serially diluted with distilled water and then mixed with diet at an appropriate temperature of diet. Toxins incorporated prepared diet was poured into Petri-dishes. For controls, distilled water was mixed with the diet. Five toxin doses 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 ug / ml and one control were used for each instars of H. armigera 20 larvae were used in each replication and each treatment is replicated four times. LC50 of Cry1Ac against neonate, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of H. armigera were 0.34, 0.81 and 1.46 ug / ml. So Cry1Ac is more effective against neonate larvae of H .armigera as compared to 2nd and 3rd instar larvae under laboratory conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20thuringiensis" title="B. thuringiensis">B. thuringiensis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cry1Ac" title=" Cry1Ac"> Cry1Ac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20armigera" title=" H. armigera"> H. armigera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71388/toxicity-of-cry1ac-bacillus-thuringiensis-against-helicoverpa-armigera-hubner-on-artificial-diet-under-laboratory-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71388.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Fecundity and Egg Laying in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Model Development and Field Validation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Noor%20Ul%20Ane">Muhammad Noor Ul Ane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Soon%20Kim"> Dong-Soon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myron%20P.%20Zalucki"> Myron P. Zalucki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Models can be useful to help understand population dynamics of insects under diverse environmental conditions and in developing strategies to manage pest species better. Adult longevity and fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were evaluated against a wide range of constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 37.5ᵒC). The modified Sharpe and DeMichele model described adult aging rate and was used to estimate adult physiological age. Maximum fecundity of H. armigera was 973 egg/female at 25ᵒC decreasing to 72 eggs/female at 37.5ᵒC. The relationship between adult fecundity and temperature was well described by an extreme value function. Age-specific cumulative oviposition rate and age-specific survival rate were well described by a two-parameter Weibull function and sigmoid function, respectively. An oviposition model was developed using three temperature-dependent components: total fecundity, age-specific oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate. The oviposition model was validated against independent field data and described the field occurrence pattern of egg population of H. armigera very well. Our model should be a useful component for population modeling of H. armigera and can be independently used for the timing of sprays in management programs of this key pest species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20bollworm" title="cotton bollworm">cotton bollworm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20table" title=" life table"> life table</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature-dependent%20adult%20development" title=" temperature-dependent adult development"> temperature-dependent adult development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature-dependent%20fecundity" title=" temperature-dependent fecundity"> temperature-dependent fecundity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87308/fecundity-and-egg-laying-in-helicoverpa-armigera-hubner-lepidoptera-noctuidae-model-development-and-field-validation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87308.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Manual Dexterity in Patients with Motor Neuron Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Barbara%20Kaziuk">Magdalena Barbara Kaziuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilona%20Hubner"> Ilona Hubner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacek%20Hubner"> Jacek Hubner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Slawomir%20Kroczka"> Slawomir Kroczka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The motor neuron disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease causing malfunction. Irrespective of the form of the disease and its onset always leads to the worsening of the quality of life, with patients usually depending on the family. Materials and methods: The study included 20 persons (5 females, 15 males, aged 65,5 ± 20 years) with clinically certain or probable diagnosis of the motor neuron disease. Patients were examined three times in the period of six months. The diagnosis was established based on the criteria of El Escorial. Manual dexterity was assessed using the test of the card Rene Zazzo and the test of shading in with lines Mira Stambak. Results: All patients achieved unsatisfactory results in Rene Zazzo’s test of the card and most of the patients (60%) in Mira Stambak’s test of shading with lines. Significantly higher test results were achieved for Rene Zazzo’s test and lower test results for Mira Stambak’s test in consecutive measurements. Conclusions: Impairment of manual dexterity is present already at the moment of diagnosing the disease and is growing significantly during its course. The quality of life for MND patients undergoes gradual deterioration as a result of the malfunction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20dexterity" title="manual dexterity">manual dexterity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motor%20neuron%20disease" title=" motor neuron disease"> motor neuron disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title=" quality of life"> quality of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malfunction" title=" malfunction"> malfunction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88619/manual-dexterity-in-patients-with-motor-neuron-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88619.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Press Hardening of Tubes with Additional Interior Spray Cooling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20A.%20Behrens">B. A. Behrens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20J.%20Maier"> H. J. Maier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Neumann"> A. Neumann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Moritz"> J. Moritz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H%C3%BCbner"> S. Hübner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Gretzki"> T. Gretzki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20N%C3%BCrnberger"> F. Nürnberger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Spiekermeier"> A. Spiekermeier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Press-hardened profiles are used e.g. for automotive applications in order to improve light weight construction due to the high reachable strength. The application of interior water-air spray cooling contributes to significantly reducing the cycle time in the production of heat-treated tubes. This paper describes a new manufacturing method for producing press-hardened hollow profiles by means of an additional interior cooling based on a water-air spray. Furthermore, this paper provides the results of thorough investigations on the properties of press-hardened tubes in dependence of varying spray parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=22MnB5" title="22MnB5">22MnB5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=press%20hardening" title=" press hardening"> press hardening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-air%20spray%20cooling" title=" water-air spray cooling"> water-air spray cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hollow%20profiles" title=" hollow profiles"> hollow profiles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tubes" title=" tubes"> tubes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22942/press-hardening-of-tubes-with-additional-interior-spray-cooling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Autophagy in the Midgut Epithelium of Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Exposed to Various Cadmium Concentration - 6-Generational Exposure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Maria%20Rost-Roszkowska">Magdalena Maria Rost-Roszkowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Chachulska-%C5%BByme%C5%82ka"> Alina Chachulska-Żymełka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Tarnawska"> Monika Tarnawska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Augustyniak"> Maria Augustyniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Kafel"> Alina Kafel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnieszka%20Babczy%C5%84ska"> Agnieszka Babczyńska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autophagy is a form of cell remodeling in which an internalization of organelles into vacuoles that are called autophagosomes occur. Autophagosomes are the targets of lysosomes, thus causing digestion of cytoplasmic components. Eventually, it can lead to the death of the entire cell. However, in response to several stress factors, e.g., starvation, heavy metals (e.g., cadmium) autophagy can also act as a pro-survival factor, protecting the cell against its death. The main aim of our studies was to check if the process of autophagy, which could appear in the midgut epithelium after Cd treatment, can be fixed during the following generations of insects. As a model animal, we chose the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a well-known polyphagous pest of many vegetable crops. We analyzed specimens at final larval stage (5th larval stage), due to its hyperfagy, resulting in great amount of cadmium assimilate. The culture consisted of two strains: a control strain (K) fed a standard diet, and a cadmium strain (Cd), fed on standard diet supplemented with cadmium (44 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food) for 146 generations, both strains. In addition, the control insects were transferred to the Cd supplemented diet (5 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food, 10 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food, 20 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food, 44 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food). Therefore, we obtained Cd1, Cd2, Cd3 and KCd experimental groups. Autophagy has been examined using transmission electron microscope. During this process, degenerated organelles were surrounded by a membranous phagophore and enclosed in an autophagosome. Eventually, after the autophagosome fused with a lysosome, an autolysosome was formed and the process of the digestion of organelles began. During the 1st year of the experiment, we analyzed specimens of 6 generations in all the lines. The intensity of autophagy depends significantly on the generation, tissue and cadmium concentration in the insect rearing medium. In the Ist, IInd, IIIrd, IVth, Vth and VIth generation the intensity of autophagy in the midguts from cadmium-exposed strains decreased gradually according to the following order of strains: Cd1, Cd2, Cd3 and KCd. The higher amount of cells with autophagy was observed in Cd1 and Cd2. However, it was still higher than the percentage of cells with autophagy in the same tissues of the insects from the control and multigenerational cadmium strain. This may indicate that during 6-generational exposure to various Cd concentration, a preserved tolerance to cadmium was not maintained. The study has been financed by the National Science Centre Poland, grant no 2016/21/B/NZ8/00831. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autophagy" title="autophagy">autophagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20death" title=" cell death"> cell death</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestive%20system" title=" digestive system"> digestive system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrastructure" title=" ultrastructure"> ultrastructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90369/autophagy-in-the-midgut-epithelium-of-spodoptera-exigua-hubner-lepidoptera-noctuidae-larvae-exposed-to-various-cadmium-concentration-6-generational-exposure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90369.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Activation of Apoptosis in the Midgut Epithelium of Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Exposed to Various Cadmium Concentration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Maria%20Rost-Roszkowska">Magdalena Maria Rost-Roszkowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Chachulska-%C5%BByme%C5%82ka"> Alina Chachulska-Żymełka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Tarnawska"> Monika Tarnawska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Augustyniak"> Maria Augustyniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alina%20Kafel"> Alina Kafel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnieszka%20Babczy%C5%84ska"> Agnieszka Babczyńska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The digestive system of insects is composed of three distinct regions: fore-, mid- and hingut. The middle region (the midgut) is treated as one of the barriers which protects the organism against any stressors which originate from external environment, e.g. toxic metals. Such factors can activate the cell death in epithelial cells to preserve the entire tissue/organs against the degeneration. Different mechanisms involved in homeostasis maintenance have been described, but the studies of animals under field conditions do not give the opportunity to conclude about potential ability of subsequent generation to inherit the tolerance mechanisms. It is possible only by a multigenerational strain of an animal led under laboratory conditions, exposed to a selected toxic factor, present also in polluted ecosystems. The main purpose of the project was to check if changes, which appear in the midgut epithelium after Cd treatment, can be fixed during the following generations of insects with the special emphasis on apoptosis. As the animal for these studies we chose 5th larval stage of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is one of pest of many vegetable crops. Animals were divided into some experimental groups: K, Cd, KCd, Cd1, Cd2, Cd3. A control group (K) fed a standard diet, and was conducted for XX generations, a cadmium group (Cd), fed on standard diet supplemented with cadmium (44 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food) for XXX generations. A reference Cd group (KCd) has been initiated: control insects were fed with Cd supplemented diet (44 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food). Experimental groups Cd1, Cd2, Cd3 developed from the control one: 5 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food, 10 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food, 20 mg Cd per kg of dry weight of food. We were interested in the activation of apoptosis during following generations in all experimental groups. Therefore, during the 1st year of the experiment, the measurements were done for 6 generations in all experimental group. The intensity and the course of apoptosis have been examined using transmission electron microscope (TEM), confocal microscope and flow cytometry. During apoptosis the cell started to shrink, extracellular spaces appeared between digestive and neighboring cells, the nucleus achieved a lobular shape. Eventually, the apoptotic cells was discharged into the midgut lumen. A quantitative analysis revealed that the number of apoptotic cells depends significantly on the generation, tissue and cadmium concentration in the insect rearing medium. In the following 6 generations, we observed that the percentage of apoptotic cells in the midguts from cadmium-exposed groups decreased gradually according to the following order of strains: Cd1, Cd2, Cd3 and KCd. At the same time, it was still higher than the percentage of apoptotic cells in the same tissues of the insects from the control and multigenerational cadmium strain. The results of our studies suggest that changes caused by cadmium treatment were preserved during 6-generational development of lepidopteran larvae. The study has been financed by the National Science Centre Poland, grant no 2016/21/B/NZ8/00831. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadmium" title="cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20death" title=" cell death"> cell death</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestive%20system" title=" digestive system"> digestive system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrastructure" title=" ultrastructure"> ultrastructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90370/activation-of-apoptosis-in-the-midgut-epithelium-of-spodoptera-exigua-hubner-lepidoptera-noctuidae-exposed-to-various-cadmium-concentration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Insecticidal and Antifeedant Activity of Rosemary´s (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) Different Extracts on Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa Armigera Hubner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monireh%20Movahedi">Monireh Movahedi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering undesirable effects of chemical insecticides on environment and human health, most studies focused on insecticidal effects of plant materials. Here, the insecticidal effects of methanol, ethylacetat and n-Hexan extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on larval stage of the cotton bollworm were studied. From each extract, six concentrations, including 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 mg/ml were prepared and added on larval artificial diet. Moreover, solution of distilled water and tween 2% considered as check treatment. All experiments were done in laboratory temperature of 25±3 ºC, RH =50±10% and natural photoperiod during growing season. Each treatment had four replications and each replication carried out on 10 first instar larva with <24h age. Larval mortality was recorded 3 and 7 days after treat. Based on results, LC50 of methanol, ethylacetat and n-Hexan extracts of R. officinalis were 2.78, 15.87 and 15.70 ml/mg, respectively. On the other hand, antifeedant effect of methanol, ethylacetat and n-Hexan for R. officinalis estimated as 43.13%, 55.11% and 9.19%, respectively. All the obtained results revealed that methanol and ethylacetat extracts of R. officinalis are effective extracts for controlling the cotton bollworm population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helocoverpa%20armigera" title="Helocoverpa armigera">Helocoverpa armigera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosemarinus%20officinalis" title=" Rosemarinus officinalis"> Rosemarinus officinalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title=" extract"> extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanol" title=" methanol"> methanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylacetat" title=" ethylacetat"> ethylacetat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-Hexan" title=" n-Hexan"> n-Hexan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122787/insecticidal-and-antifeedant-activity-of-rosemarys-rosmarinus-officinalis-l-different-extracts-on-cotton-bollworm-helicoverpa-armigera-hubner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Production of Energetic Nanomaterials by Spray Flash Evaporation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Klaum%C3%BCnzer">Martin Klaumünzer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakob%20H%C3%BCbner"> Jakob Hübner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denis%20Spitzer"> Denis Spitzer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within this paper, latest results on processing of energetic nanomaterials by means of the Spray Flash Evaporation technique are presented. This technology constitutes a highly effective and continuous way to prepare fascinating materials on the nano- and micro-scale. Within the process, a solution is set under high pressure and sprayed into an evacuated atomization chamber. Subsequent ultrafast evaporation of the solvent leads to an aerosol stream, which is separated by cyclones or filters. No drying gas is required, so the present technique should not be confused with spray dying. Resulting nanothermites, insensitive explosives or propellants and compositions are foreseen to replace toxic (according to REACH) and very sensitive matter in military and civil applications. Diverse examples are given in detail: nano-RDX (n-Cyclotrimethylentrinitramin) and nano-aluminum based systems, mixtures (n-RDX/n-TNT - trinitrotoluene) or even cocrystalline matter like n-CL-20/HMX (Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane/ Cyclotetra-methylentetranitramin). These nanomaterials show reduced sensitivity by trend without losing effectiveness and performance. An analytical study for material characterization was performed by using Atomic Force Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and combined techniques as well as spectroscopic methods. As a matter of course, sensitivity tests regarding electrostatic discharge, impact, and friction are provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20synthesis" title="continuous synthesis">continuous synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energetic%20material" title=" energetic material"> energetic material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoscale" title=" nanoscale"> nanoscale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoexplosive" title=" nanoexplosive"> nanoexplosive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanothermite" title=" nanothermite"> nanothermite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53394/production-of-energetic-nanomaterials-by-spray-flash-evaporation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53394.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Automated Multisensory Data Collection System for Continuous Monitoring of Refrigerating Appliances Recycling Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgii%20Emelianov">Georgii Emelianov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Polikarpov"> Mikhail Polikarpov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20H%C3%BCbner"> Fabian Hübner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jochen%20Deuse"> Jochen Deuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jochen%20Schiemann"> Jochen Schiemann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recycling refrigerating appliances plays a major role in protecting the Earth's atmosphere from ozone depletion and emissions of greenhouse gases. The performance of refrigerator recycling plants in terms of material retention is the subject of strict environmental certifications and is reviewed periodically through specialized audits. The continuous collection of Refrigerator data required for the input-output analysis is still mostly manual, error-prone, and not digitalized. In this paper, we propose an automated data collection system for recycling plants in order to deduce expected material contents in individual end-of-life refrigerating appliances. The system utilizes laser scanner measurements and optical data to extract attributes of individual refrigerators by applying transfer learning with pre-trained vision models and optical character recognition. Based on Recognized features, the system automatically provides material categories and target values of contained material masses, especially foaming and cooling agents. The presented data collection system paves the way for continuous performance monitoring and efficient control of refrigerator recycling plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title="automation">automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20collection" title=" data collection"> data collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20monitoring" title=" performance monitoring"> performance monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refrigerators" title=" refrigerators"> refrigerators</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142799/automated-multisensory-data-collection-system-for-continuous-monitoring-of-refrigerating-appliances-recycling-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Investigating the Insecticidal Effects of the Hexanic Extracts of Thymus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. on Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Sadeghi">Reza Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Nazarahari"> Maryam Nazarahari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considering the effectiveness of plant pesticides in pest control, this group of pesticides can provide an efficient way to reduce the damage caused by pests in agriculture and maintain environmental health. Plant pesticides allow farmers to cultivate their crops by lowering the use of chemical pesticides and help improve the quality of agricultural products. In this research, various plant compounds were extracted from two different sources, thyme and eucalyptus, by using n-hexane solvent and investigated to control cotton bollworm in laboratory conditions. The mortality rates of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) caused by different concentrations of hexanic extract formulations were evaluated. The results showed that the varied concentrations of the hexanic extract formulations of thyme and eucalyptus had significant effects on the mortality rates of cotton bollworm larvae during a 24-h exposure period. The hexanic extract of thyme as a plant pesticide can be an effective alternative in agriculture and plant pest control. The use of pesticides in agriculture can help the environment and reduce the problems related to chemical toxins. Also, this research revealed that the types and compounds of plant pesticides can be effective in pest control and help to develop more efficient agricultural strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton%20bollworm" title="cotton bollworm">cotton bollworm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thyme" title=" thyme"> thyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eucalyptus" title=" eucalyptus"> eucalyptus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract%20formulation" title=" extract formulation"> extract formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity" title=" toxicity"> toxicity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174044/investigating-the-insecticidal-effects-of-the-hexanic-extracts-of-thymus-spp-and-eucalyptus-spp-on-cotton-bollworm-helicoverpa-armigera-hubner-lepidoptera-noctuidae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis Crystal Toxins</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Jawad%20Saleem">Muhammad Jawad Saleem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Hafeez"> Faisal Hafeez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Arshad"> Muhammad Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afifa%20Naeem"> Afifa Naeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Iftekhar"> Ayesha Iftekhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that belongs to the Bacillus cereus group of Bacilli and it produces ICP (insecticidal crystal protein) Cry toxins or Cysts toxins. Spores are produced as parasporal crystalline inclusions bodies (also known as endotoxins) at the onset of sporulation during the stationary growth phase. During vegetative growth that does not form crystals and is called vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP) and secreted an insecticidal protein (SIP). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is important for pest management either in the form of insecticides or through incorporated in the gene of the crop. Bioassays were conducted on the F2 generation of 1st instar larvae of H. armigera by the diet incorporation method to determine the susceptibility to Bt Cry toxins (Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry2A). The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry2A ranged from 0.11 to 1.06 µg/ml and moult inhibitory concentration (MIC₅₀) of Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry2A ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 µg/ml. Cry1Ac was found most toxic to 1st instar larvae of H. armigera as compared to other Bt Cry toxins (Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry2A). The experimental results are important to policy-makers and technology providers to develop strategies for the exploitation of transgenic Bt cotton varieties as a component of integrated pest management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bt%20toxin" title="Bt toxin">Bt toxin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cry1Ac" title=" Cry1Ac"> Cry1Ac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cry2Ab" title=" Cry2Ab"> Cry2Ab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cry2A" title=" Cry2A"> Cry2A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=susceptibility" title=" susceptibility"> susceptibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helicoverpa%20armigera" title=" Helicoverpa armigera"> Helicoverpa armigera</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97825/helicoverpa-armigera-hubner-lepidoptera-noctuidae-susceptibility-to-bacillus-thuringiensis-crystal-toxins" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Studies on Phylogeny of Helicoverpa armigera Populations from North Western Himalaya Region with Help of Cytochromeoxidase I Sequence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Srivastava">R. M. Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subbanna%20A.R.N.S"> Subbanna A.R.N.S</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md%20Abbas%20Ahmad"> Md Abbas Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20P.More"> S. P.More</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivashankar"> Shivashankar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kalyanbabu">B. Kalyanbabu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The similar morphology associated with high genetic variability poses problems in phylogenetic studies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). To identify genetic variation of North Western Himalayan population’s, partial (Mid to terminal region) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX-1) gene was amplified and sequenced for three populations collected from Pantnagar, Almora, and Chinyalisaur. The alignment of sequences with other two populations, Nagpur representing central India population and Anhui, China representing complete COX-1 sequence revealed unanimity in middle region with eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Nagpur populations. However, the consensus is missing when approaching towards terminal region, which is associated with 15 each SNPs and pair base substitutions in Chinyalisaur populations. In minimum evolution tree, all the five populations were majorly separated into two clades, one comprising of only Nagpur population and the other with rest. Amongst, North Western populations, Chinyalisaur one is promising by farming a separate clade. The pairwise genetic distance ranges from 0.025 to 0.192 with the maximum between H. armigera populations of Nagpur and Chinyalisaur. This genetic isolation of populations can be attributed to a key role of topological barriers of weather and mountain ranges and temporal barriers due to cropping patterns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytochrome%20c%20oxidase%20subunit%20I" title="cytochrome c oxidase subunit I">cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=northwestern%20Himalayan%20population" title=" northwestern Himalayan population"> northwestern Himalayan population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helicoverpa%20armigera%20%28Noctuidae%3A%20Lepidoptera%29" title=" Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)"> Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phylogenetic%20relationship" title=" phylogenetic relationship"> phylogenetic relationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20variation" title=" genetic variation"> genetic variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71872/studies-on-phylogeny-of-helicoverpa-armigera-populations-from-north-western-himalaya-region-with-help-of-cytochromeoxidase-i-sequence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Determination of Biological Efficiency Values of Some Pesticide Application Methods under Second Crop Maize Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Bolat">Ali Bolat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Bayat"> Ali Bayat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Gullu"> Mustafa Gullu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maize can be cultivated both under main and second crop conditions in Turkey. Main pests of maize under second crop conditions are Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Aerial spraying applications to control these two main maize pests can be carried out until 2006 in Turkey before it was banned due to environmental concerns like drifting of sprayed pestisides and low biological efficiency. In this context, pulverizers which can spray tall maize plants ( > 175 cm) from the ground have begun to be used. However, the biological efficiency of these sprayers is unknown. Some methods have been tested to increase the success of ground spraying in field experiments conducted in second crop maize in 2008 and 2009. For this aim, 6 spraying methods (air assisted spraying with TX cone jet, domestic cone nozzles, twinjet nozzles, air induction nozzles, standard domestic cone nozzles and tail booms) were used at two application rates (150 and 300 l.ha-1) by a sprayer. In the study, biological efficacy evaluations of each methods were measured in each parcel. Biological efficacy evaluations included counts of number of insect damaged plants, number of holes in stems and live larvae and pupa in stems of selected plants. As a result, the highest biological efficacy value (close to 70%) was obtained from Air Assisted Spraying method at 300 l / ha application volume. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20assisted%20sprayer" title="air assisted sprayer">air assisted sprayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drift%20nozzles" title=" drift nozzles"> drift nozzles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20efficiency" title=" biological efficiency"> biological efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize%20plant" title=" maize plant"> maize plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79987/determination-of-biological-efficiency-values-of-some-pesticide-application-methods-under-second-crop-maize-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79987.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Translanguaging and Cross-languages Analyses in Writing and Oral Production with Multilinguals: a Systematic Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryvone%20Cunha%20de%20Morais">Maryvone Cunha de Morais</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilian%20Cristine%20H%C3%BCbner"> Lilian Cristine Hübner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on a translanguaging theoretical approach, which considers language not as separate entities but as an entire repertoire available to bilingual individuals, this systematic review aimed at analyzing the methods (aims, samples investigated, type of stimuli, and analyses) adopted by studies on translanguaging practices associated with written and oral tasks (separately or integrated) in bilingual education. The PRISMA criteria for systematic reviews were adopted, with the descriptors "translanguaging", "bilingual education" and/or “written and oral tasks" to search in Pubmed/Medline, Lilacs, Eric, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases for articles published between 2017 and 2021. 280 registers were found, and after following the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 24 articles were considered for this analysis. The results showed that translanguaging practices were investigated on four studies focused on written production analyses, ten focused on oral production analysis, whereas ten studies focused on both written and oral production analyses. The majority of the studies followed a qualitative approach, while five studies have attempted to study translanguaging with quantitative statistical measures. Several types of methods were used to investigate translanguaging practices in written and oral production, with different approaches and tools indicating that the methods are still in development. Moreover, the findings showed that students’ interactions have received significant attention, and studies have been developed not just in language classes in bilingual education, but also including diverse educational and theoretical contexts such as Content and Language Integrated Learning, task repetition, Science classes, collaborative writing, storytelling, peer feedback, Speech Act theory and collective thinking, language ideologies, conversational analysis, and discourse analyses. The studies, whether focused either on writing or oral tasks or in both, have portrayed significant research and pedagogical implications, grounded on the view of integrated languages in bi-and multilinguals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual%20education" title="bilingual education">bilingual education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20production" title=" oral production"> oral production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translanguaging" title=" translanguaging"> translanguaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=written%20production" title=" written production"> written production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147476/translanguaging-and-cross-languages-analyses-in-writing-and-oral-production-with-multilinguals-a-systematic-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Role of Autophagic Lysosome Reformation for Cell Viability in an in vitro Infection Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Awais%20Afzal">Muhammad Awais Afzal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lorena%20Tuchscherr%20De%20Hauschopp"> Lorena Tuchscherr De Hauschopp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20H%C3%BCbner"> Christian Hübner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent degradation pathway, which can be induced by extrinsic and intrinsic stressors in living systems to adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions. In the context of inflammatory stress, autophagy contributes to the elimination of invading pathogens, the regulation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, and regulation of inflammasome activity as well as tissue damage repair. Lysosomes can be recycled from autolysosomes by the process of autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR), which depends on the presence of several proteins including Spatacsin. Thus ALR contributes to the replenishment of lysosomes that are available for fusion with autophagosomes in situations of increased autophagic turnover, e.g., during bacterial infections, inflammatory stress or sepsis. Objectives: We aimed to assess whether ALR plays a role for cell survival in an in-vitro bacterial infection model. Methods: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were isolated from wild-type mice and Spatacsin (Spg11-/-) knockout mice. Wild-type MEFs and Spg11-/- MEFs were infected with Staphylococcus aureus (multiplication of infection (MOI) used was 10). After 8 and 16 hours of infection, cell viability was assessed on BD flow cytometer through propidium iodide intake. Bacterial intake by cells was also calculated by plating cell lysates on blood agar plates. Results: in-vitro infection of MEFs with Staphylococcus aureus showed a marked decrease of cell viability in ALR deficient Spatacsin knockout (Spg11-/-) MEFs after 16 hours of infection as compared to wild-type MEFs (n=3 independent experiments; p < 0.0001) although no difference was observed for bacterial intake by both genotypes. Conclusion: Suggesting that ALR is important for the defense of invading pathogens e.g. S. aureus, we observed a marked increase of cell death in an in-vitro infection model in cells with compromised ALR. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autophagy" title="autophagy">autophagy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autophagic%20lysosome%20reformation" title=" autophagic lysosome reformation"> autophagic lysosome reformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacterial%20infections" title=" bacterial infections"> bacterial infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" Staphylococcus aureus"> Staphylococcus aureus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99017/role-of-autophagic-lysosome-reformation-for-cell-viability-in-an-in-vitro-infection-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Geographic Variation in the Baseline Susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) Field Populations to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry Toxins for Resistance Monitoring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Arshad">Muhammad Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sufian"> M. Sufian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20D.%20Gogi"> Muhammad D. Gogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aslam"> A. Aslam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provides an effective control of Helicoverpa armigera, a most damaging pest of the cotton crop. However, Bt cotton may not be the optimal solution owing to the selection pressure of Cry toxins. As Bt cotton express the insecticidal proteins throughout the growing seasons, there are the chances of resistance development in the target pests. A regular monitoring and surveillance of target pest’s baseline susceptibility to Bt Cry toxins is crucial for early detection of any resistance development. The present study was conducted to monitor the changes in the baseline susceptibility of the field population of H. armigera to Bt Cry1Ac toxin. The field-collected larval populations were maintained in the laboratory on artificial diet and F1 generation larvae were used for diet incorporated diagnostic studies. The LC₅₀ and MIC₅₀ were calculated to measure the level of resistance of population as a ratio over susceptible population. The monitoring results indicated a significant difference in the susceptibility (LC₅₀) of H. armigera for first, second, third and fourth instar larval populations sampled from different cotton growing areas over the study period 2016-17. The variations in susceptibility among the tested insects depended on the age of the insect and susceptibility decreased with the age of larvae. The overall results show that the average resistant ratio (RR) of all field-collected populations (FSD, SWL, MLT, BWP and DGK) exposed to Bt toxin Cry1Ac ranged from 3.381-fold to 7.381-fold for 1st instar, 2.370-fold to 3.739-fold for 2nd instar, 1.115-fold to 1.762-fold for 3rd instar and 1.141-fold to 2.504-fold for 4th instar, depicting maximum RR from MLT population, whereas minimum RR for FSD and SWL population. The results regarding moult inhibitory concentration of H. armigera larvae (1-4th instars) exposed to different concentrations of Bt Cry1Ac toxin indicated that among all field populations, overall Multan (MLT) and Bahawalpur (BWP) populations showed higher MIC₅₀ values as compared to Faisalabad (FSD) and Sahiwal (SWL), whereas DG Khan (DGK) population showed an intermediate moult inhibitory concentrations. This information is important for the development of more effective resistance monitoring programs. The development of Bt Cry toxins baseline susceptibility data before the widespread commercial release of transgenic Bt cotton cultivars in Pakistan is important for the development of more effective resistance monitoring programs to identify the resistant H. armigera populations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bt%20cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baseline" title=" baseline"> baseline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cry1Ac%20toxins" title=" Cry1Ac toxins"> Cry1Ac toxins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20armigera" title=" H. armigera"> H. armigera</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99006/geographic-variation-in-the-baseline-susceptibility-of-helicoverpa-armigera-hubner-noctuidae-lepidoptera-field-populations-to-bacillus-thuringiensis-cry-toxins-for-resistance-monitoring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> A Bilingual Didactic Sequence about Biological Control to Develop the Scientific Literacy on High School Students</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andr%C3%A9%20Melo%20Franco%20Lorena%20De%20Barros">André Melo Franco Lorena De Barros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elida%20Geralda%20Campos"> Elida Geralda Campos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The bilingual education has just started in Brazils public schools. This paper is a didactic sequence of biology bilingual lessons about biologic control in the Brazilian Savana. This sequence has been applied in the first year of a bilingual education program in the only public English and Portuguese bilingual high school in Brazil. The aim of this work is to develop and apply a didactic sequence capable of developing the scientific literacy through the bilingual education associated with Problem Based Learning. This didactic sequence was applied in a class of 30 students. It was divided in three lessons. In the first lesson the students were divided in groups and received a fiction Letter from a mayor explaining the problem and asking students for help. The organic soy plantation of the mayor’s is been attacked by caterpillars. The students read the text then raised hypothesis of how they could solve the problem. In the second lesson the students searched online to verify if theirs hypothesis were correct and to find answers for the question proposed. In the third lesson the groups got together and discussed about their results and wrote a final essay with the answers for the problem proposed. The tools used to acquire information about the didactic sequence were: researcher’s diary, survey, interview and essay developed by the students. Most of the initial hypothesis couldn’t answer the problem properly. By the second lesson most of the students could answer properly. During the third lesson all the groups figured out suitable answers. The forms of biological control, birds habits and transgenic were deeply studied by the students. This methodology was successful for developing the scientific literacy with most of the students and also concluded that the quality of learning is directly associated with the effort of each student during the process. [ARAÚJO, Denise Lino de. O que é (e como se faz) sequência didática. Entrepalavras, Fortaleza, v. 3, n. 3, p.322-334, jul. 2013.] [FRANCO, Aline Aparecida et al. Preferência alimentar de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) por cultivares de soja. Científica: Revista de Ciências Agrárias, Jaboticabal, v. 1, n. 42, p.32-38, 29 jan. 2014.] [RIBEIRO, Luis Roberto de Camargo. Aprendizagem baseada em problemas (PBL): Uma experiência no ensino superior. São Carlos: Editora da Universidade Federal de São Carlos Ribeiro, 2008. 151 p.] [TRIVELATO, Sílvia L. Frateschi; TONIDANDEL, Sandra M. Rudella. Ensino Por Investigação: Eixos Organizadores Para Sequências De Ensino De Biologia. Ensaio Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências, Belo Horizonte, v. 17, n. especial, p.97-114, nov. 2015.]. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bilingual%20Education" title="Bilingual Education">Bilingual Education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Environmental%20Education" title=" Environmental Education"> Environmental Education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Problem%20Based%20Learning" title=" Problem Based Learning"> Problem Based Learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Science%20education" title=" Science education"> Science education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124418/a-bilingual-didactic-sequence-about-biological-control-to-develop-the-scientific-literacy-on-high-school-students" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Density and Relationships Between the Assassin Bugs Sycanus Falleni Stal and Sycanus Croceovittatus Dohrn (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Their Prey (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on Corn Biomass in the Hoa Binh Province in Northwest Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Truong%20Xuan%20Lam">Truong Xuan Lam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Th%E1%BB%8B%20Phuong%20Lien"> Nguyen Thị Phuong Lien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nguyen%20Quang%20Cuong"> Nguyen Quang Cuong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Th%E1%BB%8B%20Ngat"> Tran Thị Ngat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Corn biomass is a feed for livestock including dairy cows. The Spodoptera frugiperda, Agrotis ypsilon, Heliothis armigera, Mythimna loreyi (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are key pests and very dangerous to Corn biomass crops. These pest species are very difficult to control in the field because of genetic resistance to insecticides. Furthermore, corn biomass is feed for livestock so the use of pesticides is always limited to the lowest level. In Vietnam, the assassin bug species Sycanus falleni and Sycanus croceouittatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are the common predators on trees agricultural ecosystems. The reduviid S. falleni and S. croceouittatus have the potential for biological control of pest insects in cotton, corn and vegetable plants as this species attacks many lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, the nymphal instars and adults of S. falleni and S. croceouittatus can be easily reared in the laboratory by the rice meal moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). To conserve the species S. falleni and S. croceouittatus in Corn biomass field in Northwest Vietnam. The results of this study report on the roles and relationships between S. falleni Stal and S. croceovittatus and their prey (key pests and dangerous to Corn) on Corn biomass to provide the basis for using and conserving the species S. falleni and S. croceouittatus as biological control agents on Corn biomass growing areas in Vietnam. Methods: The survey site is at the field of Corn biomass growing in Hoa Binh Province, Northwest Vietnam. The survey of the density of the assassin bugs species and their prey were conducted in 4 Corn biomass fields (each field = 10,000 m2), each point has an area of 1 m2. The survey was conducted every 10 days (3 times/month). The unit of measurement is individual/m2. The relationship between the density of assassin bug species and their prey is expressed through the correlation coefficient R Results: On Corn biomass in Northwest Vietnam, the S. falleni and S. croceouittatus species are such potential candidates for biocontrol of the fall armyworm S. frugiperda, black cutworm A. ypsilon, cotton bollworm H. armigera Hübner, maize caterpillar M. loreyi. Six species of assassin bugs belonging to the family Reduviidae were recorded on Corn biomass, of which S. falleni and S. croceovittatus were common. The relationship between the density of the group of assassin bugs and species S. fallen and S. croceovittatus had a close relationship with each other. The relationship between the density of the group of assassin bugs and the density of their prey in the Winter crops and Summer-Fall crops was a close relationship with each other. The relationship between the density of the S. falleni and S. croceovittatus species and the density of their prey on the Corn biomass were a close relationship in the Summer-Fall crops and the Winter crops. The S. falleni and S. croceouittatus species are such potential biocontrol of the pests on Corn. Possible to conserve and use them for biological control of the dangerous pests S. frugiperda, A. ypsilon, H. armigera , M. loreyi on Corn in Vietnam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20biomass" title="corn biomass">corn biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prey" title=" prey"> prey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relationship" title=" relationship"> relationship</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189848/density-and-relationships-between-the-assassin-bugs-sycanus-falleni-stal-and-sycanus-croceovittatus-dohrn-hemiptera-reduviidae-and-their-prey-noctuidae-lepidoptera-on-corn-biomass-in-the-hoa-binh-province-in-northwest-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189848.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Three Essential Oil and Beauvericin Nanogel on Plodia Interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magda%20Mahmoud%20Amin%20Sabbour">Magda Mahmoud Amin Sabbour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El-Sayed%20H.%20Shaurub"> El-Sayed H. Shaurub</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), of stored grain pests which destroy the seed completely. Their larval stages feed on the nutrient germinating kernels part found in the seeds grain. This leads to a reduction causing a badness to seed germination and seed viability. It controlled by many insecticides which pollute and cusses a harmful diseases to human being. Three tested oils were evaluated on this target pests. Plant extracts, essential oils and medical oils are materials which used to control many stored pests. Plant oils extracts have a lower effects on parasites and predators and not pollute the medium. By using the apparatus gas chromatography flame ionization detector gas chromatography–analysis of three essential oil tested. This research was point to explore and appreciation the activity of three oils and nano gel Beauvericin against P. interpunctella in the laboratory conditions and in the store conditions. The three essential oil tested proved that, percentage of α-Pinene recoded 7.76, 7.72 and 6.66 for C. cyminum, A. squamosal and G. officinale respectively. The composition of the β-Pinene recoded 4.61, 8.92 and 30.63 for the corresponding oils tested. Results showed that after analytically the oils tested, the effective compound of C. cyminum oil are p-cyinene and Terpinene. Results obtained show that the LC50 recorded 125, 112, 55 and 20 ppm after P. interpunctella treated with medical oils of Guaiacum officinale, Annona squamosa, Cuminum cyminum and Beauvericin 3% respectively. The accumulative mortality of P. interpunctella after treated with A.squamosa oil-loaded nanogels which showed that it is the highest oils from infestations recoded when the seed treated with 3% after 48 days, the accumulations obtained 44% at followed by 24 after24 days of storage. Results, cleared that the seed protection by G. officinale recorded 40% at concentrations of 3% after 48 days of storage seeds. C. cyminum was the highest mortality by 98, at concentrations 3%. The highest seed protection proved after C. cyminum oil-loaded nanogels 14% followed by G. officinale 29% and A.squamosa 44%.when the seeds treated with Beauvericin 3%. Results of this work cleared that the essential medical oils have a useful action effect on target insects. Plant essential and medical oils, their active ingredient have potentially high bioactivity against on P. interpunctella. The medical and essential oils incorporation and usage the nano-formulation release stopped the highly degradation vaporization and the increasing in the constancy, and save the lower effectiveness of the dosage/application. The research results proved that the highest seed protection obtained after C. cyminum oil-loaded nanogels followed by G. officinale and A.squamosa. It could be complemented that P. interpunctella were more susceptible to medical oils loaded nanogel (MOLNs ) than medical oils only (MO). MOLNs had best lower amount of the residual activity than MO only. MOLNs might mend the insecticidal action of the medical oil tested by the slow effective release of the medical oils to control P. interpunctella mostly at the lower doses. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cuminum%20cyminum" title="Cuminum cyminum">Cuminum cyminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annona%20squamosa" title=" annona squamosa"> annona squamosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=guaiacum%20officinale" title=" guaiacum officinale"> guaiacum officinale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beauvericin%203%20%25" title=" beauvericin 3 %"> beauvericin 3 %</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plodia%20interpunctella" title=" plodia interpunctella"> plodia interpunctella</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154047/chemical-composition-and-insecticidal-activity-of-three-essential-oil-and-beauvericin-nanogel-on-plodia-interpunctella-lepidoptera-pyralidae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Solomon 300 OD (Betacyfluthrin+Imidacloprid): A Combi-Product for the Management of Insect-Pests of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20S.%20Giraddi">R. S. Giraddi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Thirupam%20Reddy"> B. Thirupam Reddy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20N.%20Kambrekar"> D. N. Kambrekar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chilli (<em>Capsicum annum</em> L.) an important commercial vegetable crop is ravaged by a number of insect-pests during both vegetative and reproductive phase resulting into significant crop loss.Thrips, <em>Scirtothripsdorsalis</em>, mite, <em>Polyphagotarsonemuslatus</em> and whitefly, <em>Bemisiatabaci</em> are the key sap feeding insects, their infestation leads to leaf curl, stunted growth and yield loss.During flowering and fruit formation stage, gall midge fly, <em>Asphondyliacapparis</em> (Rubsaaman) infesting flower buds and young fruits and<em>Helicoverpaarmigera</em> (Hubner) feeding on matured green fruits are the important insect pests causing significant crop loss.The pest is known to infest both flower buds and young fruits resulting into malformation of flower buds and twisting of fruits.In order to manage these insect-pests a combi product consisting of imidacloprid and betacyfluthrin (Soloman 300 OD) was evaluated for its bio-efficacy, phytotoxicity and effect on predator activity.Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide belonging to neo-nicotinoid group, is effective against insect pests such as aphids, whiteflies (sap feeders) and other insects<em>viz</em>., termites and soil insects.Beta-Cyfluthrin is an insecticide of synthetic pyrethroid group which acts by contact action and ingestion. It acts on the insects' nervous system as sodium channel blocker consequently a disorder of the nervous system occurs leading finally to the death. The field experiments were taken up during 2015 and 2016 at the Main Agricultural Research Station of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.The trials were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications using popular land race of Byadagi crop variety.Results indicated that the product at 21.6 + 50.4% gai/ha (240 ml/ha) and 27.9 + 65% gai/ha (310 ml/ha) was found quite effective in controlling thrips (0.00 to 0.66 thrips per six leaves) as against the standard check insecticide recommended for thrips by the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad wherein the density of thrips recorded was significantly higher (1.00 to 2.00 Nos./6 leaves). Similarly, the test insecticide was quite effective against other target insects, whiteflies, fruit borer and gall midge fly as indicated by lower insect population observed in the treatments as compared to standard insecticidal control. The predatory beetle activity was found to be normal in all experimental plots. Highest green fruit yield of 5100-5500 kg/ha was recorded in Soloman 300 OD applied crop at 310 ml/ha rate as compared to 4750 to 5050 kg/ha recorded in check. At present 6-8 sprays of insecticides are recommended for management of these insect-pests on the crop. If combi-products are used in pest management programmes, it is possible to reduce insecticide usages in crop ecosystem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">Imidacloprid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betacyfluthrin" title=" Betacyfluthrin"> Betacyfluthrin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gallmidge%20fly" title=" gallmidge fly"> gallmidge fly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thrips" title=" thrips"> thrips</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chilli" title=" chilli"> chilli</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79930/solomon-300-od-betacyfluthrinimidacloprid-a-combi-product-for-the-management-of-insect-pests-of-chilli-capsicum-annum-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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