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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"His/Her_Majesty's_dominions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"His/Her_Majesty's_dominions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>"His/Her Majesty's dominions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"His/Her_Majesty's_dominions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsible_government:_precursor_to_Dominion_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsible_government:_precursor_to_Dominion_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Responsible government: precursor to Dominion status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsible_government:_precursor_to_Dominion_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Confederation_and_evolution_of_the_term_Dominion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Confederation_and_evolution_of_the_term_Dominion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canadian Confederation and evolution of the term <i>Dominion</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Confederation_and_evolution_of_the_term_Dominion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1907_Imperial_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1907_Imperial_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1907 Imperial Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1907_Imperial_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_and_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_Treaty_of_Versailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First World War and Treaty of Versailles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_Treaty_of_Versailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Irish Free State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balfour_Declaration_of_1926_and_Statute_of_Westminster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balfour_Declaration_of_1926_and_Statute_of_Westminster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Balfour Declaration of 1926 and Statute of Westminster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balfour_Declaration_of_1926_and_Statute_of_Westminster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>White Dominions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dominions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dominions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of Dominions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ceylon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_and_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>India and Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Free_State_/_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Free_State_/_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Irish Free State / Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Free_State_/_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Newfoundland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Southern Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Dominions_to_Commonwealth_realms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Dominions_to_Commonwealth_realms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>From Dominions to Commonwealth realms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_Dominions_to_Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From Dominions to Commonwealth realms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_Dominions_to_Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newly_independent_territories_sometimes_referred_to_as_Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newly_independent_territories_sometimes_referred_to_as_Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Newly independent territories sometimes referred to as Dominions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newly_independent_territories_sometimes_referred_to_as_Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="دومينيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دومينيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Дамініён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамініён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Дамініён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дамініён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Domini britànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini britànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium" title="Dominium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dominium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiwn" title="Dominiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dominiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominioon" title="Dominioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dominioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ντομίνιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντομίνιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Dominio británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio" title="Dominio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dominio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agindupeko_lur" title="Agindupeko lur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agindupeko lur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قلمرو امپراتوری بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمرو امپراتوری بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="자치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Դոմինիոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոմինիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="स्वायत्त्योपनिवेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वायत्त्योपनिवेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דומיניון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דומיניון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დომინიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომინიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C4%ABnija" title="Domīnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Domīnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominija" title="Dominija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dominija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnium" title="Domínium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Domínium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡൊമീനിയൻ പദവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൊമീനിയൻ പദവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(Britse_Rijk)" title="Dominion (Britse Rijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominion (Britse Rijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自治領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominium_brytyjskie" title="Dominium brytyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dominium brytyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnio_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Domínio (política) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domínio (política)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඩොමීනියන් රාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩොමීනියන් රාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ڊومينين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊومينين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnium" title="Domínium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domínium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio" title="Dominio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dominio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="மேலாட்சி அரசு முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேலாட்சி அரசு முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%9E" title="ประเทศในเครือจักรภพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศในเครือจักรภพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominyon" title="Dominyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dominyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Доминион – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Доминион" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Домініон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домініон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڈومینین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈومینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dominion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自治領" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223832#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self-governing countries of the British Empire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>dominion</b> was any of several largely <a href="/wiki/Self-governing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing">self-governing</a> countries of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, once known collectively as the <i>British Commonwealth of Nations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Progressing from colonies, their degrees of <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">colonial self-governance</a> increased unevenly over the late 19th century through the 1930s. Vestiges of empire lasted in some dominions well into the late 20th century. With the evolution of the British Empire following the 1945 conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> into the modern <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> (after which the former Dominions were often referred to as the <i>Old Commonwealth</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (August 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> finalised in 1949, the dominions became independent states, either as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth republic">Commonwealth republics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. </p><p>In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Office">Dominion Office</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, although for the next five years they shared the same secretary in charge of both offices. "Dominion status" was first accorded to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, recognising Great Britain and the Dominions as "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their full legislative independence was subsequently confirmed in the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931"><i>Statute of Westminster</i></a>. In the 1920s and 1930s, they began to represent themselves in international bodies, in treaty making, and in foreign capitals. Later <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) also became dominions for short periods. </p><p>With the transition of the British Empire into the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> after World War II, it was decided that the term <i>Commonwealth country</i> should formally replace <i>dominion</i> for official Commonwealth usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was made during the <a href="/wiki/1949_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> when <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was intending to become a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, so that both types of governments could become and remain full members of the Commonwealth, and this term hence refers to the realms and republics. </p><p>After this the term <i>dominion</i>, without its legal dimension, stayed in use thirty more years for those Commonwealth countries which had the crown as head of state. Gradually, particularly after 1953, the term was replaced by the term <i>realm</i>, as equal realms of the crown of the Commonwealth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-queens-dominions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The-queens-dominions.jpg/290px-The-queens-dominions.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The-queens-dominions.jpg/435px-The-queens-dominions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/The-queens-dominions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British Empire under <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> at the end of the nineteenth century. "Dominions" refers to all territories belonging to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dominion#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:dominion">dominion</a></i> means "that which is mastered or ruled". It was used by the British to describe their colonies or territorial possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of <i>dominion</i> to refer to a particular territory within the British Empire dates back to the 16th century and was sometimes used to describe <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> from 1535 to around 1800: for instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Act 1535">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a></i> applies to "the Dominion, Principality and Country of Wales".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dominion</i>, as an official title, was conferred on the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> about 1660 and on the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> in 1686. </p><p>Under the <i><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a></i>, the partially <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing colonies">self-governing colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> were united into the Dominion of Canada. The new federal and provincial governments split considerable local powers, but Britain retained overall legislative supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1907_Imperial_Conference" title="1907 Imperial Conference">1907 Imperial Conference</a>, the self-governing polities of Canada and the Commonwealth of Australia were referred to collectively as <i>Dominions</i> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing colonies">self-governing colonies</a>—<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>—were granted the status of Dominion in the same year. These were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910. The <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> annexing the island of <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 1914 declared that, from 5 November 1914, the island "shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's dominions".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialConference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/220px-ImperialConference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/330px-ImperialConference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ImperialConference.jpg/440px-ImperialConference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (front, centre) and his Prime Ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Dominion status</i> was formally accorded to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> to designate "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations".<sup id="cite_ref-encbrit_dominion_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encbrit_dominion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British government of <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> had emphasised the use of the capital "D" when referring to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> to assure it the same constitutional status in order to avoid confusion with the wider term "His Majesty's dominions", which referred to the British Empire as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1924, the League Covenant made provision for the admission of any "fully self-governing state, Dominion, or Colony",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the implication being that "Dominion status was something between that of a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> and a state".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the adoption of the <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></i>, Britain and the Dominions (except Newfoundland) formed the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominions asserted full legislative independence, with direct access to the Monarch as Head of State previously reserved only for British governments. It also recognised autonomy in foreign affairs, including participation as autonomous countries in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> with full power over appointing ambassadors to other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-encbrit_dominion_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encbrit_dominion-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the changes in the constitutional relationship between the countries that continued to share a common sovereign with the United Kingdom led to the upper case term <i>Dominion</i> falling out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dominions Office was formally changed to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Relations_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Relations Office">Commonwealth Relations Office</a> in 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""His/Her_Majesty's_dominions""><span id=".22His.2FHer_Majesty.27s_dominions.22"></span><span class="anchor" id="His_Majesty's_dominions"></span><span class="anchor" id="Her_Majesty's_dominions"></span><span class="anchor" id="King's_dominions"></span><span class="anchor" id="Queen's_dominions"></span>"His/Her Majesty's dominions"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "His/Her Majesty's dominions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The status of "Dominion" established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 was capitalised to distinguish it from the more general sense of "within the crown's dominions".<sup id="cite_ref-Mohr2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohr2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase <i>the crown's dominions</i> or <i>His/Her Majesty's dominions</i> is a legal and constitutional phrase that refers to all the realms and territories of the British sovereign, whether independent or not. These territories include the United Kingdom and its colonies, including those that had become Dominions. Dependent territories that had never been <a href="/wiki/Annexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexed">annexed</a> and were not <a href="/wiki/Colonies_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies of the Crown">colonies of the Crown</a>, were notionally foreign territory and not "within the crown's dominions".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When these territories—including <a href="/wiki/British_protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorates">protectorates</a> and protected states (a status with greater powers of self-government), as well as <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a> (which later became <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations Trust Territories</a>)—were granted independence and at the same time recognised the British monarch as head of state, the United Kingdom act granting independence declared that such and such a territory "shall form part of Her Majesty's dominions", and so become part of the territory in which the Queen exercises <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, not merely <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a>, the status of "Dominion" ceased to exist on January 1, 1949, when it was decided that each Dominion would enact laws pertaining to its own citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "Dominion status" itself never ceased to exist within the greater scope of British law, because acts pertaining to "Dominion status", such as the <i>Statute of Westminster 1931</i>, have not been repealed in both the United Kingdom and historic Dominions such as Canada. The term "within the crown's dominions" continues to apply in British law to those territories in which the British monarch remains head of state, and the term "self-governing dominion" is used in some legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When a territory ceases to recognise the monarch as head of state, this status is changed by statute. Thus, for example, the British <i><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a></i>, recognised that the Republic of Ireland had "ceased to be part of His Majesty's dominions". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsible_government:_precursor_to_Dominion_status">Responsible government: precursor to Dominion status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Responsible government: precursor to Dominion status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></div> <p>The foundation of "Dominion" status followed the achievement of internal self-rule in British Colonies, in the specific form of full <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> (as distinct from "<a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a>"). Colonial responsible government began to emerge during the mid-19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a> of Colonies with responsible government were able to make laws in all matters other than foreign affairs, defence and international trade, these being powers which remained with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> soon followed by the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (which included modern southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) were the first colonies to achieve responsible government, in 1848. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> followed in 1851, and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in 1855. All except for Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island agreed to form a new <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> named Canada from 1867. This was instituted by the British Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867"><i>British North America Act, 1867</i></a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>)<i>.</i> Section 3 of the Act referred to the new entity as a "Dominion", the first such entity to be created. From 1870 the Dominion included two vast neighbouring British territories without self-government: <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a>; together these became over time the current provinces of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and the three current territories, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. In 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> became a Canadian province, as did Prince Edward Island in 1873. <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, having become a Dominion itself in 1907, was <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">restored to direct British rule</a> in 1934, finally joining Canada in 1949 after <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">referendums</a>. </p><p>The conditions under which the four separate Australian colonies—<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>—and New Zealand could gain full responsible government were set out by the British government in the <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutions_Act_1850" title="Australian Constitutions Act 1850">Australian Constitutions Act 1850</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act also separated the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a> (in 1851) from New South Wales. During 1856, responsible government was achieved by New South Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tasmania,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New Zealand. The remainder of New South Wales was divided in three in 1859, a change that established most of the present borders of NSW; the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a>, with its own responsible self-government,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (which was not granted self-government prior to <a href="/wiki/Australian_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian federation">federation</a> of the Australian Colonies).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> did not receive self-government until 1891, mainly because of its continuing financial dependence on the UK Government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After protracted negotiations (that initially included New Zealand), six Australian colonies with responsible government (and their dependent territories) agreed to federate, along Canadian lines, becoming the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. </p><p>In South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> became the first British self-governing Colony, in 1872. (Until 1893, the Cape Colony also controlled the separate <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a>.) Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), the British Empire assumed direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a>, but transferred limited self-government to <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> in 1906, and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> in 1907. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif/300px-Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif/450px-Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif/600px-Dominion-of-new-zealand.gif 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Zealand_Observer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Zealand Observer (page does not exist)">The New Zealand Observer</a></i> (1907) shows <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Prime Minister">New Zealand Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ward" title="Joseph Ward">Joseph Ward</a> as a pretentious dwarf beneath a massive "Dominion" top hat. The caption reads: <i>The Surprise Packet:</i><br /> Canada: "Rather large for him, is it not?"<br /> Australia: "Oh, his head is swelling rapidly. The hat will soon fit."</figcaption></figure> <p>The Commonwealth of Australia was recognised as a Dominion in 1901, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> were officially given Dominion status in 1907, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> in 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Confederation_and_evolution_of_the_term_Dominion">Canadian Confederation and evolution of the term <i>Dominion</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canadian Confederation and evolution of the term Dominion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In connection with proposals for the future government of British North America, use of the term "Dominion" was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Samuel Leonard Tilley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference of 1866</a> discussing the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">confederation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (subsequently becoming the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> into "One Dominion under the Name of Canada", the first federation internal to the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Rayburn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Rayburn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilley's suggestion was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">72nd Psalm</a>, verse eight, "He shall have <i>dominion</i> also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth", which is echoed in the national motto, "<a href="/wiki/A_Mari_Usque_Ad_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="A Mari Usque Ad Mare">A Mari Usque Ad Mare</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government of Canada under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867"><i>British North America Act, 1867</i></a> began to use the phrase "Dominion of Canada" to designate the new, larger country. However, neither the Confederation nor the adoption of the title of "Dominion" granted extra autonomy or new powers to this new federal level of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20053_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsey20053-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a> wrote that the powers acquired since the 1840s that established the system of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in Canada would simply be transferred to the new Dominion government: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the time of Confederation in 1867, this system had been operating in most of what is now central and eastern Canada for almost 20 years. The Fathers of Confederation simply continued the system they knew, the system that was already working, and working well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20053_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsey20053-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The constitutional scholar Andrew Heard argues that Confederation did not legally change Canada's colonial status to anything approaching its later status of a Dominion. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At its inception in 1867, Canada's colonial status was marked by political and legal subjugation to British Imperial supremacy in all aspects of government—legislative, judicial, and executive. The Imperial Parliament at Westminster could legislate on any matter to do with Canada and could override any local legislation, the final court of appeal for Canadian litigation lay with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General">Governor General</a> had a substantive role as a representative of the British government, and ultimate executive power was vested in the <a href="/wiki/British_Monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British Monarch">British Monarch</a>—who was advised only by British ministers in its exercise. Canada's independence came about as each of these sub-ordinations was eventually removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, it was granted powers of self-government to deal with all internal matters, but Britain still retained overall legislative supremacy. This Imperial supremacy could be exercised through several statutory measures. In the first place, the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act_of_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act of 1867">British North America Act of 1867</a> provided in Section 55 that the Governor General may reserve any legislation passed by the two Houses of Parliament for "the signification of Her Majesty's pleasure", which is determined according to Section 57 by the <a href="/wiki/British_Monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British Monarch">British Monarch</a> in Council. Secondly, Section 56 provides that the Governor General must forward to "one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State" in London a copy of any Federal legislation that has been assented to. Then, within two years after the receipt of this copy, the (British) Monarch in Council could <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">disallow</a> an Act. Thirdly, at least four pieces of Imperial legislation constrained the Canadian legislatures. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_of_1865&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865 (page does not exist)">Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865</a> provided that no colonial law could validly conflict with, amend, or repeal Imperial legislation that either explicitly, or by necessary implication, applied directly to that colony. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894, as well as the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act of 1890 required reservation of Dominion legislation on those topics for approval by the British Government. Also, the Colonial Stock Act of 1900 provided for the disallowance of any Dominion legislation the British government felt would harm British stockholders of Dominion trustee securities. Most importantly, however, the British Parliament could exercise the legal right of supremacy that it possessed over common law to pass any legislation on any matter affecting the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For decades, the Dominions did not have their own <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> in foreign countries. International travel and commerce were transacted through British embassies and consulates. For example, matters concerning <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> and lost or stolen <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a> of Dominion citizens were carried out at British diplomatic offices. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Dominion governments established their own embassies, the first two of which were established by <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Australia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Australia, Washington, D.C.">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Canada,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C.">Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in the United States. </p><p>Until 1948 any resident of a British colony or Dominion had the status of <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a>. In 1935 the <i>Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act</i> created a separate status of <i>Irish national</i>, but stopped short of creating a full citizenship. Canada was the first to create its own citizenship with the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946</a></i>, following which the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a></i> created <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizenship</a> and the Dominions subsequently created their own citizenships. </p><p>As Heard later explained, the British government seldom invoked its powers over Canadian legislation. British legislative powers over Canadian domestic policy were largely theoretical and their exercise was increasingly unacceptable in the 1870s and 1880s. The rise to the status of a Dominion and then full independence for Canada and other possessions of the British Empire did not occur by the granting of titles or similar recognition by the British Parliament but by initiatives taken by the new governments of certain former British dependencies to assert their independence and to establish constitutional precedents. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is remarkable about this whole process is that it was achieved with a minimum of legislative amendments. Much of Canada's independence arose from the development of new political arrangements, many of which have been absorbed into judicial decisions interpreting the constitution—with or without explicit recognition. Canada's passage from being an integral part of the British Empire to being an independent member of the Commonwealth richly illustrates the way in which fundamental constitutional rules have evolved through the interaction of constitutional convention, international law, and municipal statute and case law.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>What was significant about the creation of the Canadian and Australian federations was not that they were instantly granted wide new powers by the Imperial centre at the time of their creation; but that they, because of their greater size and prestige, were better able to exercise their existing powers and lobby for new ones than the various colonies they incorporated could have done separately. They provided a new model which politicians in New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, Ireland, India, Malaysia could point to for their own relationship with Britain. Ultimately, "[Canada's] example of a peaceful accession to independence with a Westminster system of government came to be followed by 50 countries with a combined population of more than 2-billion people."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1907_Imperial_Conference">1907 Imperial Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1907 Imperial Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1907_Imperial_Conference" title="1907 Imperial Conference">1907 Imperial Conference</a></div> <p>Issues of colonial self-government spilled into foreign affairs with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902). The self-governing colonies contributed significantly to British efforts to stem the insurrection, but ensured that they set the conditions for participation in these wars. Colonial governments repeatedly acted to ensure that they determined the extent of their participation in imperial wars in the military build-up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>The assertiveness of the self-governing countries was recognised in the Imperial Conference of 1907 which, on the motions of the Prime Ministers of Canada and Australia, introduced the idea of the Dominions as self-governing countries by referring to Canada and Australia as Dominions. It also retired the name "Colonial Conference" and mandated that meetings take place regularly to consult the Dominions in running the foreign affairs of the empire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a>, which chose not to take part in Australian federation, became the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a> on 26 September 1907; <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> became a Dominion on the same day. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was referred to as a Dominion upon its creation in 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_and_Treaty_of_Versailles">First World War and Treaty of Versailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First World War and Treaty of Versailles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg/250px-The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg/375px-The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/The_Empire_Needs_Men_WWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Parliamentary Recruiting Committee produced this <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> poster. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wardle" title="Arthur Wardle">Arthur Wardle</a>, the poster urges men from the Dominions of the British Empire to enlist in the war effort.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initiatives and contributions of British colonies to the British war effort in the First World War were recognised by Britain with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a> in 1917, which gave them a say in the running of the war. Dominion status as self-governing states, as opposed to symbolic titles granted various British colonies, waited until 1919, when the self-governing Dominions signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> independently of the British government and became individual members of the League of Nations. This ended the purely colonial status of the Dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Free_State">Irish Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Irish Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, set up in 1922 after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish War">Anglo-Irish War</a>, was the third Dominion to appoint a non-UK born, non-aristocratic Governor-General when <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Michael Healy">Timothy Michael Healy</a>, following the tenures of Sir <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Drummond" title="Gordon Drummond">Gordon Drummond</a> in Canada and of Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Davidson" title="Walter Edward Davidson">Walter Edward Davidson</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Allardyce" title="William Allardyce">William Allardyce</a> in Newfoundland, took the position in 1922. Dominion status was never popular in the Irish Free State where people saw it as a face-saving measure for a <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> unable to countenance a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in what had previously been the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Successive Irish governments undermined the constitutional links with the United Kingdom. In 1937 Ireland, as it renamed itself, adopted a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">republican constitution</a> that included powers for a president of Ireland. At the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">law</a> delegating functions to the King, not as King in Ireland but as the symbol of the co-operation amongst Commonwealth countries with which Ireland associated itself, continued to apply in external relations. The last statutory functions of the King with respect to Ireland were <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">abolished in 1949</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balfour_Declaration_of_1926_and_Statute_of_Westminster">Balfour Declaration of 1926 and Statute of Westminster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and Statute of Westminster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, 1931, restricted Britain's ability to pass or affect laws outside of its own jurisdiction. </p><p>Until 1931, Newfoundland was referred to as a colony of the United Kingdom, as for example, in the 1927 reference to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> to delineate the Quebec-Labrador boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full autonomy was granted by the United Kingdom parliament with the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in December 1931. </p><p>By the request of Australia and New Zealand, the Statute of Westminster was not applied automatically to those two Dominions until their own parliaments confirmed it. Being economically close to Britain and dependent on it for defence, they did not do so until <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">1942 for Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">1947 for New Zealand</a>. </p><p>In 1934, following Newfoundland's economic collapse, and with the approval of its own legislature, Britain suspended self-government in Newfoundland and instituted a "<a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">Commission of Government</a>", which continued until Newfoundland became a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province of Canada</a> in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_Dominions">White Dominions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: White Dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></div> <p>Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland and South Africa (prior to becoming a republic and leaving the Commonwealth in 1961), with their large populations of European descent, were sometimes collectively referred to as the "<b>White Dominions</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-merriman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominions">Dominions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Dominions">List of Dominions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of Dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">From </th> <th scope="col">To<sup id="cite_ref-Realms_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Realms-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>‡ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Status </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </th> <td>1867 </td> <td> </td> <td>Continues as a Commonwealth realm. <i>Dominion</i> was conferred as the country's title in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">1867 constitution</a>, as a substitute for the title of "kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Rayburn_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Rayburn-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hodgetts_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodgetts-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marsh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdngovflag_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdngovflag-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion of Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td>1901 </td> <td> </td> <td>Continues as a Commonwealth realm. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </th> <td>1907 </td> <td> </td> <td>Continues as a Commonwealth realm. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> </th> <td>1907 </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>The colony of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> enjoyed responsible government from 1855 to 1907 when it became a Dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the recommendations of a Royal Commission, and at the request of the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council of Newfoundland, parliamentary government was suspended in 1934 due to severe financial difficulties resulting from the depression and a series of riots against the Newfoundland government in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934 Newfoundland reverted to direct British rule, governed by an unelected commission appointed by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, it joined Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">legislature</a> was restored after 16 years of <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">direct rule</a> by Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> </th> <td>1910 </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>Continued as a monarchy until it became a republic in 1961 under the <i>Republic of South Africa Constitution Act 1961</i>, passed by the Parliament of South Africa, long title "To constitute the Republic of South Africa and to provide for matters incidental thereto", assented to 24 April 1961 to come into operation on 31 May 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1937)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Éire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937–1949)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>‡ 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1922 </td> <td>1949 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">link with the monarchy</a> ceased with the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a></i>, which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> </th> <td>1947 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>The Union of India (with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> from 1975) became a federal republic after its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</a> came into effect on 26 January 1950. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, but excl. <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>) </th> <td>1947 </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>Continued as a monarchy until 1956 when it became a republic under the name "The Islamic Republic of Pakistan": Constitution of 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> </th> <td>1948 </td> <td>1972 </td> <td>Continued as a monarchy until 1972 when it became a republic under the name of Sri Lanka. </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Realms-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Realms_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was no single constitutional or legislative change that abolished the status of "dominions". The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II">accession proclamation</a> of 1952 referred to "realms", and the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Style_and_Titles_Act" title="Royal Style and Titles Act">Royal Style and Titles Acts</a></i> of 1953 changed references to "dominions" in the monarch's titles in the various Dominions to "realms", after which the term <i>dominion</i> generally fell into disuse, and the countries sharing the same monarch as the United Kingdom came to be referred to as <i>realms</i> (with the <a href="#Canada">possible exception of Canada</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Irish Free State was renamed <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> or Ireland in English in 1937. In 1937–1949, the Dominion was referred to as "Eire" by the British government. See also <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state#"Eire"_and_"Éire"_versus_Ireland" title="Names of the Irish state">Names of the Irish state</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four colonies of Australia had enjoyed responsible government since 1856: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queensland had responsible government soon after its founding in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of ongoing financial dependence on Britain, Western Australia became the last Australian colony to attain self-government in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1890s, the colonies voted to unite and in 1901 they were federated under the British Crown as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Constitution_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act">Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> had been drafted in Australia and approved by popular consent. Thus Australia is one of the few countries established by a popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, the federal government was regarded as coequal with (and not subordinate to) the British and other Dominion governments, and this was given formal legal recognition in 1942 (when the <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a></i> was <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">adopted retroactively</a> to the commencement of the Second World War in 1939). In 1930, the Australian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>, reinforced the right of the overseas Dominions to appoint native-born governors-general, when he advised King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> to appoint Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a> as his representative in Australia, against the wishes of the opposition and officials in London. The governments of the states (colonies before 1901) remained under the Commonwealth but retained links to the UK until the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg/250px-Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg/375px-Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg/500px-Stamp_Canada_1898_2c_Xmas_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Canada#Dominion_of_Canada,_Victorian_period" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Canada">Dominion of Canada Postage Stamp</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada#Use_of_Dominion" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada § Use of Dominion</a></div> <p>The term <i>Dominion</i> is employed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> (originally the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">B<i>ritish North America Act, 1867</i></a>), and describes the resulting political union. Specifically, the preamble of the act states: "Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." Furthermore, Sections 3 and 4 indicate that the provinces "shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly". </p><p>According to the <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i> (1999), "The word came to be applied to the federal government and Parliament, and under the Constitution Act, 1982, 'Dominion' remains Canada's official title."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usage of the phrase <i>Dominion of Canada</i> was employed as the country's name after 1867, predating the general use of the term <i>Dominion</i> as applied to the other autonomous regions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> after 1907. The phrase <i>Dominion of Canada</i> does not appear in the 1867 act nor in the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>, but does appear in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents"><i>Constitution Act, 1871</i></a>, other contemporaneous texts, and subsequent bills. References to the <i>Dominion of Canada</i> in later acts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931"><i>Statute of Westminster</i></a>, do not clarify the point because all nouns were formally <a href="/wiki/Capitalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalised">capitalised</a> in British legislative style. Indeed, in the original text of the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>, "One" and "Name" were also capitalised. </p><p><a href="/wiki/F._R._Scott" title="F. R. Scott">Frank Scott</a> theorised that Canada's status as a Dominion ended when <a href="/wiki/Canadian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian parliament">Canadian parliament</a> declared war on Germany on 9 September 1939, separately and distinctly from the United Kingdom's declaration of war six days earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "Realm of the Commonwealth".<sup id="cite_ref-Morra2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morra2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> ended the practice of using <i>Dominion</i> in the statutes of Canada in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began the phasing out of the use of <i>Dominion</i>, which had been used largely as a synonym of "federal" or "national" such as "Dominion building" for a post office, "Dominion-provincial relations", and so on. The last major change was renaming the national holiday from <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Day" title="Dominion Day">Dominion Day</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a> in 1982. Official <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> laws also contributed to the disuse of <i>Dominion</i>, as it has no acceptable equivalent in French. </p><p>While the term may be found in older official documents, and the Dominion Carillonneur still tolls at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, it is now hardly used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces or (historically) Canada before and after 1867. Nonetheless, the federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these official titles.<sup id="cite_ref-cdngovflag_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdngovflag-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20058"The_two_small_points_on_which_our_constitution_is_not_entirely_homemade_are,_first,_the_legal_title_of_our_country,_'Dominion',_and,_second,_the_provisions_for_breaking_a_deadlock_between_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Commons"_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsey20058"The_two_small_points_on_which_our_constitution_is_not_entirely_homemade_are,_first,_the_legal_title_of_our_country,_'Dominion',_and,_second,_the_provisions_for_breaking_a_deadlock_between_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Commons"-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i> does not mention and does not remove the title, and therefore a constitutional amendment may be required to change it.<sup id="cite_ref-hodgetts_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodgetts-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Dominion</i> has been used with other agencies, laws, and roles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Day" title="Dominion Day">Dominion Day</a> (1867–1982): holiday marking Canada's national day; now called <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Police" title="Dominion Police">Dominion Police</a> (1867–1920): merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></i> (1872): federal lands act; repealed in 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Observatory" title="Dominion Observatory">Dominion Observatory</a> (1905–1970): weather observatory in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>; now used as Office of Energy Efficiency, Energy Branch, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a></li> <li>Dominion Carillonneur: official responsible for playing the carillons at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a> since 1916</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Dominion Bureau of Statistics">Dominion Bureau of Statistics</a> (1918–1971): superseded by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Astrophysical Observatory">Dominion Astrophysical Observatory</a> (1918–present); now part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Herzberg_Institute_of_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics">Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Radio_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory">Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory</a> (1960–present); now part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Herzberg_Institute_of_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics">Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics</a></li></ul> <p>Notable Canadian corporations and organisations (not affiliated with government) that have used Dominion as a part of their name have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Canada_Rifle_Association" title="Dominion of Canada Rifle Association">Dominion of Canada Rifle Association</a> founded in 1868 and incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1890</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Bank" title="Dominion Bank">Dominion Bank</a>, opened 1871 <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a>, its successor since a 1955 merger with the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Toronto" title="Bank of Toronto">Bank of Toronto</a>; as of 2016 one of the country's major banks</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Canada_General_Insurance_Company" title="Dominion of Canada General Insurance Company">Dominion of Canada General Insurance Company</a>, founded in 1887; bought out by <a href="/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies" title="The Travelers Companies">Travelers</a> in 2013</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Atlantic_Railway" title="Dominion Atlantic Railway">Dominion Atlantic Railway</a>, in Nova Scotia, formed by the 1894 merger of two railways; controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> after 1911, shut down in 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(supermarket)" title="Dominion (supermarket)">Dominion Stores</a>, a supermarket chain founded in 1927; following a series of acquisitions the last Dominion stores were renamed as <a href="/wiki/Metro_Inc." title="Metro Inc.">Metro</a> stores in 2008</li> <li>The Dominion Institute, created in 1997 to promote awareness of Canadian history and national identity <ul><li>The Historica-Dominion Institute, its successor following a 2009 merger with the Historica Foundation; renamed <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a> in 2013</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceylon">Ceylon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ceylon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, which, as a Crown colony, was originally promised "fully responsible status within the British Commonwealth of Nations", was formally granted independence as a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion</a> in 1948. In 1972 it adopted a republican constitution to become the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. By a new constitution in 1978, it became the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_and_Pakistan">India and Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India and Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> acquired a partially representative government <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">in 1909</a>, and the first Parliament was introduced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions on the further devolution of power, and granting of Dominion status, continued through the 1920s, with the Commonwealth of India Bill 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> 1927–1930, and <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a> 1928 being often cited proposals. Further powers were eventually devolved, following the 1930–1932 <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Round Table Conferences">Round Table Conferences</a>, to the locally elected legislatures, via the <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a> of 1942 proposed the further devolution of powers, within Dominion status, to the political leadership of British India. Cripps's plan was rejected and full independence was sought.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (including Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> forming <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) seceded from India at the point of Indian Independence with the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a></i> and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a>, resulting in two dominions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a>, dominion status was transitory until its new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">republican constitution</a> was drafted and promulgated in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Statesman's_Year_Book,_p.635_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Statesman's_Year_Book,_p.635-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan remained a dominion until it became an Islamic republic under its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">1956 constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Pakistan <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh#Independence_movement" title="History of Bangladesh">gained independence</a> from Pakistan through <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Liberation War</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Free_State_/_Ireland"><span id="Irish_Free_State_.2F_Ireland"></span>Irish Free State / Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Irish Free State / Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (Ireland from 1937) was a British Dominion between 1922 and 1949. As established by the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act">Irish Free State Constitution Act</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Parliament">United Kingdom Parliament</a> on 6 December 1922 the new state—which had Dominion status in the likeness of that enjoyed by Canada within the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>—comprised the whole of Ireland. However, provision was made in the Act for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> to opt out of inclusion in the Irish Free State, which—as had been widely expected at the time—it duly did one day after the creation of the new state, on 7 December 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a plebiscite of the people of the Free State held on 1 July 1937, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">new constitution</a> came into force on 29 December of that year, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">successor state</a> with the name of "Ireland" which ceased to participate in Commonwealth conferences and events. Nevertheless, the United Kingdom and other member states of the Commonwealth continued to regard Ireland as a Dominion owing to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">unusual role accorded to the British Monarch</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936"><i>Irish External Relations Act</i></a> of 1936. Ultimately, however, Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> passed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a></i>, which came into force on 18 April 1949 and unequivocally ended Ireland's links with the British Monarch and the Commonwealth. This Act was recognised by the United Kingdom in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Act_1949" title="Ireland Act 1949">Ireland Act 1949</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Newfoundland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, after a series of financial difficulties (owing in part to Newfoundland's railway debt from the 1890s, and its debt from the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, both of which were exacerbated by the collapse of fish prices during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>) and a riot against the elected government, Newfoundland voluntarily relinquished its <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">elected parliament</a> and autonomy, becoming a dependent territory of the British Empire until 1949. During these 15 years, Newfoundland was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">Newfoundland Commission of Government</a>, an unelected body of civil servants who were directly subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, under the authority of a British statute, the <i>Newfoundland Act, 1933</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the suspension of its legislature, and its de facto loss of Dominion status, Newfoundland continued to be regarded during these 15 years as a de jure Dominion<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—evidently shown by the fact that Newfoundland continued to be a responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Dominions_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions Office">Dominions Office</a> in London—the intention of its commission of government not only to deal with Newfoundland's affairs, and dire economic situation, but to prepare the populace for the day that the legislature would be reconvened, and nationhood thus resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">two referendums in 1948</a>, Newfoundlanders rejected both the continuance of the Newfoundland Commission of Government and return to responsible government, voting instead to join Canada as its 10th province. This was achieved under the <i>British North America Act, 1949</i> (now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act</a></i>), which was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> on 23 March 1949,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> of 28 April 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a></i> gave New Zealand its own <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (General Assembly) and home rule in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907 New Zealand was proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand, Canada, and Newfoundland used the word Dominion in the official title of the state, whereas Australia used <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> and South Africa <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. New Zealand adopted the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster in 1947</a><sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same year legislation passed in London gave New Zealand full powers to amend its own constitution. In 1986, the New Zealand parliament passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a></i>, which repealed the Constitution Act of 1852 and the last constitutional links with the United Kingdom, formally ending its Dominion status.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was formed in 1910 from the four self-governing colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (the last two were former <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a> republics).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a></i> provided for a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(South_Africa)" title="House of Assembly (South Africa)">House of Assembly</a>. The provinces had their own legislatures. In 1961, the Union of South Africa adopted a new constitution, became a republic, left the Commonwealth (and re-joined following end of Apartheid rule in 1994), and became the present-day Republic of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Southern Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map. See description" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg/220px-Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg/330px-Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg/440px-Zimbabwe_in_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (Zimbabwe since 1980), coloured red on a map of Africa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (renamed Zimbabwe in 1980) was a special case in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Although it was never a Dominion de jure, it was treated as a Dominion in many respects, and came to be regarded as a de facto Dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Rhodesia was formed in 1923 out of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> and established as a self-governing colony with substantial autonomy on the model of the Dominions. The imperial authorities in London retained direct powers over foreign affairs, constitutional alterations, native administration and bills regarding mining revenues, railways and the governor's salary.<sup id="cite_ref-rowland245251_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowland245251-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Rhodesia was not one of the territories that were mentioned in the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> although relations with Southern Rhodesia were administered in London through the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Office">Dominion Office</a>, not the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>. When the Dominions were first treated as foreign countries by London for the purposes of diplomatic immunity in 1952, Southern Rhodesia was included in the list of territories concerned. This semi-Dominion status continued in Southern Rhodesia between 1953 and 1963, when it joined <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a>, with the latter two territories continuing to be British protectorates. When Northern Rhodesia was given independence in 1964 it adopted the new name of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, prompting Southern Rhodesia to shorten its name to <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, but Britain did not recognise this latter change.<sup id="cite_ref-rowland245251_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowland245251-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> from Britain in 1965 as a result of the British government's insistence on <a href="/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule" title="No independence before majority rule">no independence before majority rule</a> (NIBMAR). London regarded this declaration as illegal, and applied sanctions and expelled Rhodesia from the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">sterling area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhodesia continued with its Dominion-style constitution until 1970, and continued to issue British passports to its citizens. The Rhodesian government continued to profess its loyalty to the Sovereign, despite being in a state of rebellion against Her Majesty's Government in London, until 1970, when it adopted a republican constitution following a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1969">referendum</a> the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This endured until the state's reconstitution as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> in 1979 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a>; this lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a> of December 1979, which put it under interim British rule while fresh elections were held. The country achieved independence deemed legal by the international community in April 1980, when Britain granted independence under the name Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Dominions_to_Commonwealth_realms">From Dominions to Commonwealth realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: From Dominions to Commonwealth realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/250px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/375px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/500px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The prime ministers of Britain and the four major Dominions at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a>. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> (Canada); <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (South Africa); <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (UK); <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (New Zealand); <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (Australia)</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the Dominions conducted their own trade policy, some limited foreign relations and had autonomous <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>, although the British government claimed and exercised the exclusive power to declare wars. However, after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> the language of dependency on the Crown of the United Kingdom ceased, where the Crown itself was no longer referred to as the Crown of any place in particular but simply as "the Crown". <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a>, in Speeches and Documents on the British Dominions 1918–1931, stated that "the Dominions are sovereign international States in the sense that the King in respect of each of His Dominions (Newfoundland excepted) is such a State in the eyes of international law".<sup id="cite_ref-Keith1948_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keith1948-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After then, those countries that were previously referred to as "Dominions" became <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> where the sovereign reigns no longer as the British monarch, but as monarch of each country in its own right, and are considered equal to the UK and one another.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, which fatally undermined Britain's already weakened commercial and financial leadership, further loosened the political ties between Britain and the Dominions. Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a>'s unprecedented action (February 1942) in successfully countermanding an order from British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> that Australian troops be diverted to defend British-held <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> (the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Division</a> was then en route from the Middle East to Australia to defend against an <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">expected Japanese invasion</a>) demonstrated that Dominion governments might no longer subordinate their own national interests to British strategic perspectives. To ensure that Australia had full legal power to act independently, particularly in relation to foreign affairs, defence industry and military operations, and to validate its past independent action in these areas, Australia formally adopted the Statute of Westminster in October 1942<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and backdated the adoption to the start of the war in September 1939. </p><p>The Dominions Office merged with the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Relations_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Relations Office">Commonwealth Relations Office</a> upon the independence of India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in August 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Evatt2013_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evatt2013-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last country officially made a Dominion was <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-KingKilson1999_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingKilson1999-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a></i> entered into force on 1 January 1949, the former Dominions became fully independent, and adopted their own legislation governing nationality. In <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a>, the Dominions were then referred to as "independent Commonwealth countries"; other former British dependencies that joined the Commonwealth were added to the list of "independent Commonwealth Countries" as they gained independence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth on 18 April 1949, upon the coming into force of the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a></i>. This formally signalled the end of the former dependencies' common constitutional connection to the British Crown. India also adopted a republican constitution in January 1950. Unlike many dependencies that became republics, Ireland never re-joined the Commonwealth, which agreed to accept the British monarch as head of that association of independent states (although most of the individual countries had become republics). </p><p>The independence of the separate realms was emphasised after the accession of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1952, when she was proclaimed not just as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Canada">Queen of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of South Africa">Queen of South Africa</a>, and of all her other "realms and territories" etc. This also reflected the change from <i>Dominion</i> to <i>realm</i>; in the proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II's <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign#Styles_of_British_sovereigns" title="Style of the British sovereign">new titles in 1953</a>, the phrase "of her other Realms and Territories" replaced "Dominion" with another mediaeval French word with the same connotation, "realm" (from <i>royaume</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MorraGossedge2016_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorraGossedge2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, recently, when referring to one of those fifteen countries within the Commonwealth of Nations that share the same monarch, the phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></i> has come into common usage instead of <i>Dominion</i> to differentiate the Commonwealth nations that continue to share the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc.) from those that do not (India, Pakistan, South Africa, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Geographer1968_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographer1968-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Dominion" is still found in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian constitution">Canadian constitution</a> where it appears numerous times, but it is largely a vestige of the past, as the Canadian government does not actively use it (<i>see <a href="#Canada">Canada</a> section</i>). The term "realm" does not appear in the Canadian constitution. </p><p>The practice of designating a diplomatic representative named "<a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commissioner</a>" (instead of "ambassador") for communication between the government of a Dominion and the British government in London continues in respect of members of the Commonwealth, including those that were never Dominions and those that have become republics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newly_independent_territories_sometimes_referred_to_as_Dominions">Newly independent territories sometimes referred to as Dominions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newly independent territories sometimes referred to as Dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Dominion" remained in informal use for some years when relating to newly independent territories and was sometimes used to refer to the status of former British territories during an immediate post-independence period while the British monarch remained head of state, and the form of government a Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The legal status of Dominion in British nationality law had ceased to exist on 1 January 1949. However, leaders of the independence movements sometimes called for Dominion status as one stage in the negotiations for independence (for example, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, while these independent states retained the British monarch as head of state, they remained "within the Crown's dominions" in British law, leading to the confusion of terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These constitutions were typically replaced by republican constitutions within a few years. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After World War II, Britain attempted to repeat the Dominion model in decolonising the Caribbean. ... Though several colonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, maintained their formal allegiance to the British monarch, they soon revised their status to become republics. Britain also attempted to establish a Dominion model in decolonising Africa, but it, too, was unsuccessful. ... <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a>, the first former colony declared a Dominion in 1957, soon demanded recognition as a republic. Other African nations followed a similar pattern throughout the 1960s: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a>, and Malawi. In fact, only <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> retained their Dominion status for more than three years.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As the above quote indicates, the term Dominion was sometimes applied in Africa to Ghana (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>) during the period from 1957 until 1960, when it became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ghana">Republic of Ghana</a>; Nigeria from 1960 until 1963, when it became the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Nigeria">Federal Republic of Nigeria</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> from 1962 to 1963;<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a>, from 1963 to 1964;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> from 1961 to 1962, after which it became a republic and then merged with the former British protectorate of Zanzibar to become <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">Gambia</a> from 1965 until 1970;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> from 1961 to 1971;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> from 1968 to 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malta also retained the Queen as head of state from 1964 to 1974 under the name of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also applied to <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> upon independence. Similar occasional references to Barbados (which retained the Queen as head of state from 1966 to 2021) as a "dominion" can be found in publications as late as the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changes_in_British_sovereignty" title="Changes in British sovereignty">Changes in British sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_independence" title="Timeline of national independence">Timeline of national independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34721/page/7265">"t the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 27th day of October, 1939. PRESENT, The KING's Most Excellent Majesty in Council"</a>. <i>London Gazette</i>. London. 31 October 1939. p. 7265<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>The High Contracting Parties agree that His Majesty The King and Emperor may accede to the present Convention in respect of any other Member of the British Commonwealth of Nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=t+the+Court+at+Buckingham+Palace%2C+the+27th+day+of+October%2C+1939.+PRESENT%2C+The+KING%27s+Most+Excellent+Majesty+in+Council.&rft.pages=7265&rft.date=1939-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34721%2Fpage%2F7265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/commonwealth-migration-since-1945">"Commonwealth migration since 1945: What was the context and impact of migration in modern Britain?"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. Government of the united Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>There was a significant demand for labour which came not only from the Caribbean but also from mainland Europe, Ireland, India, and Pakistan. However, it was opposition to Commonwealth and empire immigration that stood out, with a reluctance for example to accept skilled Caribbean labour. While wanting to allow entry to white people from the old Commonwealth, the government did not want to appear racist in any plans to restrict immigration from elsewhere in the empire and Commonwealth as governments of the newly emerging black Commonwealth took offence at moves to restrict movement to Britain from their respective countries while not applying the same rules to those from the white Commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+migration+since+1945%3A+What+was+the+context+and+impact+of+migration+in+modern+Britain%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fcommonwealth-migration-since-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf">"Balfour Declaration, Clause II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050716164959/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balfour+Declaration%2C+Clause+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fcth11_doc_1926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parsons2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2014" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, T. H. (2014). <i>The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3529-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-3529-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870098208">870098208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+British+Empire%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870098208&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3529-8&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForseyHayday" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forsey, E. A.; Hayday, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dominion">"Dominion of Canada"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408220412/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dominion">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominion+of+Canada&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft.au=Hayday%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdominion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1934/nov/05/wales-title-of-dominion">"Parliamentary questions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 5 November 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713164727/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1934/nov/05/wales-title-of-dominion">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+questions&rft.date=1934-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1934%2Fnov%2F05%2Fwales-title-of-dominion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard1990" class="citation web cs1">Heard, Andrew (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">"Canadian independence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221150147/http://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>When the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867 it was granted powers of self-government to deal with all internal matters, but Britain still retained overall legislative supremacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+independence&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~aheard%2F324%2FIndependence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J. M. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00robe_0/page/776/mode/2up"><i>The Penguin History of the World</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015495-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015495-5"><bdi>978-0-14-015495-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33134439">33134439</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18674652M">18674652M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=777&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33134439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18674652M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-14-015495-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinhistoryof00robe_0%2Fpage%2F776%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cyprus (Annexation) Order in Council, 1914</i>, dated 5 November 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Order quoted in <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>, "Annexation of Cyprus by Great Britain"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2186866/2186866_djvu.txt">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encbrit_dominion-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encbrit_dominion_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encbrit_dominion_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dominion-British-Commonwealth">"Dominion"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126113915/https://www.britannica.com/topic/dominion-British-Commonwealth">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Although there was no formal definition of dominion status, a pronouncement by the Imperial Conference of 1926 described Great Britain and the dominions as "autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominion&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fdominion-British-Commonwealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr2013-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2013_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2013_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, T. (2013). "The Statute of Westminster, 1931: An Irish Perspective". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 749–791 [footnote 2]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS073824801300045X">10.1017/S073824801300045X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F7515">10197/7515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-2480">0738-2480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145071117">145071117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Statute+of+Westminster%2C+1931%3A+An+Irish+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=749-791+footnote+2&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F7515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145071117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0738-2480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS073824801300045X&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp">"The Covenant of the League of Nations"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project at Yale Law School</i>. 1924. Article 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110724150012/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project+at+Yale+Law+School&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pages=Article+1&rft.date=1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fleagcov.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1979" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, J. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofstates0000craw/page/242/mode/2up"><i>The Creation of States in International Law</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825347-1"><bdi>978-0-19-825347-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4593287">4593287</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4739437M">4739437M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+States+in+International+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4593287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4739437M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825347-1&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofstates0000craw%2Fpage%2F242%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states">"Commonwealth association of states"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233935/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+association+of+states&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCommonwealth-association-of-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntyre_1999_pp._193–212_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre1999" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre, W. D. (1999). "The Strange Death of Dominion Status". <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 193–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086539908583064">10.1080/03086539908583064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6534">0308-6534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-212&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086539908583064&rft.issn=0308-6534&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFransman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fransman, L. (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburyprofessionalonline.com/view/fransman/fransman.xml"><i>Fransman's British Nationality Law</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Haywards Heath: Bloomsbury Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84592-095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84592-095-1"><bdi>978-1-84592-095-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731354182">731354182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414092803/https://www.bloomsburyprofessionalonline.com/view/fransman/fransman.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fransman%27s+British+Nationality+Law&rft.place=Haywards+Heath&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Professional&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731354182&rft.isbn=978-1-84592-095-1&rft.aulast=Fransman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburyprofessionalonline.com%2Fview%2Ffransman%2Ffransman.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/historical-background-information-on-nationality-nationality-guidance">"Historical background information on nationality (nationality guidance)"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 22 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414092330/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/historical-background-information-on-nationality-nationality-guidance">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Historical+background+information+on+nationality+%28nationality+guidance%29&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fcollections%2Fhistorical-background-information-on-nationality-nationality-guidance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>Australian Constitutions Act 1850</b> on the website of the National Archives of Australia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=76#significance">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085321/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=76">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>New South Wales Constitution Act 1855</b>, on the Web site of the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=45">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085059/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=45">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>Victoria Constitution Act 1855</b>, on the Web site of the National Archives of Australia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=83">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085356/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=83">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>Constitution Act 1855 (SA)</b>, on the Web site of the National Archives of Australia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=6">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085215/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=6">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>Constitution Act 185 (Tasmania)</b>, on the Web site of the National Archives of Australia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=77">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085326/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=77">Archived</a> 3 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the Order in Council of 6 June 1859, which established the Colony of Queensland, on the Web site of the National Archives of Australia.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101080841/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=60">"Documenting Democracy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=60">the original</a> on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FdID%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Northern Territory of New South Wales" was physically separated from the main part of NSW. In 1863, the bulk of it was transferred to South Australia, except for a small area that became part of Queensland. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=49"><i>Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601183454/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=49">Archived</a> 1 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In 1911, the Commonwealth of Australia agreed to assume responsibility for administration of the Northern Territory, which was regarded by the government of South Australia as a financial burden.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=52">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831094018/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=52">Archived</a> 31 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The NT did not receive responsible government until 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link to the <b>Constitution Act 1890</b>, which established self-government in Western Australia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=98F">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alan_Rayburn-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alan_Rayburn_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alan_Rayburn_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayburn2001" class="citation book cs1">Rayburn, A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namingcanadastor0000rayb/mode/2up"><i>Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names</i></a></span> (Revised and expanded ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 17–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4725-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-4725-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44943692">44943692</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3966721M">3966721M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Canada%3A+Stories+about+Canadian+Place+Names&rft.pages=17-21&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44943692&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3966721M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4725-0&rft.aulast=Rayburn&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamingcanadastor0000rayb%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061122121516/http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2085-e.html">"The London Conference December 1866 – March 1867"</a>. www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/confederation/023001-2085-e.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+London+Conference+December+1866+%E2%80%93+March+1867&rft.pub=www.collectionscanada.gc.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-bac.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-2085-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heard-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard1990" class="citation web cs1">Heard, Andrew (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">"Canadian Independence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090506191142/https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Independence&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~aheard%2F324%2FIndependence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsey20053-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20053_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20053_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsey2005">Forsey 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/F.H._Buckley" title="F.H. Buckley">Buckley, F.H.</a> (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140515130729/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/05/15/f-h-buckley-how-canadas-creation-changed-the-world/#selection-517.0-517.53">"F.H. Buckley: How Canada's creation changed the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmedia Network Inc">Postmedia Network Inc</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/05/15/f-h-buckley-how-canadas-creation-changed-the-world/">the original</a> on 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=F.H.+Buckley%3A+How+Canada%27s+creation+changed+the+world&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=F.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcomment.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F05%2F15%2Ff-h-buckley-how-canadas-creation-changed-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._R._Scott1944" class="citation journal cs1">F. R. Scott (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>38</b> (1). American Society of International Law: 34–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192530">10.2307/2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192530">2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147122057">147122057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1944-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147122057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192530&rft.au=F.+R.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1927/1927_25.html"><i>In the Matter of the Boundary between the Dominion of Canada and the Colony of Newfoundland in the Labrador Peninsula</i></a>, [1927] UKPC 25 (PC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriman-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merriman_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrimanWinter2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Merriman, J.; Winter, J., eds. (2006). "British Empire". <i>Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction</i>. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31366-5"><bdi>978-0-684-31366-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68221208">68221208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Empire&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1914%3A+Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68221208&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31366-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodgetts-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hodgetts_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodgetts_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgetts2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hodgetts, J. E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317211340/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195415599.001.0001/acref-9780195415599-e-471">"Dominion"</a>. In Hallowell, G. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Canadian History</i>. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-541559-9"><bdi>978-0-19-541559-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54971866">54971866</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195415599.001.0001/acref-9780195415599-e-471">the original</a> on 17 March 2015. <q>Ironically, defenders of the title <i>dominion</i> who see signs of creeping republicanism in such changes can take comfort in the knowledge that the Constitution Act, 1982, retains the title and requires a constitutional amendment to alter it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Canadian+History&rft.place=Don+Mills%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54971866&rft.isbn=978-0-19-541559-9&rft.aulast=Hodgetts&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195415599.001.0001%2Facref-9780195415599-e-471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdngovflag-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdngovflag_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdngovflag_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713185837/http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/flag-drapeau/defi-challenge/reponses-answers_e.cfm">"National Flag of Canada Day: How Did You Do?"</a>. Department of Canadian Heritage, Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/special/flag-drapeau/defi-challenge/reponses-answers_e.cfm">the original</a> on 13 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>The issue of our country's legal title was one of the few points on which our constitution is not entirely homemade. The Fathers of Confederation wanted to call the country "the Kingdom of Canada". However the British government was afraid of offending the Americans so it insisted on the Fathers finding another title. The term "Dominion" was drawn from <a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">Psalm 72</a>. In the realms of political terminology, the term dominion can be directly attributed to the Fathers of Confederation and it is one of the very few, distinctively Canadian contributions in this area. It remains our country's official title.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Flag+of+Canada+Day%3A+How+Did+You+Do%3F&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage%2C+Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fspecial%2Fflag-drapeau%2Fdefi-challenge%2Freponses-answers_e.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Statesman's Year Book, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Statesman's Year Book, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/23-24/2/pdfs/ukpga_19330002_en.pdf"><i>Newfoundland Act, 1933</i></a>, 24 Geo. 5 (UK), c. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Statesman's Year Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act,_1961">"Republic of South Africa Constitution Act"</a>. <i>Statutes of the Union of South Africa, 1961</i>. Pretoria: Government Printer. pp. 346–424. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325210720/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act,_1961">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic+of+South+Africa+Constitution+Act&rft.btitle=Statutes+of+the+Union+of+South+Africa%2C+1961&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=346-424&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRepublic_of_South_Africa_Constitution_Act%2C_1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614204312/http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/archives/56_01.htm">"Archives"</a>. <i>Republic of Rumi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/56_01.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Republic+of+Rumi&rft.atitle=Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftherepublicofrumi.com%2Farchives%2F56_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1996" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, B., ed. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statesmansyearbo0000hunt/page/130/mode/2up"><i>The Statesman's Year-Book: A Statistical, Political, and Economic Account of the States of the World</i></a></span> (1996–1997, 133rd ed.). London: the Macmillan Press. pp. 130–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65573-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65573-3"><bdi>978-0-333-65573-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60311041">60311041</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL32144166M">32144166M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+A+Statistical%2C+Political%2C+and+Economic+Account+of+the+States+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=130-156&rft.edition=1996%E2%80%931997%2C+133rd&rft.pub=the+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60311041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL32144166M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-333-65573-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatesmansyearbo0000hunt%2Fpage%2F130%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722144933/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=48">"Order-in-Council establishing Representative Government in Queensland 6 June 1859 (UK)"</a>. <i>Documenting a Democracy: Australia's Story</i>. Canberra: National Archives of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=48">the original</a> on 22 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+a+Democracy%3A+Australia%27s+Story&rft.atitle=Order-in-Council+establishing+Representative+Government+in+Queensland+6+June+1859+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FsdID%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Constitution Act 1890</b> (UK), which came into effect as the Constitution of Western Australia when proclaimed in WA on 21 October 1890, and establishing responsible government in WA from that date; Australian Government's "Documenting a Democracy" website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=12">www.foundingdocs.gov.au</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722212926/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=12">Archived</a> 22 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D. (2005). <i>Head of State: the Governor-General, the Monarchy, the Republic and the Dismissal</i>. Paddington, New South Wales: Macleay Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876492-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876492-15-1"><bdi>978-1-876492-15-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64449961">64449961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+of+State%3A+the+Governor-General%2C+the+Monarchy%2C+the+Republic+and+the+Dismissal&rft.place=Paddington%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Macleay+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64449961&rft.isbn=978-1-876492-15-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forsey, E. A. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop0000unse_w0a4/page/680/mode/2up">"Dominion"</a></span>. In Marsh, J. H. (ed.). <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i> (Year 2000 ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 680. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2099-5"><bdi>978-0-7710-2099-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44803114">44803114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominion&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=680&rft.edition=Year+2000&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44803114&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianencyclop0000unse_w0a4%2Fpage%2F680%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1944" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 34–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192530">10.2307/2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192530">2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147122057">147122057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1944-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147122057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192530&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morra2016-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morra2016_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorra2016" class="citation book cs1">Morra, Irene (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT49"><i>The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-867-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-867-8"><bdi>978-0-85772-867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Elizabethan+Age%3A+Culture%2C+Society+and+National+Identity+after+World+War+II&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-867-8&rft.aulast=Morra&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenJ1DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lipad.ca/full/permalink/1661272/">"November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)"</a>. <i>Canadian Hansard Dataset</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309051848/https://www.lipad.ca/full/permalink/1661272/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Hansard+Dataset&rft.atitle=November+8%2C+1951+%2821st+Parliament%2C+5th+Session%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lipad.ca%2Ffull%2Fpermalink%2F1661272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bowden, J.W.J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319533946">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dominion': A Lament"</a>. <i>The Dorchester Review</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 58–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dorchester+Review&rft.atitle=%27Dominion%27%3A+A+Lament&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-64&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=J.W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F319533946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711130159/http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/royal-quiz-answers.htm">"The Prince of Wales 2001 Royal Visit: April 25 - April 30; Test Your Royal Skills"</a>. Department of Canadian Heritage. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/royalvisit/royal-quiz-answers.htm">the original</a> on 11 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>As dictated by the British North America Act, 1867, the title is Dominion of Canada. The term is a uniquely Canadian one, implying independence and not colonial status, and was developed as a tribute to the Monarchical principle at the time of Confederation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prince+of+Wales+2001+Royal+Visit%3A+April+25+-+April+30%3B+Test+Your+Royal+Skills&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianheritage.gc.ca%2Fspecial%2Froyalvisit%2Froyal-quiz-answers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsey20058"The_two_small_points_on_which_our_constitution_is_not_entirely_homemade_are,_first,_the_legal_title_of_our_country,_'Dominion',_and,_second,_the_provisions_for_breaking_a_deadlock_between_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Commons"-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsey20058"The_two_small_points_on_which_our_constitution_is_not_entirely_homemade_are,_first,_the_legal_title_of_our_country,_'Dominion',_and,_second,_the_provisions_for_breaking_a_deadlock_between_the_Senate_and_the_House_of_Commons"_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForsey2005">Forsey 2005</a>, p. 8, "The two small points on which our constitution is not entirely homemade are, first, the legal title of our country, 'Dominion', and, second, the provisions for breaking a deadlock between the Senate and the House of Commons".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation cs2">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C"><i>A History of India</i></a> (Fourth ed.), Routledge, pp. 279–281, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415329194" title="Special:BookSources/9780415329194"><bdi>9780415329194</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=279-281&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415329194&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/the_commonwealth_of_india_bill__national_convention__india__1925__1st%20January%201925">"The Commonwealth of India Bill 1925"</a>. <i>Constituent assembly debates & India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719045409/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/historical_constitutions/the_commonwealth_of_india_bill__national_convention__india__1925__1st%20January%201925">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constituent+assembly+debates+%26+India&rft.atitle=The+Commonwealth+of+India+Bill+1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadindia.clpr.org.in%2Fhistorical_constitutions%2Fthe_commonwealth_of_india_bill__national_convention__india__1925__1st%2520January%25201925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2016" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Suresh Mani (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXzpDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Commonwealth+of+India+Bill+1925&pg=PA39"><i>Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles in India</i></a>. Anchor Academic Publishing. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783960670032" title="Special:BookSources/9783960670032"><bdi>9783960670032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Rights+and+Directive+Principles+in+India&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Anchor+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783960670032&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Suresh+Mani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXzpDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BCommonwealth%2Bof%2BIndia%2BBill%2B1925%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Roger_Louis2006" class="citation book cs1">William Roger Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA387"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 387–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845113476" title="Special:BookSources/9781845113476"><bdi>9781845113476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=387-400&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845113476&rft.au=William+Roger+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Independence Act 1947, "An Act to make provision for the setting up in India of two independent Dominions, to substitute other provisions for certain provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, which apply outside those Dominions, and to provide for other matters consequential on or connected with the setting up of those Dominions" passed by the U.K. parliament 18 July 1947.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30">"Indian Independence Act 1947"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630080036/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/10-11/30">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Independence+Act+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo6%2F10-11%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Statesman's_Year_Book,_p.635-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Statesman's_Year_Book,_p.635_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Statesman's Year Book, p. 635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Statesman's Year Book, p. 1002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 7 December 1922 (the day after the establishment of the Irish Free State) the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament</a> resolved to make the following address to the <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King</a> so as to <i>opt out</i> of the Irish Free State: "MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled, having learnt of the passing of the Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922, being the Act of Parliament for the ratification of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, do, by this humble Address, pray your Majesty that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland". Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145#bak-2-1149">Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report, 7 December 1922</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319082024/http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145">Archived</a> 19 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html">Anglo-Irish Treaty, sections 11, 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213900/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Newfoundland Act, 1933</i>, 24 & 25 Geo. V (UK), c. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php#:~:text=newfoundland%20remained%20a%20dominion%20in%20name">"The Commission of Government, 1934-1949"</a>. <i>www.heritage.nf.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023192350/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php#:~:text=newfoundland%20remained%20a%20dominion%20in%20name">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.nf.ca&rft.atitle=The+Commission+of+Government%2C+1934-1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fcommission-government.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dnewfoundland%2520remained%2520a%2520dominion%2520in%2520name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php#:~:text=preparing%20the%20people%20of%20newfoundland%20and%20labrador%20for%20the%20day%20that%20responsible%20government%20would%20be%20resumed">"The Commission of Government, 1934-1949"</a>. <i>www.heritage.nf.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023192350/https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/commission-government.php#:~:text=preparing%20the%20people%20of%20newfoundland%20and%20labrador%20for%20the%20day%20that%20responsible%20government%20would%20be%20resumed">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.nf.ca&rft.atitle=The+Commission+of+Government%2C+1934-1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fcommission-government.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dpreparing%2520the%2520people%2520of%2520newfoundland%2520and%2520labrador%2520for%2520the%2520day%2520that%2520responsible%2520government%2520would%2520be%2520resumed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1949/22/pdfs/ukpga_19490022_en.pdf">"<i>British North America Act, 1949</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617010243/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1949/22/pdfs/ukpga_19490022_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+North+America+Act%2C+1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1949%2F22%2Fpdfs%2Fukpga_19490022_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HistoryConstitutional/TheLegislativeAuthorityOfTheNewZealand/en">"History, Constitutional - The Legislative Authority of the New Zealand Parliament - 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"</a>. www.teara.govt.nz. 22 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428044925/http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HistoryConstitutional/TheLegislativeAuthorityOfTheNewZealand/en">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2C+Constitutional+-+The+Legislative+Authority+of+the+New+Zealand+Parliament+-+1966+Encyclopaedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=www.teara.govt.nz&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2F1966%2FH%2FHistoryConstitutional%2FTheLegislativeAuthorityOfTheNewZealand%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzhistory1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/dominion-status">"Dominion status"</a>. NZHistory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603194654/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/dominion-status">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominion+status&rft.pub=NZHistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fdominion-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#DLM94204">"Constitution Act 1986"</a>. <i>New Zealand Legislation</i>. Wellington: Parliamentary Counsel Office, Government of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518025534/https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0114/latest/whole.html#DLM94204">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Legislation&rft.atitle=Constitution+Act+1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1986%2F0114%2Flatest%2Fwhole.html%23DLM94204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Stateman's Year Book p. 1156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909#Provincial_Councils" class="extiw" title="s:South Africa Act 1909">Wikisource: South Africa Act 1909</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoiron2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Roiron, Virginie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cercles.com/n28/roiron.pdf">"Challenged Commonwealth? The Decolonisation of Rhodesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cercles</i>. No. 28. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cercles&rft.atitle=Challenged+Commonwealth%3F+The+Decolonisation+of+Rhodesia&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=171&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Roiron&rft.aufirst=Virginie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cercles.com%2Fn28%2Froiron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowland245251-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowland245251_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowland245251_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1978" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, J. Reid (April 1978). "Constitutional History of Rhodesia: An outline". <i>The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith</i>. By Berlyn, Phillippa. Salisbury: M. O. Collins. pp. 245–251. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4282978">4282978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+History+of+Rhodesia%3A+An+outline&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Hon.+Ian+Douglas+Smith&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pages=245-251&rft.pub=M.+O.+Collins&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4282978&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=J.+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1">Wood, J. R. T. (2008). <i>A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969</i>. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42514-807-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42514-807-2"><bdi>978-1-42514-807-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234239848">234239848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+matter+of+weeks+rather+than+months%3A+The+Impasse+between+Harold+Wilson+and+Ian+Smith%3A+Sanctions%2C+Aborted+Settlements+and+War+1965%E2%80%931969&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F234239848&rft.isbn=978-1-42514-807-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1969" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, P. B. (September 1969). "The Rhodesian Referendum: June 20th, 1969". <i><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Affairs" title="Parliamentary Affairs">Parliamentary Affairs</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1969sep). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 72–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fparlij%2F23.1969sep.72">10.1093/parlij/23.1969sep.72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Rhodesian+Referendum%3A+June+20th%2C+1969&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1969sep&rft.pages=72-80&rft.date=1969-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fparlij%2F23.1969sep.72&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlland-Debbas1990" class="citation book cs1">Gowlland-Debbas, V. (1990). <i>Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia</i>. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015034328206">2027/mdp.39015034328206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-0811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-0811-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-0811-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21600467">21600467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Responses+to+Illegal+Acts+in+International+Law%3A+United+Nations+action+in+the+question+of+Southern+Rhodesia&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015034328206&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21600467&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-0811-9&rft.aulast=Gowlland-Debbas&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith1948-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keith1948_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Berriedale_Keith1948" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Berriedale Keith, ed. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxgQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Speeches and Documents on the British Dominions, 1918-1931: From Self-government to National Sovereignty</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1006211868">1006211868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+and+Documents+on+the+British+Dominions%2C+1918-1931%3A+From+Self-government+to+National+Sovereignty&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1006211868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxgQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</i> (Act no. 56 of 1942). The long title for the Act was "To remove Doubts as to the Validity of certain Commonwealth Legislation, to obviate Delays occurring in its Passage, and to effect certain related purposes, by adopting certain Sections of the Statute of Westminster, 1931, as from the Commencement of the War between His Majesty the King and Germany." Link: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=96"><i>www.foundingdocs.gov.au</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050716075624/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=96">Archived</a> 16 July 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evatt2013-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evatt2013_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen1967" class="citation book cs1">Cowen, Z. (1967). "Introduction to the Second Edition". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinghisdominiong0000evat/page/n19/mode/2up"><i>The King and His Dominion Governors: A Study of the Reserve Powers of the Crown in Great Britain and the Dominions</i></a></span>. By Evatt, H. V. (2nd ed.). London: Frank Cass & Company. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955739">955739</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5575065M">5575065M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Second+Edition&rft.btitle=The+King+and+His+Dominion+Governors%3A+A+Study+of+the+Reserve+Powers+of+the+Crown+in+Great+Britain+and+the+Dominions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xvii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Company&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955739&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5575065M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkinghisdominiong0000evat%2Fpage%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingKilson1999-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingKilson1999_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._KingRobin_W._Kilson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. King; Robin W. Kilson, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6I65FlSeDAC&pg=PA199"><i>The Statecraft of British Imperialism: Essays in Honour of Wm. Roger Louis</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 199–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4378-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-4378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statecraft+of+British+Imperialism%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Wm.+Roger+Louis&rft.pages=199-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4378-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6I65FlSeDAC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorraGossedge2016-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MorraGossedge2016_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_MorraRob_Gossedge2016" class="citation book cs1">Irene Morra; Rob Gossedge, eds. (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehKMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 53–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-834-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-834-0"><bdi>978-0-85772-834-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058198728">1058198728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Elizabethan+Age%3A+Culture%2C+Society+and+National+Identity+after+World+War+II&rft.pages=53-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058198728&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-834-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehKMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographer1968-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geographer1968_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_State._Office_of_the_Geographer1968" class="citation book cs1">United States. Department of State. Office of the Geographer (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iq1IQ2yDsiYC&pg=PA3"><i>Commonwealth of Nations, Volume 2</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11366">11366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+of+Nations%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11366&rft.au=United+States.+Department+of+State.+Office+of+the+Geographer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diq1IQ2yDsiYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernigan2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jernigan, B. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africaamericascu0000unse/page/204/mode/2up">"British Empire"</a></span>. In Juang, R. M.; Morrissette, N. (eds.). <i>Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History</i>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-441-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/168716701">168716701</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11949316M">11949316M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Empire&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F168716701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11949316M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft.aulast=Jernigan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricaamericascu0000unse%2Fpage%2F204%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For the first three years of its independence, Nigeria was a dominion. As a result, its head of state was Elizabeth II<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, J.N.C. (2012). <i>Nigeria Since Independence: Forever Fragile?</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 146, note 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-33471-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-33471-1"><bdi>978-1-349-33471-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria+Since+Independence%3A+Forever+Fragile%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146%2C+note+22&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-349-33471-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=J.N.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Graça2000" class="citation book cs1">Da Graça, John V. (2000). <i>Heads of State and Government</i> (2nd ed.). London and Oxford: Macmillan. p. 937. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4"><bdi>978-0-333-78615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.place=London+and+Oxford&rft.pages=937&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78615-4&rft.aulast=Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mr. K.N. Gichoya, bringing a motion on 11 June 1964 in the Kenyan House of Representatives that Kenya be made a Republic: "I should make it clear to those who must know our status today, we are actually a dominion of the United Kingdom in the same way as ... Canada, Australia and New Zealand." <i>Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard)</i>, 1st Parliament, 2nd Session, Vol. 3 (Part 1), Column 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Graça2000" class="citation book cs1">Da Graça, John V. (2000). <i>Heads of State and Government</i> (2nd ed.). London and Oxford: Macmillan. p. 917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4"><bdi>978-0-333-78615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.place=London+and+Oxford&rft.pages=917&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78615-4&rft.aulast=Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2000" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Ulf; et al., eds. (2000). <i>Tanzania Revisited: Political Stability, Aid Dependency, and Development Constraints</i>. Hamburg: Institute of African Affairs. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928049-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-928049-69-0"><bdi>3-928049-69-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanzania+Revisited%3A+Political+Stability%2C+Aid+Dependency%2C+and+Development+Constraints&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Institute+of+African+Affairs&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-928049-69-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Graça2000" class="citation book cs1">Da Graça, John V. (2000). <i>Heads of State and Government</i> (2nd ed.). London and Oxford: Macmillan. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4"><bdi>978-0-333-78615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.place=London+and+Oxford&rft.pages=355&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78615-4&rft.aulast=Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1971 Siaka Stevens embarked on the process to transform Sierra Leone from a Dominion to a Republic." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerewa2011" class="citation book cs1">Berewa, Solomon E. (2011). <i>A New Perspective on Governance, Leadership, Conflict and Nation Building in Sierra Leone</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-8886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4678-8886-8"><bdi>978-1-4678-8886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Perspective+on+Governance%2C+Leadership%2C+Conflict+and+Nation+Building+in+Sierra+Leone&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4678-8886-8&rft.aulast=Berewa&rft.aufirst=Solomon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Prime Minister Jugnauth proposed to amend the constitution to change Mauritius from a dominion to a republic. It was passed unanimously and on 12 March 1992, Mauritius acceded to a republic state." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgCheong-Lum2009" class="citation book cs1">NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2009). <i>CultureShock! Mauritius: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette</i>. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07614-5668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-07614-5668-1"><bdi>978-07614-5668-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CultureShock%21+Mauritius%3A+A+Survival+Guide+to+Customs+and+Etiquette&rft.place=Tarrytown%2C+New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-07614-5668-1&rft.aulast=NgCheong-Lum&rft.aufirst=Roseline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Graça2000" class="citation book cs1">Da Graça, John V. (2000). <i>Heads of State and Government</i> (2nd ed.). London and Oxford: Macmillan. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78615-4"><bdi>978-0-333-78615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+State+and+Government&rft.place=London+and+Oxford&rft.pages=565&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78615-4&rft.aulast=Da+Gra%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Manorama Year Book</i>. Vol. 10. India. 1975. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manorama+Year+Book&rft.place=India&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59470843">"Barbados becomes a republic and parts ways with the Queen"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130120934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59470843">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barbados+becomes+a+republic+and+parts+ways+with+the+Queen&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-59470843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, F. H. (2014). <i>The Once and Future King: The Rise of Crown Government in America</i>. New York: Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-719-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-719-1"><bdi>978-1-59403-719-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855580605">855580605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Once+and+Future+King%3A+The+Rise+of+Crown+Government+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855580605&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-719-1&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Choudry, Sujit. 2001 (?). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029151124/http://www.law.ualberta.ca/ccskeywords/constitutional_acts.html">"Constitution Acts"</a> (based on looseleaf by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hogg" title="Peter Hogg">Hogg, Peter W.</a>). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104044241/http://www.law.ualberta.ca/ccskeywords/index.html">Constitutional Keywords</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, Centre for Constitutional Studies: Edmonton.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1981" class="citation book cs1">Holland, R. F. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britaincommonwea0000holl/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Britain and the Commonwealth Alliance 1918–1939</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27295-4"><bdi>978-0-333-27295-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7677808">7677808</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10495276M">10495276M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Commonwealth+Alliance+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7677808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10495276M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27295-4&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritaincommonwea0000holl%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsey, E. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/X9-11-2005E.pdf"><i>How Canadians Govern Themselves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (6th ed.). Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-39689-5"><bdi>978-0-662-39689-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61498226">61498226</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106171509/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/X9-11-2005E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Her+Majesty+the+Queen+in+Right+of+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61498226&rft.isbn=978-0-662-39689-5&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2FCollection%2FX9-11-2005E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Martin, R. (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051017043704/http://prayerbook.ca/library/machray/issue5/machray5d.htm">"A Lament for British North America"</a>. <i>The Machray Review</i>. No. 5. The Prayer Book Society of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prayerbook.ca/library/machray/issue5/machray5d.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Machray+Review&rft.atitle=A+Lament+for+British+North+America&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1994-11&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprayerbook.ca%2Flibrary%2Fmachray%2Fissue5%2Fmachray5d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1912" class="citation book cs1">Reid, G. H. (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Australian_Commonwealth_and_her_relation_to_the_British_Empire"><i>The Australian Commonwealth and her relation to the British Empire: An Address delivered by the Right Hon. Sir George Reid G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L. to the Canadian Club of Ottawa at a luncheon given in the Chateau Laurier on Monday, 9th September 1912</i></a>. Ottawa: the Mortimer Press. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7118827M">7118827M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Commonwealth+and+her+relation+to+the+British+Empire%3A+An+Address+delivered+by+the+Right+Hon.+Sir+George+Reid+G.C.M.G.%2C+K.C.%2C+D.C.L.+to+the+Canadian+Club+of+Ottawa+at+a+luncheon+given+in+the+Chateau+Laurier+on+Monday%2C+9th+September+1912&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=the+Mortimer+Press&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7118827M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Australian_Commonwealth_and_her_relation_to_the_British_Empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADominion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223832#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574886">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dominia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph292493&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/17px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/26px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/34px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/42px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/21px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/42px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/21px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/42px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/21px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/32px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/42px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Portal:Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Dominion</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223832" class="extiw" title="d:Q223832">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion&oldid=1260249139">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion&oldid=1260249139</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governance_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:Governance of the British Empire">Governance of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:History of the Commonwealth of Nations">History of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_Free_State" title="Category:Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Legal history of Canada">Legal history of 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