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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حضرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismu" title="Urbanismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Urbanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="নগরজীবন বিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগরজীবন বিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizam" title="Urbanizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Urbanizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersavouriezh" title="Kersavouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kersavouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urbanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismus" title="Urbanismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urbanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanistik" title="Urbanistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urbanistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismo" title="Urbanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urbanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شهرگرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهرگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%9E%A4%83%F0%9E%A4%A2%F0%9E%A4%B8%F0%9E%A4%AE%F0%9E%A5%85%F0%9E%A4%A3%F0%9E%A4%AD" title="𞤃𞤢𞤸𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤭 – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="𞤃𞤢𞤸𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤭" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismo" title="Urbanismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Urbanismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%84%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="어버니즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어버니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ուրբանիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրբանիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizam" title="Urbanizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urbanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urbanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismo" title="Urbanismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Urbanismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99)" title="עירוניות (תחום מדעי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עירוניות (תחום מדעי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismus" title="Urbanismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Urbanismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanistika" title="Urbanistika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urbanistika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Urbanisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisztika" title="Urbanisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Urbanisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Urbanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="アーバニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーバニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Urbanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismo" title="Urbanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urbanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urbanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Урбанизм (градостроительство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урбанизм (градостроительство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urbanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizmus_(architekt%C3%BAra)" title="Urbanizmus (architektúra) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Urbanizmus (architektúra)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizem" title="Urbanizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urbanizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Урбанизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Урбанизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanizam" title="Urbanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urbanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanismi" title="Urbanismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urbanismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நகர்ப்புறவியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர்ப்புறவியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ชุมชนเมืองนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมชนเมืองนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Урбанізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урбанізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="都市主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="都市主義" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanist">Urbanist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of peoples interactions with their city's infrastructure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the character of urban life. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Urbanism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Urbanism (disambiguation)">Urbanism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Orbanism" title="Orbanism">Orbanism</a>.</div> <p><b>Urbanism</b> is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, interact with the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>. It is a direct component of disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, a profession focusing on the design and management of urban areas, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a>, an academic field which studies urban life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">planners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">geographers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</a> investigate the way people live in densely populated <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the study of urbanism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in some contexts internationally, <i>urbanism</i> is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, and <i>urbanist</i> refers to an <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">urban planner</a>. </p><p>The term <i>urbanism</i> originated in the late nineteenth century with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ildefons_Cerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildefons Cerda">Ildefons Cerdà</a>, whose intent was to create an autonomous activity focused on the spatial organization of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urbanism's emergence in the early 20th century was associated with the rise of centralized <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use neighborhoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organizations</a> and networks, and what has been described as "the convergence between political, social and economic <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urbanism can be understood as <a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">placemaking</a> and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Place_identity" title="Place identity">place identity</a> at a citywide level, however as early as 1938 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> wrote that it is necessary to stop 'identify[ing] urbanism with the physical entity of the city', go 'beyond an arbitrary <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">boundary line</a>' and consider how 'technological developments in <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> have enormously extended the urban mode of living beyond the confines of the city itself.' <sup id="cite_ref-Wirth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg/600px-Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg/900px-Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg/1200px-Urbanism_Theory_Writers_of_the_late_20th_C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Urbanism theory writers of the late 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network-based_theories">Network-based theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Network-based theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabriel Dupuy applied <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a> to the field of urbanism and suggests that the single dominant characteristic of modern urbanism is its networked character, as opposed to segregated conceptions of space (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zones</a>, boundaries and edges).<sup id="cite_ref-dupuy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Graham_(academic)" title="Stephen Graham (academic)">Stephen Graham</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Marvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Marvin (page does not exist)">Simon Marvin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that we are witnessing a post-urban environment where decentralized, loosely connected <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighborhoods</a> and zones of activity assume the former organizing role played by urban spaces. Their theory of <i>splintering urbanism</i> involves the "fragmentation of the social and material fabric of cities" into "cellular clusters of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globally connected</a> high-service enclaves and network <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>" driven by electronic networks that segregate as much as they connect. Dominique Lorrain argues that the process of splintering urbanism began towards the end of the 20th century with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalopolis (city type)">gigacity</a>, a new form of a networked city characterised by three-dimensional size, network density and the blurring of city boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-graham_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a> suggested that within a <a href="/wiki/Network_society" title="Network society">network society</a>, "premium" infrastructure networks (high-speed <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_highway" title="Smart highway">"smart" highways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">global airline networks</a>) selectively connect together the most favored users and places and bypass the less favored.<sup id="cite_ref-graham_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graham and Marvin argue that attention to infrastructure networks is reactive to <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">crises or collapse</a>, rather than sustained and systematic, because of a failure to understand the links between urban life and urban infrastructure networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modern_theorists">Other modern theorists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other modern theorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas Kelbaugh identifies three <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> within urbanism: <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everyday_Urbanism" title="Everyday Urbanism">Everyday Urbanism</a>, and Post-Urbanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelbaugh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelbaugh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul L. Knox refers to one of many trends in contemporary urbanism as the "<a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">aestheticization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Knox_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alex Krieger states that <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a> is less a technical discipline than a <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mind-set</a> based on a commitment to cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Krieger_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krieger-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary urbanists such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Soja" title="Edward Soja">Edward Soja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liz_Ogbu" title="Liz Ogbu">Liz Ogbu</a> focus on urbanism as a field for applying principles of <a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">community building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_justice" title="Spatial justice">spatial justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">New urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_urbanism" title="Ecological urbanism">Ecological urbanism</a> extends on concepts of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_urbanism" title="Landscape urbanism">Landscape urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_urbanism" title="Feminist urbanism">Feminist urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_urbanism" title="Landscape urbanism">Landscape urbanism</a>, an urbanism where cities are seen though the lens of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_urbanism" title="Latino urbanism">Latino urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Urbanism">Sustainable Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a>, a critique of urbanism as a technology of power by the <a href="/wiki/Situationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationists">situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a>, the application of economic models and tools to analyse the urban issues such as crime, house and public transit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanate">Urbanate</a>, a living environment envisioned by the <a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWirth1938" class="citation journal cs1">Wirth, Louis (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uc.edu/cdc/oldwebsite/fall03-readings/Urbanism_as_a_way.pdf">"Urbanism as a Way of Life"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Urbanism+as+a+Way+of+Life&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.edu%2Fcdc%2Foldwebsite%2Ffall03-readings%2FUrbanism_as_a_way.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0407.xml">"Urbanism"</a>. <i>obo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Urbanism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399301%2Fobo-9780195399301-0407.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, Jonathan (April 2011). "A Short Guide to 60 of the Newest Urbanisms". <i>Planning</i>. <b>77</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-2610">0001-2610</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1762461">1762461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning&rft.atitle=A+Short+Guide+to+60+of+the+Newest+Urbanisms&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1762461&rft.issn=0001-2610&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415862875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415862875"><bdi>978-0415862875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415862875&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blokland-Potters, Talja, and Savage, Mike (2008). <i>Networked Urbanism: Social Capital in the City.</i> Ashgate Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wirth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wirth_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWirth1938" class="citation journal cs1">Wirth, Louis (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esperdy.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Wirth.pdf">"Urbanism as a Way of Life"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F217913">10.1086/217913</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145174761">145174761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Urbanism+as+a+Way+of+Life&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145174761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F217913&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esperdy.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2FWirth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dupuy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dupuy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDupuy2008" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, Gabriel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/179789433"><i>Urban networks : network urbanism</i></a>. J. van Schaick, I. T. Klaasen, Technische Universiteit Delft. Faculteit der Bouwkunde. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Techne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8594-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8594-019-7"><bdi>978-90-8594-019-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/179789433">179789433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+networks+%3A+network+urbanism&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Techne+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F179789433&rft.isbn=978-90-8594-019-7&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F179789433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graham_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMarvin2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Steve; Marvin, Simon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203452202"><i>Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition</i></a> (1st ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203452202">10.4324/9780203452202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45220-2"><bdi>978-0-203-45220-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintering+Urbanism%3A+Networked+Infrastructures%2C+Technological+Mobilities+and+the+Urban+Condition&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203452202&rft.isbn=978-0-203-45220-2&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Marvin%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780203452202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelbaugh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kelbaugh_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelbaugh, Douglas (2009), Three Urbanisms and the Public Realm<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knox_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnox2010" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Paul L. (2010-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136949173"><i>Cities and Design</i></a> (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203848555">10.4324/9780203848555</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-94917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-94917-3"><bdi>978-1-136-94917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Design&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203848555&rft.isbn=978-1-136-94917-3&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781136949173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krieger-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krieger_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriegerSaunders2009" class="citation book cs1">Krieger, Alex; Saunders, William S. (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRh4-j_GcxgC"><i>Urban Design</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1412-1"><bdi>978-1-4529-1412-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Design&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1412-1&rft.aulast=Krieger&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Saunders%2C+William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRh4-j_GcxgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoja2003" class="citation journal cs1">Soja, Edward (2003). "Writing the city spatially". <i>City</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1360481032000157478">10.1080/1360481032000157478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144964310">144964310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City&rft.atitle=Writing+the+city+spatially&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1360481032000157478&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144964310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soja&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCary2018" class="citation web cs1">Cary, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epi.aiga.org/design-journeys-liz-ogbu">"Design Journeys: Liz Ogbu"</a>. <i>American Institute of Graphic Arts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Institute+of+Graphic+Arts&rft.atitle=Design+Journeys%3A+Liz+Ogbu&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepi.aiga.org%2Fdesign-journeys-liz-ogbu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrbanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifou.org/index.php">International Forum on Urbanism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_Planning" title="Template talk:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_planning715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> 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