CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jonas Salk - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"39d06bf0-1d07-4dba-a02f-1391ab7ae64d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jonas_Salk","wgTitle":"Jonas Salk","wgCurRevisionId":1257077890,"wgRevisionId":1257077890,"wgArticleId":25709692,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from March 2023","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019","Commons category link from Wikidata","1914 births","1995 deaths", "20th-century American Jews","20th-century American physicians","American humanists","American medical researchers","American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent","American virologists","City College of New York alumni","Congressional Gold Medal recipients","Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","History of medicine","Jewish American scientists","Jewish humanists","Members of the American Epidemiological Society","Members of the National Academy of Medicine","New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni","People from East Harlem","People from San Diego","Physicians from New York City","Polio","Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award","Salk Institute for Biological Studies people","Scientists from New York City","Scientists from Pittsburgh","Townsend Harris High School alumni","University of Michigan faculty","University of Pittsburgh faculty","Vaccinologists", "Jews from New York (state)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jonas_Salk","wgRelevantArticleId":25709692,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty": false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q200101","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1624"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg/800px-Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1083"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg/640px-Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="866"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jonas Salk - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jonas_Salk rootpage-Jonas_Salk skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jonas+Salk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jonas+Salk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jonas+Salk" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jonas+Salk" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life and education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medical school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postgraduate_research_and_early_laboratory_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postgraduate_research_and_early_laboratory_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Postgraduate research and early laboratory work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postgraduate_research_and_early_laboratory_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polio_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polio_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Polio research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polio_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_a_public_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_a_public_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Becoming a public figure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Becoming_a_public_figure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Becoming a public figure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Becoming_a_public_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celebrity_versus_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_versus_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Celebrity versus privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_versus_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintaining_his_individuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintaining_his_individuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Maintaining his individuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintaining_his_individuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_the_Salk_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_the_Salk_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Establishing the Salk Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_the_Salk_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_vaccine_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_vaccine_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>AIDS vaccine work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_vaccine_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salk's_biophilosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salk's_biophilosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Salk's biophilosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salk's_biophilosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors and recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jonas Salk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جوناس سولك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوناس سولك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conas_Solk" title="Conas Solk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Conas Solk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جوناس سالک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوناس سالک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="জোনাস এডওয়ার্ড সল্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোনাস এডওয়ার্ড সল্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BA" title="Τζόνας Σολκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόνας Σολκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جوناس سالک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوناس سالک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%86%8C%ED%81%AC" title="조너스 소크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조너스 소크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Ջոնաս Սոլք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոնաս Սոլք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="जोनास सॉल्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोनास सॉल्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="יונה סאלק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונה סאלק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionas_Salk" title="Ionas Salk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ionas Salk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEonass_Solks" title="Džonass Solks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džonass Solks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Edward_Salk" title="Jonas Edward Salk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jonas Edward Salk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Џонас Салк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џонас Салк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോനസ് സാൽക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോനസ് സാൽക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯონას სოლკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონას სოლკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83" title="جوناس سولك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوناس سولك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ジョナス・ソーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョナス・ソーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95" title="ਜੋਨਾਸ ਸਾਲਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਨਾਸ ਸਾਲਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جونس سالک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جونس سالک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Солк, Джонас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солк, Джонас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="जोनास् एड्वर्ड् साक् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जोनास् एड्वर्ड् साक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝනස් සෝක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝනස් සෝක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Џонас Солк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="யோனாசு சால்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோனாசு சால்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="జోనస్ సాల్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జోనస్ సాల్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="โจนัส ซอล์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจนัส ซอล์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Джонас Солк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джонас Солк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9" title="جونس سالک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جونس سالک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jonas Salk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔纳斯·索尔克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7" title="יונה סאלק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יונה סאלק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B" title="祖納斯沙克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖納斯沙克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔纳斯·索尔克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200101#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jonas_Salk" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jonas_Salk" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jonas_Salk" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&oldid=1257077890" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jonas_Salk&id=1257077890&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJonas_Salk"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJonas_Salk"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jonas_Salk&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jonas_Salk" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200101" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American inventor of the polio vaccine (1914–1995)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Salk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Salk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Salk (disambiguation)">Salk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jonas Salk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg/220px-Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg/330px-Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg/440px-Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Salk in 1959</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jonas Salk</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1914-10-28</span>)</span>October 28, 1914<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 23, 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-06-23)</span> (aged 80)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jolla, California">La Jolla, California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Memorial_Park" title="El Camino Memorial Park">El Camino Memorial Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California, U.S )</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Donna Lindsay</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1939; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1968)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gilot" title="Françoise Gilot">Françoise Gilot</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Award">Albert Lasker Award</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Koch Medal">Robert Koch Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mellon Institute Award<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United States Presidential Citation<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li><li>virology</li><li>epidemiology</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Salk Institute">Salk Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Jr." title="Thomas Francis Jr.">Thomas Francis Jr.</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonas_Salk_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/150px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/225px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jonas_Salk_signature.svg/300px-Jonas_Salk_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jonas Edward Salk</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born <b>Jonas Salk</b>; October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American <a href="/wiki/Virologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virologist">virologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical researcher</a> who developed one of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccines</a>. He was born in New York City and attended the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University School of Medicine">New York University School of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, Salk accepted a professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine">University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</a>, where he undertook a project beginning in 1948 to determine the number of different types of <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">poliovirus</a>. For the next seven years, Salk devoted himself to developing a vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>. </p><p>Salk was immediately hailed as a "miracle worker" when the vaccine's success was first made public in April 1955, and chose to not patent the vaccine or seek any profit from it in order to maximize its global distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-About_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_for_Infantile_Paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis">National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis</a> and the University of Pittsburgh looked into patenting the vaccine, but since Salk's techniques were not novel, their <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent attorney</a> said, "If there were any patentable novelty to be found in this phase it would lie within an extremely narrow scope and would be of doubtful value."<sup id="cite_ref-latimes.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bio.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An immediate rush to vaccinate began in the United States and around the world. Many countries began polio immunization campaigns using Salk's vaccine, including Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, West Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium. By 1959, the Salk vaccine had reached about 90 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attenuated live <a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral polio vaccine">oral polio vaccine</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a>, coming into commercial use in 1961. Less than 25 years after the release of Salk's vaccine, domestic transmission of polio had been eliminated in the United States. </p><p>In 1963, Salk founded the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies" title="Salk Institute for Biological Studies">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, California, which is today a center for medical and scientific research. He continued to conduct research and publish books in his later years, focusing in his last years on the search for a <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccine against HIV</a>. Salk campaigned vigorously for <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory vaccination">mandatory vaccination</a> throughout the rest of his life, calling the universal vaccination of children against disease a "moral commitment".<sup id="cite_ref-usa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salk's personal papers are today stored in <a href="/wiki/Geisel_Library" title="Geisel Library">Geisel Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jonas Salk was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to Daniel and Dora (née Press) Salk. His parents were Jewish; Daniel was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to immigrant parents, and Dora, who was born in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, emigrated to the United States when she was twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salk's parents did not receive extensive formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonas had two younger brothers, Herman and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Salk" title="Lee Salk">Lee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Child_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Child psychology">child psychologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family moved from <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a> to 853 Elsmere Place in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some time spent in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> at 439 Beach 69th Street, <a href="/wiki/Arverne,_Queens" title="Arverne, Queens">Arverne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was 13, Salk entered <a href="/wiki/Townsend_Harris_High_School" title="Townsend Harris High School">Townsend Harris High School</a>, a public school for intellectually gifted students. Named after the founder of <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> (CCNY), it was "a launching pad for the talented sons of immigrant parents who lacked the money—and pedigree—to attend a top private school", according to David Oshinsky, his biographer. In high school, "he was known as a perfectionist...who read everything he could lay his hands on," according to one of his fellow students.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students had to cram a four-year curriculum into just three years. As a result, most dropped out or flunked out, despite the school's motto "study, study, study." However, of the students who graduated, most had the grades to enroll in CCNY, then noted for being a highly competitive college.<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salk enrolled in CCNY, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in chemistry in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-sherrow_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oshinsky writes that "for working-class immigrant families, City College represented the apex of public higher education. Getting in was tough, but tuition was free. Competition was intense, but the rules were fairly applied. No one got an advantage based on an accident of birth."<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At his mother's urging, he put aside aspirations of becoming a lawyer and instead concentrated on classes necessary for admission to medical school. However, according to Oshinsky, the facilities at City College were "barely second rate." There were no research laboratories. The library was inadequate. The faculty contained few noted scholars. "What made the place special," he writes, "was the student body that had fought so hard to get there... driven by their parents.... From these ranks, of the 1930s and 1940s, emerged a wealth of intellectual talent, including more <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners—eight—and PhD recipients than any other public college except the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>." Salk entered CCNY at the age of 15, a "common age for a freshman who had skipped multiple grades along the way."<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>As a child, Salk did not show any interest in medicine or science in general. He said in an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">Academy of Achievement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "As a child I was not interested in science. I was merely interested in things human, the human side of nature, if you like, and I continue to be interested in that." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_school">Medical school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from City College of New York, Salk enrolled in <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Grossman_School_of_Medicine" title="New York University Grossman School of Medicine">New York University School of Medicine</a>. According to Oshinsky, NYU based its modest reputation on famous alumni, such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a>, who helped conquer <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>. Tuition was "comparatively low, better still, it did not discriminate against Jews... while most of the surrounding medical schools—<a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>—had rigid <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">quotas</a> in place." Yale, for example, accepted 76 applicants in 1935 out of a pool of 501. Although 200 of the applicants were Jewish, only five got in.<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> During his years at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University School of Medicine">New York University Medical School</a>, Salk worked as a laboratory technician during the school year and as a camp counselor in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-sherrow_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Salk's medical studies, he stood out from his peers, according to Bookchin, "not just because of his continued academic prowess—he was <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha" title="Alpha Omega Alpha">Alpha Omega Alpha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> Society of medical education—but because he had decided he did not want to practice medicine." Instead, he became absorbed in research, even taking a year off to study <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>. He later focused more of his studies on <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">bacteriology</a>, which had replaced medicine as his primary interest. He said his desire was to help humankind in general rather than single patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It was the laboratory work, in particular, that gave new direction to his life."<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salk has said, "My intention was to go to medical school, and then become a medical scientist. I did not intend to practice medicine, although in medical school, and in my internship, I did all the things that were necessary to qualify me in that regard. I had opportunities along the way to drop the idea of medicine and go into science. At one point at the end of my first year of medical school, I received an opportunity to spend a year in research and teaching in biochemistry, which I did. And at the end of that year, I was told that I could, if I wished, switch and get a Ph.D. in biochemistry, but my preference was to stay with medicine. And, I believe that this is all linked to my original ambition, or desire, which was to be of some help to humankind, so to speak, in a larger sense than just on a one-to-one basis."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his last year of medical school, Salk said, "I had an opportunity to spend time in elective periods in my last year in medical school, in a laboratory that was involved in studies on influenza. The influenza virus had just been discovered about a few years before that. And, I saw the opportunity at that time to test the question as to whether we could destroy the virus infectivity and still immunize. And so, by carefully designed experiments, we found it was possible to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postgraduate_research_and_early_laboratory_work">Postgraduate research and early laboratory work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postgraduate research and early laboratory work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, during his postgraduate work in virology, Salk chose a two-month elective to work in the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Francis, Jr.">Thomas Francis</a>' laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Francis had recently joined the faculty of the medical school after working for the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, where he had discovered the type B <a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">influenza virus</a>. According to Bookchin, "the two-month stint in Francis's lab was Salk's first introduction to the world of <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>—and he was hooked."<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> After graduating from medical school, Salk began his residency at New York's prestigious <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a>, where he again worked in Francis's laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salk then worked at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_School_of_Public_Health" title="University of Michigan School of Public Health">University of Michigan School of Public Health</a> with Francis, on an army-commissioned project in Michigan to develop an influenza vaccine. He and Francis eventually perfected a vaccine that was soon widely used at army bases, where Salk discovered and isolated one of the strains of influenza that was included in the final vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polio_research">Polio research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polio research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">Polio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio vaccine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_OConnor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Basil_O%27Connor" title="Basil O'Connor">Basil O'Connor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalkatPitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SalkatPitt.jpg/220px-SalkatPitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/SalkatPitt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Salk in 1955 at the University of Pittsburgh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salk-child-Karsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Salk-child-Karsh.jpg/220px-Salk-child-Karsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Salk-child-Karsh.jpg/330px-Salk-child-Karsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/Salk-child-Karsh.jpg/440px-Salk-child-Karsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Magazine photo of Salk to O'Neill, "the most elaborate program of its kind in history, involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers,"<sup id="cite_ref-ONeill_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 1.8 million school children participating in the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1954 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> showed that more Americans knew about the polio field trials than could give the full name of the President.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg/220px-Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg/330px-Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Salk_March_of_Dimes_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a> poster, c. 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, Salk became ambitious for his own lab and was granted one at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine">University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</a>, but the lab was smaller than he had hoped, and he found the rules imposed by the university restrictive.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Harry Weaver, the director of research at the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, contacted Salk. He asked Salk to find out if there were more types of polio than the three then known and offered additional space, equipment and researchers. For the first year, he gathered supplies and researchers, including <a href="/wiki/Julius_Youngner" title="Julius Youngner">Julius Youngner</a>, Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and secretary Lorraine Friedman who joined Salk's team as well.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, Salk began securing grants from the <a href="/wiki/Mellon_family" title="Mellon family">Mellon family</a> and was able to build a working virology laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_for_Infantile_Paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis">National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis</a>'s polio project established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Bookchin_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wisdom_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisdom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive publicity and fear of polio led to much increased funding, reaching $67 million by 1955. Despite the funding, research continued on live vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-ONeill_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–87">: 85–87 </span></sup> Salk decided to use what he believed to be the safer 'killed' virus, instead of weakened forms of strains of polio viruses like the ones used contemporaneously by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a>, who was developing an oral vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After successful tests on laboratory animals, on July 2, 1952, assisted by the staff at the D.T. Watson Home for Crippled Children, which is now the Education Center at the Watson Institute in <a href="/wiki/Sewickley,_Pennsylvania" title="Sewickley, Pennsylvania">Sewickley</a>, Pennsylvania<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Salk injected 43 children with his killed-virus vaccine. A few weeks later, Salk injected children at the Polk State School for the Retarded and Feeble-minded. He vaccinated his own children in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954 he tested the vaccine on about one million children, known as the polio pioneers. The vaccine was announced as safe on April 12, 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-ONeill_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wisdom_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisdom-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7-17-55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project became large, involving 100 million contributors to the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a>, and 7 million volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-ONeill_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Offit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> The foundation allowed itself to go into debt to finance the final research required to develop the Salk vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salk worked incessantly for two-and-a-half years.<sup id="cite_ref-ONeill_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denenberg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denenberg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salk's inactivated polio vaccine came into use in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO21st_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO22nd_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Becoming_a_public_figure">Becoming a public figure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Becoming a public figure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity_versus_privacy">Celebrity versus privacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Celebrity versus privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg/220px-Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg/330px-Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg/440px-Ben_Gurion_-_Jonas_Salk_-_Jerusalem_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Salk with <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Salk preferred not to have his career as a scientist affected by too much personal attention, as he had always tried to remain independent and private in his research and life, but this proved to be impossible. "Young man, a great tragedy has befallen you—you've lost your anonymity", the television personality <a href="/wiki/Ed_Murrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Murrow">Ed Murrow</a> said to Salk shortly after the onslaught of media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-8-80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Murrow asked him, "Who owns this patent?", Salk replied, "Well, the people I would say. There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine is calculated to be worth $7 billion had it been patented.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lawyers from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis did look into the possibility of a patent, but ultimately determined that the vaccine was not a patentable invention because of <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salk served on the board of directors of the John D. and Catherine T. <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Jon Cohen noted, "Jonas Salk made scientists and journalists alike go goofy. As one of the only living scientists whose face was known the world over, Salk, in the public's eye, had a superstar aura. Airplane pilots would announce that he was on board, and passengers would burst into applause. Hotels routinely would upgrade him into their penthouse suites. A meal at a restaurant inevitably meant an interruption from an admirer. Scientists and journalists who regularly dealt with Salk would come to see him in more human terms, but many still initially approached him with the same drop-jawed wonder, as though some of the stardust might rub off."<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the most part, Salk was "appalled at the demands on the public figure he has become and resentful of what he considers to be the invasion of his privacy", wrote <i>The New York Times</i>, a few months after his vaccine announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7-17-55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Times</i> article noted, "at 40, the once obscure scientist ... was lifted from his laboratory almost to the level of a folk hero." He received a presidential citation, a score of awards, four honorary degrees, half a dozen foreign decorations, and letters from thousands of fellow citizens. His alma mater, City College of New York, gave him an honorary degree as Doctor of Laws. But "despite such very nice tributes", <i>The New York Times</i> wrote, "Salk is profoundly disturbed by the torrent of fame that has descended upon him. ... He talks continually about getting out of the limelight and back to his laboratory ... because of his genuine distaste for publicity, which he believes is inappropriate for a scientist."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7-17-55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 1980 interview, 25 years later, he said, "It's as if I've been a public property ever since, having to respond to external, as well as internal, impulses. ... It's brought me enormous gratification, opened many opportunities, but at the same time placed many burdens on me. It altered my career, my relationships with colleagues; I am a public figure, no longer one of them."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-8-80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintaining_his_individuality">Maintaining his individuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maintaining his individuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"If Salk the scientist sounds austere", wrote <i>The New York Times</i>, "Salk the man is a person of great warmth and tremendous enthusiasm. People who meet him generally like him." A Washington newspaper correspondent commented, "He could sell me the Brooklyn Bridge, and I never bought anything before." Geneticist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Nelson-Rees" title="Walter Nelson-Rees">Walter Nelson-Rees</a> called him "a renaissance scientist: brilliant, sophisticated, driven ... a fantastic creature."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup> </p><p>He enjoys talking to people he likes, and "he likes a lot of people", wrote the <i>Times</i>. "He talks quickly, articulately, and often in complete paragraphs." And "He has very little perceptible interest in the things that interest most people—such as making money." That belongs "in the category of mink coats and Cadillacs—unnecessary", he said.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7-17-55-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishing_the_Salk_Institute">Establishing the Salk Institute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Establishing the Salk Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salk_Institute1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Salk_Institute1.jpg/220px-Salk_Institute1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Salk_Institute1.jpg/330px-Salk_Institute1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Salk_Institute1.jpg/440px-Salk_Institute1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Salk Institute in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jolla, California">La Jolla, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the years after Salk's discovery, many supporters, in particular the National Foundation, "helped him build his dream of a research complex for the investigation of biological phenomena 'from cell to society'."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies" title="Salk Institute for Biological Studies">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a>, it opened in 1963 in the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, in a purpose-built facility designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>. Salk believed that the institution would help new and upcoming scientists along in their careers, as he said himself, "I thought how nice it would be if a place like this existed and I was invited to work there."<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1990_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1990-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Salk described his "ambitious plan for the creation of a kind of <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic</a> academy where the supposedly alienated two cultures of science and humanism will have a favorable atmosphere for cross-fertilization."<sup id="cite_ref-Taubman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Howard_Taubman" title="Howard Taubman">Howard Taubman</a> explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although he is distinctly future-oriented, Dr. Salk has not lost sight of the institute's immediate aim, which is the development and use of the new biology, called <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular biology">cellular biology</a>, described as part physics, part chemistry and part biology. The broad-gauged purpose of this science is to understand man's life processes. </p><p>There is talk here of the possibility, once the secret of how the cell is triggered to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> is discovered, that a single vaccine may be developed to protect a child against many common infectious diseases. There is speculation about the power to isolate and perhaps eliminate genetic errors that lead to birth defects. </p><p> Dr. Salk, a creative man himself, hopes that the institute will do its share in probing the wisdom of nature and thus help enlarge the wisdom of man. For the ultimate purpose of science, humanism and the arts, in his judgment, is the freeing of each individual to cultivate his full creativity, in whichever direction it leads. ... As if to prepare for Socratic encounters such as these, the institute's architect, Louis Kahn, has installed blackboards in place of concrete facings on the walls along the walks.<sup id="cite_ref-Taubman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The New York Times</i>, in a 1980 article celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Salk vaccine, described the current workings at the facility, reporting: </p> <blockquote><p>At the institute, a magnificent complex of laboratories and study units set on a bluff overlooking the Pacific, Dr. Salk holds the titles of founding director and resident fellow. His own laboratory group is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunologic</a> aspects of cancer and the mechanisms of autoimmune disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> attacks the body's own tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-8-80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In an interview about his future hopes at the institute, he said, "In the end, what may have more significance is my creation of the institute and what will come out of it, because of its example as a place for excellence, a creative environment for creative minds." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, co-discoverer of the structure of the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecule, was a leading professor at the institute until his death in 2004. The institute also served as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Woolgar" title="Steve Woolgar">Steve Woolgar</a>'s 1979 book <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_Life" title="Laboratory Life"><i>Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AIDS_vaccine_work">AIDS vaccine work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: AIDS vaccine work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the mid-1980s, Salk engaged in research to develop a vaccine for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>. He cofounded <a href="/wiki/The_Immune_Response_Corporation" title="The Immune Response Corporation">The Immune Response Corporation</a> (IRC) with <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kimberlin" title="Kevin Kimberlin">Kevin Kimberlin</a> and patented <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">Remune</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunologic therapy</a>, but was unable to secure <a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">liability insurance</a> for the product.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was discontinued in 2007, twelve years after Salk's death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salk's_biophilosophy"><span id="Salk.27s_biophilosophy"></span>Salk's biophilosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Salk's biophilosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg/220px-Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg/330px-Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg/440px-Jonas_Salk_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Salk during a 1988 visit at the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1966, <i>The New York Times</i> referred to him as the "Father of Biophilosophy." According to <i>Times</i> journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Howard_Taubman" title="Howard Taubman">Howard Taubman</a>, "he never forgets ... there is a vast amount of darkness for man to penetrate. As a biologist, he believes that his science is on the frontier of tremendous new discoveries; and as a philosopher, he is convinced that humanists and artists have joined the scientists to achieve an understanding of man in all his physical, mental and spiritual complexity. Such interchanges might lead, he would hope, to a new and important school of thinkers he would designate as biophilosophers."<sup id="cite_ref-Taubman_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salk told his cousin, Joel Kassiday, at a meeting of the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future on Capitol Hill in 1984 that he was optimistic that ways to prevent most human and animal diseases would eventually be developed. Salk said people must be prepared to take prudent risks, since "a risk-free society would become a dead-end society" without progress. </p><p>Salk describes his biophilosophy as the application of a "biological, evolutionary point of view to philosophical, cultural, social and psychological problems." He went into more detail in two of his books, <i>Man Unfolding</i>, and <i>The Survival of the Wisest</i>. In an interview in 1980, he described his thoughts on the subject, including his feeling that a sharp rise and an expected leveling off in the human population would take place and eventually bring a change in human attitudes: </p> <blockquote><p>I think of biological knowledge as providing useful analogies for understanding human nature. ... People think of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> in terms of such practical matters as drugs, but its contribution to knowledge about living systems and ourselves will in the future be equally important. ... In the past epoch, man was concerned with death, high mortality; his attitudes were antideath, antidisease", he says. "In the future, his attitudes will be expressed in terms of prolife and prohealth. The past was dominated by death control; in the future, birth control will be more important. These changes we're observing are part of a natural order and to be expected from our capacity to adapt. It's much more important to cooperate and collaborate. We are the co-authors with nature of our destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4-8-80-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His definition of a biophilosopher is "Someone who draws upon the scriptures of nature, recognizing that we are the product of the process of evolution, and understands that we have become the process itself, through the emergence and evolution of our consciousness, our awareness, our capacity to imagine and anticipate the future, and to choose from among alternatives."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just prior to his death, Salk was working on a new book along the theme of biophilosophy, privately reported to be titled <i>Millennium of the Mind</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after his graduation from medical school in 1939, Salk married Donna Lindsay, a master's candidate at the New York College of Social Work. <a href="/wiki/David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">David Oshinsky</a> writes that Donna's father, Elmer Lindsay, "a wealthy Manhattan dentist, viewed Salk as a social inferior, several cuts below Donna's former suitors." Eventually, her father agreed to the marriage on two conditions: first, Salk must wait until he could be listed as an official M.D. on the wedding invitations, and second, he must improve his "rather pedestrian status" by giving himself a middle name."<sup id="cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p>They had three children: Peter, who also became a physician and a part-time professor of infectious diseases at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-NPR1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPR2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darrell, who also worked with vaccines and genetics and eventually retired from the pediatrics faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jonathan Salk, an adult and child psychiatrist and Assistant Clinical Professor at the <a href="/wiki/David_Geffen_School_of_Medicine_at_UCLA" title="David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA">David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, they divorced and, in 1970, Salk married French painter <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gilot" title="Françoise Gilot">Françoise Gilot</a>. </p><p>On June 23, 1995, Salk died from heart failure at the age of 80 in La Jolla,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried at <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Memorial_Park" title="El Camino Memorial Park">El Camino Memorial Park</a> in San Diego. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_recognition">Honors and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honors and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salkws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Salkws.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Salk's bronze bust in the <a href="/wiki/Polio_Hall_of_Fame" title="Polio Hall of Fame">Polio Hall of Fame</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1955, one month after the vaccine announcement, he was honored by the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, where he was given their "highest award for services" by Governor <a href="/wiki/George_M._Leader" title="George M. Leader">George M. Leader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a>, where the governor added,</li></ul> <blockquote><p>... in recognition of his 'historical medical' discovery ... Dr. Salk's achievement is meritorious service of the highest magnitude and dimension for the commonwealth, the country and mankind." The governor, who had three children, said that "as a parent he was 'humbly thankful to Dr. Salk,' and as Governor, 'proud to pay him tribute'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>1955, City University of New York creates the Salk Scholarship fund which it awards to multiple outstanding pre-med students each year</li> <li>1956, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Award" title="Lasker Award">Lasker Award</a></li> <li>1957, the Municipal Hospital building, where Salk conducted his polio research at the University of Pittsburgh, is renamed Jonas <a href="/wiki/Salk_Hall" title="Salk Hall">Salk Hall</a> and is home to the university's School of Pharmacy and Dentistry.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958, awarded the James D. Bruce Memorial Award</li> <li>1958, elected to the <a href="/wiki/Polio_Hall_of_Fame" title="Polio Hall of Fame">Polio Hall of Fame</a>, which was dedicated in <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia" title="Warm Springs, Georgia">Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li> <li>1975, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Award">Jawaharlal Nehru Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li>1976, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">Academy of Achievement</a>'s Golden Plate Award<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976, named the Humanist of the Year by the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li>1977, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> from President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, with the following statement accompanying the medal:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Because of Doctor Jonas E. Salk, our country is free from the cruel epidemics of poliomyelitis that once struck almost yearly. Because of his tireless work, untold hundreds of thousands who might have been crippled are sound in body today. These are Doctor Salk's true honors, and there is no way to add to them. This Medal of Freedom can only express our gratitude, and our deepest thanks.</p></blockquote> <ul><li>1981, decorated by the Italian government on January 3 as a Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996, the March of Dimes Foundation created an annual $250,000 cash "Prize" to outstanding biologists as a tribute to Salk.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006, the United States Postal Service issued a 63-cent <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Americans_series" title="Distinguished Americans series">Distinguished Americans series</a> postage stamp in his honor.</li> <li>2007, California Governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> inducted Salk into the <a href="/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009, <a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">BBYO</a> boys chapter chartered in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a>, Named "Jonas Salk AZA #2357"</li> <li>Schools in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bolingbrook,_Illinois" title="Bolingbrook, Illinois">Bolingbrook, Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_New_York" title="Levittown, New York">Levittown, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Bridge,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bridge, New Jersey">Old Bridge, New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merrillville,_Indiana" title="Merrillville, Indiana">Merrillville, Indiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mira_Mesa,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mira Mesa, California">Mira Mesa, California</a>; are named after him.</li> <li>2012, October 24, in honor of his birthday, has been named "World Polio Day", and was originated by <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rotary International</a> over a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014, On the 100th anniversary of Salk's birth, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> was created to honor the physician and medical researcher. The doodle shows happy and healthy children and adults playing and going about their lives with two children hold up a sign saying, "Thank you, Dr. Salk!"<sup id="cite_ref-latimes.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In early 2009, the American <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> aired its new documentary film, <i>American Experience: The Polio Crusade</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On April 12, 2010, to help celebrate the 55th anniversary of the Salk vaccine, a new 66-minute documentary, <i>The Shot Felt 'Round the World</i>, had its world premiere. Directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjardus_Greidanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjardus Greidanus (page does not exist)">Tjardus Greidanus</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced by Laura Davis,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the documentary was conceived by Hollywood screenwriter and producer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Kurlander" title="Carl Kurlander">Carl Kurlander</a> to bring "a fresh perspective on the era."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2014, actor and director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>, who was once struck with a mild case of polio when he was a child, directed a documentary about the <a href="/wiki/Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies" title="Salk Institute for Biological Studies">Salk Institute</a> in La Jolla.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Chapter 10 of the 2018 season of <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (U.S. TV series)">Genius</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McElhatton" title="Michael McElhatton">Michael McElhatton</a> portrays Salk in a short cameo where he is on a date with Françoise Gilot.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Unfolding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Unfolding (page does not exist)">Man Unfolding</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_of_the_Wisest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival of the Wisest (page does not exist)">Survival of the Wisest</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Population_and_Human_Values:_A_New_Reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Population and Human Values: A New Reality (page does not exist)">World Population and Human Values: A New Reality</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomy_of_Reality:_Merging_of_Intuition_and_Reason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason (page does not exist)">Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Obit_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">"Dr. Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Turned Tide on Polio, Dies at 80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 24, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013004451/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Jonas+Salk%2C+Whose+Vaccine+Turned+Tide+on+Polio%2C+Dies+at+80&rft.date=1995-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F06%2F24%2Fobituaries%2Fdr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salk.edu/about/history-of-salk/jonas-salk/">"About Jonas Salk – Salk Institute for Biological Studies"</a>. <i>Salk Institute for Biological Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024220/http://www.salk.edu/about/history-of-salk/jonas-salk/">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salk+Institute+for+Biological+Studies&rft.atitle=About+Jonas+Salk+%E2%80%93+Salk+Institute+for+Biological+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salk.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-salk%2Fjonas-salk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltzik2014" class="citation news cs1">Hiltzik, Michael (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-polio-vaccine-20141028-column.html">"On Jonas Salk's 100th birthday, a celebration of his polio vaccine"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028182230/http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-mh-polio-vaccine-20141028-column.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=On+Jonas+Salk%27s+100th+birthday%2C+a+celebration+of+his+polio+vaccine&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Hiltzik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhiltzik%2Fla-fi-mh-polio-vaccine-20141028-column.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.org/blogs/real-reason-why-salk-refused-patent-polio-vaccine">"The Real Reason Why Salk Refused to Patent the Polio Vaccine"</a>. Biotech-now.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324081649/https://www.bio.org/blogs/real-reason-why-salk-refused-patent-polio-vaccine">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Reason+Why+Salk+Refused+to+Patent+the+Polio+Vaccine&rft.pub=Biotech-now.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.org%2Fblogs%2Freal-reason-why-salk-refused-patent-polio-vaccine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanPonstein2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Siang Yong; Ponstein, Nate (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6351694">"Jonas Salk (1914–1995): A vaccine against polio"</a>. <i>Singapore Medical Journal</i>. <b>60</b> (1): 9–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11622%2Fsmedj.2019002">10.11622/smedj.2019002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-5675">0037-5675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6351694">6351694</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30840995">30840995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Jonas+Salk+%281914%E2%80%931995%29%3A+A+vaccine+against+polio&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6351694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0037-5675&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30840995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11622%2Fsmedj.2019002&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Siang+Yong&rft.au=Ponstein%2C+Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6351694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usa_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs, Charlotte DeCroes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/08/04/vaccinations-controversial-america-polio-health/31052179/">"Vaccinations have always been controversial in America: Column"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929120737/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/08/04/vaccinations-controversial-america-polio-health/31052179/">Archived</a> September 29, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>USA Today</i>, August 4, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswise.com/articles/uc-san-diego-library-receives-personal-papers-of-jonas-salk">"UC San Diego Library Receives Personal Papers of Jonas Salk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929160100/https://www.newswise.com/articles/uc-san-diego-library-receives-personal-papers-of-jonas-salk">Archived</a> September 29, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Newswise</i>, March 20, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/mar/20/salk-ucsd-geisel/">San Diego Union Tribune, 20 March 2014: "UCSD to house Salk's papers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013214/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/mar/20/salk-ucsd-geisel/">Archived</a> May 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed July 3, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonas-salk.org/docs/InterviewFAQ.html">"Selected Questions from Student Interviews: Darrell Salk, M.D."</a> <i>The Jonas Salk Center</i>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130192049/http://www.jonas-salk.org/docs/InterviewFAQ.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jonas+Salk+Center&rft.atitle=Selected+Questions+from+Student+Interviews%3A+Darrell+Salk%2C+M.D.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonas-salk.org%2Fdocs%2FInterviewFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_DeCroes_Jacobs2015" class="citation book cs1">Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45"><i>Jonas Salk: A Life</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933443-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933443-8"><bdi>978-0-19-933443-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701070023/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonas+Salk%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933443-8&rft.au=Charlotte+DeCroes+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqfRgBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jonas_Edward_Salk.aspx">"Jonas Edward Salk facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Jonas Edward Salk"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725043834/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jonas_Edward_Salk.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Jonas+Edward+Salk+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+-+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Jonas+Edward+Salk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FJonas_Edward_Salk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/04/nyregion/dr-lee-salk-child-psychologist-and-popular-author-dies-at-65.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Dr. Lee Salk, Child Psychologist And Popular Author, Dies at 65 – New York Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705182319/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/04/nyregion/dr-lee-salk-child-psychologist-and-popular-author-dies-at-65.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> July 5, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 15, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Sam (July 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/new-york-census-data-centuries-old-is-now-online/">"New York Census Data, Centuries Old, Is Now Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120727224243/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/new-york-census-data-centuries-old-is-now-online/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Census+Data%2C+Centuries+Old%2C+Is+Now+Online&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F27%2Fnew-york-census-data-centuries-old-is-now-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">City College of New York Microcosm Yearbook, 1934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bookchin, Debbie, and Schumacher, Jim. <i>The Virus and the Vaccine</i>, Macmillan (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34272-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34272-1">0-312-34272-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oshinsky-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oshinsky_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshinsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Oshinsky, David M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTliwSU62KIC"><i>Polio: An American Story</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515294-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515294-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031748949">1031748949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polio%3A+An+American+Story&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031748949&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515294-4&rft.aulast=Oshinsky&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTliwSU62KIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherrow-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sherrow_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sherrow_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherrow, Victoria: <i>Jonas Salk, Revised Edition</i> (2009), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/#interview">"Jonas Salk Biography and Interview"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329095059/https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/#interview">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Jonas+Salk+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fjonas-salk-m-d%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/#interview">"Jonas Salk Biography and Interview"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329095059/https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/#interview">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Jonas+Salk+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fjonas-salk-m-d%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722025220/http://achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int-2">"Jonas Salk Interview – page 2 / 8 – Academy of Achievement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int-2">the original</a> on July 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonas+Salk+Interview+%E2%80%93+page+2+%2F+8+%E2%80%93+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fautodoc%2Fpage%2Fsal0int-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONeill-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONeill_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONeill_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONeill_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONeill_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONeill_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1989" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, William L. (1989). <i>American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945–1960</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-923679-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-923679-7"><bdi>0-02-923679-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+High%3A+The+Years+of+Confidence%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-02-923679-7&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose DR (2004). "Fact Sheet—Polio Vaccine Field Trial of 1954." March of Dimes Archives. 2004 02 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankston2002" class="citation book cs1">Bankston, John (2002). <i>Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine</i>. Bear, Delaware: Mitchell Lane Publishers. pp. 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonas+Salk+and+the+Polio+Vaccine&rft.place=Bear%2C+Delaware&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=Mitchell+Lane+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bankston&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBS_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-02-et-polio2-story.html">"American Experience: The Polio Crusade"</a> <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, Television Review, February 2, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2002" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Stephanie (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jonassalkconquer00mcph"><i>Jonas Salk: Conquering Polio</i></a></span>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lerner Publications Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jonassalkconquer00mcph/page/33">33–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822549642" title="Special:BookSources/9780822549642"><bdi>9780822549642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonas+Salk%3A+Conquering+Polio&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780822549642&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjonassalkconquer00mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisdom-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wisdom_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wisdom_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wisdom</i> magazine, August 1956 pp. 6–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Institute_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/jonas-salk-and-albert-bruce-sabin">"Jonas Salk and Albert Bruce Sabin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>. January 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223061248/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/jonas-salk-and-albert-bruce-sabin">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Jonas+Salk+and+Albert+Bruce+Sabin&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fjonas-salk-and-albert-bruce-sabin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewatsoninstitute.org/about-us/history/">"The Watson Institute special education history"</a>. The Watson Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111054531/https://www.thewatsoninstitute.org/about-us/history/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Watson+Institute+special+education+history&rft.pub=The+Watson+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewatsoninstitute.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/861887610">"Among The 1st To Get A Polio Vaccine, Peter Salk Says Don't Rush A COVID-19 Shot"</a>. NPR. May 30, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227233438/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/861887610">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Among+The+1st+To+Get+A+Polio+Vaccine%2C+Peter+Salk+Says+Don%27t+Rush+A+COVID-19+Shot&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftranscripts%2F861887610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/12/26/949763228/from-polio-to-the-covid-vaccine-dr-peter-salk-sees-great-progress">"From Polio To The COVID Vaccine, Dr. Peter Salk Sees Great Progress"</a>. NPR. December 26, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227021028/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/26/949763228/from-polio-to-the-covid-vaccine-dr-peter-salk-sees-great-progress">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Polio+To+The+COVID+Vaccine%2C+Dr.+Peter+Salk+Sees+Great+Progress&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2020-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F12%2F26%2F949763228%2Ffrom-polio-to-the-covid-vaccine-dr-peter-salk-sees-great-progress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028070823/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/polio-transcript/">"Complete Program Transcript. The Polio Crusade. WGBH American Experience"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/polio-transcript/">the original</a> on October 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+Program+Transcript.+The+Polio+Crusade.+WGBH+American+Experience&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftranscript%2Fpolio-transcript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/13/archives/antipolio-vaccine-guaranteed-by-salk.html?sq=Anti-polio+vaccine+guaranteed+by+salk&scp=1&st=p">"Anti-polio Vaccine Guaranteed by Salk,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501150026/https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/13/archives/antipolio-vaccine-guaranteed-by-salk.html?sq=Anti-polio+vaccine+guaranteed+by+salk&scp=1&st=p">Archived</a> May 1, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 13, 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT7-17-55-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT7-17-55_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/17/archives/what-price-fame-to-dr-salk-the-man-who-developed-the-polio-vaccine.html">"What Price Fame—to Dr. Salk"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 17, 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502190116/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/17/archives/what-price-fame-to-dr-salk-the-man-who-developed-the-polio-vaccine.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Price+Fame%E2%80%94to+Dr.+Salk&rft.date=1955-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1955%2F07%2F17%2Farchives%2Fwhat-price-fame-to-dr-salk-the-man-who-developed-the-polio-vaccine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offit-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offit_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffit2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Offit, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726231638/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/352/14/1411.pdf">"The Cutter incident, 50 years later"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>N. Engl. J. Med</i>. <b>352</b> (14): 1411–1412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp048180">10.1056/NEJMp048180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15814877">15814877</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/352/14/1411.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=The+Cutter+incident%2C+50+years+later&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1411-1412&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp048180&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15814877&rft.aulast=Offit&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F352%2F14%2F1411.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleischer, Doris Z. <i>The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation</i> Temple University Press (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denenberg-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denenberg_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denenberg, Dennis, and Roscoe, Lorraine. <i>50 American Heroes Every Kid Should Meet</i> Millbrook Press (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112.pdf?ua=1">"Polio vaccines: WHO position paper, March, 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wkly Epidemiol Rec</i>. <b>91</b> (12): 145–168. March 25, 2016. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27039410">27039410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603084236/http://www.who.int/wer/2016/wer9112.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wkly+Epidemiol+Rec&rft.atitle=Polio+vaccines%3A+WHO+position+paper%2C+March%2C+2016.&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=145-168&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27039410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwer%2F2016%2Fwer9112.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazin2011" class="citation book cs1">Bazin, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395"><i>Vaccination: A History</i></a>. John Libbey Eurotext. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782742007752" title="Special:BookSources/9782742007752"><bdi>9782742007752</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccination%3A+A+History&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=John+Libbey+Eurotext&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782742007752&rft.aulast=Bazin&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorjaA_7sYZQC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO21st-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO21st_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2019). <i>World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019</i>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F325771">10665/325771</a></span>. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+21st+list+2019&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F325771&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO22nd-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO22nd_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2021). <i>World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)</i>. Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F345533">10665/345533</a></span>. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+model+list+of+essential+medicines%3A+22nd+list+%282021%29&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F345533&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT4-8-80-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT4-8-80_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glueck, Grace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D11F6395C12728DDDA10894DC405B8084F1D3&scp=1&sq=Salk+Studies+Man%27s+Future&st=p">"Salk Studies Man's Future"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311110133/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D11F6395C12728DDDA10894DC405B8084F1D3&scp=1&sq=Salk+Studies+Man%27s+Future&st=p">Archived</a> March 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New York Times</i>, April 8, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1990" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jane S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patentingsunpoli00smit"><i>Patenting the Sun: Polio and The Salk Vaccine</i></a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-09494-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-09494-5"><bdi>0-688-09494-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patenting+the+Sun%3A+Polio+and+The+Salk+Vaccine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-688-09494-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatentingsunpoli00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/08/09/how-much-money-did-jonas-salk-potentially-forfeit-by-not-patenting-the-polio-vaccine/">"How Much Money Did Jonas Salk Potentially Forfeit By Not Patenting The Polio Vaccine?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. August 8, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114603/http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/08/09/how-much-money-did-jonas-salk-potentially-forfeit-by-not-patenting-the-polio-vaccine/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+Much+Money+Did+Jonas+Salk+Potentially+Forfeit+By+Not+Patenting+The+Polio+Vaccine%3F&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fquora%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fhow-much-money-did-jonas-salk-potentially-forfeit-by-not-patenting-the-polio-vaccine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrow2009" class="citation book cs1">Sherrow, Victoria (2009). <i>Jonas Salk, Revised Edition</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438104119" title="Special:BookSources/9781438104119"><bdi>9781438104119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonas+Salk%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438104119&rft.aulast=Sherrow&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Jon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shotsindark00jonc/page/88/mode/2up"><i>Shots in the Dark: The Wayward Search for an AIDS Vaccine</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05027-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05027-0"><bdi>0-393-05027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shots+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Wayward+Search+for+an+AIDS+Vaccine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-05027-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshotsindark00jonc%2Fpage%2F88%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gold, Michael. <i>A Conspiracy of Cells</i>, State Univ. of NY Press, (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/98491836/">Salk 25 years after vaccine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314215042/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/98491836/">Archived</a> March 14, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Detroit Free Press</i>, April 9, 1980, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1990-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1990_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, George (November 25, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/magazine/once-again-a-man-with-a-mission.html">"Once Again, A MAN WITH A MISSION"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029183340/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/25/magazine/once-again-a-man-with-a-mission.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Once+Again%2C+A+MAN+WITH+A+MISSION&rft.date=1990-11-25&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F11%2F25%2Fmagazine%2Fonce-again-a-man-with-a-mission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taubman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taubman_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taubman_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taubman_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taubman, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12FD3854117B93C3A8178AD95F428685F9&scp=1&sq=Father+of+Biophilosophy&st=p">"Father of Biophilosophy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311110208/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C12FD3854117B93C3A8178AD95F428685F9&scp=1&sq=Father+of+Biophilosophy&st=p">Archived</a> March 11, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New York Times</i>, November 11, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourWoolgar1986" class="citation book cs1">Latour, Bruno; Woolgar, Steve (September 21, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/2417.html"><i>Laboratory Life</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691028323" title="Special:BookSources/9780691028323"><bdi>9780691028323</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401002738/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/2417.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Life&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986-09-21&rft.isbn=9780691028323&rft.aulast=Latour&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Woolgar%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F2417.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidsmeds.com/archive/Remune_1644.shtml">Remune (HIV-1 Immunogen, Salk vaccine)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321054745/http://www.aidsmeds.com/archive/Remune_1644.shtml">Archived</a> March 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> AIDSmeds.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1234">"Man Evolving"</a> video interview, 1985, 28 minutes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalk2021" class="citation web cs1">Salk, Peter L. (January 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-my-father-discovered-the-polio-vaccine-as-we-try-to-end-covid-19-we/">"Polio vaccines brought an earlier epidemic under control. New vaccines can end this current plague"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205030557/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-my-father-discovered-the-polio-vaccine-as-we-try-to-end-covid-19-we/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2023</span>. <q>My father ... found himself at the forefront of research toward the development of a polio vaccine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Polio+vaccines+brought+an+earlier+epidemic+under+control.+New+vaccines+can+end+this+current+plague&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Salk&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-my-father-discovered-the-polio-vaccine-as-we-try-to-end-covid-19-we%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.uw.edu/postscript/darrell-salk-relates-tale-two-viruses">"Darrell Salk relates a tale of two viruses"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/University_District,_Seattle" title="University District, Seattle">University District, Seattle</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Washington School of Medicine">University of Washington School of Medicine</a>. February 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704010312/https://newsroom.uw.edu/postscript/darrell-salk-relates-tale-two-viruses">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darrell+Salk+relates+a+tale+of+two+viruses&rft.place=University+District%2C+Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+School+of+Medicine&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.uw.edu%2Fpostscript%2Fdarrell-salk-relates-tale-two-viruses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anewrealitybook.com/authors">"Bios"</a>. <i>A New Reality</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230604/https://www.anewrealitybook.com/authors">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+New+Reality&rft.atitle=Bios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anewrealitybook.com%2Fauthors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-obit-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">Dr. Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Turned Tide on Polio, Dies at 80</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013004451/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">Archived</a> October 13, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 25, 1995. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weart, William G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/05/11/archives/salk-is-honored-by-pennsylvania-state-gives-him-its-highest-award.html?sq=Salk+is+honored+by+Pennsylvania&scp=1&st=p">"Salk is Honored by Pennsylvania"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501212444/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/05/11/archives/salk-is-honored-by-pennsylvania-state-gives-him-its-highest-award.html?sq=Salk+is+honored+by+Pennsylvania&scp=1&st=p">Archived</a> May 1, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New York Times</i>, May 11, 1955, accessed September 14, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts1986" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Robert C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Municipal%20hospital;rgn=full%20text;idno=00c50130m;didno=00c50130m;view=image;seq=0283"><i>Pitt: The Story of the University of Pittsburgh, 1787–1987</i></a>. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-1150-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-1150-7"><bdi>0-8229-1150-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520012359/http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=pittmiscpubs;cc=pittmiscpubs;g=documentingpitt;xc=1;xg=1;q1=Municipal%20hospital;rgn=full%20text;idno=00c50130m;didno=00c50130m;view=image;seq=0283">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt%3A+The+Story+of+the+University+of+Pittsburgh%2C+1787%E2%80%931987&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8229-1150-7&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.pitt.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dpittmiscpubs%3Bcc%3Dpittmiscpubs%3Bg%3Ddocumentingpitt%3Bxc%3D1%3Bxg%3D1%3Bq1%3DMunicipal%2520hospital%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3D00c50130m%3Bdidno%3D00c50130m%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D0283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration/">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193048/http://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/248439">"Salk, Prof. Jonas"</a>. <i>quirinale.it</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415010750/https://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/248439">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quirinale.it&rft.atitle=Salk%2C+Prof.+Jonas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fonorificenze%2Finsigniti%2F248439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311121831/http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/news/view/104532">"March of Dimes Awards $250,000 Prize to Scientists Unraveling the Causes of Muscular Dystrophy"</a>. Lifesciencesworld.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifesciencesworld.com/news/view/104532">the original</a> on March 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+of+Dimes+Awards+%24250%2C000+Prize+to+Scientists+Unraveling+the+Causes+of+Muscular+Dystrophy&rft.pub=Lifesciencesworld.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifesciencesworld.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2F104532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html">Salk inducted into California Hall of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182937/http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html">Archived</a> January 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, California Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6141a6.htm?s_cid=mm6141a6_w">CDC announces World Polio Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123060600/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6141a6.htm?s_cid=mm6141a6_w">Archived</a> January 23, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CDC, October 19, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guardian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/oct/28/jonas-salk-google-doodle-celebrates-polio-vaccine-pioneer">Jonas Salk Google doodle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309231013/https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/oct/28/jonas-salk-google-doodle-celebrates-polio-vaccine-pioneer">Archived</a> March 9, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate: September 14, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0340029/">"IMDb bio of director Tjardus Greidanus"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118042904/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0340029/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMDb+bio+of+director+Tjardus+Greidanus&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0340029%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1060171/">"IMDb bio of Laura Davis"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115053353/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1060171/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMDb+bio+of+Laura+Davis&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm1060171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10104/1050096-60.stm">"Film reveals Pittsburgh's polio stories"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623220716/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10104/1050096-60.stm">Archived</a> June 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, April 14, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Diane (June 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sdut-salk-institute-redford-kahn-polio-film-soul-gore-2014jun30-story.html">"Director Robert Redford gives sneak preview in La Jolla of his Salk Institute documentary film"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802165721/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sdut-salk-institute-redford-kahn-polio-film-soul-gore-2014jun30-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Director+Robert+Redford+gives+sneak+preview+in+La+Jolla+of+his+Salk+Institute+documentary+film&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fsdut-salk-institute-redford-kahn-polio-film-soul-gore-2014jun30-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7580338/characters/nm0568385">"Picasso: Chapter 10"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428132748/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7580338/characters/nm0568385">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Picasso%3A+Chapter+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt7580338%2Fcharacters%2Fnm0568385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonas+Salk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacobs, Charlotte DeCroes. <i>Jonas Salk: A Life</i>, Oxford Univ. Press (2015), scholarly biography</li> <li>Kluger, Jeffrey. <i>Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio</i>, Berkley Books (2006), history of the polio vaccine</li> <li>Weintraub, B. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistry.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ICE_July-2020.pdf">Jonas Salk (1914–1995) and the first vaccine against polio</a>". <i>Israel Chemist and Engineer</i>. July 2020, iss. 6. pp. 31–34</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jonas_Salk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jonas_Salk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/polio/"><i>The American Experience: The Polio Crusade</i></a> video, 1 hr. by PBS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUYF3lluPpg">"Legacy of Salk Institute"</a>, video, 30 minutes, history of Salk vaccine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ">"Polio Vaccine" intro.</a>, <i>Britannica</i>, video, 1 minute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonassalklegacyfoundation.org/">Jonas Salk Legacy Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jonas-salk.org/">Jonas Salk Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305225755/http://www.salk.edu/jonassalk/">Salk Institute for Biological Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/jonas-salk-and-polio-vaccine">Documents regarding Jonas Salk and the Salk Polio Vaccine, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=open_mind&collectionid=openmind_ep1234">1985 Open Mind interview with Richard D. Heffner: <i>Man Evolving...</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05094/482468.stm"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> feature on Jonas Salk and the Polio cure 50 years later</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905022100/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05094/482468.stm">Archived</a> September 5, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salkschool.org">The Salk School of Science (New York, New York)</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5256767">US 5256767</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5256767&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>: Vaccine against HIV</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep1234"><i>Man Evolving (1985)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/speccoll/findingaids/mss0001.html">Register of Jonas Salk Papers, 1926–1991 – MSS 1</a>, held in the UC San Diego Library's Special Collections & Archives</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_infectious_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Template:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Template talk:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of infectious diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_infectious_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">infectious diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cholera" title="History of cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_leprosy" title="History of leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_malaria" title="History of malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plague" title="History of plague">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_polio" title="History of polio">Polio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox" title="History of smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_syphilis" title="History of syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis" title="History of tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_typhoid_fever" title="History of typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_yellow_fever" title="History of yellow fever">Yellow fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Jacob_Kligler" title="Israel Jacob Kligler">Israel Jacob Kligler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">Major epidemics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (1346–1353)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS pandemic</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2019–present<abbr title="Peaked from 2020-2023">*</abbr>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens">Discovery of disease-causing pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_eradication" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallpox eradication">Smallpox eradication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses" title="Social history of viruses">Social history of viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><i>Time</i> 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonas Salk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/19px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/29px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/38px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200101#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200101#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200101#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108665179">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7396814">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5534/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8mpWY3bwtRxdxHCcpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130653802">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017557">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14064550v">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923481x">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14064550v">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923481x">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Salk, Jonas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV011772">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36095995">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu2013799345&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067864082">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99022867">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810615203505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267399905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07226850?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500235742">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd130653802.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027120082">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10583118">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67n0xz8">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66w9hgj">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&oldid=1257077890">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&oldid=1257077890</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_births" title="Category:1914 births">1914 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1995_deaths" title="Category:1995 deaths">1995 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_Jews" title="Category:20th-century American Jews">20th-century American Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicians" title="Category:20th-century American physicians">20th-century American physicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_humanists" title="Category:American humanists">American humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_medical_researchers" title="Category:American medical researchers">American medical researchers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Belarusian-Jewish_descent" title="Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent">American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_virologists" title="Category:American virologists">American virologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City_College_of_New_York_alumni" title="Category:City College of New York alumni">City College of New York alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients">Congressional Gold Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Officers_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Grand Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_medicine" title="Category:History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_scientists" title="Category:Jewish American scientists">Jewish American scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_humanists" title="Category:Jewish humanists">Jewish humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Epidemiological_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Epidemiological Society">Members of the American Epidemiological Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine">Members of the National Academy of Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_University_Grossman_School_of_Medicine_alumni" title="Category:New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni">New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_East_Harlem" title="Category:People from East Harlem">People from East Harlem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_San_Diego" title="Category:People from San Diego">People from San Diego</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Physicians from New York City">Physicians from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polio" title="Category:Polio">Polio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Lasker%E2%80%93DeBakey_Clinical_Medical_Research_Award" title="Category:Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award">Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salk_Institute_for_Biological_Studies_people" title="Category:Salk Institute for Biological Studies people">Salk Institute for Biological Studies people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Scientists from New York City">Scientists from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Pittsburgh" title="Category:Scientists from Pittsburgh">Scientists from Pittsburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Townsend_Harris_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Townsend Harris High School alumni">Townsend Harris High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_faculty" title="Category:University of Michigan faculty">University of Michigan faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Pittsburgh_faculty" title="Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty">University of Pittsburgh faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccinologists" title="Category:Vaccinologists">Vaccinologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Jews from New York (state)">Jews from New York (state)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use American English from August 2022">Use American English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2023">Use mdy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 03:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Salk&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w7plk","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.319","walltime":"1.667","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9745,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":204098,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15371,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":230044,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1435.212 1 -total"," 33.06% 474.501 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.49% 351.469 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 12.79% 183.632 6 Template:Cite_news"," 8.37% 120.193 4 Template:Plainlist"," 7.37% 105.810 2 Template:Marriage"," 6.32% 90.676 2 Template:Navbox"," 6.25% 89.697 1 Template:History_of_infectious_disease"," 6.21% 89.082 9 Template:Rp"," 6.14% 88.188 21 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.740","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13078156,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-828bf","timestamp":"20241122144001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jonas Salk","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jonas_Salk","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200101","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q200101","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-25T18:33:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T03:25:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/59\/Jonas_Salk_candid.jpg","headline":"Jewish-American inventor of polio vaccine (1914\u20131995)"}</script> </body> </html>