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.mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HISPAGES" title="Wikipedia:HISPAGES"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Historical.svg/30px-Historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Historical.svg/45px-Historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Historical.svg/60px-Historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page is currently inactive and is retained for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HISPAGES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:HISPAGES">historical</a> reference.</b><br /><span style="font-size: 90%">Either the page is no longer relevant or consensus on its purpose has become unclear. To revive discussion, seek broader input via a forum such as the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)">village pump</a>.</span> <span style="font-size: 90%"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">Note: Article entries are now being transcluded directly on the main portal page. However, this page should be retained for historical reference.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/220px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/330px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/440px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Baker in 1940</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Freda Josephine Baker</a></b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>McDonald</b></span>; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalized as <b>Joséphine Baker</b>, was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 French silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Siren_of_the_Tropics" title="Siren of the Tropics">Siren of the Tropics</a></i>, directed by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Mario Nalpas</span></span> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henri_%C3%89ti%C3%A9vant" title="Henri Étiévant">Henri Étiévant</a></span></span>. </p><p> During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Her performance in its 1927 revue <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Un vent de folie</i></span> caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting only of a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>. Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law#Dual_citizenship" title="French nationality law">French national</a> after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France. (<b><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/220px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/330px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/440px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Armstrong in 1953</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Daniel Armstrong</a></b> (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed "<b>Satchmo</b>", "<b>Satch</b>", and "<b>Pops</b>", was an American trumpeter and vocalist. He was among the most influential figures in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. His career spanned five decades and several eras in the history of jazz. Armstrong received numerous accolades including the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_Pop_Vocal_Performance" title="Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance">Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(film)" title="Hello, Dolly! (film)">Hello, Dolly!</a></i> in 1965, as well as a posthumous win for the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> in 1972. His influence crossed musical genres, with inductions into the <a href="/wiki/DownBeat" title="DownBeat">DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Rhythm_%26_Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame">National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame</a>, among others. </p><p> Armstrong was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an inventive trumpet and <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a> player, he was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance. Around 1922, Armstrong followed his mentor, <a href="/wiki/King_Oliver" title="King Oliver">Joe "King" Oliver</a>, to Chicago to play in Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. Armstrong earned a reputation at "<a href="/wiki/Cutting_contest" title="Cutting contest">cutting contests</a>", and his fame reached band leader <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson" title="Fletcher Henderson">Fletcher Henderson</a>. Armstrong moved to New York City, where he became a featured and musically influential band soloist and recording artist. By the 1950s, Armstrong was a national musical icon, appearing regularly in radio and television broadcasts and on film. (<b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg/220px-Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg/330px-Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bix_Beiderbecke_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Beiderbecke <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke" title="Bix Beiderbecke">Leon Bismark</a></b> "<b>Bix</b>" <b>Beiderbecke</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BY</span>-dər-bek</i></a>; March 10, 1903 – August 6, 1931) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornetist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornetist">cornetist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a> and composer. </p><p> Beiderbecke was one of the most influential jazz soloists of the 1920s, a cornet player noted for an inventive lyrical approach and purity of tone, with such clarity of sound that one contemporary famously described it like "shooting bullets at a bell”. His solos on seminal recordings such as <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_the_Blues_(1920_song)#Trumbauer/Beiderbecke_Recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Singin' the Blues (1920 song)">"Singin' the Blues"</a> and "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Virginia" title="I'm Coming Virginia">I'm Coming, Virginia</a>" (both 1927) demonstrate a gift for extended <a href="/wiki/Jazz_improvisation" title="Jazz improvisation">improvisation</a> that heralded the jazz ballad style, in which jazz solos are an integral part of the composition. Moreover, his use of extended chords and an ability to improvise freely along harmonic as well as melodic lines are echoed in post-WWII developments in jazz. "<a href="/wiki/In_a_Mist" title="In a Mist">In a Mist</a>" (1927) is the best known of Beiderbecke's published piano compositions and the only one that he recorded. His piano style reflects both jazz and classical (mainly impressionist) influences. All five of his piano compositions were published by Robbins Music during his lifetime. (<b><a href="/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke" title="Bix Beiderbecke">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/220px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/330px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/440px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Bohr in 1922</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Henrik David Bohr</a></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Danish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="da-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈne̝ls<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpoɐ̯ˀ]</a></span>; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who made foundational contributions to understanding <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">atomic structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">quantum theory</a>, for which he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1922. Bohr was also a <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and a promoter of scientific research. </p><p> Bohr developed the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, in which he proposed that energy levels of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the principle of <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a>: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties, like behaving as a <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave or a stream of particles</a>. The notion of complementarity dominated Bohr's thinking in both science and philosophy. (<b><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg/220px-Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg/330px-Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg/440px-Louise_Brooks_detail_ggbain.32453u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Brooks <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1926</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Mary Louise Brooks</a></b> (November 14, 1906 – August 8, 1985) was an American film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. She is regarded today as an <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">icon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a> culture, in part due to the <a href="/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut">bob hairstyle</a> that she helped popularize during the prime of her career. </p><p> At the age of 15, Brooks began her career as a dancer and toured with the <a href="/wiki/Denishawn_school" title="Denishawn school">Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts</a> where she performed opposite <a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Ted Shawn</a>. After being fired, she found employment as a <a href="/wiki/Chorus_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus girl">chorus girl</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/George_White%27s_Scandals" title="George White's Scandals">George White's Scandals</a></i> and as a semi-nude dancer in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies" title="Ziegfeld Follies">Ziegfeld Follies</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. While dancing in the <i>Follies</i>, Brooks came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a>, a producer at <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, and signed a five-year contract with the studio. She appeared in supporting roles in various Paramount films before taking the heroine's role in <i><a href="/wiki/Beggars_of_Life" title="Beggars of Life">Beggars of Life</a></i> (1928). During this time, she became an intimate friend of actress <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a> and joined the elite <a href="/wiki/Social_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social circle">social circle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Press_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Press baron">press baron</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Simeon" class="mw-redirect" title="San Simeon">San Simeon</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg/220px-Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg/330px-Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg/440px-Stanley_Bruce_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Bruce in 1930</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Melbourne Bruce, 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne</a></b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (15 April 1883 – 25 August 1967) was an Australian politician, statesman and businessman who served as the eighth <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a> from 1923 to 1929. He held office as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a>, having previously served as the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">treasurer of Australia</a> from 1921 to 1923. </p><p> Born into a briefly wealthy <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> family, Bruce studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and played a leading role in his family's softgoods firm following the suicide of his father <a href="/wiki/John_Munro_Bruce" title="John Munro Bruce">John Munro Bruce</a>. He served on the front lines of the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> in World War I and returned to Australia wounded in 1917, becoming a spokesman for government recruitment efforts. He gained the attention of the Nationalist Party and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, who encouraged a political career. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in 1918, becoming member of parliament (MP) for the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Flinders" title="Division of Flinders">Flinders</a>. He was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">treasurer</a> in 1921, before replacing Hughes as prime minister in 1923. He established an anti-socialist coalition government with the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Australian_Country_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Country Party">Country Party</a>, working closely with Country leader <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a> in an arrangement that pioneered the modern <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Liberal–National coalition</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg/220px-Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg/330px-Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg/440px-Al_Capone_in_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Capone in 1930</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Alphonse Gabriel Capone</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">POHN</span></i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kaˈpoːne]</a></span>; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), sometimes known by the nickname "<b>Scarface</b>", was an American <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">gangster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Businessman" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessman">businessman</a> who attained notoriety during the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition era">Prohibition era</a> as the co-founder and boss of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Outfit" title="Chicago Outfit">Chicago Outfit</a> from 1925 to 1931. His seven-year reign as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">crime boss</a> ended when he went to prison at the age of 33. </p><p> Capone was born in New York City in 1899 to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian immigrants</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Five_Points_Gang" title="Five Points Gang">Five Points Gang</a> as a teenager and became a <a href="/wiki/Bouncer" title="Bouncer">bouncer</a> in organized crime premises such as brothels. In his early twenties, Capone moved to Chicago and became a bodyguard of <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Torrio" title="Johnny Torrio">Johnny Torrio</a>, head of a criminal syndicate that <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">illegally supplied alcohol</a>—the forerunner of the Outfit—and was politically protected through the <a href="/wiki/Unione_Siciliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Unione Siciliana">Unione Siciliana</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles,_1931_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Coco_Chanel_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Chanel in 1931</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Gabrielle Bonheur</a></b> "<b>Coco</b>" <b>Chanel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">shə-<span style="font-size:90%">NEL</span></i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡabʁijɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>bɔnœʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>kɔko<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃanɛl]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Coco_Chanel.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Coco_Chanel.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Coco Chanel.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Coco_Chanel.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Exilexi-Coco_Chanel.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Exilexi-Coco_Chanel.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Coco Chanel.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion designer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">businesswoman</a>. The founder and namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a> brand, she was credited in the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era with popularising a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. She is the only fashion designer listed on <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century</a>. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">couture clothing</a> into jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, <a href="/wiki/Chanel_No._5" title="Chanel No. 5">Chanel No. 5</a>, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s. </p><p> Her couture house closed in 1939, with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Chanel stayed in France during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupation and collaborated with the occupiers and the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy puppet regime</a>. Declassified documents revealed that she had collaborated directly with the Nazi intelligence service, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i>. One plan in late 1943 was for her to carry an <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> peace overture to Churchill to end the war. Chanel began a liaison with a German diplomat/spy she had known before the war, Baron (<i><a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Hans_G%C3%BCnther_von_Dincklage" title="Hans Günther von Dincklage">Hans Günther von Dincklage</a>. After the end of the war, Chanel was interrogated about her relationship with Dincklage, but she was not charged as a <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborator</a> due to intervention by her friend—British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. When the war ended, Chanel moved to Switzerland before returning to Paris in 1954 to revive her fashion house. (<b><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Coolidge in 1919</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></b> (born <b>John Calvin Coolidge Jr.</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KOOL</span>-ij</i></a>; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1923 to 1929. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, he previously served as the 29th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> from 1921 to 1923 and as the 48th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> from 1919 to 1921. Elected vice president <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">in 1920</a>, he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> in August 1923. Elected in his own right in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Coolidge gained a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Small-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-government">small-government</a> conservative with a taciturn personality and dry sense of humor that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal". His widespread popularity enabled him to run for a second full term, but Coolidge <a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">chose not to run</a> again in <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, remarking that ten years as president would be "longer than any other man has had it—too long!" </p><p> During his gubernatorial career, Coolidge ran on the record of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>, strong support for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, and vague opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>. His prompt and effective response to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_police_strike" title="Boston police strike">Boston police strike</a> of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight as a man of decisive action. During his presidency, he restored public confidence in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> after the many <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding#Scandals" title="Warren G. Harding">scandals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Harding_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Harding administration">Harding administration</a>. He signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>, which granted <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizenship">U.S. citizenship</a> to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of rapid and expansive economic growth known as the "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>", leaving office with considerable popularity. He was known for his hands-off governing approach and pro-business stances; biographer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fuess" title="Claude Fuess">Claude Fuess</a> wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength." (<b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg/220px-Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg/330px-Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg/440px-Jack_Dempsey_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4543" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">William Harrison</a></b> "<b>Jack</b>" <b>Dempsey</b> (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), nicknamed <b>Kid Blackie</b> and <b>The Manassa Mauler</b>, was an American <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional boxer">professional boxer</a> who competed from 1914 to 1927, and reigned as the world <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> champion from 1919 to 1926. A cultural icon of the 1920s, Dempsey's aggressive fighting style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar <a href="/wiki/Gate_receipts" title="Gate receipts">gate</a>. He pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Live_broadcast" title="Live broadcast">live broadcast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sporting_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting events">sporting events</a> in general, and boxing matches in particular. </p><p> Dempsey is ranked sixth on <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)"><i>The Ring</i></a> magazine's list of all-time heavyweights and fourth among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, while in 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> voted him as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years. He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a>, and was in the previous <a href="/wiki/The_Ring_magazine_Hall_of_Fame" title="The Ring magazine Hall of Fame">Boxing Hall of Fame</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Einstein in 1921</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EYEN</span>-styne</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈalbɛʁt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/De-Albert_Einstein.oga\/De-Albert_Einstein.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Albert Einstein.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/De-Albert_Einstein.oga/De-Albert_Einstein.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Albert_Einstein.oga" title="File:De-Albert Einstein.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> who is widely held as one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. Best known for developing the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, Einstein also made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> formula <span class="texhtml"><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence#Mass–velocity_relationship" title="Mass–energy equivalence"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></a></span>, which arises from <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>. </p><p> Born in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, and at the age of seventeen he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">federal polytechnic school</a>. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Patent Office">Swiss Patent Office</a>. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a>. In 1914, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>, becoming director of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics</a> in 1917. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler came to power</a> in Germany. Horrified by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> persecution of his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US. On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he endorsed <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">a letter</a> to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> alerting him to the potential <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapons program">German nuclear weapons program</a> and recommended that the US begin <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">similar research</a>, though he generally viewed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> with great dismay. (<b><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/220px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/330px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG/440px-Duke_Ellington_-_publicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Publicity portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940s</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Edward Kennedy</a></b> "<b>Duke</b>" <b>Ellington</b> (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">jazz pianist</a>, composer, and leader of his eponymous <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">jazz orchestra</a> from 1923 through the rest of his life. </p><p> Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s and gained a national profile through his orchestra's appearances at the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>. A master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington wrote or collaborated on more than one thousand compositions; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy, and many of his pieces have become <a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">standards</a>. He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as <a href="/wiki/Juan_Tizol" title="Juan Tizol">Juan Tizol</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Caravan_(1937_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan (1937 song)">Caravan</a>", which brought a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_tinge" title="Spanish tinge">Spanish tinge</a> to big band jazz. (<b><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:F._Scott_Fitzgerald_(1929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray)_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg/220px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg/330px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg/440px-F._Scott_Fitzgerald_%281929_photo_portrait_by_Nickolas_Muray%29_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Fitzgerald in 1929</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald</a></b> (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940), widely known simply as <b>Scott Fitzgerald</b>, was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a>, a term he popularized in his short story collection <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Jazz_Age" title="Tales of the Jazz Age">Tales of the Jazz Age</a></i>. During his lifetime, he published four novels, four story collections, and 164 short stories. Although he achieved temporary popular success and fortune in the 1920s, Fitzgerald received critical acclaim only after his death and is now widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. </p><p> Born into a middle-class family in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, Fitzgerald was raised primarily in <a href="/wiki/New_York_state" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state">New York state</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> where he befriended future literary critic <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>. Owing to a failed romantic relationship with Chicago socialite <a href="/wiki/Ginevra_King" title="Ginevra King">Ginevra King</a>, he dropped out in 1917 to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. While stationed in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Zelda_Sayre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelda Sayre">Zelda Sayre</a>, a Southern <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">debutante</a> who belonged to Montgomery's exclusive country-club set. Although she initially rejected Fitzgerald's marriage proposal due to his lack of financial prospects, Zelda agreed to marry him after he published the commercially successful <i><a href="/wiki/This_Side_of_Paradise" title="This Side of Paradise">This Side of Paradise</a></i> (1920). The novel became a cultural sensation and cemented his reputation as one of the eminent writers of the decade. (<b><a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg/220px-Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg/330px-Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg/440px-Zelda_Fitzgerald_circa_1919_Retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Fitzgerald in 1920</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Zelda Fitzgerald</a></b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Sayre</b></span>; July 24, 1900 – March 10, 1948) was an American novelist, painter, and socialite. Born in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, to a wealthy Southern family, she became locally famous for her beauty and high spirits. In 1920, she married writer <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> after the popular success of his debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Side_of_Paradise" title="This Side of Paradise">This Side of Paradise</a></i>. The novel catapulted the young couple into the public eye, and she became known in the national press as the first American <a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a>. Because of their wild antics and incessant partying, she and her husband became regarded in the newspapers as the <i>enfants terribles</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a>. Alleged infidelity and bitter recriminations soon undermined their marriage. After Zelda traveled abroad to Europe, her mental health deteriorated, and she had suicidal and homicidal tendencies, which required psychiatric care. Her doctors diagnosed her with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, although later posthumous diagnoses posit <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>. </p><p> While institutionalized at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, she authored the <a href="/wiki/1932_in_literature" title="1932 in literature">1932 novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_the_Waltz" title="Save Me the Waltz">Save Me the Waltz</a></i>, a semi-autobiographical account of her early life in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> era and her marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Upon its publication by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner's</a>, the novel garnered mostly negative reviews and experienced poor sales. The critical and commercial failure of <i>Save Me the Waltz</i> disappointed Zelda and led her to pursue her other interests as a playwright and a painter. In the fall of 1932, she completed a <a href="/wiki/Stage_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage play">stage play</a> titled <i>Scandalabra</i>, but Broadway producers unanimously declined to produce it. Disheartened, Zelda next attempted to paint <a href="/wiki/Watercolors" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolors">watercolors</a>, but, when her husband arranged their exhibition in 1934, the critical response proved equally disappointing. (<b><a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fitzgerald" title="Zelda Fitzgerald">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-King_George_1923_LCCN2014715558_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="4629" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Formal portrait, 1923</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></b> (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, from 6 May 1910 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">his death</a> in 1936. </p><p> George was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, as the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a>). He was third in the line of <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">succession to the British throne</a> behind his father and his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert Victor">Prince Albert Victor</a>. From 1877 to 1892, George served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, until his elder brother's unexpected death in January 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. The next year <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_George_and_Princess_Victoria_Mary" title="Wedding of Prince George and Princess Victoria Mary">George married</a> his brother's former fiancée, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoria Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria Mary of Teck</a>, and they had six children. When <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Queen_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria died</a> in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. He became <a href="/wiki/King-emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="King-emperor">king-emperor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Edward_VII" title="Death and state funeral of Edward VII">his father's death</a> in 1910. (<b><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/220px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/330px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/440px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="4302" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren Gamaliel Harding</a></b> (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents while in office. After his death, a number of scandals were exposed, including <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome</a>, as well as an extramarital affair with <a href="/wiki/Nan_Britton" title="Nan Britton">Nan Britton</a>, which tarnished his reputation. </p><p> Harding lived in rural <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere. As a young man, he bought <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marion_Star" title="The Marion Star">The Marion Star</a></i> and built it into a successful newspaper. Harding served in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio State Senate">Ohio State Senate</a> from 1900 to 1904, and was <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ohio" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ohio">lieutenant governor</a> for two years. He was defeated for governor in <a href="/wiki/1910_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1910 Ohio gubernatorial election">1910</a>, but was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in <a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1914 United States Senate election in Ohio">1914</a>—the state's first direct election for that office. Harding ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, but was considered a long shot before the <a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">convention</a>. When the leading candidates could not garner a majority, and the convention deadlocked, support for Harding increased, and he was nominated on the tenth ballot. He conducted a <a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a>, remaining mostly in Marion and allowing people to come to him. He promised a <a href="/wiki/Return_to_normalcy" title="Return to normalcy">return to normalcy</a> of the pre–<a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> period, and defeated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">landslide</a> to become the first sitting senator elected president. (<b><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ErnestHemingway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/220px-ErnestHemingway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/330px-ErnestHemingway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ErnestHemingway.jpg/440px-ErnestHemingway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Hemingway in 1939</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Miller Hemingway</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HEM</span>-ing-way</i></a>; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, <a href="/wiki/Short-story_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-story writer">short-story writer</a> and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized for his adventurous lifestyle and outspoken, blunt public image. Some of his seven novels, six short-story collections and two non-fiction works have become classics of <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, and he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954 Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. </p><p> Hemingway was raised in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. After high school, he spent six months as a reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i> before enlisting in the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. He served as an ambulance driver on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and was seriously wounded by shrapnel in 1918. In 1921, Hemingway moved to Paris, where he worked as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_correspondent" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign correspondent">foreign correspondent</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> and was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> writers and artists of the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>" expatriate community. His debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i>, was published in 1926. In 1928, Hemingway returned to the U.S., where he settled in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West, Florida</a>. His experiences during the war supplied material for his 1929 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogers_Hornsby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rogers_Hornsby.jpg/220px-Rogers_Hornsby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rogers_Hornsby.jpg/330px-Rogers_Hornsby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rogers_Hornsby.jpg/440px-Rogers_Hornsby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Hornsby in 1921</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby" title="Rogers Hornsby">Rogers Hornsby</a></b> (April 27, 1896 – January 5, 1963), nicknamed "<b>the Rajah</b>", was an American <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> <a href="/wiki/Infielder" title="Infielder">infielder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">manager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coach_(baseball)" title="Coach (baseball)">coach</a> who played 23 seasons in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB). He played for the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals" title="St. Louis Cardinals">St. Louis Cardinals</a> (1915–1926, 1933), <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Giants (NL)">New York Giants</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Braves (baseball)">Boston Braves</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> (1929–1932), and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Browns" title="St. Louis Browns">St. Louis Browns</a> (1933–1937). He was named the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> (NL)'s <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award" title="Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award">Most Valuable Player</a> (MVP) twice, and was a member of one <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championship team. </p><p> Born in <a href="/wiki/Winters,_Texas" title="Winters, Texas">Winters, Texas</a>, and raised in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, Hornsby played for several semi-professional and minor league teams. In 1915, he began his major league career with the St. Louis Cardinals and remained with the team for 12 seasons. During this period, Hornsby won his first MVP Award and the Cardinals won the <a href="/wiki/1926_World_Series" title="1926 World Series">1926 World Series</a>. After that season, he spent one season with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants_(NL)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Giants (NL)">New York Giants</a> and another with the Boston Braves before being traded to the Chicago Cubs. He played with the Cubs for four years and won his second MVP Award before the team released him in 1932. Hornsby re-signed with the Cardinals in 1933, but was released partway through the season, effectively ending his career as a full-time player. He was picked up by the St. Louis Browns and remained there until his final season in 1937, though he made only 67 appearances for them as a player. From 1925 to 1937, Hornsby was intermittently a <a href="/wiki/Player-manager_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Player-manager (baseball)">player-manager</a>. After retiring as a player, he managed the Browns in 1952 and the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a> from 1952 to 1953. (<b><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby" title="Rogers Hornsby">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HearstAbout1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/220px-HearstAbout1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/330px-HearstAbout1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HearstAbout1910.jpg/440px-HearstAbout1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Hearst, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst Sr.</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher and politician who developed the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Communications</a>. His flamboyant methods of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> in violation of <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">ethics and standards</a> influenced the nation's popular media by emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">human-interest stories</a>. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 with Mitchell Trubitt after being given control of <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Francisco_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The San Francisco Examiner">The San Francisco Examiner</a></i> by his wealthy father, Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a>. </p><p> After moving to New York City, Hearst acquired the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Journal">New York Journal</a></i> and fought a bitter circulation war with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i>. Hearst sold papers by printing giant headlines over lurid stories featuring crime, corruption, sex, and innuendos. Hearst acquired more newspapers and created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Hearst controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines, and thereby often published his personal views. He sensationalized Spanish atrocities in Cuba while calling for <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">war in 1898 against Spain</a>. Historians, however, reject his subsequent claims to have started the war with Spain as overly extravagant. (<b><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/220px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/330px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG/440px-Al_Jolson_-_publicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Jolson in 1925</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a></b> (born <b>Asa Yoelson</b>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אַסאַ יואלסאָן</span>; May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was a Lithuanian-born American singer, actor, and <a href="/wiki/Vaudevillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaudevillian">vaudevillian</a>. </p><p> He was one of the United States' most famous and highest-paid stars of the 1920s, and was self-billed as "The World's Greatest Entertainer". Jolson was known for his "shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach" towards performing, as well as for popularizing many of the songs he sang. Jolson has been referred to by modern critics as "the king of <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> performers". (<b><a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_(ca._1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg/220px-Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg/330px-Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg/440px-Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis_%28ca._1922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Landis, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1922</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; November 20, 1866 – November 25, 1944) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> who served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">United States federal judge</a> from 1905 to 1922 and the first <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Baseball">commissioner of baseball</a> from 1920 until his death. He is remembered for his resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandal" title="Black Sox Scandal">Black Sox Scandal</a>, in which he expelled eight members of the <a href="/wiki/1919_Chicago_White_Sox_season" title="1919 Chicago White Sox season">Chicago White Sox</a> from <a href="/wiki/Organized_baseball" title="Organized baseball">organized baseball</a> for conspiring to lose the <a href="/wiki/1919_World_Series" title="1919 World Series">1919 World Series</a> and repeatedly refused their reinstatement requests. His iron rule over baseball in the near quarter-century of his commissionership is generally credited with restoring public confidence in the game. </p><p> Landis was born in <a href="/wiki/Millville,_Ohio" title="Millville, Ohio">Millville, Ohio</a>. Raised in Indiana, he became a lawyer, and then personal secretary to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, in 1893. He returned to private practice after Gresham died in office. (<b><a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg/220px-Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg/330px-Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg/440px-Col_Charles_Lindbergh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Photo by <a href="/wiki/Harris_%26_Ewing" title="Harris & Ewing">Harris & Ewing</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1927</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Augustus Lindbergh</a></b> (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, author, and military officer. On May 20–21, 1927, he made the first nonstop flight from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, a distance of 3,600 miles (5,800 km), flying alone for 33.5 hours in the first solo transatlantic flight. His aircraft, the <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a></i>, was designed to compete for the $25,000 <a href="/wiki/Orteig_Prize" title="Orteig Prize">Orteig Prize</a> for the first flight between the two cities. </p><p> Lindbergh was raised mostly in <a href="/wiki/Little_Falls,_Minnesota" title="Little Falls, Minnesota">Little Falls, Minnesota</a>, and Washington, D.C., the son of U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_August_Lindbergh" title="Charles August Lindbergh">Charles August Lindbergh</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">U.S. Army Air Service</a> cadet in 1924. Later that year, he was hired as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Mail">U.S. Air Mail</a> pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> area, where he began to prepare for his historic 1927 <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic flight</a>. For his flight, President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> presented Lindbergh both the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, the highest U.S. military award. He also earned the highest French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">order of merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>. His achievement spurred significant global interest in both <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a>, which revolutionized the aviation industry worldwide (a phenomenon dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_Boom" title="Lindbergh Boom">Lindbergh boom</a>"), and he spent much time promoting these industries. (<b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_(-1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Piłsudski <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920s</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Klemens Piłsudski</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_anone"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a></sup> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈjuzɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈklɛmɛns<span class="wrap"> </span>piwˈsutskʲi]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg\/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg/Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski.ogg" title="File:Pl-Józef Piłsudski.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_State_(Poland)" title="Chief of State (Poland)">Chief of State</a> (1918–1922) and first <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> (from 1920). In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>, he became an increasingly dominant figure in <a href="/wiki/Polish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish politics">Polish politics</a> and exerted significant influence on shaping the country's foreign policy. Piłsudski is viewed as a father of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, which was re-established in 1918, 123 years after the final <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">partition of Poland</a> in 1795, and was considered <i>de facto</i> leader (1926–1935) of the Second Republic as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Military_Affairs_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Military Affairs (Poland)">Minister of Military Affairs</a>. </p><p> Seeing himself as a descendant of the culture and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, Piłsudski believed in a multi-ethnic Poland—"a home of nations" including indigenous ethnic and religious minorities. Early in his political career, Piłsudski became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a>. Believing Poland's independence would be won militarily, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>. In 1914, he predicted a new major war would defeat the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> began in 1914, Piłsudski's Legions fought alongside <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> against Russia. In 1917, with Russia faring poorly in the war, he withdrew his support for the Central Powers, and was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> by the Germans. (<b><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Babe_Ruth2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Babe_Ruth2.jpg/220px-Babe_Ruth2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Babe_Ruth2.jpg/330px-Babe_Ruth2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Babe_Ruth2.jpg/440px-Babe_Ruth2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Ruth in 1920</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">George Herman</a></b> "<b>Babe</b>" <b>Ruth</b> (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was an American professional <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States" title="Baseball in the United States">baseball</a> player whose career in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "<b>the Bambino</b>" and "<b>the Sultan of Swat</b>", he began his MLB career as a star left-handed <a href="/wiki/Pitcher" title="Pitcher">pitcher</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a>, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging <a href="/wiki/Outfielder" title="Outfielder">outfielder</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>. Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Baseball Hall of Fame</a> as one of its "<a href="/wiki/1936_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting" title="1936 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting">first five</a>" inaugural members. </p><p> At age seven, Ruth was sent to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Gibbons_School_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" title="Cardinal Gibbons School (Baltimore, Maryland)">St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reform_school" title="Reform school">reformatory</a> where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the <a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a>, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to play <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League</a> baseball for the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles_(minor_league)" title="Baltimore Orioles (minor league)">Baltimore Orioles</a> but was soon sold to the Red Sox. By 1916, he had built a reputation as an outstanding pitcher who sometimes hit long home runs, a feat unusual for any player in the <a href="/wiki/Dead-ball_era" title="Dead-ball era">dead-ball era</a>. Although Ruth twice <a href="/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)" title="Win–loss record (pitching)">won</a> 23 games in a season as a pitcher and was a member of three <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championship teams with the Red Sox, he wanted to play every day and was allowed to convert to an outfielder. With regular playing time, he broke the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_progressive_single-season_home_run_leaders" title="List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders">MLB single-season home run record</a> in 1919 with 29. (<b><a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg/220px-Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg/330px-Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg/440px-Gloria_Swanson_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Swanson in 1941</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Josephine Mae Swanson</a></b> (March 27, 1899 – April 4, 1983) was an American actress. She first achieved fame acting in dozens of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> in the 1920s and was nominated three times for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>, most famously for her 1950 turn in <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard_(film)" title="Sunset Boulevard (film)">Sunset Boulevard</a></i>, which also earned her a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Award</a>. </p><p> Swanson was born in Chicago and raised in a military family that moved from base to base. Her infatuation with <a href="/wiki/Essanay_Studios" title="Essanay Studios">Essanay Studios</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Francis_X._Bushman" title="Francis X. Bushman">Francis X. Bushman</a> led to her aunt taking her to tour the actor's Chicago studio. The 15-year-old Swanson was offered a brief walk-on for one film and eventually a stock-players contract, beginning her life's career in front of the cameras. Swanson left school, and was soon hired to work in California for <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Studios" title="Keystone Studios">Keystone Studios</a> comedy shorts opposite <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Vernon" title="Bobby Vernon">Bobby Vernon</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Full article...</a></b>)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><hr /><div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_May_Wong_Stars_of_the_Photoplay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anna_May_Wong_Stars_of_the_Photoplay.jpg/220px-Anna_May_Wong_Stars_of_the_Photoplay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Anna_May_Wong_Stars_of_the_Photoplay.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Publicity photo of Anna May Wong from <i>Stars of the Photoplay</i>, 1930</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Wong Liu Tsong</b> (January 3, 1905 – February 3, 1961), known professionally as <b><a href="/wiki/Anna_May_Wong" title="Anna May Wong">Anna May Wong</a></b>, was an American actress, considered the first <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> film star in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, as well as the first Chinese American actress to gain international recognition. Her varied career spanned <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>, sound film, television, stage, and radio. </p><p>Born in Los Angeles to second-generation <a href="/wiki/Taishanese_people" title="Taishanese people">Taishanese</a> Chinese American parents, Wong became engrossed with films and decided at the age of 11 that she would become an actress. Her first role was as an extra in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Lantern" title="The Red Lantern">The Red Lantern</a></i> (1919). During the silent film era, she acted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Toll_of_the_Sea" title="The Toll of the Sea">The Toll of the Sea</a></i> (1922), one of the first films made in color, and in <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1924_film)" title="The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)">The Thief of Bagdad</a></i> (1924). Wong became a fashion icon and had achieved international stardom in 1924. Wong had been one of the first to embrace the <a href="/wiki/Flapper" title="Flapper">flapper</a> look. In 1934, the Mayfair Mannequin Society of New York voted her the "world's best dressed woman." In the 1920s and 1930s, Wong was acclaimed as one of the top fashion icons. (<b><a href="/wiki/Anna_May_Wong" title="Anna May Wong">Full article...</a></b>) </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:1920s/Selected_biography&oldid=948217500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:1920s/Selected_biography&oldid=948217500</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inactive_project_pages" title="Category:Inactive project pages">Inactive project pages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Danish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Danish IPA">Pages with Danish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 March 2020, at 20:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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