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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Google+Scholar" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Google+Scholar" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Scholar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 53 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_(%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84)" title="الباحث العلمي (جوجل) – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الباحث العلمي (جوجل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cendekia" title="Google Cendekia – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Google Cendekia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="গুগল স্কলার – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুগল স্কলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Google Наука – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Google Наука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Acad%C3%A8mic" title="Google Acadèmic – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Google Acadèmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Acad%C3%A9mico" title="Google Académico – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Google Académico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گوگل اسکالر – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوگل اسکالر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%80_%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0_%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89" title="구글 학술 검색 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구글 학술 검색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="गूगल स्कॉलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गूगल स्कॉलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_znalac" title="Google znalac – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Google znalac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="גוגל סקולר – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוגל סקולר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Tud%C3%B3s" title="Google Tudós – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Google Tudós" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗൂഗിൾ സ്കോളർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൂഗിൾ സ്കോളർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="गूगल स्कॉलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गूगल स्कॉलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_Google" title="Академия Google – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академия Google" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_scholar" title="Google scholar – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Google scholar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%B5_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گووگڵ سکۆلار – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گووگڵ سکۆلار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கூகுள் இசுகாலர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூகுள் இசுகாலர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_Google" title="Академияи Google – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Академияи Google" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Akademik" title="Google Akademik – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Google Akademik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Google Scholar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" title="Google学术搜索 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Google学术搜索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan:Google_Scholar&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan (laman tidak wujud) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Google_Scholar" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Google_Scholar" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&oldid=6352891" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Google_Scholar&id=6352891&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGoogle_Scholar"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGoogle_Scholar"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Google+Scholar"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Google_Scholar&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Google_Scholar" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494817" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6301832">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#DCEAEC">Google Scholar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG/250px-Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#DCEAEC">Maklumat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em"><a href="/wiki/Pelokasi_Sumber_Seragam" title="Pelokasi Sumber Seragam">URL</a></th><td class="infobox-data url" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.google.com">scholar<wbr />.google<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Jenis</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em">Pangkalan data bibliografi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Tersedia dalam</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Bahasa Inggeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sepanyol" title="Bahasa Sepanyol">bahasa Sepanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Perancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Catalonia" title="Bahasa Catalonia">bahasa Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Czech" title="Bahasa Czech">bahasa Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark" title="Bahasa Denmark">bahasa Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Filipino" title="Bahasa Filipino">bahasa Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Croatia" title="Bahasa Croatia">bahasa Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia">bahasa Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lithuania" title="Bahasa Lithuania">Bahasa Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hungary" title="Bahasa Hungary">bahasa Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Norway" title="Bahasa Norway">bahasa Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">bahasa Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis">bahasa Portugis</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q750553" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q750553"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">bahasa Portugis Brazil</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Romania" title="Bahasa Romania">bahasa Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slovak" title="Bahasa Slovak">bahasa Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slovene" title="Bahasa Slovene">bahasa Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland">bahasa Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sweden" title="Bahasa Sweden">bahasa Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam">bahasa Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bulgaria" title="Bahasa Bulgaria">Bahasa Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Serbia" title="Bahasa Serbia">Bahasa Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ukraine" title="Bahasa Ukraine">bahasa Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Parsi" title="Bahasa Parsi">bahasa Parsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi">bahasa Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai">bahasa Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">bahasa Korea</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13414913" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q13414913"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Simplified Chinese</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13414913?uselang=ms" title="Terjemah"><img alt="Terjemah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18130932" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18130932"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Cina Tradisional</span></a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">bahasa Jepun</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817?uselang=ms#P407" title="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Ditubuhkan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em">November 2004 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817?uselang=ms#P571" title="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#DCEAEC">Pengurusan dan pentadbiran</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Pemilik</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#DCEAEC">Kandungan dan sokongan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Tema</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4119870" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4119870"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Penulisan akademik</span></a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817?uselang=ms#P921" title="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Keluaran</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q109678085" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q109678085"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Scholarly profiling</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109678085?uselang=ms" title="Terjemah"><img alt="Terjemah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817?uselang=ms#P1056" title="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Pendaftaran</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em">Pilihan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.30em">Diselenggarakan oleh</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start; line-height:1.45em"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817?uselang=ms#P126" title="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting nilai ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid #DCEAEC"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:#555" title="Sunting puncak laman ini">sunting</span></a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494817" class="extiw" title="d:Q494817"><span style="color:#555" title="Sunting maklumat berkaitan laman ini di Wikidata">sunting di Wikidata</span></a></span><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_tapak_web" title="Lihat pendokumenan templat ini"><img alt="Lihat pendokumenan templat ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/13px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/26px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Lihat pendokumenan templat ini</figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Google Scholar</b> ialah <a href="/wiki/Enjin_carian" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjin carian">enjin carian</a> web yang boleh diakses secara bebas yang mengindeks teks penuh atau metadata kesusasteraan ilmiah dalam pelbagai format dan disiplin penerbitan. Dikeluarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">beta</a> pada November 2004, indeks Google Scholar termasuk kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Jurnal_akademik" title="Jurnal akademik">jurnal dan buku akademik</a> dalam talian yang <a href="/wiki/Ulasan_sejawat" title="Ulasan sejawat">dikaji semula</a>, kertas persidangan, <a href="/wiki/Tesis" title="Tesis">tesis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tesis" title="Tesis">disertasi</a>, pracetak, abstrak, laporan teknikal dan kesusasteraan ilmiah lain, termasuk pendapat mahkamah dan <a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">paten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Scholar_Content_Coverage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Scholar_Content_Coverage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> tidak menerbitkan pangkalan data Google Scholar, para penyelidik sintometris menganggarkan ia mengandungi kira-kira 389 juta dokumen termasuk artikel, kutipan dan paten menjadikan enjin carian akademik terbesar di dunia pada Januari 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelum ini saiznya dianggarkan sebanyak 160 juta dokumen pada Mei 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anggaran statistik terdahulu yang diterbitkan dalam PLOS ONE menggunakan kaedah Mark dan menangkap semula dianggarkan kira-kira 80-90% liputan semua artikel yang diterbitkan dalam bahasa Inggeris dengan anggaran 100 juta.<sup id="cite_ref-nat_22_5_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat_22_5_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anggaran ini juga menentukan berapa banyak dokumen yang tersedia secara bebas di web. </p><p>Google Scholar adalah serupa dalam fungsi kepada <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> yang boleh didapati dengan mudah dan mendapat. Ia juga menyerupai alat berasaskan langganan, <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> dan Clarivate Analytics 'Web of Science. Cendekia Google telah dikritik kerana tidak menyiarkan jurnal dan termasuk jurnal pemangsa dalam indeksnya.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Google_Scholar_Content_Coverage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google_Scholar_Content_Coverage_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/intl/us/scholar/help.html#coverage">"Search Tips: Content Coverage"</a>. <i>Google Scholar</i>. Google<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Scholar&rft.atitle=Search+Tips%3A+Content+Coverage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fintl%2Fus%2Fscholar%2Fhelp.html%23coverage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+Scholar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGusenbauer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gusenbauer, Michael (2018-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11192-018-2958-5">"Google Scholar to overshadow them all? Comparing the sizes of 12 academic search engines and bibliographic databases"</a>. <i>Scientometrics</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11192-018-2958-5">10.1007/s11192-018-2958-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0138-9130">0138-9130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientometrics&rft.atitle=Google+Scholar+to+overshadow+them+all%3F+Comparing+the+sizes+of+12+academic+search+engines+and+bibliographic+databases&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11192-018-2958-5&rft.issn=0138-9130&rft.aulast=Gusenbauer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252Fs11192-018-2958-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+Scholar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orduña-Malea, E., Ayllón, J. M., Martín-Martín, A., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2015). Methods for estimating the size of Google Scholar. <i>Scientometrics</i>, <i>104</i>(3), 931–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1506/1506.03009.pdf">ArXiv</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat_22_5_2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nat_22_5_2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trend Watch</i> (2014) <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)">Nature</a> <b>509</b>(7501), 405 – discussing Madian Khabsa and C Lee Giles (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093949"><i>The Number of Scholarly Documents on the Public Web</i></a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS_ONE">PLOS ONE</a> <b>9</b>, e93949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKolata2017" class="citation web cs1">Kolata, Gina (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/science/predatory-journals-academics.html">"Many Academics Are Eager to Publish in Worthless Journals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Many+Academics+Are+Eager+to+Publish+in+Worthless+Journals&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F30%2Fscience%2Fpredatory-journals-academics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGoogle+Scholar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Scholar&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com">Laman web rasmi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.googleblog.com/">Google Scholar Blog</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Google" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Google (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_penggabungan_dan_pemerolehan_oleh_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai penggabungan dan pemerolehan oleh Alphabet (laman tidak wujud)">Penggabungan dan pemerolehan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_produk_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai produk Google (laman tidak wujud)">Produk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritikan_terhadap_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritikan terhadap Google (laman tidak wujud)">Kritikan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembimbangan_privasi_berkenaan_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kembimbangan privasi berkenaan Google (laman tidak wujud)">Kebimbangan privasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penapisan_oleh_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penapisan oleh Google (laman tidak wujud)">Penapisan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_Telur_Easter_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai Telur Easter Google (laman tidak wujud)">Telur Easter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengiklanan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adscape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adscape (laman tidak wujud)">Adscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager" title="Google Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Contributor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Contributor (laman tidak wujud)">Contributor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Partners (laman tidak wujud)">Partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Komunikasi</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Apps_Script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Apps Script (laman tidak wujud)">Apps Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Duo" title="Google Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Contacts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Contacts (laman tidak wujud)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Gmail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Gmail (laman tidak wujud)">sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papan_pemuka_Gmail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papan pemuka Gmail (laman tidak wujud)">papan pemuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Hangouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail" title="Inbox by Gmail">Inbox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Sync&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Sync (laman tidak wujud)">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Text-to-Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Text-to-Speech (laman tidak wujud)">Text-to-Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Translate">Translate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_transliteration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google transliteration (laman tidak wujud)">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perisian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Assistant</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Lens (laman tidak wujud)">Lens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_for_Android&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome for Android (laman tidak wujud)">for Android</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_for_iOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome for iOS (laman tidak wujud)">for iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrome_Web_Store&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrome Web Store (laman tidak wujud)">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_App&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome App (laman tidak wujud)">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome extension (laman tidak wujud)">Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Sky">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Gadgets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Gadgets (laman tidak wujud)">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_IME" title="Google IME">IME</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Pinyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Pinyin (laman tidak wujud)">Pinyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Pay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Pay (laman tidak wujud)">Pay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_Send" title="Google Pay Send">Pay Send</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Keep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Keep (laman tidak wujud)">Keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenRefine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenRefine (laman tidak wujud)">OpenRefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Search">Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sistem pengendalian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(sistem_pengendalian)" title="Android (sistem pengendalian)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_versi_Android" title="Sejarah versi Android">sejarah versi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembangunan_perisian_Android" title="Pembangunan perisian Android">Pembagunan perisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Auto" title="Android Auto">Android Auto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Android_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Android TV (laman tidak wujud)">Android TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_OS" title="Chrome OS">Chrome OS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebit" title="Chromebit">Chromebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromebox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromebox (laman tidak wujud)">Chromebox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrome_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrome Zone (laman tidak wujud)">Chrome Zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fuchsia" title="Google Fuchsia">Fuchsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahasa pengaturcaraan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dart_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dart (bahasa pengaturcaraan) (laman tidak wujud)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="Go (bahasa pengaturcaraan)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawzall_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawzall (bahasa pengaturcaraan) (laman tidak wujud)">Sawzall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Authenticator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Authenticator (laman tidak wujud)">Authenticator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZygoteBody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZygoteBody (laman tidak wujud)">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a> <ul><li>Library Project</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Projek_Caja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Projek Caja (laman tidak wujud)">Caja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Cast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Cast (laman tidak wujud)">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BigQuery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BigQuery (laman tidak wujud)">BigQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigtable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigtable (laman tidak wujud)">Bigtable</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Compute_Engine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Compute Engine (laman tidak wujud)">Compute Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Storage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Storage (laman tidak wujud)">Storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Contact_Lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Contact Lens (laman tidak wujud)">Contact Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Custom_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Custom Search (laman tidak wujud)">Custom Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Earth Engine">Earth Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Fit (laman tidak wujud)">Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_File_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google File System (laman tidak wujud)">GFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="G Suite">G Suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Classroom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G_Suite_Marketplace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G Suite Marketplace (laman tidak wujud)">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Native_Client&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Native Client (laman tidak wujud)">Native Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_OnHub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google OnHub (laman tidak wujud)">OnHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Pay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Pay (laman tidak wujud)">Pay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_Send" title="Google Pay Send">Send</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Primer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Primer (laman tidak wujud)">Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Games" title="Google Play Games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Movies_%26_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Play Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Public_DNS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Public DNS (laman tidak wujud)">Public DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Safe_Browsing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Safe Browsing (laman tidak wujud)">Safe Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tango_(platform)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tango (platform) (laman tidak wujud)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_URL_Shortener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google URL Shortener (laman tidak wujud)">URL Shortener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perkakas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromecast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromecast (laman tidak wujud)">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Daydream&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Daydream (laman tidak wujud)">Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Home" title="Google Home">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamboard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamboard (laman tidak wujud)">Jamboard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nest_Labs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nest Labs (laman tidak wujud)">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nest_Learning_Thermostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nest Learning Thermostat (laman tidak wujud)">Learning Thermostat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Pixel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Pixel (laman tidak wujud)">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Wifi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Wifi (laman tidak wujud)">Wifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alat pembangunan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angular (laman tidak wujud)">Angular</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AngularJS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AngularJS (laman tidak wujud)">AngularJS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_APIs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google APIs (laman tidak wujud)">AJAX APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor_for_Android" class="mw-redirect" title="App Inventor for Android">App Inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Closure_Tools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Closure Tools (laman tidak wujud)">Closure Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Developers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialogflow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialogflow (laman tidak wujud)">Dialogflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(perisian)" title="Flutter (perisian)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GData&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GData (laman tidak wujud)">GData</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Googlebot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Googlebot (laman tidak wujud)">Googlebot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Guava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Guava (laman tidak wujud)">Guava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Guice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Guice (laman tidak wujud)">Guice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Data_Centers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Data Centers (laman tidak wujud)">GWS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyhole_Markup_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keyhole Markup Language (laman tidak wujud)">KML</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Kythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Kythe (laman tidak wujud)">Kythe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MapReduce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MapReduce (laman tidak wujud)">MapReduce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediabot (laman tidak wujud)">Mediabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Console" title="Google Search Console">Search Console</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Website_Optimizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Website Optimizer (laman tidak wujud)">Website Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Swiffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Swiffy (laman tidak wujud)">Swiffy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penerbitan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accelerated_Mobile_Pages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages (laman tidak wujud)">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogger_(perkhidmatan)" title="Blogger (perkhidmatan)">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Bookmarks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Bookmarks (laman tidak wujud)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Domains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Domains (laman tidak wujud)">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Sheets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Sheets (laman tidak wujud)">Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Slides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Slides (laman tidak wujud)">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Forms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Forms (laman tidak wujud)">Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Fusion_Tables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Fusion Tables (laman tidak wujud)">Fusion Tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_My_Maps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google My Maps (laman tidak wujud)">My Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YouTube_Instant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YouTube Instant (laman tidak wujud)">YouTube Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">YouTube Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zagat (laman tidak wujud)">Zagat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garis masa carian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Blog_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Blog Search (laman tidak wujud)">Blog Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Ngram_Viewer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Ngram Viewer (laman tidak wujud)">Ngram Viewer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Custom_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Custom Search (laman tidak wujud)">Custom Search</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Dataset_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Dataset Search (laman tidak wujud)">Dataset Search</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Dictionary (laman tidak wujud)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flights" title="Google Flights">Flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Sky">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liputan_Google_Street_View" title="Liputan Google Street View">Liputan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_perkhidmatan_Street_View&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai perkhidmatan Street View (laman tidak wujud)">Persaingan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebimbangan_privasi_Google_Street_View&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebimbangan privasi Google Street View (laman tidak wujud)">Kebimbangan privasi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_News_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google News Archive (laman tidak wujud)">Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Public_Data_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Public Data Explorer (laman tidak wujud)">Public Data</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenor_(laman_web)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenor (laman web) (laman tidak wujud)">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Videos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Videos (laman tidak wujud)">Videos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algoritma</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Panda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Panda (laman tidak wujud)">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Penguin" title="Google Penguin">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hummingbird" title="Google Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ciri-ciri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Personalized_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Personalized Search (laman tidak wujud)">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Real-Time_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Real-Time Search (laman tidak wujud)">Real-Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_Google" title="Carian Google">Instant Search</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SafeSearch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SafeSearch (laman tidak wujud)">SafeSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Voice_Search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Voice Search (laman tidak wujud)">Voice Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analisis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_Graph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge Graph (laman tidak wujud)">Knowledge Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowledge_Vault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowledge Vault (laman tidak wujud)">Knowledge Vault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ditamatkan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aardvark_(enjin_carian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aardvark (enjin carian) (laman tidak wujud)">Aardvark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Answers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Answers (laman tidak wujud)">Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Search_Appliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Search Appliance (laman tidak wujud)">Appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Browser_Sync&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Browser Sync (laman tidak wujud)">Browser Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_Frame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Chrome Frame (laman tidak wujud)">Chrome Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdWords#Google_Click-to-Call" class="mw-redirect" title="AdWords">Click-to-Call</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Cloud_Connect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Cloud Connect (laman tidak wujud)">Cloud Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents" title="Google Currents">Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Directory (laman tidak wujud)">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball_(perkhidmatan)" title="Dodgeball (perkhidmatan)">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Fast_Flip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Fast Flip (laman tidak wujud)">Fast Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(perisian)" title="Gears (perisian)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glass_OS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glass OS (laman tidak wujud)">Glass OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">GOOG-411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Health (laman tidak wujud)">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Image_Labeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Image Labeler (laman tidak wujud)">Image Labeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Lively&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Lively (laman tidak wujud)">Lively</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Map_Maker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Map Maker (laman tidak wujud)">Map Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Mashup_Editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Mashup Editor (laman tidak wujud)">Mashup Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Offers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Offers (laman tidak wujud)">Offers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picasa_Web_Albums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Picasa Web Albums (laman tidak wujud)">Picasa Web Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand" title="Google Play Newsstand">Play Newsstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" title="Google Questions and Answers">Questions and Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Script_Converter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Script Converter (laman tidak wujud)">Script Converter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_SearchWiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google SearchWiki (laman tidak wujud)">SearchWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Sidewiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Sidewiki (laman tidak wujud)">Sidewiki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slide.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slide.com (laman tidak wujud)">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Spaces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Spaces (laman tidak wujud)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Squared&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Squared (laman tidak wujud)">Squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></li> <li>Updater</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urchin_(perisian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urchin (perisian) (laman tidak wujud)">Urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Videos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Videos (laman tidak wujud)">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wave" title="Apache Wave">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Google" title="Kategori:Google">Lain-lain</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=.google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".google (laman tidak wujud)">.google</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Arts_%26_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Arts & Culture (laman tidak wujud)">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_ATAP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google ATAP (laman tidak wujud)">ATAP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calico_(syarikat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calico (syarikat) (laman tidak wujud)">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly_(enjin_carian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragonfly (enjin carian) (laman tidak wujud)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Current&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Current (laman tidak wujud)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments" title="Google Chrome Experiments">Chrome Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Business_Groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Business Groups (laman tidak wujud)">Google Business Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Made_with_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Made with Code (laman tidak wujud)">Made with Code</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Data_Liberation_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Data Liberation Front (laman tidak wujud)">Data Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Takeout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Takeout (laman tidak wujud)">Takeout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Developer_Expert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Developer Expert (laman tidak wujud)">Google Developer Expert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_for_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google for Work (laman tidak wujud)">Google for Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waymo" title="Waymo">Waymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV_(syarikat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV (syarikat) (laman tidak wujud)">GV</a></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_(ayat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google (ayat) (laman tidak wujud)">Google</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">Google China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Express (laman tidak wujud)">Google Express</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Googlization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Googlization (laman tidak wujud)">Googlization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Ad_Grants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Ad Grants (laman tidak wujud)">Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Loon" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Loon">Project Loon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Fi (laman tidak wujud)">Project Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReCAPTCHA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReCAPTCHA (laman tidak wujud)">reCAPTCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Sunroof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Sunroof (laman tidak wujud)">Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_WiFi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google WiFi (laman tidak wujud)">WiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_X" title="Google X">X</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peristiwa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Code-in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Code-in (laman tidak wujud)">Code-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Jam" title="Google Code Jam">Code Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Day" title="Google Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Highly_Open_Participation_Contest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Highly Open Participation Contest (laman tidak wujud)">Highly Open Participation Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Science_Fair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Science Fair (laman tidak wujud)">Science Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Searchology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Searchology (laman tidak wujud)">Searchology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hartanah</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=111_Eighth_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="111 Eighth Avenue (laman tidak wujud)">111 Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelsea Market (laman tidak wujud)">Chelsea Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logo_di_Google" title="Logo di Google">Logo</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doodle4Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doodle4Google (laman tidak wujud)">Doodle4Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Product_Sans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Product Sans (laman tidak wujud)">Product Sans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orang</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Eustace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Eustace (laman tidak wujud)">Alan Eustace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Mulally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Mulally (laman tidak wujud)">Alan Mulally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amit_Singhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amit Singhal (laman tidak wujud)">Amit Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ann_Mather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ann Mather (laman tidak wujud)">Ann Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avid_Drummond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avid Drummond (laman tidak wujud)">avid Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Dean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Dean (laman tidak wujud)">Jeff Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Doerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Doerr (laman tidak wujud)">John Doerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Bharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishna Bharat (laman tidak wujud)">Krishna Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Cutts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matt Cutts (laman tidak wujud)">Matt Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Pichette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Pichette (laman tidak wujud)">Patrick Pichette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Otellini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Otellini (laman tidak wujud)">Paul Otellini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omid_Kordestani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omid Kordestani (laman tidak wujud)">Omid Kordestani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Whetstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Whetstone (laman tidak wujud)">Rachel Whetstone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajen_Sheth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajen Sheth (laman tidak wujud)">Rajen Sheth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Shriram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Shriram (laman tidak wujud)">Ram Shriram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Kurzweil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Kurzweil (laman tidak wujud)">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_Kamangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salar Kamangar (laman tidak wujud)">Salar Kamangar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjay_Ghemawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjay Ghemawat (laman tidak wujud)">Sanjay Ghemawat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_M._Tilghman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley M. Tilghman (laman tidak wujud)">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urs_H%C3%B6lzle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urs Hölzle (laman tidak wujud)">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Varian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Varian (laman tidak wujud)">Hal Varian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gayglers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gayglers (laman tidak wujud)">Gayglers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengasas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengasas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berkaitan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AI_Challenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AI Challenge (laman tidak wujud)">AI Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bom_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bom Google (laman tidak wujud)">Bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GmailFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GmailFS (laman tidak wujud)">GmailFS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_Behind_the_Screen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google Behind the Screen (laman tidak wujud)">"Google: Behind the Screen" (dokumentari 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_The_Thinking_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google The Thinking Factory (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Google: The Thinking Factory</i> (dokumentari 2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_and_the_World_Brain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google and the World Brain (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Google and the World Brain</i> (dokumentari 2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goojje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goojje (laman tidak wujud)">Goojje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permainan_video_monopoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permainan video monopoli (laman tidak wujud)">Jalan Raya Bandar Monopoli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unity_(sistem_kabel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unity (sistem kabel) (laman tidak wujud)">Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategori"><img alt="Kategori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Google" title="Kategori:Google">Kategori</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, 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