CINXE.COM

Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know. - FamilyEducation

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><link rel="preload" fetchpriority="high" as="image" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_920w/public/2022-05/Cytomegalovirus_feautre.jpg.webp?itok=ZSx-lHzu" /> <script> /*!@shinsenter/defer.js@3.8.0*/ !(function(c,u,f){function s(n,t,e,o){N?z(n,t):(1<(e=e===f?s.lazy:e)&&(o=n,S.push(n=function(){o&&(o(),o=f)},e)),(e?q:S).push(n,Math.max(e?350:0,t)))}function r(n){return"string"==typeof(n=n||{})?{id:n}:n}function a(t,n,e,o){l(n.split(" "),function(n){(o||c)[t+"EventListener"](n,e||i)})}function l(n,t){n.map(t)}function d(n,t){l(D.call(n.attributes),function(n){t(n.name,n.value)})}function p(n,t,e,o,i,c){if(i=I.createElement(n),e&&a(w,b,e,i),t)for(c in t)i[j](c,t[c]);return o&&I.head.appendChild(i),i}function h(n,t){return D.call((t||I).querySelectorAll(n))}function m(o,n){l(h("source,img",o),m),d(o,function(n,t,e){(e=y.exec(n))&&o[j](e[1],t)}),"string"==typeof n&&(o.className+=" "+n),o[b]&&o[b]()}function n(n,t,e){s(function(o){l(o=h(n||"script[type=deferjs]"),function(n,e){n[A]&&(e={},d(n,function(n,t){n!=C&&(e[n==A?"href":n]=t)}),e.as=g,e.rel="preload",p(v,e,f,c))}),(function i(n,e,t){(n=o[k]())&&(e={},d(n,function(n,t){n!=C&&(e[n]=t)}),t=e[A]&&!("async"in e),(e=p(g,e)).text=n.text,n.parentNode.replaceChild(e,n),t?a(w,b+" error",i,e):i())})()},t,e)}function i(n,t){for(t=N?(a(e,o),q):(a(e,x),N=s,q[0]&&a(w,o),S);t[0];)z(t[k](),t[k]())}var y=/^data-(.+)/,v="link",g="script",b="load",t="pageshow",w="add",e="remove",o="touchstart mousemove mousedown keydown wheel",x="on"+t in c?t:b,j="setAttribute",k="shift",A="src",C="type",E=c.IntersectionObserver,I=c.document,N=/p/.test(I.readyState),S=[],q=[],z=c.setTimeout,D=S.slice;s.all=n,s.dom=function(n,t,i,c,r){s(function(e){function o(n){c&&!1===c(n)||m(n,i)}e=E?new E(function(n){l(n,function(n,t){n.isIntersecting&&(e.unobserve(t=n.target),o(t))})},r):f,l(h(n||"[data-src]"),function(n){n[u]||(n[u]=s,e?e.observe(n):o(n))})},t,!1)},s.css=function(n,t,e,o,i){(t=r(t)).href=n,t.rel="stylesheet",s(function(){p(v,t,o,c)},e,i)},s.js=function(n,t,e,o,i){(t=r(t)).src=n,s(function(){p(g,t,o,c)},e,i)},s.reveal=m,c[u]=s,N||a(w,x),n()})(this,"Defer"); </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <!--TODO: Please remove these unused variable article_desktop, article_tablets, article_mobiles, article_large--> <style> /* Merriweather font */ @font-face { font-family: 'Merriweather'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/merriweather/v30/u-4m0qyriQwlOrhSvowK_l5-eRZOf-LVrPHp.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Merriweather'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/merriweather/v30/u-4l0qyriQwlOrhSvowK_l5-eR71Wvf4jvzDP3WG.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Merriweather'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/merriweather/v30/u-440qyriQwlOrhSvowK_l5-fCZMdeX3rg.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Merriweather'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/merriweather/v30/u-4n0qyriQwlOrhSvowK_l52xwNZWMf6hPvhPQ.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* Quattrocento Sans font */ @font-face { font-family: 'Quattrocento Sans'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/quattrocentosans/v18/va9a4lja2NVIDdIAAoMR5MfuElaRB0zMh032GFPKgLM.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Quattrocento Sans'; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/quattrocentosans/v18/va9X4lja2NVIDdIAAoMR5MfuElaRB0zMj_bTDX7ojZkKR7A.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Quattrocento Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/quattrocentosans/v18/va9c4lja2NVIDdIAAoMR5MfuElaRB0zJt0_8H3HI.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } @font-face { font-family: 'Quattrocento Sans'; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; font-display: swap; src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/quattrocentosans/v18/va9Z4lja2NVIDdIAAoMR5MfuElaRB0RyklrRPXziirsI.woff2) format('woff2'); unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+0304, U+0308, U+0329, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD; } /* Inlining webfonts to reduce render delay */ body { font-family: 'Quattrocento Sans', system-ui ,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; } h1 { font-family: 'Merriweather', system-ui ,sans-serif; font-weight: 700; } </style> <!-- TODO: Move the following style rule to critical CSS --> <style> .col-count-2 { -webkit-column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; } .py-5 { padding-bottom: 3rem !important; padding-top: 3rem !important; } </style> <script> Defer.all('script[type="bolt_defer"]', 3000); </script> <!-- Self-hosted Font Awesome Kit - SVG + JS --> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/brands.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/sharp-light.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/sharp-regular.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/sharp-solid.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/sharp-thin.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/fontawesome/fontawesome.min.js"></script> <!-- Start VWO Async SmartCode --> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com" /> <script type='text/javascript' id='vwoCode'> window._vwo_code=window._vwo_code || (function() { var account_id=763775, version = 1.5, settings_tolerance=2000, library_tolerance=2500, use_existing_jquery=false, is_spa=1, hide_element='body', hide_element_style = 'opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important', /* DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE */ f=false,d=document,vwoCodeEl=d.querySelector('#vwoCode'),code={use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance},hide_element_style:function(){return'{'+hide_element_style+'}'},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var e=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(e)e.parentNode.removeChild(e)}},finished:function(){return f},load:function(e){var t=d.createElement('script');t.fetchPriority='high';t.src=e;t.type='text/javascript';t.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish()};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(t)},getVersion:function(){return version},getMatchedCookies:function(e){var t=[];if(document.cookie){t=document.cookie.match(e)||[]}return t},getCombinationCookie:function(){var e=code.getMatchedCookies(/(?:^|;)\s?(_vis_opt_exp_\d+_combi=[^;$]*)/gi);e=e.map(function(e){try{var t=decodeURIComponent(e);if(!/_vis_opt_exp_\d+_combi=(?:\d+,?)+\s*$/.test(t)){return''}return t}catch(e){return''}});var i=[];e.forEach(function(e){var t=e.match(/([\d,]+)/g);t&&i.push(t.join('-'))});return i.join('|')},init:function(){if(d.URL.indexOf('__vwo_disable__')>-1)return;window.settings_timer=setTimeout(function(){_vwo_code.finish()},settings_tolerance);var e=d.createElement('style'),t=hide_element?hide_element+'{'+hide_element_style+'}':'',i=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];e.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');vwoCodeEl&&e.setAttribute('nonce',vwoCodeEl.nonce);e.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(e.styleSheet)e.styleSheet.cssText=t;else e.appendChild(d.createTextNode(t));i.appendChild(e);var n=this.getCombinationCookie();this.load('https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&f='+ +is_spa+'&vn='+version+(n?'&c='+n:''));return settings_timer}};window._vwo_settings_timer = code.init();return code;}()); </script> <!-- End VWO Async SmartCode --> <script async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-JWMFCCYWDN'></script> <script> window.ramp = window.ramp || {}; window.ramp.que = window.ramp.que || []; </script> <script async src="//cdn.intergient.com/1022050/69786/ramp_config.js"></script> <script> window._pwGA4PageviewId = ''.concat(Date.now()); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = window.gtag || function () { dataLayer.push(arguments); }; gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-JWMFCCYWDN', { 'send_page_view': false }); gtag( 'event', 'ramp_js', { 'send_to': 'G-JWMFCCYWDN', 'pageview_id': window._pwGA4PageviewId } ); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PGCCNR');</script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push([{'pageType' : 'Babies','userState' : 'logged-out','plan' : 'No Plan','subStatus' : 'anonymous'}]);</script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1090629627653802" /> <meta name="description" content="We break down what you need to know about Cytomegalovirus and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness." /> <meta name="referrer" content="origin" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="FamilyEducation" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/health/illness/cytomegalovirus-what-you-need-to-know" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know." /> <meta property="og:description" content="We break down what you need to know about Cytomegalovirus and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/2022-05/Cytomegalovirus_feautre.jpg.webp?itok=cKr5MyK8" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2022-05-12T05:29:50-04:00" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-pin-hover="1" async defer data-pin-height="0" data-pin-shape="rect" data-pin-color="gray" src="//assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js"></script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know", "name": "Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know", "description": "We break down what you need to know about Cytomegalovirus and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/2022-05/Cytomegalovirus_feautre.jpg", "width": "175", "height": "226" }, "datePublished": "2022-05-12T05:29:50-0400", "dateModified": "2022-12-01T04:11:21-0500", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Heidi Butler", "url": "https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "FamilyEducation", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.familyeducation.com/themes/fentheme/images/fe_logo.jpg", "width": "280", "height": "100" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/health/illness/cytomegalovirus-what-you-need-to-know", "articleBody": "When we think of viruses, we think of an illness that makes us feel unwell. However, there is a virus that over 50% of adults carry that many times exhibits no signs or symptoms whatsoever. While this isn’t a problem for most healthy adults, for women who become pregnant and have cytomegalovirus, the impact on their baby can be quite severe. We break down what you need to know and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness.What is Cytomegalovirus?\u0026nbsp;Cytomegalovirus, otherwise known as CMV, is a common virus that is related to both the chickenpox and herpes simplex viruses. Just like these infectious agents, it remains dormant most of the time. However, when the immune system is weakened, a person’s CMV can reactivate and be spread to healthy people through the exchange of bodily fluids. This can include saliva, vaginal fluids, semen, blood, and breast milk.Therefore, sexual contact, having a vaginal birth, and nursing can all spread this illness. This makes newborns extremely susceptible. Less commonly, organ transplants and blood transfusions can also lead to the spread of this virus.If an infant contracts CMV in the womb or during delivery, it is referred to as a congenital CMV infection. While some babies remain perfectly healthy, others can have detrimental health conditions at birth or they can develop them later on in life.Symptoms of Cytomegalovirus\u0026nbsp;As mentioned, most adults show little or no sign of having CMV. If you do have symptoms, they can include fatigue, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, fever, and swollen glands. In rare cases, this virus can also lead to hepatitis, mononucleosis, nervous system issues (like encephalitis), and the inflammation of the esophagus and colon.What is more concerning is if a pregnant woman contracts the virus. This can cause her unborn baby to develop microcephaly (a small head) and have a low birth weight. They can also have rashes, jaundice, retinitis, and seizures at birth. Furthermore, even if they exhibit no symptoms of CMV initially, young children can have long term health problems that can include vision loss, hearing loss, developmental delays, and even learning disabilities.Prevalence of the Virus\u0026nbsp;According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “in the United States, nearly one in three children are already infected with CMV by age five.” Moreover, by the age of 40, they report that over half of adults will have contracted this infection. Interestingly enough, individuals who work in child care fields have a much higher risk of catching this virus.Research shows that “risk factors for seropositivity [a positive result] were older age, nonwhite race, foreign birth, birth in a low- or middle-income country, diaper changing, having children at home, and a child to educator ratio greater than 6:1 in children 18 to 35 months of age.”CMV spreads in daycare centers much more rapidly because children have a propensity to put their fingers where they don’t belong — in their mouths, noses, and eyes. They then touch everything around them, making it much easier to come in close contact with the virus. Hand washing and rigorous cleaning practices are the best way to limit the spread of CMV in these types of environments.How is CMV Diagnosed?\u0026nbsp;Diagnosis is as simple as conducting a blood test or retrieving a sample of urine or saliva. During testing, doctors will look for antibodies from a current or past infection. If an infant is suspected of having a cytomegalovirus infection, these tests will be conducted within the first few weeks after delivery.Additionally, during routine ultrasounds, the fetus can also show signs of this infection. These will include an enlargement of the organs, liver, and spleen as well as an abnormally low head circumference and issues with the amniotic fluid. If your healthcare provider suspects an infection, they will recommend an amniocentesis to confirm your child’s diagnosis.How to Reduce the Chances of Getting Cytomegalovirus During Pregnancy\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;As if you didn’t have enough to worry about during pregnancy, expectant mothers should make a habit of being extra cautious around infants and young children, especially those who attend daycare programs. This means not kissing babies on the mouth, never sharing food or drinks with a small child, and regularly washing your hands after diaper changes.For those mothers who are not in committed relationships, it is also important to avoid unsafe sex practices. Additionally, since a weakened immune system can trigger the reactivation of the virus, an infected person is most likely to spread CMV when they are ill. Therefore, try to steer clear of sick individuals who may inadvertently expose others to bodily fluids through sneezing and coughing.What To Do If You Think You Have CMV\u0026nbsp;If you think you have CMV, or have come into contact with someone who has the virus, talk to your doctor about getting tested. It can take a few weeks for a positive test result to show up so don’t be surprised if they delay testing. Moreover, unlike the incubation periods for flu and COVID, it can take up to 12 weeks for symptoms of cytomegalovirus to appear.Treatment\u0026nbsp;Unfortunately, once you have contracted a cytomegalovirus infection, you will have it for life. Most individuals will not require treatment and when active, the side effects usually only last a few weeks. Treatment is normally reserved for those with a weakened immunity, pregnant women with an active form of the virus, and newborns.These interventions will involve antiviral medicines such as valganciclovir and ganciclovir. These will normally be administered for anywhere between six weeks to six months time. Thankfully, if the virus is addressed early, it can greatly diminish the chances of serious side effects and detrimental health conditions from developing.Support Networks\u0026nbsp;Parent to Parent Support Network is a program that offers help and support to families impacted by congenital CMV. Their National Congenital CMV Disease Registry facilitates an exchange of information and allows for continued research on this virus. Additionally, the National CMV Foundation also strives to educate the public on this illness in order to limit its spread and they work to provide resources to those who are impacted.Finally, if you or your child contract CMV, it is important to know that you are not alone. One third of women will pass this virus onto their child and “one in 200 children are born with congenital CMV each year”. Since most women do not exhibit any symptoms, try to not place blame on yourself for your baby’s diagnosis.Instead, pay extra attention to signs or symptoms as they occur and advocate for yourself and your child when it comes to talking to health professionals. This will help to ensure that early interventions are made and that the wellbeing of you and your baby is prioritized." } ] }</script> <style>.text-peach{color:#fde7cd!important}.btn-outline-gold{--bs-btn-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-border-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-hover-color:#000;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#f5e138;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:245,225,56;--bs-btn-active-color:#000;--bs-btn-active-bg:#f5e138;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#f5e138;--bs-gradient:none}.h4,.h5,h1,h2,h4,h6{color:var(--bs-heading-color);font-family:Merriweather,system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}body{font-family:'Quattrocento Sans',system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:400}h1{font-family:Merriweather,system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:700}.text-align-center{text-align:center}.hidden{display:none}.visually-hidden{position:absolute!important;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;word-wrap:normal}.toc-js{display:none}#custom-core-share .fe-share-buttons{list-style-type:none;padding:0;width:40px;position:fixed;z-index:9;right:0;top:35%;bottom:auto}#custom-core-share .fe-share-buttons{display:block;height:40px;width:40px;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.toc-js{background-color:#fff;position:relative}.toc-js .toc-title{margin:0;padding:1.5rem 1rem 1rem}.toc-js nav{padding:0 1rem}article.articles img{float:none}article.articles .field--name-field-advisor-profile-pic img{border-radius:50%}article.articles .field--name-body h2{margin:3rem 0 1rem}article.articles .field--name-body a{font-weight:700}.hide{display:none!important}.main-toc-wrapper{min-height:240px}.search-area-wrap{height:44px}.search-area-wrap .search-input-text::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#1b1b20}.search-area-wrap .search-input-text::-moz-placeholder{color:#1b1b20}.search-area-wrap .search-input-text::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#1b1b20}.search-area-wrap .search-submit{background:0 0;border:0;font-size:0;height:44px;width:30px}nav.navbar{height:72px}.search-wrapper{height:50px;width:50px}.nav-wrapper ul .dropdown-item,.nav-wrapper ul .nav-link{font-weight:700}.nav-wrapper ul .nav-link{text-transform:uppercase}:root{--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-creamy-white-rgb:255,253,239;--bs-blue-rgb:26,83,151;--bs-peach-rgb:253,231,205;--bs-dark-gray-rgb:115,115,124;--bs-faded-black-rgb:27,27,32;--bs-rec-secondary-rgb:5,38,44}:root{--bs-yellow:#fff177;--bs-gold:#f5e138;--bs-cream:#fffad0;--bs-creamy-white:#fffdef;--bs-blue:#1a5397;--bs-light-blue:#8dc1eb;--bs-pale-blue:#dcebf9;--bs-faded-black:#1b1b20;--bs-dark-gray:#73737c;--bs-gray:#d4d4d9;--bs-light-gray:#e7e7ea;--bs-orange:#ed770b;--bs-light-orange:#ffb762;--bs-peach:#fde7cd;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#1a5397;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#198754;--bs-info:#dcebf9;--bs-warning:#fff177;--bs-danger:#dc3545;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#1b1b20;--bs-primary-rgb:26,83,151;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:25,135,84;--bs-info-rgb:220,235,249;--bs-warning-rgb:255,241,119;--bs-danger-rgb:220,53,69;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:27,27,32;--bs-primary-text-emphasis:#0a213c;--bs-secondary-text-emphasis:#2b2f32;--bs-success-text-emphasis:#0a3622;--bs-info-text-emphasis:#585e64;--bs-warning-text-emphasis:#666030;--bs-danger-text-emphasis:#58151c;--bs-light-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-dark-text-emphasis:#495057;--bs-primary-bg-subtle:#d1ddea;--bs-secondary-bg-subtle:#e2e3e5;--bs-success-bg-subtle:#d1e7dd;--bs-info-bg-subtle:#f8fbfe;--bs-warning-bg-subtle:#fffce4;--bs-danger-bg-subtle:#f8d7da;--bs-light-bg-subtle:#fcfcfd;--bs-dark-bg-subtle:#ced4da;--bs-primary-border-subtle:#a3bad5;--bs-secondary-border-subtle:#c4c8cb;--bs-success-border-subtle:#a3cfbb;--bs-info-border-subtle:#f1f7fd;--bs-warning-border-subtle:#fff9c9;--bs-danger-border-subtle:#f1aeb5;--bs-light-border-subtle:#e9ecef;--bs-dark-border-subtle:#adb5bd;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-font-sans-serif:"Quattrocento Sans",system-ui,sans-serif;--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,.15),hsla(0,0%,100%,0));--bs-body-font-family:var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1.1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#1b1b20;--bs-body-color-rgb:27,27,32;--bs-body-bg:#fff;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-emphasis-color:#000;--bs-emphasis-color-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-secondary-color:rgba(27,27,32,.75);--bs-secondary-color-rgb:27,27,32;--bs-secondary-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-secondary-bg-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-tertiary-color:rgba(27,27,32,.6);--bs-tertiary-color-rgb:27,27,32;--bs-tertiary-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-heading-color:inherit;--bs-link-color:#1a5397;--bs-link-color-rgb:26,83,151;--bs-link-decoration:underline;--bs-link-hover-color:#0d2a4c;--bs-link-hover-color-rgb:13,42,76;--bs-code-color:#d63384;--bs-highlight-color:#1b1b20;--bs-highlight-bg:#fffce4;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-xxl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:var(--bs-border-radius-xxl);--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0,0,0,.15);--bs-box-shadow-sm:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-box-shadow-lg:0 1rem 3rem rgba(0,0,0,.175);--bs-box-shadow-inset:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-focus-ring-width:0;--bs-focus-ring-opacity:0.25;--bs-focus-ring-color:rgba(237,119,11,.25);--bs-form-valid-color:#198754;--bs-form-valid-border-color:#198754;--bs-form-invalid-color:#dc3545;--bs-form-invalid-border-color:#dc3545}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);color:var(--bs-body-color);font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);margin:0;text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align)}hr{border:0;border-top:var(--bs-border-width) solid;color:inherit;margin:1rem 0;opacity:.25}.h4,.h5,h1,h2,h3,h4,h6{color:var(--bs-heading-color);font-family:Merriweather,system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){article.articles:not(.partner) img{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-height:400px;width:auto}article.articles:not(.partner) .article-image img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%}h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + .6vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}.h4,h4{font-size:1.25rem}.h5{font-size:1.1rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem}ol,ul{margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0}ul ul{margin-bottom:0}.small{font-size:.875em}a{color:rgba(var(--bs-link-color-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1));text-decoration:underline}img{vertical-align:middle}button{border-radius:0}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}::file-selector-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}.container{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);width:100%}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.search-wrapper{flex:1;width:100%}.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}:root{--bs-breakpoint-xs:0;--bs-breakpoint-sm:576px;--bs-breakpoint-md:768px;--bs-breakpoint-lg:992px;--bs-breakpoint-xl:1200px;--bs-breakpoint-xxl:1400px}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5);margin-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*-.5);margin-top:calc(var(--bs-gutter-y)*-1)}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y);max-width:100%;padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);width:100%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0}.g-0{--bs-gutter-y:0}@media (min-width:992px){.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}}.dropdown{position:relative}.dropdown-toggle{white-space:nowrap}.dropdown-toggle:after{border-bottom:0;border-left:.3em solid transparent;border-right:.3em solid transparent;border-top:.3em solid;content:"";display:inline-block;margin-left:.255em;vertical-align:.255em}.dropdown-menu{--bs-dropdown-zindex:1000;--bs-dropdown-min-width:10rem;--bs-dropdown-padding-x:0;--bs-dropdown-padding-y:none;--bs-dropdown-spacer:0.125rem;--bs-dropdown-font-size:1.1rem;--bs-dropdown-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-dropdown-bg:#fffad0;--bs-dropdown-border-color:#1a5397;--bs-dropdown-border-radius:none;--bs-dropdown-border-width:none;--bs-dropdown-inner-border-radius:none;--bs-dropdown-divider-bg:#1a5397;--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y:0.5rem;--bs-dropdown-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow);--bs-dropdown-link-color:#1b1b20;--bs-dropdown-link-hover-color:#1b1b20;--bs-dropdown-link-hover-bg:#fffdef;--bs-dropdown-link-active-color:#1a5397;--bs-dropdown-link-active-bg:#fffdef;--bs-dropdown-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-tertiary-color);--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-dropdown-header-color:#1b1b20;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-dropdown-header-padding-y:none;background-clip:padding-box;background-color:var(--bs-dropdown-bg);border:var(--bs-dropdown-border-width) solid var(--bs-dropdown-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-dropdown-border-radius);color:var(--bs-dropdown-color);display:none;font-size:var(--bs-dropdown-font-size);list-style:none;margin:0;min-width:var(--bs-dropdown-min-width);padding:var(--bs-dropdown-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-padding-x);position:absolute;text-align:left;z-index:var(--bs-dropdown-zindex)}.dropdown-divider{border-top:1px solid var(--bs-dropdown-divider-bg);height:0;margin:var(--bs-dropdown-divider-margin-y) 0;opacity:1;overflow:hidden}.dropdown-item{background-color:transparent;border:0;border-radius:var(--bs-dropdown-item-border-radius,0);clear:both;color:var(--bs-dropdown-link-color);display:block;font-weight:400;padding:var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-y) var(--bs-dropdown-item-padding-x);text-align:inherit;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;width:100%}.nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:1rem;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-size:1.2rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight:700;--bs-nav-link-color:#73737c;--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0}.nav-link{background:0 0;border:0;color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);display:block;font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);text-decoration:none}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:#1b1b20;--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(27,27,32,.75);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.29375rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:none;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.375rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(var(--bs-emphasis-color-rgb),1);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.375rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:2px;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0;align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);position:relative}.navbar>.container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-font-size:1.2rem;--bs-nav-link-font-weight:700;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;list-style:none;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0}.navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{position:static}.navbar-toggler{background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius);color:var(--bs-navbar-color);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x)}.breadcrumb{--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg: ;--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius: ;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#73737c;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#1b1b20;background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);list-style:none;margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item:before{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider,">");float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-border-color:#1b1b20;--bs-list-group-border-width:0.5px;--bs-list-group-border-radius:var(--bs-border-radius);--bs-list-group-item-padding-x:0;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-color:var(--bs-emphasis-color);--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg:var(--bs-tertiary-bg);--bs-list-group-action-active-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-list-group-action-active-bg:var(--bs-secondary-bg);--bs-list-group-disabled-color:var(--bs-secondary-color);--bs-list-group-disabled-bg:var(--bs-body-bg);--bs-list-group-active-color:#fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg:#1a5397;--bs-list-group-active-border-color:#1a5397;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius);display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0}.list-group-item{background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);position:relative;text-decoration:none}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-left-radius:inherit;border-bottom-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.list-group-flush{border-radius:0}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item{border-width:0 0 var(--bs-list-group-border-width)}.list-group-flush>.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-width:0}.btn-close{--bs-btn-close-color:#000;--bs-btn-close-opacity:0.5;--bs-btn-close-hover-opacity:0.75;--bs-btn-close-focus-shadow:0 0 0 0 rgba(237,119,11,.25);--bs-btn-close-focus-opacity:1;--bs-btn-close-disabled-opacity:0.25;--bs-btn-close-white-filter:invert(1) grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);background:transparent var(--bs-btn-close-bg) center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;box-sizing:content-box;height:1em;opacity:var(--bs-btn-close-opacity);padding:.25em;width:1em}.btn-close{color:var(--bs-btn-close-color)}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-offcanvas-bg:#fffad0;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:var(--bs-border-width);--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:var(--bs-box-shadow-sm);--bs-offcanvas-title-line-height:1.5}.offcanvas{background-clip:padding-box;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);bottom:0;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;outline:0;position:fixed;visibility:hidden;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);left:0;top:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-100%);transform:translateX(-100%);width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width)}.offcanvas-header{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{margin-bottom:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*-.5);margin-right:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*-.5);margin-top:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*-.5);padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5)}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-inline-flex{display:inline-flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.position-relative{position:relative!important}.position-absolute{position:absolute!important}.top-50{top:50%!important}.end-0{right:0!important}.translate-middle-y{-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%)!important;transform:translateY(-50%)!important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-0{border:0!important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-bottom{border-bottom:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-primary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:#1a5397!important}.border-faded-black{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:#1b1b20!important}.border-orange{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:#ed770b!important}.w-100{width:100%!important}.h-100{height:100%!important}.flex-column{flex-direction:column!important}.flex-row-reverse{flex-direction:row-reverse!important}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap!important}.flex-nowrap{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.m-0{margin:0!important}.mx-3{margin-left:1rem!important;margin-right:1rem!important}.my-2{margin-bottom:.5rem!important;margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-1{margin-left:.25rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.p-0{padding:0!important}.p-3{padding:1rem!important}.p-4{padding:1.5rem!important}.px-3{padding-left:1rem!important;padding-right:1rem!important}.px-4{padding-left:1.5rem!important;padding-right:1.5rem!important}.py-2{padding-bottom:.5rem!important;padding-top:.5rem!important}.py-3{padding-bottom:1rem!important;padding-top:1rem!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pt-4{padding-top:1.5rem!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem!important}.pb-4{padding-bottom:1.5rem!important}.ps-4{padding-left:1.5rem!important}.gap-2{gap:.5rem!important}.gap-3{gap:1rem!important}.fs-4{font-size:1.25rem!important}.fw-bold{font-weight:700!important}.text-nowrap{white-space:nowrap!important}.text-gold{color:#f5e138!important}.text-dark-gray{color:#73737c!important}.bg-yellow{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:#fff177!important}.bg-creamy-white{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:#fffdef!important}.bg-orange{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:#ed770b!important}.bg-peach{--bs-bg-opacity:1;background-color:#fde7cd!important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}.d-lg-flex{display:flex!important}.d-lg-none{display:none!important}.flex-lg-row{flex-direction:row!important}.align-items-lg-center{align-items:center!important}.pt-lg-3{padding-top:1rem!important}.ps-lg-4{padding-left:1.5rem!important}.gap-lg-5{gap:3rem!important}}.sticky-top{top:0}.sticky-top{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;z-index:1020}.visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0)!important;border:0!important;height:1px!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;padding:0!important;white-space:nowrap!important;width:1px!important}.visually-hidden:not(caption){position:absolute!important}.btn{display:inline-block}.btn{--bs-btn-padding-x:2rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-family:Merriweather,system-ui,sans-serif;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:500;--bs-btn-line-height:1.6;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-body-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:2px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:2px;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 hsla(0,0%,100%,.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0 rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb),.5);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius);color:var(--bs-btn-color);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-bg:#1a5397;--bs-btn-border-color:#1a5397;--bs-btn-hover-color:#fff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#3c6da7;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#3164a1;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:59,104,137;--bs-btn-active-color:#fff;--bs-btn-active-bg:#4875ac;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#3164a1;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#fff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#1a5397;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#1a5397}.btn-gold{--bs-btn-color:#1a5397;--bs-btn-bg:#f5e138;--bs-btn-border-color:#f5e138;--bs-btn-hover-color:#000;--bs-btn-hover-bg:#f7e656;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:#f6e44c;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:212,204,70;--bs-btn-active-color:#000;--bs-btn-active-bg:#f7e760;--bs-btn-active-border-color:#f6e44c;--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.125);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#000;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#f5e138;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#f5e138}.link-dark-gray{color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-gray-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1))!important;-webkit-text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-gray-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-dark-gray-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important}.link-faded-black{color:RGBA(var(--bs-faded-black-rgb),var(--bs-link-opacity,1))!important;-webkit-text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-faded-black-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important;text-decoration-color:RGBA(var(--bs-faded-black-rgb),var(--bs-link-underline-opacity,1))!important}body{-ms-scroll-chaining:none;background-color:#fff;overscroll-behavior:none}.h5>a,h2>a,h6>a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.page__sidebar-right>div{margin-bottom:2rem}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item>a{color:#73737c;text-decoration:none}.breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item.active{font-weight:700}.btn{position:relative}#custom-core-share .fe-share-buttons{height:auto;justify-content:start;margin:0;padding:0;position:static;width:auto}#custom-core-share .fe-share-buttons li a{text-decoration:none}.med-rect-ad-container{padding:30px 20px;height:600px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.pw-med-rect-atf{max-width:100%;max-height:100%;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}</style> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script type="text/javascript">window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'event' : 'login', 'userId' : 'ad7f109a1477828b5d3f190f99893a09b79fa29b1553d4829d948e19e87780bf', });</script> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/health/illness/cytomegalovirus-what-you-need-to-know" /> <title>Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know. - FamilyEducation</title> <script type='text/javascript'> var viewportWidth = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth, window.innerWidth || 0); var viewportResizedWidth; var viewportWidth = Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth, window.innerWidth || 0); /* DataLayer code For GA -Ashutosh */ /** * Google GTM code for slideshow pages * */ var hostname = location.hostname; var GTM_CODE = 'UA-83005437-1'; /*Local Tracking Code id. */ if (hostname == 'www.familyeducation.com') GTM_CODE = 'UA-350786-5'; /* Family Education Code id. */ </script> <script>Defer.js('//s.ntv.io/serve/load.js', 'ntv', 2000);</script> <!-- ios touch icons --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144×144" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/themes/fentheme/images/ios-ipad-144x144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114×114" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/themes/fentheme/images/ios-iphone-114x114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/themes/fentheme/images/ios-default-homescreen-57x57.png" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="FamilyEducation"> </head> <body class="node-2410486 node-type--articles path-node language--en page-node-type-articles head-title-cytomegalovirus:-what-you-need-to-know. familyeducation"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PGCCNR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page"> <nav class="navbar justify-content-between navbar-light bg-creamy-white border-bottom border-dark sticky-top"> <div class="container d-flex justify-content-between flex-nowrap gap-lg-5"> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#offcanvasNavbar" aria-controls="offcanvasNavbar"> <i style="font-size:32px" class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-bars"></i> </button> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-site-branding"> <a href="/" class="navbar-brand d-flex align-items-center " aria-label=""> <img src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/logo.svg" width="110" height=&quot;43&quot; alt="FamilyEducation logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <form class="search-area-wrap d-flex position-relative h-100"> <input type="text" class="search-input-text w-100 bg-yellow border-0 border-bottom border-faded-black ps-lg-4 pe-5" name="searchquery" placeholder="Search parenting articles" id=searchquery /> <button class="navbar-toggler d-lg-none position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y w-100 h-100" type="button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" data-bs-target="#offcanvasNavbar" aria-controls="offcanvasNavbar"> <i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass fs-4"></i> </button> <div class="position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y d-none d-lg-block"> <input type="submit" class="search-submit position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y px-4" name="searchsubmit" id=searchsubmit /> <i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass fs-4 position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y mx-3 pe-none"></i> </div> </form> </div> <div class="nav-wrapper d-none d-lg-block"> <ul class="nav d-none d-lg-flex flex-column flex-lg-row flex-nowrap align-items-lg-center"> <li class="newsletter-header-button"> <a href="/newsletter/signup/header" class="use-ajax btn btn-primary text-nowrap" data-dialog-type="modal"> Sign up to Family Education <i class="fa-solid fa-sharp fa-arrow-right ms-1"></i> </a> </li> <li class="ms-3"> <a class="btn btn-gold fw-bold" href="/shop">Shop <i class="fa-sharp fa-regular fa-bag-shopping ms-1"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="nav-wrapper"> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-femenu"> <div > <div class="offcanvas offcanvas-start" tabindex="-1" id="offcanvasNavbar" aria-labelledby="offcanvasNavbarLabel"> <div class="offcanvas-header"> <a href="/" class="navbar-brand d-flex align-items-center " aria-label=""> <img src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/logo.svg" width="100" height=&quot;40&quot; alt="FamilyEducation" /> </a> <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="offcanvas-search d-lg-none px-3 mb-3"> <form class="search-area-wrap d-flex position-relative"> <input type="submit" class="search-submit position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y px-4" name="searchsubmit" id=searchsubmit--2 /> <i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass position-absolute top-50 end-0 translate-middle-y mx-3 pe-none"></i> <input type="text" class="search-input-text w-100 bg-yellow border-0 border-bottom border-faded-black ps-4 pe-5" name="searchquery" placeholder="Search parenting articles" id=searchquery--2 /> </form> </div> <div class="offcanvas-body pt-0 pt-lg-3"> <ul class="navbar-nav"> <li class="newsletter-header-button d-lg-none my-2"> <a href="/newsletter/signup/header" class="use-ajax btn btn-primary" data-dialog-type="modal"> Sign up to Family Education <i class="fa-solid fa-sharp fa-arrow-right ms-1"></i> </a> </li> <li class="d-lg-none my-2"> <a class="btn btn-gold fw-bold" href="/shop">Shop <i class="fa-sharp fa-regular fa-bag-shopping ms-1"></i></a> </li> <li class="nav-item p-0"> <a href="/rec-parenting" target="_self" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/136521">REC Parenting</a> </li> <li class="nav-item p-0"> <a href="https://games.familyeducation.com/" target="_blank" class="nav-link">Games</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names" target="_self" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1828076">Baby Names</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item fs-4 py-2 " href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names">Baby Names</a> </li> <li> <hr class="dropdown-divider m-0"> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/first-name" target="_self" class="dropdown-item mt-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827691">Browse All Baby Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/150-medieval-names-to-inspire-your-baby-name-search" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2349211">Medieval Baby Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/names-that-mean-death-and-darkness" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2429566">Names that Mean Death</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/names-that-mean-sun" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2429631">Names that Mean Sun</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/75-names-that-mean-snow-ice-or-winter-for-your-little-one" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2377076">Winter Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827686">Browse All Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/generator" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" title="Baby Name Generator By Trait" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827656">Baby Name Generator</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/first-name/origin" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827676">First Names By Origin</a> </li> <li> <a href="/baby-names/list-ideas" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1897">Baby Name Lists &amp; Ideas</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/list-ideas/naming-trends/101-baby-names-that-mean-blessing" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2419471">Names that Mean Blessing</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/girl" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827651">Girl Names</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item fs-4 py-2 " href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/girl">Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <hr class="dropdown-divider m-0"> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/girl" target="_self" class="dropdown-item mt-2" title="Top Baby Girl Names" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827651">Top Baby Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/150-cute-nicknames-for-your-baby-girl" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2379866">Nicknames for Girls</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/100-beautiful-girl-names" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2379891">Beautiful Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/list-ideas/naming-trends/100-female-viking-names-for-female-viking-warriors" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2427916">Viking Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/the-top-muslim-girl-names-for-your-little-one" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2377351">Muslim Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/hindu-goddess-names-hindu-vedic-girl-names-meanings" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2411026">Hindu Goddess Names for Girls</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/101-greek-mythology-names-for-girls" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2348811">Greek Mythology Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/150-medieval-names-to-inspire-your-baby-name-search" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2349211">Medieval Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/100-warrior-girl-names" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2348406">Warrior Girl Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/75-goddess-names-for-your-little-girl" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2349066">Goddess Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/naming-trends/102-evil-names-for-girls-with-villainous-meanings" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2419446">Evil Girl Names</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/boy" target="_self" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" title="Popular Baby Boy Names" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827646">Boy Names</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item fs-4 py-2 " href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/boy">Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <hr class="dropdown-divider m-0"> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/boy" class="dropdown-item mt-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827646">Top Baby Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/151-cute-and-funny-nicknames-for-boys" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2410531">Nicknames for Boys</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/the-ultimate-list-of-boy-middle-names" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2347791">Boy Middle Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/75-classic-boy-names" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2377711">Classic Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/the-top-muslim-boy-names-for-your-little-one" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2377346">Muslim Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/list-ideas/naming-trends/150-evil-names-for-boys-with-villainous-meanings" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2419451">Earthy Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/list-ideas/naming-trends/100-viking-boy-names-for-your-little-viking-warrior" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2419836">Viking Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/75-old-money-baby-names-that-sound-rich-and-glamorous" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2411676">Old Money Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/baby-names/75-royal-names-for-boys" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2379661">Royal Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/boy-names/100-greek-mythology-boy-names" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2380521">Greek Mythology Boy Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/list-ideas/naming-trends/150-evil-names-for-boys-with-villainous-meanings" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2419451">Evil Boy Names</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname" target="_self" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827686">Last Names</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item fs-4 py-2 " href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname">Last Names</a> </li> <li> <hr class="dropdown-divider m-0"> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname" target="_self" class="dropdown-item mt-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827686">Last Names and Meanings</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1827671">Last Names by Origin</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/japanese" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829651">Japanese Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/italian" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829646">Italian Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/jewish" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829656">Jewish Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/irish" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829641">Irish Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/german" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829621">German Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/english" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829601">English Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/indian" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829636">Indian Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/spanish" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829716">Spanish Last Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/french" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829611">French Last Names</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <a href="/pregnancy" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3101">Pregnancy</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item fs-4 py-2 " href="/pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> </li> <li> <hr class="dropdown-divider m-0"> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/tracker" target="_self" class="dropdown-item mt-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3102">Pregnancy Tracker</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/trying-to-conceive" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3636">Trying to Conceive</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/symptoms" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3353">Signs &amp; Symptoms </a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/health" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3110">Pregnancy Health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/high-risk" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2491">High Risk Pregnancies </a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/preparation" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3115">Preparing for Baby</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/complications" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1971">Concerns &amp; Complications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/labor-delivery" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2675">Labor &amp; Delivery</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pregnancy/labor-delivery/postpartum" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3091">Postpartum</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown p-0"> <button class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" data-bs-auto-close="false" type="button">Parenting</button> <ul class="dropdown-menu border-top border-bottom border-primary pb-2 mb-3"> <li> <a href="/babies" target="_self" class="dropdown-item mt-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/1667">Babies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/toddlers" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3605">Toddlers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/kids" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2655">Kids</a> </li> <li> <a href="/school-learning" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3264">Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teens" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/3558">Teens</a> </li> <li> <a href="/family-life" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2837">Family Life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/entertainment-activities" target="_self" class="dropdown-item" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/2189">Activities</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <main class="container pt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="main col-lg-8"> <header class="page__header container g-0 mb-3"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-breadcrumbs"> <div > <nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class=""> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/babies">Babies</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/babies/health">Baby&#039;s Health</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/babies/health/illness">Baby Illnesses</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active"> Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <section class="page__content" id="main-content"> <div class="article-feed"> <div id="content-anchor" style="position:absolute;"></div> <article class="article border-bottom mb-5 pb-4"> <h1 class="page-title"> <span>Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know</span> </h1> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-content"> <div > <article data-history-node-id="2410486" class="node node--promoted articles articles--full"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="article-description text-body-tertiary fs-4 fw-bold mb-4"> We break down what you need to know about Cytomegalovirus and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness. </div> <div class="article-image mb-4"> <div class="field field--name-field-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/max_920w/public/2022-05/Cytomegalovirus_feautre.jpg.webp?itok=ZSx-lHzu 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp" /> <img loading="eager" src="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/max_920w/public/2022-05/Cytomegalovirus_feautre.jpg" width="920" height="576" alt="Cytomegalovirus: What You Need To Know " class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="advisor-card mb-4"> <div class="d-inline-flex border p-3"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-teacher-advisor field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <article data-history-node-id="2408746" class="node author-profiles author-profiles--teacher-advisor-card d-flex flex-row-reverse justify-content-end align-items-center gap-3"> <h2 class="node__title h5 fw-bold m-0"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler" rel="bookmark"> <span>Heidi Butler</span> </a> </h2> <div class="node__content"> <div class="field field--name-field-advisor-profile-pic field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scale50w_crop/public/2022-05/Heidi-Butler-Headshot.jpg.webp?itok=5k7FICqU 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp" /> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/scale50w_crop/public/2022-05/Heidi-Butler-Headshot.jpg" width="50" height="50" alt="Heidi Butler headshot" title="Heidi Butler" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="update-date small text-dark-gray mt-3"> Updated: December 1, 2022</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="social-share d-inline-flex align-items-center gap-3 border p-3 mb-4"> <span class="fw-bold text-dark-gray">Share:</span> <div class="block"> <div > <div id="custom-core-share"> <ul class="fe-share-buttons d-flex gap-3"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FamilyEducationOfficial?ref=sgm" title="Share this page to facebook" class="facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f link-dark-gray fs-4" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/swedish?page=6&description=Swedish Last Names" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-custom="true"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p link-dark-gray fs-4" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li><a role="button" title="Share this page to twitter" class="twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter link-dark-gray fs-4" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> <li><a role="button" title="Share this page to an email" class="email" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-envelope link-dark-gray fs-4"></i></a></li> <li><a role="button" title="Print this page" class="print" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-print link-dark-gray fs-4" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="leaderboard-ad-container"><div class="pw-mobile-leaderboard"></div></div> <div class="main-toc-wrapper"> <div id="sticky-anchor"></div> <div class="toc-js down-arrow border mb-4" id="toc-js-node-2410486" data-selectors="h2.toc-heading" data-selectors-minimum="1" data-container=".articles_body, .node" data-prefix="" data-list-type="ul" data-back-to-top="0" data-back-to-top-label="Back to top" data-smooth-scrolling="1" data-scroll-to-offset="100" data-highlight-on-scroll="1" data-highlight-offset="0" data-sticky="0" data-sticky-offset="0" data-sticky-stop="" data-sticky-stop-padding="0"> <div class="toc-title h4 fw-bold">Table of contents</div> <nav aria-label="Table of contents"></nav> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>When we think of viruses, we think of an illness that makes us feel unwell. However, there is a virus that over 50% of adults carry that many times exhibits no signs or symptoms whatsoever. While this isn’t a problem for most healthy adults, for women who become pregnant and have cytomegalovirus, the impact on their baby can be quite severe. We break down what you need to know and how you can protect your future child from this silent illness.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">What is Cytomegalovirus? </h2> <p>Cytomegalovirus, otherwise known as CMV, is a common virus that is related to both the chickenpox and herpes simplex viruses. Just like these infectious agents, it remains dormant most of the time. However, when the immune system is weakened, a person’s CMV can reactivate and be spread to healthy people through the exchange of bodily fluids. This can include saliva, vaginal fluids, semen, blood, and breast milk.</p> <p>Therefore, sexual contact, having a vaginal birth, and nursing can all spread this illness. This makes newborns extremely susceptible. Less commonly, organ transplants and blood transfusions can also lead to the spread of this virus.</p> <p>If an infant contracts CMV in the womb or during delivery, it is referred to as a congenital CMV infection. While some babies remain perfectly healthy, others can have detrimental health conditions at birth or they can develop them later on in life.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">Symptoms of Cytomegalovirus </h2> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/iStock-842596772.jpg.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img alt="Young woman feeling painful in the throat" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="93ab1fc4-0e62-4d9d-aea8-ec4c1f97c591" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/iStock-842596772.jpg" class="align-center" /></picture><p>As mentioned, most adults show little or no sign of having CMV. If you do have symptoms, they can include fatigue, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, fever, and swollen glands. In rare cases, this virus can also lead to<a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/life/illnesses-diseases/lethargy-hepatitis"> hepatitis</a>,<a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/life/mono/what-mononucleosis"> mononucleosis</a>, nervous system issues (like encephalitis), and the inflammation of the esophagus and colon.</p> <p>What is more concerning is if a pregnant woman contracts the virus. This can cause her unborn baby to develop microcephaly (a small head) and have a low birth weight. They can also have rashes, jaundice, retinitis, and seizures at birth. Furthermore, even if they exhibit no symptoms of CMV initially, young children can have long term health problems that can include vision loss, hearing loss, developmental delays, and even learning disabilities.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">Prevalence of the Virus </h2> <p>According to the<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/overview.html"> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), “in the United States, nearly one in three children are already infected with CMV by age five.” Moreover, by the age of 40, they report that over half of adults will have contracted this infection. Interestingly enough, individuals who work in child care fields have a much higher risk of catching this virus.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528629/">Research</a> shows that “risk factors for seropositivity [a positive result] were older age, nonwhite race, foreign birth, birth in a low- or middle-income country, diaper changing, having children at home, and a child to educator ratio greater than 6:1 in children 18 to 35 months of age.”</p> <p>CMV spreads in daycare centers much more rapidly because children have a propensity to put their fingers where they don’t belong <i>— in their mouths, noses, and eyes. </i>They then touch everything around them, making it much easier to come in close contact with the virus. Hand washing and rigorous cleaning practices are the best way to limit the spread of CMV in these types of environments.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">How is CMV Diagnosed? </h2> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/iStock-996271140.jpg.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img alt="In the Hospital, Close-up Shot of the Doctor Doing Ultrasound / Sonogram Scan to a Pregnant Woman." data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="e959284d-8ea5-43f4-ad57-54c08162fbc8" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/iStock-996271140.jpg" class="align-center" /></picture><p>Diagnosis is as simple as conducting a blood test or retrieving a sample of urine or saliva. During testing, doctors will look for antibodies from a current or past infection. If an infant is suspected of having a cytomegalovirus infection, these tests will be conducted within the first few weeks after delivery.</p> <p>Additionally, during routine ultrasounds, the fetus can also show signs of this infection. These will include an enlargement of the organs, liver, and spleen as well as an abnormally low head circumference and issues with the amniotic fluid. If your healthcare provider suspects an infection, they will recommend an<a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/pregnancy/amniocentesis/what-amniocentesis"> amniocentesis</a> to confirm your child’s diagnosis.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">How to Reduce the Chances of Getting Cytomegalovirus During Pregnancy </h2> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/iStock-941562954.jpg.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img alt="Hand washing stock photo" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f2a435a5-b2d1-4a70-a472-3413456b020e" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/iStock-941562954.jpg" class="align-center" /></picture><p> </p> <p>As if you didn’t have enough to worry about during pregnancy, expectant mothers should make a habit of being extra cautious around infants and young children, especially those who attend daycare programs. This means not kissing babies on the mouth, never sharing food or drinks with a small child, and regularly washing your hands after diaper changes.</p> <p>For those mothers who are not in committed relationships, it is also important to avoid unsafe sex practices. Additionally, since a weakened immune system can trigger the reactivation of the virus, an infected person is most likely to spread CMV when they are ill. Therefore, try to steer clear of sick individuals who may inadvertently expose others to bodily fluids through sneezing and coughing.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">What To Do If You Think You Have CMV </h2> <p>If you think you have CMV, or have come into contact with someone who has the virus, talk to your doctor about getting tested. It can take a few weeks for a positive test result to show up so don’t be surprised if they delay testing. Moreover, unlike the incubation periods for flu and COVID, it can take up to 12 weeks for symptoms of cytomegalovirus to appear.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">Treatment </h2> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/iStock-876505358.jpg.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img alt="Antiviral drug. Open paper packaging box of medication with name group of drug Antiviral, blister with pills, next to stethoscope and blood test results. " data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="8810e467-c9a2-4c08-bca1-2aa9ca06c29b" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/iStock-876505358.jpg" class="align-center" /></picture><p>Unfortunately, once you have contracted a cytomegalovirus infection, you will have it for life. Most individuals will not require treatment and when active, the side effects usually only last a few weeks. Treatment is normally reserved for those with a weakened immunity, pregnant women with an active form of the virus, and newborns.</p> <p>These interventions will involve antiviral medicines such as valganciclovir and ganciclovir. These will normally be administered for anywhere between six weeks to six months time. Thankfully, if the virus is addressed early, it can greatly diminish the chances of serious side effects and detrimental health conditions from developing.</p> <h2 class="toc-heading">Support Networks </h2> <p><a href="https://www.bcm.edu/departments/pediatrics/sections-divisions-centers/cmvregistry/get-involved" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">Parent to Parent Support Network</a> is a program that offers help and support to families impacted by congenital CMV. Their National Congenital CMV Disease Registry facilitates an exchange of information and allows for continued research on this virus. Additionally, the<a href="https://www.nationalcmv.org/" rel=" noopener" target="_blank"> National CMV Foundation</a> also strives to educate the public on this illness in order to limit its spread and they work to provide resources to those who are impacted.</p> <p>Finally, if you or your child contract CMV, it is important to know that you are not alone. One third of women will pass this virus onto their child and “<a href="https://www.nationalcmv.org/" rel=" noopener" target="_blank">one in 200</a> children are born with congenital CMV each year”. Since most women do not exhibit any symptoms, try to not place blame on yourself for your baby’s diagnosis.</p> <p>Instead, pay extra attention to signs or symptoms as they occur and advocate for yourself and your child when it comes to talking to health professionals. This will help to ensure that early interventions are made and that the wellbeing of you and your baby is prioritized.</p></div> <div class="articles_bottom d-flex justify-content-between gap-2"> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block--fentheme-radix-views-block--teacher-advisory-board-block-2"> <div > <div> <div class="advisor-card clearfix view js-view-dom-id-857463886f157d91af483432b413a82c891f45043b109ca7330ade88cfa4b4d1 view-teacher-advisory-board"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="author-content-card row g-0 border border-light-gray p-3 my-4"> <div class="author-card-left-grid col-sm-3 text-center pe-4 pb-3"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/scale150w/public/2022-05/Heidi-Butler-Headshot.jpg.webp?itok=Hfhqg1Em 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp" /> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/scale150w/public/2022-05/Heidi-Butler-Headshot.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="Heidi Butler headshot" title="Heidi Butler" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="author-card-right-grid col-sm-9 text-center text-sm-start"> <div class="author-content"> <h3><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler" hreflang="en">Heidi Butler</a></h3> <h3>About Heidi</h3> <p>Heidi is an experienced journalist who worked in the television news industry for a decade,… <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler" class="views-more-link">Read more</a> <div class="author-view-profile"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advisory-board/heidi-butler">View more articles from this author</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="board-links col-12 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row flex-wrap text-center text-sm-start gap-3 mt-3"> <div class="board-link-item"><i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-pen-circle text-blue me-1"></i>See our <a href="/about-us#editorial">editorial process</a></div> <div class="board-link-item"><i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-circle-check text-blue me-1"></i>Meet Our <a href="/about-medical-reviewers">Medical Review Board</a></div> <div class="board-link-item"><i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-circle-plus text-blue me-1"></i>Learn About <a href="/about-fact-checkers">Our Fact Checkers</a></div> </div> </div></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="page-load-status"> <div class="infinite-scroll-request loader-ellips"> <span class="loader-ellips__dot"></span> <span class="loader-ellips__dot"></span> <span class="loader-ellips__dot"></span> <span class="loader-ellips__dot"></span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="page__sidebar-right d-none d-lg-block col-lg-4" id="sidebar-right"> <div class="views-element-container block block--fentheme-radix-views-block--promoted-articles-content--block-1"> <div > <div> <div class="p-3 border view js-view-dom-id-01ca7d73b2c41326894f4c18a3d81ff3e7170eadb190d25eff9a541b46540234 view-promoted-articles-content-"> <div class="view-header"> <h4 class="m-0">Must Reads on FamilyEducation</h4> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item d-flex flex-column py-3"><div><h6 class="link-faded-black m-0"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/baby-products/choosing-age-appropriate-toys-your-baby" hreflang="en">A Parent&#039;s Guide to Choosing Age-Appropriate Baby Toys</a></h6></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-teacher-advisor"><div class="field-content"><small class="text-muted author">By Jess Faraday</small></div></div></li> <li class="list-group-item d-flex flex-column py-3"><div><h6 class="link-faded-black m-0"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/baby-products/is-the-ollie-swaddle-really-worth-it-a-new-mamas-honest-review" hreflang="en">Is the Ollie Swaddle Really Worth It? A New Mama&#039;s Honest Review</a></h6></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-teacher-advisor"><div class="field-content"><small class="text-muted author">By Lauren Anderson</small></div></div></li> <li class="list-group-item d-flex flex-column py-3"><div><h6 class="link-faded-black m-0"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/growth-development/how-much-will-my-baby-weigh" hreflang="en">How Much Will My Baby Weigh?</a></h6></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-teacher-advisor"><div class="field-content"><small class="text-muted author">By Elisa Cinelli</small></div></div></li> <li class="list-group-item d-flex flex-column py-3"><div><h6 class="link-faded-black m-0"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/feeding/how-tell-if-your-baby-likes-new-food" hreflang="en">How to Tell If Your Baby Likes a New Food</a></h6></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-teacher-advisor"><div class="field-content"></div></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block--type-basic block block--basic block--fentheme-radix-radixmedrect"> <div > <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><style> /*<![CDATA[*/ .med-rect-ad-container { padding: 30px 20px; height: 600px; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .pw-med-rect-atf { max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } /*]]>*/ </style><div class="med-rect-ad-container"> <div class="pw-med-rect-atf"></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="block--type-custom-blocks block block--custom-blocks block--fentheme-radix-collaboratesidebar"> <div > <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div id="block-activitiescenterwidget" class="text-align-center bg-orange p-3"> <h3 class="text-gold">Let's Work Together!</h3> <p class="text-peach">Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? Get in touch!</p> <p> <a href="/lets-collaborate" class="btn btn-outline-gold"><span>Go</span></a> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block--type-basic block block--basic block--fentheme-radix-babynameshowdownpromo"> <div > <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="text-align-center bg-blue p-3"> <h3 class="text-white">Get Free Advice From a Parenting Coach</h3> <p class="text-white">Do you have any parenting questions, problems, or sticky situations that you want an understanding and expert answer to?</p> <p class="text-white">Developmental psychologist and parenting coach <strong><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/rec-parenting/meet-dr-ana-aznar" rel="noopener" style="color: white;" target="_blank">Dr. Ana Aznar</a></strong> is here to answer your burning family-related questions. From pregnancy to teen years, neurodivergence to infancy, select a topic and submit your question using the form below to get an expert answer from Dr. Ana!</p> <p class="text-white"><strong><a class="btn" href="/rec-parenting" rel="noopener" style="border: 2px solid #fff178; color: white;" target="_blank"><span>🤔 Ask Dr. Ana - Free Parenting Advice</span></a></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <section class="page__content-bottom" id="content-bottom"> <div> <div class="bg-pale-blue position-relative z-1 py-4 block--type-basic block block--basic block--fentheme-radix-fesubscribe"> <div > <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="fen-subscribe d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row align-items-center justify-content-center bg-primary p-5 m-5 gap-3 gap-lg-5"> <div class="fen-subscribe-left text-gold text-center text-lg-start"> <h2>Join the Family</h2> </div> <div class="fen-subscribe-right text-white text-center text-lg-start"> <p>Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning.</p> <a href="/newsletter/signup/footer" class="use-ajax btn btn-gold" data-dialog-type="modal"> Subscribe <i class="fa-solid fa-sharp fa-arrow-right ms-1"></i> </a> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="page__footer position-relative bg-dark"> <div class="container"> <div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap justify-content-md-between gap-4"> <div class="footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com" title="Familyeducation Home"> <img width="236" height="92" alt="Family Education" loading="lazy" src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/images/logo-light.svg" /> </a> </div> <div class="footer-social d-flex flex-wrap justify-content-md-between gap-5"> <div> <p>Follow us</p> <div class=""> <ul class="social-icons list-unstyled d-flex gap-3 fs-3 m-0"> <li><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/familyeducation/" title="Pinterest Social" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p link-creamy-white"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/FamilyEducationOfficial?ref=sgm" title="Facebook Social" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f link-creamy-white"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/familyeducation" title="Twitter Social" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter link-creamy-white"></i></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/familyeducation/" title="Instagram Social" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram link-creamy-white"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer-playwire"> <p>ads powered by</p> <a href="http://www.playwire.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> <img width="107" height="30" alt="Playwire" loading="lazy" src="https://www.playwire.com/hubfs/Powered-by-Playwire-Badges/Ads-Powered-by-playwire-2021-standalone-small-300px.png" /> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="footer-sandbox w-100"> <div class="fen-info"> <div class="fen-info-logo"> <a href="https://sbxgroup.com/learning/" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"> <img width="238" height="31" alt="sandbox learning logo" loading="lazy" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="5bf4b7fd-14d7-411a-b8f5-5bbf3508bc7a" src="/themes/custom/fentheme_radix/build/assets/images/sbx-logo-learning.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="fen-info-copy my-3">Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students.&nbsp;</div> </div> <p class="fen-products d-flex flex-wrap gap-2 gap-lg-3"> <span class="fen-product fen-product-fm"> <a href="https://www.factmonster.com" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/factmonster_logo.png.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img width="89" height="10" alt="factmonster logo" loading="lazy" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="052cbf24-649d-4d5e-a491-a1519884d056" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/factmonster_logo.png" /></picture> </a> </span> <span class="fen-product fen-product-ip"> <a href="https://www.infoplease.com" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/infoplease_logo.png.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img width="73" height="13" alt="infoplease logo" loading="lazy" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3f75fe4e-8a9b-464a-a897-838d0588ddc6" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/infoplease_logo.png" /></picture> </a> </span> <span class="fen-product fen-product-tv"> <a href="https://www.teachervision.com" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"> <picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/teachervision_logo.png.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img width="91" height="12" alt="TeacherVision logo" loading="lazy" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c73c57cb-e555-416f-9e47-dd93cd150a12" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/teachervision_logo.png" /></picture> </a> </span> </p> </div> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-feboldfooter"> <div > <ul class="nav flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-around px-2"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/fe-newsletters" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2445506">Newsletter Center</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-us" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1741711">About Us</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-authors" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1859986">Editorial Team</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/advertise-with-familyeducation" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1819556">Advertise</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/contact-support" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2380516">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/sitemap" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white text-uppercase text-decoration-underline" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Site Map</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="block block--fentheme-radix-fefooter"> <div > <ul class="nav flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-around px-2"> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/privacy-policy" target="_blank" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/editorial-policy" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Editorial Policy</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/fact-checking-policy" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Fact-Checking Policy </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-fact-checkers" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Fact-Checker Panel </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/medical-review-policy" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Medical Review Policy </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-medical-reviewers" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Medical Review Panel </a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/privacy-policy#cookies" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1829056">Cookie Policy</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/terms-of-use" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/privacy/fe-do-not-sell-my-info" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2347136">Do Not Sell My Info (for CA Residents)</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/newsletter" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="newsletter">Newsletter Center</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-us" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1741711">About Us</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/about-authors" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1859986">Editorial Team</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/contact-support" target="_self" rel="" class="nav-link link-creamy-white">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a href="/sitemap" target="_self" class="nav-link link-creamy-white" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Site Map</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="block--type-basic block block--basic block--fentheme-radix-footerbottomsandbox"> <div > <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="sandbox-branding"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/webp_image/public/inline-images/sbco-logo.png.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp"><img alt="sandbox logo" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="094bfd6d-c8de-427b-bfac-02561f4228f7" height="60" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/sbco-logo.png" width="180" loading="lazy" /></picture></div> <div class="sandbox-copy">©2024 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox &amp; Co., a digital learning company.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block--fentheme-radix-views-block--promoted-articles-content--block-3"> <div > <div> <div class="view js-view-dom-id-7e7244ff8935ab1d429122014bb6ad2c73a2f5d099b8a37da5770a250f9a0734 view-promoted-articles-content-"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><div class="d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row gap-4 bg-pale-blue border border-primary p-4 my-4"> <div class="flex-shrink-0 flex-grow-0 mx-auto"> <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/growth-development/when-do-babies-start-crawling"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/crop_150x150_/public/2022-04/Baby%20Crawling.jpg.webp?itok=ACUwv2gg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0em)" type="image/webp" /> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.familyeducation.com/sites/default/files/styles/crop_150x150_/public/2022-04/Baby%20Crawling.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="Baby Crawling" class="img-fluid" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div> <h6 class="mb-2"><a class="link-faded-black" href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/growth-development/when-do-babies-start-crawling"><a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/growth-development/when-do-babies-start-crawling" hreflang="en">When Do Babies Start Crawling? </a></a></h6> <p>It seems like infants learn something new every day, and it’s pretty magical to watch baby development. At some point after learning to roll over and get into the sitting position, your little one will learn to crawl. <a href="https://www.familyeducation.com/babies/growth-development/when-do-babies-start-crawling">Read More <i class="fa-sharp fa-solid fa-arrow-right"></i></a></p> </div> </div> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/2410486","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","themeUrl":"themes\/custom\/fentheme_radix"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"calendar\/calendar.theme,custom_core_common\/share-content-block,fen_newsletters\/fen_newsletters_popup,fentheme\/ckeditor-styling,fentheme_radix\/articles,fentheme_radix\/block,fentheme_radix\/footer,fentheme_radix\/infinite-scroll-config,fentheme_radix\/navbar,fentheme_radix\/page,fentheme_radix\/search,fentheme_radix\/style,fentheme_radix\/toc,fentheme_radix\/views,pinterest_hover\/drupal.pinterest_hover.exclude_hover_selectors,solr_search_alter\/global-styling,system\/base,toc_js\/toc,views\/views.ajax,views\/views.module","theme":"fentheme_radix","theme_token":"wiv-odNBRu9Xb0C1SabI6QgQ5FUK8nkGGW6aqCq1FWg"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"due_date_legacy_id":"28720","pinterest_hover":{"excluded":["#block-views-block-teacher-advisory-board-block-2 img","#block-emailsubscriptionsblock img"]},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:857463886f157d91af483432b413a82c891f45043b109ca7330ade88cfa4b4d1":{"view_name":"teacher_advisory_board","view_display_id":"block_2","view_args":"2410486","view_path":"\/node\/2410486","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"857463886f157d91af483432b413a82c891f45043b109ca7330ade88cfa4b4d1","pager_element":0}}},"custom_core_common":{"social_share":{"facebook_app_id":"140586622674265"}},"infiniteScroll":{"values":["\/pregnancy\/baby-names\/100-beautiful-girl-names","\/entertainment-activities\/online\/social-media\/my-kid-wants-be-youtuber-it-safe-smart","\/kids\/safety\/online\/is-roblox-voice-chat-safe-for-kids-discord-roblox-safety-tips","\/family-life\/relationships\/parenting\/how-childhood-trauma-affects-parents","\/babies\/growth-development\/when-do-babies-start-crawling","\/entertainment-activities\/arts-crafts\/sculpting\/homemade-clay-recipes","\/pregnancy\/health\/can-i-use-cbd-oil-while-pregnant","\/family-life\/15-of-the-best-parenting-podcasts-that-will-make-you-laugh-and-learn","\/school-learning\/back-to-school\/how-tutors-can-help-your-child-excel-in-school","\/babies\/safety\/best-night-vision-baby-monitor","\/kids\/development\/social\/what-do-if-your-childs-friend-bad-influence","\/family-life\/finances\/budgets\/easy-money-saving-tips-for-grocery-shopping-for-a-large-family","\/family-life\/divorce\/preventing-parental-alienation-in-children-of-divorce","\/pregnancy\/baby-names\/hindu-goddess-names-hindu-vedic-girl-names-meanings","\/pregnancy\/health\/pregnancy-and-your-mental-health-the-complete-guide","\/kids\/health\/can-kids-drink-energy-drinks","\/babies\/growth-development\/when-should-you-teach-baby-sign-language","\/pregnancy\/trying-to-conceive\/whens-the-best-time-to-take-a-pregnancy-test","\/pregnancy\/trying-to-conceive\/ivf-and-fertility-treatment-options-risks-costs-success-rates","\/family-life\/finances\/whats-the-true-cost-of-having-a-baby-in-america","\/family-life\/divorce\/co-parenting-problems-what-to-do-when-your-child-fights-visitation","\/babies\/feeding\/breastfeeding\/is-it-okay-to-dry-nurse-what-to-know-about-dry-breastfeeding","\/pregnancy\/why-do-some-women-only-give-birth-to-boys-or-girls-a-genetic-explanation","\/school-learning\/subject\/science\/11-awesome-stem-toys-get-kids-science-math","\/pregnancy\/postpartum\/the-ultimate-guide-to-postpartum-care-from-underwear-to-hair-loss"]},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"77c82a8eaee26f86b6bc2a062eb6ae5eca4a3c324ff50e0ab465191ae5c270e9"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jLJNoVEK2x-l3xPQGdkBNk24wskVMOIP85zrhKVvhk0.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_1v5MdHtbRPS55BQMSI1rKI1kp1qM1hJJ-8l9VC6RC4M.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_8aocE7HY6iKCR-CgDsG06y-ddr0HUZNlqs2UhzgyH0k.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_RFc3SZAxsbbUuMKNumGO0sVu846KhCVxRYaZm82j97I.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Epni_S9Joxy6o3cAGgWCKUkkuN23JZMW5LmCpWKzg_A.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=4&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_RHVVOBqJZBho6j2Vck-U6FThiWs7tldwsgRys_AOIoQ.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=5&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_XiGgLevoqPMav6hEVFRq72gctzCyuDvlrGw-Jm3cAZ4.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=6&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_ODm7Osm-ZbTNYp6fKnOi5kVmB6YzHn-Oqd55tbYmi40.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=7&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_oIi8-D36vnpYkvK8-Od7qg7I3IENGtM04HYe6GTZwmo.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=8&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://www.familyeducation.com/themes/fentheme/js/modernizr-webp.js"></script> <script async src="//cdn.intergient.com/ramp_core.js"></script> <!-- Start of HubSpot Embed Code --> <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js-eu1.hs-scripts.com/26848687.js?businessUnitId=16307895"></script> <!-- End of HubSpot Embed Code --> <script src="https://chat.direqt.ai/embed.js" async></script> <div id="direqt"></div> <script> function isMobile() { return (/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent));} if (!isMobile()) { direqt_html = "<ins style='display: block; width: 100%' class='direqt-embed' data-placement='bottom-left' data-bot-id='665f3cc02c302134bd02d8fb' data-layout='overlay' data-gtm='true' data-story-id='auto' data-start-hint='poll' data-disable-ui-extensions='true' data-bottom-padding='55'></ins>" document.getElementById('direqt').innerHTML = direqt_html; } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_JbjkT-Hij909I2o39_BS4w7XKn7gdDMZYSQru-mjJBw.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_JkDLWrcoey7L5Idkm8BMLmgxXzJrsjFZAiMdkFCv3Hc.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_QdS5-wLpUVPPUyvMbE7MRZalrm_5N_LjNzafeXQIAJc.css?delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_RV-qZDPfE6WZqi1ZAagWNdTexx0VnQr_AZvkJV-iFXQ.css?delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_PE01OagmZpkVeSGZq1gU4hXTqSaZmcDSsaCiPkoNpL8.css?delta=4&amp;language=en&amp;theme=fentheme_radix&amp;include=eJxtUFGWgyAMvBDKkXgRo2IDYRN07e0XbV93S_cHmGGSTMYDYRpBrH8--rJgRONZ0I6yZaA-C8-CqmbC5BJ-K2EpKGob7DLnLZscUkWoxS28o7y6vNM9Hp62ER_IKRL6wqJGmU4I4hcHVEvsTDwAdVruFNJs9K4Fox1A8XR0-XUCYzjsKfklrb_hGGrTV2kjH4j9rSUn5jrU7KEuZq-zjzxu9Mzk2iLVfdavDeXeTyzxTQwrHG3P68cU9m5VW6_1L2jFJ-U3LRzdObEeMXKyuoBg57nOT6X71zpICZ5QP2K50mzZBPsA0rIZ5o9YQ5pCCgU79cJEp4kpzD9RquC1" /> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10