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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> has an estimated population of 6.981 million as of 2022 according to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2022Est_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2022Est-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents a −0.7% decrease in population from the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, when the population was 7.029 million. Currently, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population">sixteenth most populous U.S. state</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>378,787</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>422,845</td><td></td><td>11.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>472,040</td><td></td><td>11.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>523,287</td><td></td><td>10.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>610,408</td><td></td><td>16.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>737,699</td><td></td><td>20.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>994,514</td><td></td><td>34.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>1,231,066</td><td></td><td>23.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>1,457,351</td><td></td><td>18.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,783,085</td><td></td><td>22.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>2,238,947</td><td></td><td>25.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>2,805,346</td><td></td><td>25.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>3,366,416</td><td></td><td>20.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>3,852,356</td><td></td><td>14.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>4,249,614</td><td></td><td>10.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>4,316,721</td><td></td><td>1.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>4,690,514</td><td></td><td>8.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>5,148,578</td><td></td><td>9.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>5,689,170</td><td></td><td>10.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>5,737,037</td><td></td><td>0.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>6,016,425</td><td></td><td>4.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>6,349,097</td><td></td><td>5.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>6,547,629</td><td></td><td>3.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>7,029,917</td><td></td><td>7.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2022 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">6,981,974</td><td></td><td>−0.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote"><b>Sources:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Census2022Est_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2022Est-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-09CenEst_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09CenEst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Massachusetts has seen both population increases and decreases in recent years. For example, while some Bay Staters are leaving, others are moving there including European, Asian, Hispanic, African, Middle Eastern, North American, and Australian immigrants. Massachusetts in 2020 included 1.2 million foreign-born residents. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Massachusetts_population_map.png/300px-Massachusetts_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Massachusetts_population_map.png/450px-Massachusetts_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Massachusetts_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Massachusetts population density map</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Bay Staters live within a 60-mile radius of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">State House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a>, often called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a>: the City of Boston, neighboring cities and towns, the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>, the northern, western, and southern suburbs, and most of southeastern and central Massachusetts. Eastern Massachusetts is more urban than <a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a>, which is primarily rural, save for the cities of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>, which serve as centers of population density in the Pioneer Valley of the Connecticut River. The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> of Massachusetts is located in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex County</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total population is 6,981,974, making it the 16th most populous state as of 2023 estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> has a density of 895 people per square mile,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">third most dense of the fifty states</a> (fifth including <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following additional demographic statistics are taken from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and associated estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> is 40.3 years. There are 5,645,986 people 18 years or older.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population's age is distributed as follows. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><small>Est. Age Distribution</small> <small>(2022)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age </th> <th>Percent </th> <th>Totals<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0–9 </td> <td>10.1% </td> <td>702,092 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10–19 </td> <td>12% </td> <td>840,926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20–29 </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>970,145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30–39 </td> <td>13.7% </td> <td>953,963 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40–49 </td> <td>12.1% </td> <td>847,226 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50–59 </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td>928,751 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60–69 </td> <td>12.7% </td> <td>885,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70–79 </td> <td>8% </td> <td>559,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80+ </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>293,520 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The state's population is 49% male and 51% female;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the total sex ratio of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> is 94.3 male/100 female.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_indicators">Health indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, the average life expectancy (at birth) was 79.0 years old, which was the fifth-highest in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of deaths in Massachusetts are attributable to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, as of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>'s 2023 data. Other major causes of death in the state are <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, accidents, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lower_respiratory_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic lower respiratory diseases">chronic lower respiratory diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Massachusetts's age-adjusted death rate was 721.4 deaths per 100,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_rate">Birth rate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, the fertility rate in Massachusetts was 49 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 (~4.9%), the fourth-lowest in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from the <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> 2022, which includes women ages 15–50, suggests a slightly lower fertility rate (4.3%). </p><p>People who gave birth in the past year, as of 2022 data, in Massachusetts were primarily in the 30–35 age range (11.2%) or in the 35–39 age range (8.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of births recorded by 2021 data, 31.8% were delivered via <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Cesarean section</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Demographics of Massachusetts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the 2015–2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Massachusetts are:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Ancestry </th> <th>Percentage of<br />Massachusetts<br />population </th> <th>Percentage of<br />United States<br />population </th> <th>Difference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a></td> <td>19.77%</td> <td>9.71%</td> <td>+10.06<a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a></td> <td>12.27%</td> <td>5.14%</td> <td>+7.13pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></td> <td>9.20%</td> <td>7.24%</td> <td>+1.96pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a></td> <td>5.90%</td> <td>2.34%</td> <td>+3.56pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a></td> <td>5.67%</td> <td>13.25%</td> <td>-7.58pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></td> <td>4.40%</td> <td>2.80%</td> <td>+1.60pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></td> <td>4.07%</td> <td>0.42%</td> <td>+3.65pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="American Americans">American</a></td> <td>3.81%</td> <td>6.24%</td> <td>-2.43pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a></td> <td>3.75%</td> <td>0.64%</td> <td>+3.11pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African Americans">Sub-Saharan African</a></td> <td>2.25%</td> <td>1.15%</td> <td>+1.09pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></td> <td>2.14%</td> <td>1.66%</td> <td>+0.47pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">West Indian</a></td> <td>2.04%</td> <td>0.92%</td> <td>+1.12pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></td> <td>1.55%</td> <td>1.15%</td> <td>+0.40pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a></td> <td>1.46%</td> <td>0.80%</td> <td>+0.66pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European</a></td> <td>1.26%</td> <td>1.66%</td> <td>-0.40pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></td> <td>1.25%</td> <td>0.14%</td> <td>+1.11pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></td> <td>1.16%</td> <td>0.39%</td> <td>+0.77pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a></td> <td>1.05%</td> <td>0.62%</td> <td>+0.43pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></td> <td>0.65%</td> <td>0.19%</td> <td>+0.46pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></td> <td>0.64%</td> <td>0.20%</td> <td>+0.44pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a></td> <td>0.63%</td> <td>0.93%</td> <td>-0.30pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></td> <td>0.56%</td> <td>0.60%</td> <td>-0.03pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a></td> <td>0.56%</td> <td>1.19%</td> <td>-0.63pp </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a></td> <td>0.54%</td> <td>1.35%</td> <td>-0.81pp </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern European</td> <td>0.54%</td> <td>0.27%</td> <td>+0.27pp </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Massachusetts is the second-most Irish state in the country (after New Hampshire)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fifth-most Italian state in the country (after Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Jersey)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in percentage of total population.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Americans are mostly concentrated in the eastern and southeastern parts of the state; the <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a> region has an Irish population above 40% (giving it the nickname of the "Irish Riviera"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts has the most <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Americans" title="Moroccan Americans">Moroccans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandans</a> of any state in the country in percentage of total population. Massachusetts also has large communities of people of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish American">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish American">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian American">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish American">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic American">Icelandic</a> descent; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese American">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish American">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian American">Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian American">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian American">Jordanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian American">Egyptian</a> descent; and <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American">Spanish</a> descent. Other influential ethnicities are <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a>. Massachusetts "<a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankees</a>," of colonial English ancestry, still have a strong presence. <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian Americans</a> form a significant part of the population in central and western Massachusetts, while Polish Americans are prevalent in the Springfield area and English Americans are common in the rural areas of western Massachusetts. </p><p>Boston's largest immigrant groups are from <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>, in the northeast of the state, is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian American">Cambodian (Khmer)</a> community, second in the country only to the concentration of Cambodians in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Massachusetts also has the fastest growing population of South Asians, including <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a>, who are concentrated in such areas of Greater Boston as <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>. Most of them have immigrated to work in medicine, business, engineering, computer science, and finance. There is a flux of Indians immigrating for higher education. </p><p>Massachusetts has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">lusophone</a> populations in North America. It has the largest Cape Verdean population and the second-largest Portuguese population (after California) of any state in the United States, and as a percentage of population is second to only Rhode Island for both ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a> on the south coast have large populations of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese American">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian American">Brazilian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verdean_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cape Verdean immigration in the United States">Cape Verdean</a> heritage, all of which are also prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a> areas. There is a growing Brazilian population in the Boston area (especially in <a href="/wiki/Framingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Framingham">Framingham</a>). </p><p>Although a number of the Native American people in New England died in King Philip's War of 1675 or fled the region,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some remained. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> tribe maintains at reservations at <a href="/wiki/Aquinnah,_Massachusetts" title="Aquinnah, Massachusetts">Aquinnah</a>; at <a href="/wiki/Grafton,_Massachusetts" title="Grafton, Massachusetts">Grafton</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>; and at <a href="/wiki/Mashpee,_Massachusetts" title="Mashpee, Massachusetts">Mashpee</a>, on Cape Cod.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nipmuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipmuck">Nipmuck</a> maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state. Many Wampanoags and other native people live outside reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption><b>Massachusetts Racial Breakdown of Population (2017)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race </th> <th>Percentage of<br />Massachusetts<br />population<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Percentage of<br />United States<br />population<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>67.0%</td> <td>57.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White (Non-Hispanic)</a></td> <td>68.8%</td> <td>60.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> (of any race)</td> <td>13.0%</td> <td>19.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>12.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>5.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiians</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islanders</a> </td> <td>0.0% </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>10.7%</td> <td>12.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Birth data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> </td> <td>55,993 (78.0%) </td> <td>55,882 (77.7%) </td> <td>55,350 (77.4%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>45,046 (62.7%) </td> <td>44,542 (61.9%) </td> <td>43,651 (61.0%) </td> <td>42,135 (59.1%) </td> <td>40,773 (57.7%) </td> <td>39,663 (57.4%) </td> <td>39,219 (56.7%) </td> <td>37,357 (56.2%) </td> <td>39,817 (57.6%) </td> <td>37,682 (54.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>9,178 (12.8%) </td> <td>9,276 (12.9%) </td> <td>9,288 (13.0%) </td> <td>6,873 (9.6%) </td> <td>6,953 (9.8%) </td> <td>6,826 (9.9%) </td> <td>6,850 (9.9%) </td> <td>6,580 (9.9%) </td> <td>6,674 (9.7%) </td> <td>7,125 (10.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>6,460 (9.0%) </td> <td>6,599 (9.2%) </td> <td>6,713 (9.4%) </td> <td>6,422 (9.0%) </td> <td>6,067 (8.6%) </td> <td>6,183 (8.9%) </td> <td>6,228 (9.0%) </td> <td>5,826 (8.8%) </td> <td>5,471 (7.9%) </td> <td>5,630 (8.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>157 (0.2%) </td> <td>151 (0.2%) </td> <td>141 (0.2%) </td> <td>80 (0.1%) </td> <td>86 (0.1%) </td> <td>76 (0.1%) </td> <td>98 (0.1%) </td> <td>71 (0.1%) </td> <td>63 (>0.1%) </td> <td>78 (0.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a></i> (of any race) </td> <td><i>12,376</i> (17.2%) </td> <td><i>12,722</i> (17.7%) </td> <td><i>13,015</i> (18.2%) </td> <td><i>13,181</i> (18.5%) </td> <td><i>13,609</i> (19.2%) </td> <td><i>13,810</i> (20.0%) </td> <td><i>14,142</i> (20.5%) </td> <td><i>14,080</i> (21.2%) </td> <td><i>14,551</i> (21.0%) </td> <td><i>15,383</i> (22.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total Massachusetts</b> </td> <td><b>71,788</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>71,908</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>71,492</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>71,317</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>70,702</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>69,109</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>69,117</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>66,428</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>69,137</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>68,584</b> (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one <i>Hispanic</i> group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett language</a></div><p>The most common forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spoken in Massachusetts, other than <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/New_England_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="New England accent">New England accent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston accent</a>. </p><table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"> <caption><b>Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Massachusetts</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Percentage of population<br /><small>(as of 2010)</small><sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td> <td>7.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td> <td>2.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>)</td> <td>1.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td> <td>1.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a></td> <td>0.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td> <td>0.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td> <td>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td> <td>0.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td>0.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian language">Cambodian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer">Mon-Khmer</a>) (tied)</td> <td>0.37% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residents age 5 and older spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 2.97% (181,437) <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, 1.59% (96,690) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>), 1.11% (67,788) <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, 0.89% (54,456) <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a>, 0.72% (43,798) <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, 0.62% (37,865) <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> was spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">main language</a> by 0.58% (35,283) of the population over the age of five. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts's population age 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother language">mother language</a> other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> the largest single denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> with 3,092,296; the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> with 121,826; and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> with 98,963 adherents. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish congregations</a> had about 275,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 67% of the population of Massachusetts were Christian, and 23% of the population identified as irreligious.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldShipEntrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/220px-OldShipEntrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/330px-OldShipEntrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/OldShipEntrance.jpg/440px-OldShipEntrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Ship_Church" title="Old Ship Church">Old Ship Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham</a>, Massachusetts, built 1681, oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the religious affiliations of the people of Massachusetts, according to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> were:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion or Denomination </th> <th>% of Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> & <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostics</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (no denomination specified) </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nothing in Particular </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ" title="Church of Christ">Church of Christ</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg/220px-USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg/330px-USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg/440px-USA_Massachusetts.csv_age_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The latest (2009) estimated Census population figures show that Massachusetts has grown by over 3 percent, to 6,593,587 since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-09CenEst_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09CenEst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This slow growth is likely attributable to the fact that Massachusetts continues to attract top scholars and researchers from across the United States as well as large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</a>, combined with steady emigration away from the state towards <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> and southern and western regions of the U.S. because of high housing costs, weather, and traffic. </p><p>Recent <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> data shows that the number of immigrants living in Massachusetts has increased over 5% from 2000 to 2005. The biggest influxes are Latin Americans. According to the census, the population of Central Americans rose by 67.7% between 2000 and 2005, and the number of South Americans rose by 107.5%. And among South Americans, the largest group to increase appeared to be Brazilians, whose numbers rose by 131.4%, to 84,836. </p><p>Following the shift to a high-tech economy and the numerous factory closures, few jobs remain for low skilled male workers, who are dropping out of the workforce in large numbers. The percentage of men in the labor force fell from 77.7% in 1989 to 72.8% in 2005. This national trend is most pronounced in Massachusetts. In the case of men without high school diplomas, 10% have left the labor force between 1990 and 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homelessness">Homelessness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homelessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state#Massachusetts" title="Homelessness in the United States by state">Homelessness in the United States by state § Massachusetts</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In 1969, the Pine Street Inn was founded by Paul Sullivan on Pine Street in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Boston's Chinatown district</a> and began caring for homeless destitute alcoholics.<sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Tiernan" title="Kip Tiernan">Kip Tiernan</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Rosie%27s_Place" title="Rosie's Place">Rosie's Place</a> in Boston, the first drop-in and emergency shelter for women in the United States, in response to the increasing numbers of needy women throughout the country. </p><p>In 1980, the Pine Street Inn had to move to larger facilities on Harrison Avenue in Boston<sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1984, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_House_(Boston)" title="Saint Francis House (Boston)">Saint Francis House</a> had to move its operation from the St. Anthony Shrine on Arch Street to an entire ten-floor building on <a href="/wiki/Boylston_Street" title="Boylston Street">Boylston Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Health_Care_for_the_Homeless_Program" title="Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program">Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program</a> was founded to assist the growing numbers of homeless living on the streets and in shelters in Boston and who were suffering from lack of effective medical services.<sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_BHCHPHISTORY_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_BHCHPHISTORY-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_OCONNELL2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_OCONNELL2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2007, in Boston, Massachusetts, the city took action to keep loiterers, including the homeless, off the Boston Common overnight after a series of violent crimes and drug arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2007, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Menino" title="Thomas Menino">Thomas M. Menino</a> of Boston announced that the one-night homeless count had revealed that the actual number of homeless living on the streets was down.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, Connie Paige of The Boston Globe reported that the number of homeless in Massachusetts had reached an all-time high, primarily due to mortgage foreclosures and the national economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, as part of the city's <i>Leading the Way</i> initiative, Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston dedicated and opened the Weintraub Day Center, the first city-operated day center for chronically homeless persons. It is a multi-service center providing shelter, counseling, health care, housing assistance, and other support services. It is a 3,400-square-foot (320 m<sup>2</sup>) facility located in the Woods Mullen Shelter. It is also meant to reduce the strain on the city's hospital emergency rooms by providing services and identifying health problems before they escalate into emergencies. It was funded by $3 million in grants from the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD), the Massachusetts Medical Society, and Alliance Charitable Foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_massmed.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_massmed.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration</a> (SAMHSA).<sup id="cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_cityofboston.gov_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_cityofboston.gov-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg/220px-Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg/330px-Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg/440px-Homeless_encampment_in_Cambridge_MA_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>A homeless encampment adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Bridge" title="Boston University Bridge">Boston University Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, there was a continued crackdown on panhandling in downtown Boston, especially the aggressive type. Summonses were being handed out with scheduled court appearances. The results were mixed, and in one upscale neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a>, the resolve of the Beacon Hill Civic Association, which has received only one complaint about panhandlers, was to try to solve the bigger problem, not by criminal actions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to economic constraints in 2010, Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> had to cut the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 2011 budget so dental care for the majority of adults, including most homeless people, covered by MassHealth (Medicaid) would no longer be provided except for cleaning and extractions, with no fillings, dentures, or restorative care.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not affect dental care for children. The measure took effect in July 2010 and affects an estimated 700,000 adults, including 130,000 seniors.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2010, it was reported that the Housing First Initiative had significantly reduced the chronic homeless single-person population in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, although homeless families were still increasing. Some shelters were reducing the number of beds due to lowered numbers of homeless, and some emergency shelter facilities were closing, especially the emergency Boston Night Center.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is sometimes corruption and theft by the employees of a shelter, as evidenced by a 2011 investigative report by <a href="/wiki/WFXT" title="WFXT">FOX 25 TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> wherein several Boston public shelter employees were found stealing large amounts of food over some time from the shelter's kitchen for their private use and catering.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2017, Boston Mayor <a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Marty Walsh</a> announced the hire of a full-time outreach manager for the Boston Public Library (BPL), whose focus would be to work with staff to provide assessment, crisis intervention, and intensive case management services to homeless individuals who frequent the library. The position is currently based at BPL's Central Library in Copley Square and is funded through the City of Boston's Department of Neighborhood Development and the Boston Public Library, and managed in partnership with Pine Street Inn.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts">COVID-19 pandemic</a> caused economic hardship for many residents, resulting in housing precarity and even homelessness for some.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Census2022Est-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022Est_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2022Est_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/geo/chart/ID/PST045222">"US Census Quickfacts, Population Estimates, July 1 2022"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202412/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=US+Census+Quickfacts%2C+Population+Estimates%2C+July+1+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Fgeo%2Fchart%2FID%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-09CenEst-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-09CenEst_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-09CenEst_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103191306/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/states/NST-ann-est.html">the original</a> on January 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population+for+the+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+States%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+April+1%2C+2000+to+July+1%2C+2009&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fstates%2FNST-ann-est.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 5, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/states">"US States - Ranked by Population 2023"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=US%3A+Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FACSST1Y2022.S0501%3Fq%3Drace%2520in%25202022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf">Archived</a> September 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf">Archived</a> February 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf">Archived</a> August 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">Archived</a> June 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">Archived</a> February 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr68%2Fnvsr68_13-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623200707/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr70%2Fnvsr70-02-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210175206/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr70%2Fnvsr70-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003942/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr72%2Fnvsr72-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data">the original</a> on December 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-MA">"PRRI – American Values Atlas"</a>. <i>ava.prri.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211132716/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-MA">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ava.prri.org&rft.atitle=PRRI+%E2%80%93+American+Values+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fava.prri.org%2F%23religious%2F2020%2FStates%2Freligion%2Fm%2FUS-MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/state/massachusetts/">"Pew research center Massachusetts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720150320/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/state/massachusetts/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pew+research+center+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2Freligious-landscape-study%2Fstate%2Fmassachusetts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> December 10, 2006, "Bay State's labor force diminishing"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_Pine_Street_Inn_History_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinestreetinn.org/about_history.php">"Pine Street Inn History"</a>, Pine Street Inn website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_On_The_Pine_Street_Inn_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040331043248/http://www.communityroom.net/NPOBackground.asp?141">"On The Pine Street Inn"</a>. Communityroom.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communityroom.net/NPOBackground.asp?141">the original</a> on March 31, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+The+Pine+Street+Inn&rft.pub=Communityroom.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communityroom.net%2FNPOBackground.asp%3F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stfrancishouse.org/site/PageServer?pagename=About_History">Saint Francis House: History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719172800/http://www.stfrancishouse.org/site/PageServer?pagename=About_History">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_BHCHPHISTORY-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_BHCHPHISTORY_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhchp.org/history.htm">"History: Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822210044/http://www.bhchp.org/history.htm">Archived</a> August 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>bhchp.org</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_OCONNELL2015-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_OCONNELL2015_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connell, James, M.D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Stories_from_the_Shadows.html?id=iO1grgEACAAJ"><i>Stories from the Shadows</i></a>, August 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692412343" title="Special:BookSources/9780692412343">9780692412343</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Martin, Greg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrobostonnews.com/us/article/2007/08/29/03/0520-72/index.xml">"Night watch: Police removing overnight loiterers on Common"</a>, Boston <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro</a></i> newspaper, Wednesday, August 29, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226133954/http://www.metrobostonnews.com/us/article/2007/08/29/03/0520-72/index.xml">Archived</a> December 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loh, Christopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070527015845/http://www.bostonnow.com/news/local/2007/12/20/city-experts-predict-drop-in-homeless-numbers">"City experts predict drop in homeless numbers"</a>, <i>Boston Now</i> newspaper, December 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paige, Connie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/06/homelessness_hits_record_high/"><i>Homelessness hits record high: Advocates expect numbers to grow amid economic downturn and ask for state aid</i></a>, The Boston Globe, October 6, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_massmed.org-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_massmed.org_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massmed.org//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home2">"Massachusetts Medical Society and Alliance Charitable Foundation website"</a>. Massmed.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Medical+Society+and+Alliance+Charitable+Foundation+website&rft.pub=Massmed.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmed.org%2F%2FAM%2FTemplate.cfm%3FSection%3DHome2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_cityofboston.gov-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homelessness_in_the_United_States_by_state_cityofboston.gov_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayor's Office, City of Boston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/news/Default.aspx?id=4390">"Mayor Menino Dedicates New Day Center for the Homeless"</a>, Press Release, October 14, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sennott, Adam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sparechangenews.net/news/panhandling-beacon-hill-lowdown-reported-crackdown">"Panhandling on Beacon Hill: The Lowdown on a Reported Crackdown"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724080656/http://sparechangenews.net/news/panhandling-beacon-hill-lowdown-reported-crackdown">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spare_Change_News" title="Spare Change News">Spare Change News</a></i>, Boston, June 4, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham, Liam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sparechangenews.net/news/cuts-extract-mass-health-dental-benefits-budget">"Cuts Extract Mass Health Dental Benefits From Budget"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824033630/http://sparechangenews.net/news/cuts-extract-mass-health-dental-benefits-budget">Archived</a> August 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spare_Change_News" title="Spare Change News">Spare Change News</a></i>, July 16, 2010 issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonwealth of Massachusetts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/bb/h1/fy11h1/exec_11/hbuddevhc.htm">"Healthcare: Governor's FY2011 Budget"</a>. "The MassHealth adult dental benefit is restructured to cover preventative and emergency services only, excluding restorative dental services."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banda, Deborah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.hcfama.org/2010/05/26/aarp-alert-seniors%E2%80%99-prescriptions-masshealth-dental-benefits-at-risk/">"AARP Alert: Seniors' Prescriptions; MassHealth Dental Benefits at Risk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726143259/http://blog.hcfama.org/2010/05/26/aarp-alert-seniors%E2%80%99-prescriptions-masshealth-dental-benefits-at-risk/">Archived</a> July 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a>, May 26, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady-Myerov, Monica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbur.org/2010/09/29/homeless">"Homelessness On The Decline In Boston"</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBUR" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR">WBUR</a> Radio, Boston, September 29, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaudet, Mike, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxboston.com/dpp/news/undercover/money-food-taken-from-city-kitchen-20110222">"FOX Undercover: Employees implicated in thefts from local homeless"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303140612/http://www.myfoxboston.com/dpp/news/undercover/money-food-taken-from-city-kitchen-20110222">Archived</a> March 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FOX 25 TV, Boston, Tuesday, February 22, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Stephen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/02/23/shelter_kitchen_theft_prevalent_report_says/">"Shelter kitchen theft prevalent, report says"</a>, <i>The Boston Globe</i>, February 23, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City of Boston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.gov/news/city-hires-new-outreach-manager-boston-public-library">"CITY HIRES NEW OUTREACH MANAGER AT BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a>, Boston, October 6, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Gresci2020" class="citation cs2">Lisa Gresci (October 20, 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/10/20/eviction-crisis-chelsea-coronavirus/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Panic Mode': Eviction Crisis Begins In Chelsea, City Hit Hard By Coronavirus"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cbslocal.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Cbslocal.com">Cbslocal.com</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cbslocal.com&rft.atitle=%27Panic+Mode%27%3A+Eviction+Crisis+Begins+In+Chelsea%2C+City+Hit+Hard+By+Coronavirus&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.au=Lisa+Gresci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboston.cbslocal.com%2F2020%2F10%2F20%2Feviction-crisis-chelsea-coronavirus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Bebinger2020" class="citation cs2">Martha Bebinger (October 20, 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/10/19/cambridge-opens-public-showers">"Cambridge Opens Public Showers As Housing Instability Grows"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wbur.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Wbur.org">Wbur.org</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wbur.org&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Opens+Public+Showers+As+Housing+Instability+Grows&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.au=Martha+Bebinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fcommonhealth%2F2020%2F10%2F19%2Fcambridge-opens-public-showers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Jolicoeur2020" class="citation cs2">Lynn Jolicoeur (October 16, 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/10/16/homeless-shelters-winter-coronavirus-covid-boston">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're Not Going Back To Crowded Shelters': The Scramble For Space To Shelter Homeless In Pandemic Winter"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wbur.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Wbur.org">Wbur.org</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wbur.org&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+Not+Going+Back+To+Crowded+Shelters%27%3A+The+Scramble+For+Space+To+Shelter+Homeless+In+Pandemic+Winter&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft.au=Lynn+Jolicoeur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F16%2Fhomeless-shelters-winter-coronavirus-covid-boston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_NH3U6LZ22AUMU27">Blacks' arrival in Massachusetts</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621110421/http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_NH3U6LZ22AUMU27">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a></i>. February 26, 1988.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_A7ABRAELJHQLPVE">Violence against Asian immigrants</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123153304/http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_A7ABRAELJHQLPVE">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a></i>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts" title="Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts" title="Outline of Massachusetts">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Massachusetts-related_articles" title="Index of Massachusetts-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state,_territory,_and_metropolitan_area/city" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Template:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Template talk:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of the United States by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States_by_state,_territory,_and_metropolitan_area/city" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a> by state, territory, and metropolitan area/city</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alaska" title="Demographics of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arkansas" title="Demographics of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Demographics of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kentucky" title="Demographics of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Michigan" title="Demographics of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Carolina" title="Demographics of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oklahoma" title="Demographics of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Carolina" title="Demographics of South Carolina"> South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Dakota" title="Demographics of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tennessee" title="Demographics of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Utah" title="Demographics of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia" title="Demographics of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Demographics of Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_American_Samoa" title="Demographics of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guam" title="Demographics of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by <a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_in_the_United_States_by_populated_place" title="Category:Demographics in the United States by populated place">metropolitan<br />area/city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Atlanta" title="Demographics of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chicago" title="Demographics of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cincinnati" title="Demographics of Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cleveland" title="Demographics of Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="Demographics of Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Dallas" title="Demographics of Dallas">Dallas city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Denver" title="Demographics of Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Metro_Detroit" title="Demographics of Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Detroit" title="Demographic history of Detroit">Detroit city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Demographics of Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Los_Angeles" title="Demographics of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Miami" title="Demographics of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Minneapolis" title="Demographics of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" title="Demographics of New York City">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bronx" title="Demographics of the Bronx">The Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brooklyn" title="Demographics of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Manhattan" title="Demographics of Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Queens" title="Demographics of Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Staten_Island" title="Demographics of Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Philadelphia" title="Demographics of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portland,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Portland, Oregon">Portland, OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Demographics of Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a 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