CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alfred Russel Wallace – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )plwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","styczeń","luty","marzec","kwiecień","maj","czerwiec","lipiec","sierpień","wrzesień","październik","listopad","grudzień"],"wgRequestId":"4fa9badd-f133-4f1e-8ad6-5c9a48c7e048","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alfred_Russel_Wallace","wgTitle":"Alfred Russel Wallace","wgCurRevisionId":75016956,"wgRevisionId":75016956,"wgArticleId":351,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych","Szablon cytuj do sprawdzenia","Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony","Układ wielokolumnowy - 3 kolumny","Brytyjscy biolodzy","Urodzeni w 1823","Zmarli w 1913","Członkowie Royal Society","Laureaci Medalu Copleya","Laureaci Royal Medal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentLanguage":"pl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alfred_Russel_Wallace", "wgRelevantArticleId":351,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":75016956,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q160627","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.wikiflex":"ready","ext.gadget.infobox":"ready","ext.gadget.hlist":"ready","ext.gadget.darkmode-overrides":"ready","ext.gadget.small-references":"ready","ext.gadget.citation-access-info":"ready","ext.gadget.sprawdz-problemy-szablony":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ll-script-loader","ext.gadget.veKeepParameters","ext.gadget.szablon-galeria","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.citoid-overrides","ext.gadget.maps","ext.gadget.padlock-indicators","ext.gadget.interwiki-langlist","ext.gadget.edit-summaries","ext.gadget.edit-first-section","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.map-toggler","ext.gadget.narrowFootnoteColumns","ext.gadget.WDsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=ext.gadget.citation-access-info%2Cdarkmode-overrides%2Chlist%2Cinfobox%2Csmall-references%2Csprawdz-problemy-szablony%2Cwikiflex&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pl&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/1200px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1756"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/800px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1171"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/640px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="936"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alfred Russel Wallace – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edytuj" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (pl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Kanał Atom Wikipedii" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alfred_Russel_Wallace rootpage-Alfred_Russel_Wallace skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Przejdź do zawartości</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu główne" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu główne</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu główne</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nawigacja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" title="Przejdź na stronę główną [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Strona główna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Losowa_strona" title="Załaduj losową stronę [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Losuj artykuł</span></a></li><li id="n-Kategorie" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kategorie_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne"><span>Kategorie artykułów</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wyr%C3%B3%C5%BCniona_zawarto%C5%9B%C4%87_Wikipedii"><span>Najlepsze artykuły</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:FAQ"><span>Częste pytania (FAQ)</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-zmiany" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-zmiany" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla czytelników </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-czytelnicy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii"><span>O Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_z_wikipedystami"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-edytorzy" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-edytorzy" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dla wikipedystów </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-pierwsze-kroki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki"><span>Pierwsze kroki</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_wikipedyst%C3%B3w" title="O projekcie – co możesz zrobić, gdzie możesz znaleźć informacje"><span>Portal wikipedystów</span></a></li><li id="n-Noticeboard" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tablica_og%C5%82osze%C5%84"><span>Ogłoszenia</span></a></li><li id="n-Guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Zasady"><span>Zasady</span></a></li><li id="n-helppage-name" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Spis_tre%C5%9Bci"><span>Pomoc</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ostatnie_zmiany" title="Lista ostatnich zmian w Wikipedii. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Alfred+Russel+Wallace" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Alfred+Russel+Wallace" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Alfred+Russel+Wallace" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Alfred+Russel+Wallace" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publikacje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publikacje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publikacje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publikacje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wyróżnienia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyróżnienia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wyróżnienia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyróżnienia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upamiętnienie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upamiętnienie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Upamiętnienie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upamiętnienie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Życie_rodzinne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życie_rodzinne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Życie rodzinne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życie_rodzinne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uwagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uwagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uwagi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uwagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnętrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Linki zewnętrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnętrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Russel Wallace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 83 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ألفرد راسل والاس – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آلفرد راسل والاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="আলফ্রেড রাসেল ওয়ালেস – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলফ্রেড রাসেল ওয়ালেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Альфрэд Расэл Уолес – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Расэл Уолес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russell_Wallace" title="Alfred Russell Wallace – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alfred Russell Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Алфред Ръсел Уолъс – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Ръсел Уолъс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobry artykuł"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ألفريد راسل والاس – marokański arabski" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألفريد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokański arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άλφρεντ Ράσελ Γουάλας – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Ράσελ Γουάλας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آلفرد راسل والاس – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="medal"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – zachodniofryzyjski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zachodniofryzyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – szkocki gaelicki" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="szkocki gaelicki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EC%9B%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="앨프리드 러셀 월리스 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨프리드 러셀 월리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Ալֆրեդ Ռասել Ուոլես – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Ռասել Ուոլես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="अल्फ्रेड रसेल वॉलेस – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्फ्रेड रसेल वॉलेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="אלפרד ראסל וולאס – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד ראסל וולאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – jawajski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jawajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – pampango" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ რასელ უოლესი – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ რასელ უოლესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Альфред Рассел Уоллес – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Рассел Уоллес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfredus Russel Wallace – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_Rasels_Volless" title="Alfrēds Rasels Volless – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfrēds Rasels Volless" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Алфред Расел Волес – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Расел Волес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – malgaski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് റസ്സൽ വാലസ് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് റസ്സൽ വാലസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – maltański" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="आल्फ्रेड रसेल वॉलेस – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्फ्रेड रसेल वॉलेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ რასელ უოლესი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალფრედ რასელ უოლესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="الفرد راسل والاس – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفرد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آلفرد راسل والاس – mazanderański" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلفرد راسل والاس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="अलफ्रेड रसेल वालेस – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलफ्रेड रसेल वालेस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="アルフレッド・ラッセル・ウォレス – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・ラッセル・ウォレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%89_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="الفريډ رسل واليس – paszto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الفريډ رسل واليس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paszto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Уоллес, Альфред Рассел – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уоллес, Альфред Рассел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් රසල් වොලස් – syngaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් රසල් වොලස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="syngaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B3%DA%B5_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%B3" title="ئەلفرێد ڕەسڵ واڵس – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفرێد ڕەسڵ واڵس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Алфред Расел Валас – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Расел Валас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஆல்பிரடு அரசல் வாலேசு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பிரடு அரசல் வாலேசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B" title="อัลเฟรด รัสเซล วอลเลซ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลเฟรด รัสเซล วอลเลซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Альфред Рассел Воллес – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Рассел Воллес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – waraj" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waraj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E8%8F%AF%E8%90%8A%E5%A3%AB" title="亞佛羅素華萊士 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞佛羅素華萊士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace – dusun centralny" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Alfred Russel Wallace" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun centralny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160627#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja:Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony (strona nie istnieje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Strony_specjalne" title="Lista wszystkich stron specjalnych [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Strony specjalne</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&oldid=75016956" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&id=75016956&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Russel_Wallace"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_Russel_Wallace"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Alfred+Russel+Wallace"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160627" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Alfred Russel Wallace</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A.R. Wallace w roku ok. 1895"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/164px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/246px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg/328px-Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="3355" /></a></span><br />A.R. Wallace w roku ok. 1895 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/8_stycznia" title="8 stycznia">8 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Usk_(Walia)" title="Usk (Walia)">Usk</a> (hrabstwo <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walia" title="Walia">Walia</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data i miejsce śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/7_listopada" title="7 listopada">7 listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Broadstone" title="Broadstone">Broadstone</a> (hrabstwo <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zawód, zajęcie </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoologia" title="Zoologia">zoolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biogeografia" title="Biogeografia">biogeograf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologia_ewolucyjna#Elementy_historii_ekologii_biochemicznej" title="Biologia ewolucyjna">biolog ewolucyjny</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Narodowość </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglicy" title="Anglicy">angielska</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs grafika-z-wikidanych"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Alfred_Russel_Wallace,_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="podpis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg/130px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg/195px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg/260px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#EAECF0; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;">Odznaczenia </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Order_Zas%C5%82ugi_(Wielka_Brytania)" title="Order Zasługi (Wielka Brytania)"><img alt="Order Zasługi (Wielka Brytania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/40px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/60px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/80px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Medal_Darwina" title="Medal Darwina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_medal.jpg/30px-Darwin_medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_medal.jpg/45px-Darwin_medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_medal.jpg/60px-Darwin_medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linnean Medal"><img alt="Linnean Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg/30px-Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg/45px-Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg/60px-Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_Russel_Wallace" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alfred Russel Wallace">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Russel Wallace</b> (ur. <a href="/wiki/8_stycznia" title="8 stycznia">8 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a> w <a href="/wiki/Usk_(Walia)" title="Usk (Walia)">Usk</a>, zm. <a href="/wiki/7_listopada" title="7 listopada">7 listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> w <a href="/wiki/Broadstone" title="Broadstone">Broadstone</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Brytyjczycy" title="Brytyjczycy">brytyjski</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biolog</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nauki_przyrodnicze" title="Nauki przyrodnicze">przyrodnik</a>, współtwórca (obok <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charlesa Darwina</a>) teorii <a href="/wiki/Ewolucja_biologiczna" title="Ewolucja biologiczna">ewolucji</a> poprzez <a href="/wiki/Dob%C3%B3r_naturalny" title="Dobór naturalny">dobór naturalny</a><sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup>; laureat <a href="/wiki/Medal_Copleya" title="Medal Copleya">Medalu Copleya</a> (nagrody, którą wcześniej otrzymał też Darwin). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfred Wallace urodził się w 1823 w walijskiej miejscowości <a href="/wiki/Usk_(Walia)" title="Usk (Walia)">Usk</a>, położonej nad rzeką <a href="/wiki/Usk_(rzeka)" title="Usk (rzeka)">o tej samej nazwie</a>. Był najmłodszym z ośmiorga dzieci Thomasa Vere Wallace’a i Mary Anne Greenell. Po ukończeniu szkoły podstawowej (<i>Grammar School</i>) w <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> pracował jako asystent starszego brata, podróżnika i architekta, odwiedzając różne rejony <a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglii</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walia" title="Walia">Walii</a>. Zainteresował się <a href="/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika">botaniką</a>, przebywając na południu Walii. Około 1840 roku stworzył swój pierwszy zielnik<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-age-of-the-sage_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-of-the-sage-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>W latach 1844–1845 był nauczycielem w szkole średniej (<i>Collegiate School</i>) w <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>. W tym okresie poznał <a href="/wiki/Entomologia" title="Entomologia">entomologa</a>, ok. 20-letniego <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">H.W. Batesa</a>, który zainteresował go kolekcjonowaniem <a href="/wiki/Chrz%C4%85szcze" title="Chrząszcze">chrząszczy</a>. W 1847 po raz pierwszy wyjechał z Wielkiej Brytanii (wraz z bratem i siostrą spędził tydzień w <a href="/wiki/Pary%C5%BC" title="Paryż">Paryżu</a>), a w 1848 odbył wraz z H.W. Batesem swoją pierwszą wyprawę badawczą – do <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" title="Amazonia">Amazonii</a> (1848–1850). Po dwóch latach zaczął podróżować samodzielnie<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-age-of-the-sage_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-of-the-sage-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>W czasie badań zbierał okazy roślin i zwierząt w <a href="/wiki/Ameryka_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Ameryka Południowa">Ameryce Południowej</a> – w Amazonii i nad <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro" title="Rio Negro">Rio Negro</a> – oraz w <a href="/wiki/Azja_Po%C5%82udniowo-Wschodnia" title="Azja Południowo-Wschodnia">Azji Południowo-Wschodniej</a> – w <a href="/wiki/Malezja" title="Malezja">Malezji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Indonezja" title="Indonezja">Indonezji</a>. W latach 1854–1862 odwiedził <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatrę</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawę</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebes" title="Celebes">Celebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluki" title="Moluki">Moluki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Gwinea" title="Nowa Gwinea">Nową Gwineę</a> oraz <a href="/wiki/Wyspy_Aru" title="Wyspy Aru">Wyspy Aru</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wyspy_Kai" title="Wyspy Kai">Ké</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup>. Interesował się przede wszystkim <a href="/wiki/Zoogeografia" title="Zoogeografia">zoogeografią</a>. Zebrał kolekcję ponad 125.000 gatunków zwierząt<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup>. </p><p>Napisał m.in.: „Podróże do Amazonii oraz Rio Negro” (1853, 4 wyd. 1900), „Archipelag Malajski” (1869, 10 wyd. 1891), „Geograficzne rozmieszczenie zwierząt” (1886, 2 tomy) i wiele innych publikacji naukowych. Jako pierwszy zauważył różnice w charakterze i składzie gatunków pochodzących z przeciwnych stron linii przebiegającej między <a href="/wiki/Azja" title="Azja">Azją</a> i <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceanią</a>. Linia ta nazwana została <a href="/wiki/Linia_Wallace%E2%80%99a" title="Linia Wallace’a">linią Wallace’a</a> (odkrycie miało miejsce podczas podróży przez Indie Wschodnie). W czasie swoich badań doszedł – niezależnie od Darwina – do sformułowania teorii <a href="/wiki/Ewolucja_biologiczna" title="Ewolucja biologiczna">ewolucji</a> opartej na <a href="/wiki/Dob%C3%B3r_naturalny" title="Dobór naturalny">doborze naturalnym</a>. Teoria została po raz pierwszy ogłoszona wspólnie przez obu naukowców w 1858 roku, w czasie posiedzenia <a href="/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie">Towarzystwa Linneuszowskiego</a>. </p><p>Jest także współtwórcą <a href="/wiki/Biogeografia" title="Biogeografia">biogeografii</a>. </p><p><br style="clear:both;" /> </p> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:722px;max-width:722px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg/340px-Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg/510px-Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg/680px-Wallace_map_archipelago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1073" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><b>A</b></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg/150px-Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg/225px-Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg/300px-Wallace1865TransLinnSocLondPlate7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1659" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><b>B</b></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Wallace_chimp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallace_chimp.jpg/220px-Wallace_chimp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallace_chimp.jpg/330px-Wallace_chimp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wallace_chimp.jpg/440px-Wallace_chimp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><b>C</b></div></div><div style="clear:left"></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left">Przykładowe ilustracje z książek A.R. Wallace’a <b>A</b> – Trasa podróży przez <a href="/wiki/Archipelag_Malajski" title="Archipelag Malajski">Archipelag Malajski</a>, mapa zamieszczona w książce <i>The Malay Archipelago</i> (1869)<br /> <b>B</b> – Rysunki wykonane dla A.R. Wallace’a przez <a href="/wiki/John_Obadiah_Westwood" title="John Obadiah Westwood">Johna O. Westwooda</a> do książki: <i>On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidae of the Malayan region</i> (1865)<br /><b>C</b> – <i>Chimpanzee</i> (<i>Troglodytes niger</i>), Fig. 37 w książce <i>Darwinism, chapter on application of Natural Selection to man</i> (1889)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publikacje">Publikacje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Publikacje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Publikacje"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A.R. Wallace jest autorem ponad 1000 publikacji<sup id="cite_ref-publ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publ-6">[5]</a></sup>. W portalu internetowym <i>Wallace Online</i> zamieszczono wykaz 48 pozycji książkowych (łącznie ze wznowieniami i wydaniami uzupełnionymi)<sup id="cite_ref-Book_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-7">[6]</a></sup>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r72799541">.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy dl,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy ol,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy.uklad-nieprzenosny>div,.mw-parser-output .uklad-wielokolumnowy.uklad-nieprzenosny li{break-inside:avoid}</style> </p> <div class="uklad-wielokolumnowy" style="column-count: 3; column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li>1853 – Narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon valley</li> <li>1853 – Palm trees of the Amazon and their uses</li> <li>1866 – The scientific aspect of the supernatural</li> <li>1869 – Der Malayische Archipel, die Heimath des Orang-Utan und des Paradiesvogels: Reiseerlebnisse und Studien über Land und Leute</li> <li>1869, 1890 – The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature</li> <li>1870, 1871 – Contributions to the theory of natural selection. A series of essays</li> <li>1870, 1871 – Insulinde: het land van den orang-oetan en den paradijsvogel</li> <li>1875, 1896 – On miracles and modern spiritualism. Three essays</li> <li>1876 – The geographical distribution of animals; with a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface</li> <li>1878 – Tropical nature, and other essays</li> <li>1879 – Australasia. Stanford’s compendium of geography and travel: based on Hellwald’s ‘Die Erde und ihre Völker’ – Edited and extended by Alfred R. Wallace, F.R.G.S.</li> <li>1880 – Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates</li> <li>1882 – Land nationalisation; its necessity and its aims; being a comparison of the system of landlord and tenant with that of occupying ownership in their influence on the well-being of the people</li> <li>1885 – Bad times: an essay on the present depression of trade, tracing it to its sources in enormous foreign loans, excessive war expenditure, the increase of speculation and of millionaires, and the depopulation of the rural districts; with suggested remedies</li> <li>1885 – To Members of Parliament and others: Forty-five years of registration statistics, proving vaccination to be both useless and dangerous</li> <li>1889 – Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications</li> <li>1891, 1895 – Natural selection and tropical nature: Essays on descriptive and theoretical biology</li> <li>1892, 1895 – Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates</li> <li>1898 – The wonderful century; its successes and its failures</li> <li>1900 – Studies scientific and social</li> <li>1903 – Man's place in the universe; a study of the results of scientific research in relation to the unity or plurality of worlds</li> <li>1904 – A summary of the proofs that vaccination does not prevent small-pox but really increases it</li> <li>1905, 1908 – My life: A record of events and opinions</li> <li>1906 – A statement of the reasons for opposing the death penalty</li> <li>1907 – Is Mars habitable? A critical examination of Professor Percival Lowell's Book "Mars and its canals," with an alternative explanation</li> <li>1908 – Richard Spruce. Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes, vol. 1 i 2; ed.</li> <li>1910 – The world of life: a manifestation of creative power, directive mind and ultimate purpose</li> <li>1913 – Social environment and moral progress</li> <li>1913 – The revolt of democracy</li> <li>1916 – Alfred Russel Wallace letters and reminiscences (vol. 1 i 2)</li></ul> </div> <p>Za publikację o kluczowym znaczeniu uważa się pracę „On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type”, zaprezentowaną w 1858 roku w <a href="/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie">Towarzystwie Linneuszowskim</a> (zob. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton#Początki_darwinizmu" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Początki darwinizmu w: E.B. Poulton</a>). Posiedzenie Towarzystwa dotyczyło koncepcji, która bywa nazywana „Darwin-Wallace theory”. Wielkie znaczenie przypisuje się również m.in. pracy z dziedziny biogeografii – <i>Geographical Distribution of Animals</i> (1876)<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p><p>Tematyka wielu publikacji A.R. Wallace'a wykracza poza obszar biologii i biogeografii (np. „Social environment and moral progress”, „The revolt of democracy”, „Man's place in the universe” i in.)<sup id="cite_ref-Book_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-7">[6]</a></sup>. Niektóre głoszone przekonania były kontrowersyjne, m.in. dotyczące nieskuteczności <a href="/wiki/Szczepionka" title="Szczepionka">szczepień</a> (1885, 1904) lub <a href="/wiki/Spirytyzm" title="Spirytyzm">spirytyzmu</a> i zjawisk <a href="/wiki/Medium_(osoba)" title="Medium (osoba)">mediumicznych</a>. Trzy eseje, wydane w roku 1875 w zbiorze pod tytułem „On miracles and modern spiritualism”, wydano w roku 2011 w języku polskim pod tytułem <i>O cudach i nowoczesnym spirytyzmie</i><sup id="cite_ref-O-cudach_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-cudach-8">[7]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wyróżnienia"><span id="Wyr.C3.B3.C5.BCnienia"></span>Wyróżnienia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Wyróżnienia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wyróżnienia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png/240px-PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png/360px-PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png/480px-PSM_V73_D479_The_darwin_wallace_medal_of_the_linnaean_society.png 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Złoty Medal Darwina-Wallace'a (1908)</figcaption></figure> <p>W biogramie zamieszczonym w bazie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notable_Names_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notable Names Database (strona nie istnieje)">NNDB</a> wymieniono<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1868 – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a></li> <li>1890 – <a href="/wiki/Medal_Darwina" title="Medal Darwina">Medal Darwina</a></li> <li>1892 – Linnean Medal (Medal <a href="/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie">Linnean Society of London</a>)</li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a></li></ul> <p>Otrzymał również inne odznaczenia, w tym <i><a href="/wiki/Order_Zas%C5%82ugi_(Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Narod%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Zasługi (Wspólnota Narodów)">Order of Merit</a></i> i Medal Darwina-Wallace'a (złoty), który został mu wręczony w 1908 roku, w czasie uroczystego posiedzenia <a href="/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie">Towarzystwa Linneuszowskiego</a> z okazji 50. rocznicy opublikowania pierwszej pracy Darwina i Wallace'a. </p><p>Otrzymał honorowe tytuły naukowe w <a href="/wiki/Oksford" title="Oksford">Oksfordzie</a> (1889) i <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublinie</a> (1882). Pełnił funkcję przewodniczącego <a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society_of_London" title="Royal Entomological Society of London">Entomological Society of London</a> (1870–1871)<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upamiętnienie"><span id="Upami.C4.99tnienie"></span>Upamiętnienie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Upamiętnienie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Upamiętnienie"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dorobek A.R. Wallace'a jest upamiętniony w licznych publikacjach naukowych, w których jego prace są cytowane i analizowane, oraz w wielu biografiach. Liczne pamiątki są zgromadzone przez <a href="/wiki/Towarzystwo_Linneuszowskie_w_Londynie" title="Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie">Towarzystwo Linneuszowskie w Londynie</a> i prezentowane w <i>Natural History Museum</i>. <br style="clear:both;" /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brązowy pomnik, ustawiony w Natural History Museum"><img alt="Brązowy pomnik, ustawiony w Natural History Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg/75px-Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg/113px-Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg/151px-Bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brązowy pomnik, ustawiony w Natural History Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Uroczystość odsłonięcia pomnika w Natural History Museum przez Davida Attenborough"><img alt="Uroczystość odsłonięcia pomnika w Natural History Museum przez Davida Attenborough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG/80px-David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG/120px-David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG/160px-David_Attenborough_unveiling_a_bronze_statue_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_at_the_Natural_History_Museum%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uroczystość odsłonięcia pomnika w Natural History Museum przez <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Davida Attenborough</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gablota z notatkami A.R. Wallace'a w Linnean Society"><img alt="Gablota z notatkami A.R. Wallace'a w Linnean Society" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/120px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/180px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg/240px-A_display_of_Alfred_Russel_Wallace_notebooks_at_the_Linnean_Society_of_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gablota z notatkami A.R. Wallace'a w <i>Linnean Society</i> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pamiątkowa „Blue plaque” na ścianie budynku, w którym mieszkał (44 St Peter's Road w London Borough of Croydon)"><img alt="Pamiątkowa „Blue plaque” na ścianie budynku, w którym mieszkał (44 St Peter's Road w London Borough of Croydon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg/90px-ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg/135px-ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg/180px-ALFRED_RUSSEL_WALLACE_1823-1913_Naturalist_lived_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pamiątkowa „Blue plaque” na ścianie budynku, w którym mieszkał (44 St Peter's Road w <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">London Borough of Croydon</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace,_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Głaz z tablicą pamiątkową w pobliżu miejsca urodzenia"><img alt="Głaz z tablicą pamiątkową w pobliżu miejsca urodzenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg/80px-Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg/120px-Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg/160px-Memorial_to_Alfred_Russel_Wallace%2C_Llanbadoc_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1268341.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Głaz z tablicą pamiątkową w pobliżu miejsca urodzenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pomnik na grobie (Broadstone, Dorset)"><img alt="Pomnik na grobie (Broadstone, Dorset)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg/85px-Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg/128px-Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg/171px-Restored_grave_of_AR_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pomnik na grobie (<a href="/wiki/Broadstone" title="Broadstone">Broadstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życie_rodzinne"><span id=".C5.BBycie_rodzinne"></span>Życie rodzinne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życie rodzinne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życie rodzinne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Z żoną, Annie Mitten (1848–1914), miał troje dzieci: Herberta (zmarł w dzieciństwie), Violetę i Williama<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uwagi">Uwagi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Uwagi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Uwagi"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection refsection-uwagi ll-script ll-script-uwagi"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyspy Ké – <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_angielski" title="Język angielski">ang.</a> <i>The Key</i> lub <i>Ké Islands</i><sup id="cite_ref-Wyspy-Key_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyspy-Key-3">[3]</a></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NNDB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/065/000103753/">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>. [w:] <i>Notable Names Database (NNDB)</i> [on-line]. [dostęp 2017-04-12]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age-of-the-sage-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-age-of-the-sage_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-age-of-the-sage_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/evolution/alfred_russel_wallace.html">Alfred Russel Wallace biography</a>. [w:] <i>Strona internetowa age-of-the-sage.org, Transmitting the Wisdoms of the Ages</i> [on-line]. age-of-the-sage. [dostęp 2017-04-13]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyspy-Key-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wyspy-Key_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Capitain G. Langren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801066?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"><em>The Key, or Ké, Islands</em></a>. „Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography”. 10 (12), s. 764. Wiley on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewskie_Towarzystwo_Geograficzne" title="Królewskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne">Royal Geographical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1801066">10.2307/1801066</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Key%2C+or+K%C3%A9%2C+Islands&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+and+Monthly+Record+of+Geography&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Capitain+G.+Langren&rft.pages=764&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1801066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1801066%3Fseq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book nourl"><span class="cite-name-before"><span class="cite-name-full">Ed</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ed" style="display:none">E.</span> </span><span class="cite-lastname">Yong</span><span class="cite-name-after" style="display:none"> <span class="cite-name-full">Ed</span><span class="cite-name-initials" title="Ed">E.</span></span>, <i>Mikrobiom. Najmniejsze organizmy, które rządzą światem</i>, wyd. I, tłum. Magdalena Rabsztyn-Anioł, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2018, s. 22, <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788323343585" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788323343585">ISBN <span class="isbn isbn-ulepszony">978-83-233-4358-5</span></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=book&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.edition=I&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788323343585&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Mikrobiom.+Najmniejsze+organizmy%2C+kt%C3%B3re+rz%C4%85dz%C4%85+%C5%9Bwiatem&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Jagiello%C5%84skiego" style="display:none"> </span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-publ_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/people/van_wyhe.html">John van Wyhe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallace-online.org/content/search-results?pagesize=100&searchtitle=&pageno=1&datebefore=&publisher=&searchid=&allfields=&description=&name=Wallace+Alfred+Russel&published=true&freetext=&place=&periodical=&dateafter=&sort=identifier">Wallace Online > Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Uniwersytet_Singapuru" title="Narodowy Uniwersytet Singapuru">National University of Singapore</a>, 2012. [dostęp 2017-04-12]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">{{<a href="/wiki/Szablon:Cytuj_stron%C4%99" title="Szablon:Cytuj stronę">Cytuj stronę</a>}} Linki zewnętrzne: "autor".</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Book_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Book_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/people/van_wyhe.html">John van Wyhe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallace-online.org/content/search-results?pagesize=50&sort=date-ascending&pageno=0&freetext=&allfields=&searchid=&name=Wallace+Alfred+Russel&dateafter=&datebefore=&searchtitle=&description=&place=&publisher=&periodical=&documenttype=Book">Wallace Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Uniwersytet_Singapuru" title="Narodowy Uniwersytet Singapuru">National University of Singapore</a>, 2012. [dostęp 2017-04-12]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">{{<a href="/wiki/Szablon:Cytuj_stron%C4%99" title="Szablon:Cytuj stronę">Cytuj stronę</a>}} Linki zewnętrzne: "autor".</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-cudach-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-O-cudach_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alfred Wallace (tłum. J.K. Potocki): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/148409/o-cudach-i-nowoczesnym-spirytyzmie">O cudach i nowoczesnym spirytyzmie (informacje bibliograficzne)</a></i>. Warszawa: Rivail, 2011.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+cudach+i+nowoczesnym+spirytyzmie+%28informacje+bibliograficzne%29&rft.au=Alfred+Wallace++%28t%C5%82um.+J.K.+Potocki%29&rft.pub=Rivail&rft.place=Warszawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flubimyczytac.pl%2Fksiazka%2F148409%2Fo-cudach-i-nowoczesnym-spirytyzmie"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/people/van_wyhe.html">John van Wyhe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wallace-online.org/">Wallace Online</a>. [w:] <i>Portal internetowy</i> [on-line]. <a href="/wiki/Narodowy_Uniwersytet_Singapuru" title="Narodowy Uniwersytet Singapuru">National University of Singapore</a>, 2012. [dostęp 2017-04-12]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="problemy problemy-w-cytuj" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">{{<a href="/wiki/Szablon:Cytuj_stron%C4%99" title="Szablon:Cytuj stronę">Cytuj stronę</a>}} Linki zewnętrzne: "autor".</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnętrzne"><span id="Linki_zewn.C4.99trzne"></span>Linki zewnętrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj sekcję: Linki zewnętrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnętrzne"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_by_Alfred_Russel_Wallace?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Books by A.R. Wallace</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox noprint plainlinks" cellpadding="4" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; width:30px;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </td> <td style="line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; flex:unset;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bird_skins_collected_by_Alfred_Russel_Wallace?uselang=pl"><strong>Zobacz multimedia</strong> związane z tematem: <em>Bird skins collected by A.R. Wallace</em></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/12/wallace/quammen-text">David Quammen, Photograph by Robert Clark <i>The Man Who Wasn't Darwin : Alfred Russel Wallace charted a great dividing line in the living world—and found his own route to the theory of evolution</i></a> w: National Geographic [data dostępu: 2014-06-06]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1eQ6DadodA">„The Forgotten Voyage: Alfred Russel Wallace and his discovery of evolution by natural selection”</a>, film z serii BBC „The World About Us” (1983), reż. Peter Crawford (www.youtube.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOiUZ3ycZwU"><i>The Making of a Theory: Darwin, Wallace, and Natural Selection</i> — HHMI BioInteractive Video</a>, youtube.com 2014-08-26</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Publikacja w zamkniętym dostępie – wymagana rejestracja, też płatna, lub wykupienie subskrypcji"><img alt="Publikacja w zamkniętym dostępie – wymagana rejestracja, też płatna, lub wykupienie subskrypcji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/8px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/12px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/16px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/wallace-alfred-russel-1823-1913/v-1">Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823–1913)</a></i> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, rep.routledge.com [dostęp 2023-05-12].</li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy{width:250px;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 0.4em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .before,.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .after{padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar{font-weight:normal;font-size:xx-small;white-space:nowrap;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.tnavbar{margin-left:1em;float:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>hr+.tnavbar{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .below>.tnavbar:before{content:"Ten szablon: "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:after{content:" · "}.mw-parser-output .navbox .tnavbar li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox hr{margin:0.2em 1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .title{background:#ddf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content:not(.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych){margin-top:2px;padding:0;font-size:smaller;overflow:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .above+.navbox-main-content,.mw-parser-output .navbox .below,.mw-parser-output .navbox .title+.grid{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below{background:#ddf;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.after{align-self:center;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .flex>.navbox-main-content{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .before{margin-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .after{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard{border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis{text-align:right;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.opis+.spis{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td:first-child{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard .inner-standard>tbody>tr>td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>.navbox-even{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard>tbody>tr>th+td{border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns{table-layout:fixed}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;border-left:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-right:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr+tr>td{border-top:2px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:first-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:first-child{border-left:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>th:last-child,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td:last-child{border-right:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-columns>tbody>tr>td>dl{text-align:left;column-width:24em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+table{margin-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.opis,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>.spis{padding:0.1em 1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.mw-collapsible-toggle{width:4em;text-align:right;margin-right:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .navbox>.fakebar,.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div.mw-collapsible>.fakebar{float:left;width:4em;height:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background:#ddf;padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .opis{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-even,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-odd{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox.pionowy .navbox-odd,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .navbox-even{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-group>div>div+div{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox p{margin:0;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:gold}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:silver}.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,.mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#c96}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-main-content>ol{column-width:24em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbox ul{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .navbox .references{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hwrap .hlist li{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox .rok{display:inline-block;width:4em;padding-right:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox-statistics{margin-top:2px;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .navbox-summary>.title{font-weight:bold;font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.grupa-szablonów) .navbox{margin:0;border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox.grupa-szablonów>.grupa-szablonów-nawigacyjnych>.navbox:first-child{margin-top:2px}@media(max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.before,.mw-parser-output .navbox:not(.pionowy) .flex>.after{display:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis img,.mw-parser-output .navbox .opis .flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.flagicon,.mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption>.image{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Copleya_(XX_wiek)" title="Szablon:Laureaci Medalu Copleya (XX wiek)"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Laureaci_Medalu_Copleya_(XX_wiek)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Laureaci Medalu Copleya (XX wiek) (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Copleya_(XX_wiek)&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Laureaci <a href="/wiki/Medal_Copleya" title="Medal Copleya">Medalu Copleya</a> (XX wiek)</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Dmitrij_Mendelejew" title="Dmitrij Mendelejew">Dmitrij Mendelejew</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Miecznikow" title="Ilja Miecznikow">Ilja Miecznikow</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Albert Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Iwan_Paw%C5%82ow" title="Iwan Pawłow">Iwan Pawłow</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Maddock_Bayliss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Maddock Bayliss (strona nie istnieje)">William Maddock Bayliss</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Tabberer_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Tabberer Brown (strona nie istnieje)">Horace Tabberer Brown</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Lamb (strona nie istnieje)">Horace Lamb</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Frederick Hopkins</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington">Charles Sherrington</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Parsons" title="Charles Parsons">Charles Parsons</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Schuster (strona nie istnieje)">Arthur Schuster</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theobald_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald Smith (strona nie istnieje)">Theobald Smith</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Lewis (strona nie istnieje)">Thomas Lewis</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robert Robinson</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Barcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Barcroft (strona nie istnieje)">Joseph Barcroft</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Vivian_Hill" title="Archibald Vivian Hill">Archibald Vivian Hill</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Charles_De_Hevesy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Charles De Hevesy (strona nie istnieje)">George Charles De Hevesy</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Kluyver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Kluyver (strona nie istnieje)">Albert Kluyver</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Whittaker" title="Edmund Whittaker">Edmund Whittaker</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Macfarlane Burnet</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebs" title="Hans Adolf Krebs">Hans Adolf Krebs</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Fildes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Fildes (strona nie istnieje)">Paul Fildes</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Chapman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Chapman (strona nie istnieje)">Sydney Chapman</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Robertus_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Robertus Todd (strona nie istnieje)">Alexander Robertus Todd</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Pirie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Pirie (strona nie istnieje)">Norman Pirie</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fielding_Huxley" title="Andrew Fielding Huxley">Andrew Fielding Huxley</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Vallance_Douglas_Hodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Vallance Douglas Hodge (strona nie istnieje)">William Vallance Douglas Hodge</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodward" title="Robert Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Harold_Richard_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Harold Richard Barton (strona nie istnieje)">Derek Harold Richard Barton</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Robert Porter</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Peierls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Peierls (strona nie istnieje)">Rudolf Peierls</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hill_(biochemik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hill (biochemik) (strona nie istnieje)">Robert Hill</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Charles_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Charles Frank (strona nie istnieje)">Frederick Charles Frank</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Fenner (strona nie istnieje)">Frank Fenner</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Cottrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Cottrell (strona nie istnieje)">Alan Cottrell</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_James_Lighthill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael James Lighthill (strona nie istnieje)">Michael James Lighthill</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Rushton_Battersby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Rushton Battersby (strona nie istnieje)">Alan Rushton Battersby</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Copley_Medal_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png/100px-Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png/150px-Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png/200px-Copley_Medal_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="923" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74983602"><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Laureaci_Royal_Medal_(XIX_wiek)" title="Szablon:Laureaci Royal Medal (XIX wiek)"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyskusja_szablonu:Laureaci_Royal_Medal_(XIX_wiek)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Laureaci Royal Medal (XIX wiek) (strona nie istnieje)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Laureaci_Royal_Medal_(XIX_wiek)&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Laureaci <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (XIX wiek)</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content flex"><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 20.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1826: <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(matematyk)" title="James Ivory (matematyk)">J. Ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">J. Dalton</a></li> <li>1827: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve">F.G.W. Struve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">H. Davy</a></li> <li>1828: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">J.F. Encke</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">W.H. Wollaston</a></li> <li>1829: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bell" title="Charles Bell">Ch. Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eilhard_Mitscherlich" title="Eilhard Mitscherlich">E. Mitscherlich</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 30.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>1830: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Balard" title="Antoine Balard">A.J. Balard</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">D. Brewster</a></li> <li>1831–1832: nie przyznano</li> <li>1833: <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">A.P. de Candolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">J. Herschel</a></li> <li>1834: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Ch. Lyell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_William_Lubbock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John William Lubbock (strona nie istnieje)">J.W. Lubbock</a></li> <li>1835: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">M. Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">W.R. Hamilton</a></li> <li>1836: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Newport (strona nie istnieje)">G. Newport</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">J. Herschel</a></li> <li>1837: <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">W. Whewell</a></li> <li>1838: <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_Talbot" title="William Fox Talbot">W.F. Talbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Th. Graham</a></li> <li>1839: <a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(matematyk)" title="James Ivory (matematyk)">J. Ivory</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Barry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Barry (strona nie istnieje)">M. Barry</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 40.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1840: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Ch. Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">J. Herschel</a></li> <li>1841: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eaton_Hodgkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eaton Hodgkinson (strona nie istnieje)">E. Hodgkinson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Kane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Kane (strona nie istnieje)">R. Kane</a></li> <li>1842: <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">J.F. Daniell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bowman" title="William Bowman">W. Bowman</a></li> <li>1843: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Ch. Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_David_Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James David Forbes (strona nie istnieje)">J.D. Forbes</a></li> <li>1844: <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">G. Boole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_(chemik)" title="Thomas Andrews (chemik)">Th. Andrews</a></li> <li>1845: <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">G.B. Airy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Snow_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Snow Beck (strona nie istnieje)">Th.S. Beck</a></li> <li>1846: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">M. Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">R. Owen</a></li> <li>1847: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fownes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Fownes (strona nie istnieje)">G. Fownes</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Grove" title="William Grove">W.R. Grove</a></li> <li>1848: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_James_Hargreave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles James Hargreave (strona nie istnieje)">Ch.J. Hargreave</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Galloway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Galloway (strona nie istnieje)">Th. Galloway</a></li> <li>1849: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">E. Sabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">G. Mantell</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 50.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>1850: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Brodie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Brodie (strona nie istnieje)">B. Brodie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Th. Graham</a></li> <li>1851: <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons" title="William Parsons">W. Parsons</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Newport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Newport (strona nie istnieje)">G. Newport</a></li> <li>1852: <a href="/wiki/James_Joule" title="James Joule">J.P. Joule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Th.H. Huxley</a></li> <li>1853: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Ch. Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">J. Tyndall</a></li> <li>1854: <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">A.W. von Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">J.D. Hooker</a></li> <li>1855: <a href="/wiki/John_Obadiah_Westwood" title="John Obadiah Westwood">J.O. Westwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">J.R. Hind</a></li> <li>1856: <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalista)" title="John Richardson (naturalista)">J. Richardson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">W. Thomson</a> (Lord Kelvin)</li> <li>1857: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">E. Frankland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">J. Lindley</a></li> <li>1858: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albany_Hancock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albany Hancock (strona nie istnieje)">A. Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lassell" title="William Lassell">W. Lassell</a></li> <li>1859: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">A. Cayley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bentham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Bentham (strona nie istnieje)">G. Bentham</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a5"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 60.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1860: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Volney_Waller" title="Augustus Volney Waller">A.V. Waller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">W. Fairbairn</a></li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">J.J. Sylvester</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Benjamin_Carpenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Benjamin Carpenter (strona nie istnieje)">W.B. Carpenter</a></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_William_Williamson" title="Alexander William Williamson">A.W. Williamson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Thomas_Romney_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Thomas Romney Robinson (strona nie istnieje)">J.T.R. Robinson</a></li> <li>1863: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Peter_Gassiot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Peter Gassiot (strona nie istnieje)">J.P. Gassiot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Joseph_Berkeley" title="Miles Joseph Berkeley">M.J. Berkeley</a></li> <li>1864: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Augustus_Lockhart_Clarke" title="Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke">J.A.L. Clarke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_De_La_Rue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren De La Rue (strona nie istnieje)">W. De La Rue</a></li> <li>1865: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Smith (strona nie istnieje)">A. Smith</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Prestwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Prestwich (strona nie istnieje)">J. Prestwich</a></li> <li>1866: <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">W. Huggins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Kitchen_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Kitchen Parker (strona nie istnieje)">W.K. Parker</a></li> <li>1867: <a href="/wiki/John_Bennet_Lawes" title="John Bennet Lawes">J.B. Lawes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert" title="Joseph Henry Gilbert">J.H. Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan" title="William Edmond Logan">W.E. Logan</a></li> <li>1868: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">A.R. Wallace</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Salmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Salmon (strona nie istnieje)">G. Salmon</a></li> <li>1869: <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen" title="Augustus Matthiessen">A. Matthiessen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Maclear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Maclear (strona nie istnieje)">Th. Maclear</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a6"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 70.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>1870: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davidson" title="Thomas Davidson">Th. Davidson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hallowes_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hallowes Miller (strona nie istnieje)">W.H. Miller</a></li> <li>1871: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Busk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Busk (strona nie istnieje)">G. Busk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stenhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stenhouse (strona nie istnieje)">J. Stenhouse</a></li> <li>1872: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_John_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry John Carter (strona nie istnieje)">H.J. Carter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Anderson_(chemik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Anderson (chemik) (strona nie istnieje)">Th. Anderson</a></li> <li>1873: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_James_Allman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George James Allman (strona nie istnieje)">G.J. Allman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Enfield_Roscoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe (strona nie istnieje)">H.E. Roscoe</a></li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clifton_Sorby" title="Henry Clifton Sorby">H.C. Sorby</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crawford_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crawford Williamson (strona nie istnieje)">W.C. Williamson</a></li> <li>1875: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Oldham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Oldham (strona nie istnieje)">Th. Oldham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">W. Crookes</a></li> <li>1876: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wyville_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wyville Thomson (strona nie istnieje)">Ch.W. Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Froude" title="William Froude">W. Froude</a></li> <li>1877: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Abel" title="Frederick Abel">F.A. Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Heer" title="Oswald Heer">O. Heer</a></li> <li>1878: <a href="/wiki/Albert_C.L.G._G%C3%BCnther" title="Albert C.L.G. Günther">A.C.L.G Günther</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Allan_Broun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Allan Broun (strona nie istnieje)">J.A. Broun</a></li> <li>1879: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Crombie_Ramsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Crombie Ramsay (strona nie istnieje)">A.C. Ramsay</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">W.H. Perkin</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a7"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 80.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li>1880: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Noble_(fizyk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Noble (fizyk) (strona nie istnieje)">A. Noble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">J. Lister</a></li> <li>1881: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hewitt_Jellett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hewitt Jellett (strona nie istnieje)">J.H. Jellett</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Maitland_Balfour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Maitland Balfour (strona nie istnieje)">F.M. Balfour</a></li> <li>1882: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">J.W. Strutt</a> (Lord Rayleigh), <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Flower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Henry Flower (strona nie istnieje)">W.H. Flower</a></li> <li>1883: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Archer_Hirst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Archer Hirst (strona nie istnieje)">Th.A. Hirst</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Scott_Burdon-Sanderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Scott Burdon-Sanderson (strona nie istnieje)">J.S. Burdon-Sanderson</a></li> <li>1884: <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">G. Darwin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Oliver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Oliver (strona nie istnieje)">D. Oliver</a></li> <li>1885: <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">D.E. Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">R. Lankester</a></li> <li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tait" title="Peter Tait">P.G. Tait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">F. Galton</a></li> <li>1887: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Ross_Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Ross Clarke (strona nie istnieje)">A.R. Clarke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Nottidge_Moseley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Nottidge Moseley (strona nie istnieje)">H.N. Moseley</a></li> <li>1888: <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">O. Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller" title="Ferdinand von Mueller">F. von Mueller</a></li> <li>1889: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Edward_Thorpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Edward Thorpe (strona nie istnieje)">Th.E. Thorpe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Holbrook_Gaskell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Holbrook Gaskell (strona nie istnieje)">W.H. Gaskell</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a8"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">lata 90.</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li>1890: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopkinson (strona nie istnieje)">J. Hopkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ferrier" title="David Ferrier">D. Ferrier</a></li> <li>1891: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_William_Rucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur William Rucker (strona nie istnieje)">A.W. Rucker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lapworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Lapworth (strona nie istnieje)">Ch. Lapworth</a></li> <li>1892: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pritchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Pritchard (strona nie istnieje)">Ch. Pritchard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Newport_Langley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Newport Langley (strona nie istnieje)">J.N. Langley</a></li> <li>1893: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Marshall_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Marshall Ward (strona nie istnieje)">H.M. Ward</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Schuster (strona nie istnieje)">A. Schuster</a></li> <li>1894: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horsley" title="Victor Horsley">V. Horsley</a></li> <li>1895: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanograf)" title="John Murray (oceanograf)">J. Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Alfred_Ewing" title="James Alfred Ewing">J.A. Ewing</a></li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">A. Geikie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Vernon_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Vernon Boys (strona nie istnieje)">Ch.V. Boys</a></li> <li>1897: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Strachey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Strachey (strona nie istnieje)">R. Strachey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Forsyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Forsyth (strona nie istnieje)">A. Forsyth</a></li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(fizyk)" title="John Kerr (fizyk)">J. Kerr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Gardiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gardiner (strona nie istnieje)">W. Gardiner</a></li> <li>1899: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carmichael_McIntosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Carmichael McIntosh (strona nie istnieje)">W.C. McIntosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Fitzgerald" title="George Francis Fitzgerald">G.F. Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a9"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">rok 1900</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newton" title="Alfred Newton">A. Newton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Alexander_MacMahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Alexander MacMahon (strona nie istnieje)">P.A. MacMahon</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-after after"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png/100px-George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png/150px-George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/George-IV-of-Great-Britain-cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-p"><div><a href="/wiki/Kontrola_autorytatywna" title="Kontrola autorytatywna">Kontrola autorytatywna</a> (<span class="description">osoba</span>):</div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110221630">0000000110221630</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/19767134">19767134</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/n79089631">n79089631</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118806009">118806009</a></span></li><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_NDL_Authorities" class="extiw" title="de:Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00460082">00460082</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/katalogisering/42gjlcqn4pttlm4">42gjlcqn4pttlm4</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale" title="Bibliothèque nationale">BnF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12419995h">12419995h</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Universitaire_de_Documentation" title="Système Universitaire de Documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/067033865">067033865</a></span></li><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_bibliotecario_nazionale" class="extiw" title="it:Servizio bibliotecario nazionale">SBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.sbn.it/af/UFIV041825">UFIV041825</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Australii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Australii">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35588258">35588258</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Republiki_Czeskiej" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Republiki Czeskiej">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/skuk0001457">skuk0001457</a></span></li><li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" class="extiw" title="nl:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">DBNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=wall001">wall001</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Hiszpańska Biblioteka Narodowa">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX964696">XX964696</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holenderska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Holenderska Biblioteka Narodowa">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p328420476">328420476</a></span>, <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/doc/thes/p070236879">070236879</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/BIBSYS" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90514513">90514513</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiNii" class="extiw" title="jp:CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00939914">DA00939914</a></span></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" class="extiw" title="en:Open Library">Open Library</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL154978A">OL154978A</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_(Warszawa)" title="Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810640758205606">9810640758205606</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/NUKAT" title="NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%20%2098085537">n98085537</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">OBIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/36700">36700</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Izraela" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Izraela">J9U</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269582805171">987007269582805171</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Portugalii" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Portugalii">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.bn.pt/nca/unimarc-authorities/txt?id=40953">40953</a></span></li><li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" class="extiw" title="ca:Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10177516">a10177516</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_%C5%81otwy" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Łotwy">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185233&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000185233</a></span></li><li><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONOR" class="extiw" title="sl:CONOR">CONOR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.si/opac7/conor/15036259">15036259</a></span></li><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">BNC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000137386">000137386</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grecka_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Grecka Biblioteka Narodowa">ΕΒΕ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record141456">141456</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazylijska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Brazylijska Biblioteka Narodowa">BLBNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.bn.br/sophia_web/autoridade/detalhe/000247803">000247803</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteka_Narodowa_Korei" title="Biblioteka Narodowa Korei">KRNLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librarian.nl.go.kr/LI/contents/L20101000000.do?id=KAC201703506">KAC201703506</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Litewska_Biblioteka_Narodowa_im._Martynasa_Ma%C5%BEvydasa" title="Litewska Biblioteka Narodowa im. Martynasa Mažvydasa">LIH</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lnb.libis.lt/simpleSearch.do?doSearch=1&AI001=LNB%3AMWA%3B%3DBB">LNB:MWA;=BB</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a>:</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_PWN_(internetowa)" title="Encyklopedia PWN (internetowa)">PWN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3993644.html">3993644</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Russel-Wallace">biography/Alfred-Russel-Wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alfred-russel-wallace">alfred-russel-wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P3219" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P3219">Universalis</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/alfred-russel-wallace/">alfred-russel-wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">NE.se</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/alfred-russel-wallace">alfred-russel-wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">SNL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Alfred_Russel_Wallace">Alfred_Russel_Wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">VLE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/alfred-russel-wallace/">alfred-russel-wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0071768.xml">0071768</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSDE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8313&url_prefix=https://lex.dk/&id=Alfred_Russel_Wallace">Alfred_Russel_Wallace</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_enciklopedija" title="Hrvatska enciklopedija">Hrvatska enciklopedija</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=65781">65781</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&oldid=75016956">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&oldid=75016956</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Brytyjscy_biolodzy" title="Kategoria:Brytyjscy biolodzy">Brytyjscy biolodzy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Urodzeni_w_1823" title="Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1823">Urodzeni w 1823</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zmarli_w_1913" title="Kategoria:Zmarli w 1913">Zmarli w 1913</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Cz%C5%82onkowie_Royal_Society" title="Kategoria:Członkowie Royal Society">Członkowie Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Laureaci_Medalu_Copleya" title="Kategoria:Laureaci Medalu Copleya">Laureaci Medalu Copleya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Laureaci_Royal_Medal" title="Kategoria:Laureaci Royal Medal">Laureaci Royal Medal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryte kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_u%C5%BCywa_p%C3%B3l_opisowych" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych">Szablon cytowania używa pól opisowych</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytuj_do_sprawdzenia" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytuj do sprawdzenia">Szablon cytuj do sprawdzenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki_%E2%80%93_brak_numeru_strony" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony">Szablon cytowania książki – brak numeru strony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Uk%C5%82ad_wielokolumnowy_-_3_kolumny" title="Kategoria:Układ wielokolumnowy - 3 kolumny">Układ wielokolumnowy - 3 kolumny</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 21 paź 2024, 12:03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. Zobacz szczegółowe informacje o <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/pl">warunkach korzystania</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polityka prywatności</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:O_Wikipedii">O Wikipedii</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Korzystasz_z_Wikipedii_tylko_na_w%C5%82asn%C4%85_odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87">Korzystasz z Wikipedii tylko na własną odpowiedzialność</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Powszechne Zasady Postępowania</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dla deweloperów</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pl.wikipedia.org">Statystyki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Oświadczenie o ciasteczkach</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Wersja mobilna</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-8cmsp","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.749","walltime":"1.267","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4679,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":91971,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19181,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37567,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":12,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 884.463 1 -total"," 29.62% 261.957 1 Szablon:Biogram_infobox"," 24.90% 220.226 1 Szablon:Kontrola_autorytatywna"," 17.10% 151.203 1 Szablon:Przypisy"," 13.73% 121.415 2 Szablon:Szablon_nawigacyjny"," 13.58% 120.099 1 Szablon:Laureaci_Medalu_Copleya_(XX_wiek)"," 9.92% 87.731 2 Szablon:Infobox_grafika"," 8.31% 73.527 5 Szablon:Infobox_projekt"," 7.69% 67.991 2 Szablon:Pierwszy_niepusty"," 7.56% 66.837 5 Szablon:Cytuj_stronę"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.462","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7336199,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"secondary = nil\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\nbigImage = table#1 {\n \"[[Plik:Alfred Russel Wallace, signature.svg|130x100px|alt=podpis]]\",\n}\n\n== selectProperty ==\nrank = nil\nloader = table#1 {\n [\"get\"] = function#1,\n}\nfilters = table#1 {\n}\nsnaktype = nil\n#prop A = 1\nbrak etykiety i wyłączone linki = \"Q16547398\"\nparent:title = \"Szablon:Biogram infobox\"\nframe.args.pagename = nil\nframe.args.namespace = nil\npagename = nil\nnamespace = 0\ntitle = Alfred Russel Wallace\nno match infobox.*iogram infobox\nno pattern 2\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\next = nil\next = false\next = nil\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\n\n== Szablon:Szablon nawigacyjny ==\n\nrequired = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-59856bd7d8-9q6cq","timestamp":"20241119175248","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_Russel_Wallace","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160627","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160627","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142tw\u00f3rcy projekt\u00f3w Fundacji Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-20T17:54:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg","headline":"brytyjski biolog"}</script> </body> </html>