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href="https://web.dev/explore/angular" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/explore/angular" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - angular" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Angular" track-name="angular" > Angular </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/explore/mini-apps" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/explore/mini-apps" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - mini apps" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Mini apps" track-name="mini apps" > Mini apps </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" hidden> <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="webDev" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="web.dev"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="web.dev"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: About" track-name="about" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: HTML" track-name="html" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: HTML" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > HTML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: CSS" track-name="css" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: CSS" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > CSS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: JavaScript" track-name="javascript" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Blog" track-name="blog" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Learn" track-name="learn" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Explore" track-name="explore" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Explore" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Explore </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/learn-core-web-vitals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-name="core web vitals" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core Web Vitals </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Metrics" track-name="metrics" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Metrics" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Metrics </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/fast" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Fast load times" track-name="fast load times" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fast load times" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fast load times </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: AI" track-name="ai" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/how-to-optimize-inp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-name="optimize interaction to next paint (inp)" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP) </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/progressive-web-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-name="progressive web apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Progressive Web Apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Accessible to all" track-name="accessible to all" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessible to all" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessible to all </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/reliable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Network reliability" track-name="network reliability" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Network reliability" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Network reliability </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/secure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Safe and secure" track-name="safe and secure" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Safe and secure" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Safe and secure </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/discoverable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Easily discoverable" track-name="easily discoverable" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Easily discoverable" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Easily discoverable </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/payments" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web Payments" track-name="web payments" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Web Payments" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web Payments </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Media" track-name="media" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Media" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Media </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Devices" track-name="devices" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Devices" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Devices </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/animations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Animations" track-name="animations" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Animations" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Animations </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Identity" track-name="identity" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/webassembly" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: WebAssembly" track-name="webassembly" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: WebAssembly" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > WebAssembly </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/test-automation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Test automation" track-name="test automation" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test automation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test automation </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/react" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: React" track-name="react" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: React" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > React </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/angular" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Angular" track-name="angular" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Angular" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Angular </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/mini-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Mini apps" track-name="mini apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mini apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mini apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/patterns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Patterns" track-name="patterns" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Patterns" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Patterns </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/case-studies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Case studies" track-name="case studies" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Case studies" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Case studies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand security basics</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-not-scary" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-not-scary" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-not-scary" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security should not be so scary!</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-attacks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-attacks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-attacks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What are security attacks?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/same-site-same-origin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/same-site-same-origin" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/same-site-same-origin" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understanding &#34;same-site&#34; and &#34;same-origin&#34;</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-headers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-headers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-headers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security headers quick reference</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Secure connections with HTTPS</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/why-https-matters" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/why-https-matters" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/why-https-matters" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Why HTTPS matters</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/enable-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/enable-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/enable-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Enabling HTTPS on your servers</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/what-is-mixed-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/what-is-mixed-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/what-is-mixed-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is mixed content?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fixing-mixed-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fixing-mixed-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fixing-mixed-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fixing mixed content</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/when-to-use-local-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/when-to-use-local-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/when-to-use-local-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>When to use HTTPS for local development</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/how-to-use-local-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/how-to-use-local-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/how-to-use-local-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How to use HTTPS for local development</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent info leaks</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/browser-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/browser-sandbox" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/browser-sandbox" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Browser sandbox</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/same-origin-policy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/same-origin-policy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/same-origin-policy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Same-origin policy</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/coop-coep" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/coop-coep" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/coop-coep" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Making your website &#34;cross-origin isolated&#34; using COOP and COEP</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/why-coop-coep" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/why-coop-coep" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/why-coop-coep" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Why you need &#34;cross-origin isolated&#34; for powerful features</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fetch-metadata" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fetch-metadata" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fetch-metadata" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect your resources from web attacks with Fetch Metadata</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect websites from XSS</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/trusted-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/trusted-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/trusted-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent DOM-based cross-site scripting vulnerabilities with Trusted Types</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/strict-csp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/strict-csp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/strict-csp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) with a strict Content Security Policy (CSP)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/securely-hosting-user-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/securely-hosting-user-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/securely-hosting-user-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Securely hosting user data in modern web applications</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect users from tracking</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Digging into the Privacy Sandbox</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/understanding-cookies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/understanding-cookies" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/understanding-cookies" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understanding cookies</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/samesite-cookies-explained" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/samesite-cookies-explained" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/samesite-cookies-explained" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SameSite cookies explained</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SameSite cookie recipes</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>First-party cookie recipes</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/referrer-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/referrer-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/referrer-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Referer and Referrer-Policy best practices</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/trust-tokens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/trust-tokens" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/trust-tokens" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Getting started with Trust Tokens</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>User-agent client hints</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/schemeful-samesite" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/schemeful-samesite" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/schemeful-samesite" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Schemeful Same-Site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/floc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/floc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/floc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is FLoC?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor security violations and deprecations</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reporting API</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to Reporting API v1</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/network-error-logging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/network-error-logging" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/network-error-logging" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Network Error Logging (NEL)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Help! I&#39;ve been hacked</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/hacked" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/hacked" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/hacked" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Help, I think I&#39;ve been hacked</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How do I know if my site was hacked?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Top ways sites get hacked by spammers</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/build-a-support-team" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/build-a-support-team" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/build-a-support-team" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build a support team</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/quarantine-your-site" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/quarantine-your-site" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/quarantine-your-site" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Quarantine your site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/use-search-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/use-search-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/use-search-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Search Console</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/assess-spam-damage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/assess-spam-damage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/assess-spam-damage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Assess spam damage</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the Japanese Keyword hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the gibberish hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the cloaked keywords and links hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/hacked-with-malware" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/hacked-with-malware" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/hacked-with-malware" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hacked with malware</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/identify-the-vulnerability" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/identify-the-vulnerability" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/identify-the-vulnerability" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identify the vulnerability</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Clean and maintain your site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/request-a-review" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/request-a-review" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/request-a-review" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Request a review</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Glossary for hacked sites</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>FAQ for hacked sites</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" 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</devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> SameSite cookie recipes </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p> <div class="wd-authors" translate="no"> <div class="wd-author"> <img class="devsite-landing-row-item-icon" alt="Rowan Merewood" src="https://web.dev/images/authors/rowan_m.jpg" decoding="async" height="64" loading="lazy" width="64"> <div> <span> Rowan Merewood </span> <div class="wd-author__links"> <a href="https://twitter.com/rowan_m" aria-label="Rowan Merewood on X" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 300 271"> <title>X</title> <path fill="currentColor" d="m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z"></path> </svg></a> <a href="https://github.com/rowan-m" aria-label="Rowan Merewood on GitHub" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 32.6 31.8"> <title>GitHub</title> <path d="M16.3 0C7.3 0 0 7.3 0 16.3c0 7.2 4.7 13.3 11.1 15.5.8.1 1.1-.4 1.1-.8v-2.8c-4.5 1-5.5-2.2-5.5-2.2-.7-1.9-1.8-2.4-1.8-2.4-1.5-1 .1-1 .1-1 1.6.1 2.5 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style="stroke:none;stroke-miterlimit:10;fill-rule:evenodd;"></path> </svg></a> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <aside class="warning"><strong>Warning:</strong><span> Browsers are restricting third-party cookie usage. If you&#39;ve set <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None</code> on your cookies in the past, you <strong>must</strong> take additional action. <a href="https://developers.google.com/privacy-sandbox/3pcd">Learn how to prepare for third-party cookie restrictions</a>.</span></aside> <aside class="note"> <b>Note: </b> This page is part of a series on the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> cookie attribute changes that includes: <ul> <li><a href="/articles/understanding-cookies">Understanding cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/articles/samesite-cookies-explained">SameSite cookies explained</a></li> <li><a href="/articles/schemeful-samesite">Schemeful Same-Site</a></li> </ul> </aside> <p><a href="https://www.chromium.org/updates/same-site">Chrome</a>, <a href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/mozilla.dev.platform/nx2uP0CzA9k/BNVPWDHsAQAJ">Firefox</a>, <a href="https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/d/msg/blink-dev/AknSSyQTGYs/8lMmI5DwEAAJ">Edge</a>, and others are changing their default behavior in line with the IETF proposal, <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-west-cookie-incrementalism-00">Incrementally Better Cookies</a> so that:</p> <ul> <li>Cookies without a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> attribute are treated as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=Lax</code>, meaning the default behavior is to restrict cookies to first party contexts <strong>only</strong>.</li> <li>Cookies for cross-site usage <strong>must</strong> specify <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None; Secure</code> to enable inclusion in third party context.</li> </ul> <p>If you haven&#39;t already done so, you should update the attributes for your third-party cookies so they won&#39;t be blocked in the future.</p> <p> <div class="wd-browser-compat"> <p>Browser Support</p> <ul> <li data-support="yes"> <img alt="Chrome: 51." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='24' height='24' viewBox='-10 -10 276 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tabindex="-1">Use cases for cross-site or third-party cookies</h2> <p>There are a number of common use cases and patterns where cookies need to be sent in a third-party context. If you provide or depend on one of these use cases, make sure that either you or the provider are updating their cookies to keep the service functioning correctly.</p> <h3 id="iframes" data-text="Content within an &lt;iframe&gt;" tabindex="-1">Content within an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;iframe&gt;</code></h3> <p>Content from a different site displayed in an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;iframe&gt;</code> is in a third-party context. Standard use cases include:</p> <ul> <li>Embedded content shared from other sites, such as videos, maps, code samples, and social posts.</li> <li>Widgets from external services such as payments, calendars, booking, and reservation features.</li> <li>Widgets such as social buttons or anti-fraud services that create less obvious <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;iframes&gt;</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Cookies may be used here to, among other things, maintain session state, store general preferences, enable statistics, or personalize content for users with existing accounts.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7.png" alt="Diagram of a browser window where the URL of embedded content doesn't match the URL of the page." width="468" height="383" srcset="https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-browser-window-809ed902fbce7_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <figcaption class="wd-caption"> If the embedded content doesn't come from the same site as the top-level browsing context, it's third-party content. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Because the web is inherently composable, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;iframes&gt;</code> are also used to embed content viewed in a top-level or first-party context. Any cookies the site displayed in the iframe uses are considered third-party cookies. If you&#39;re creating sites that you want other sites to embed, and need cookies to make them work, you also need to ensure those are marked for cross-site usage or that you can fall back gracefully without them.</p> <h3 id="unsafe-requests" data-text='"Unsafe" requests across sites' tabindex="-1">"Unsafe" requests across sites</h3> <p>&quot;Unsafe&quot; might sound concerning here, but it refers to any request that might be intended to change state. On the web, that&#39;s primarily POST requests. Cookies marked as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=Lax</code> are sent on safe top-level navigations, like clicking a link to go to a different site. However, something like a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;form&gt;</code> submission to a different site using POST doesn&#39;t include cookies.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3.png" alt="Diagram of a request moving from one page to another." width="719" height="382" srcset="https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes/image/diagram-a-request-moving-46b47373768e3_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <figcaption class="wd-caption"> If the incoming request uses a "safe" method, the page sends cookies. </figcaption> </figure> <p>This pattern is used for sites that can redirect the user out to a remote service to perform some operation before returning, for example, redirecting to a third-party identity provider. Before the user leaves the site, a cookie is set containing a single use token with the expectation that this token can be checked on the returning request to mitigate <a href="https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html">Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF)</a> attacks. If that returning request comes through POST, you&#39;ll need to mark the cookies as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None; Secure</code>.</p> <h3 id="remote-resources" data-text="Remote resources" tabindex="-1">Remote resources</h3> <p>Any remote resource on a page, such as from <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;img&gt;</code> tags or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">&lt;script&gt;</code> tags, might rely on cookies being sent with a request. Common use cases include tracking pixels and personalizing content.</p> <p>This also applies to requests sent from your JavaScript using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">XMLHttpRequest</code>. If <code translate="no" dir="ltr">fetch()</code> is called with the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API/Using_Fetch#Sending_a_request_with_credentials_included"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">credentials: &#39;include&#39;</code> option</a>, those requests are likely to include cookies. For <code translate="no" dir="ltr">XMLHttpRequest</code>, expected cookies are usually indicated by a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest/withCredentials"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">withCredentials</code> value</a> fo <code translate="no" dir="ltr">true</code>. Those cookies must be appropriately marked to be included in cross-site requests.</p> <h3 id="webview" data-text="Content within a WebView" tabindex="-1">Content within a WebView</h3> <p>A WebView in a platform-specific app is powered by a browser. Developers need to test whether the restrictions or issues that affect their apps also apply to their app&#39;s WebViews.</p> <p>Android also lets its platform-specific apps set cookies directly using the <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/CookieManager">CookieManager API</a>. As with cookies set using headers or JavaScript, consider including <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None; Secure</code> if they&#39;re intended for cross-site use.</p> <h2 id="implements" data-text="How to implement SameSite today" tabindex="-1">How to implement <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> today</h2> <p>Mark any cookies that are only needed in a first-party context as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=Lax</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=Strict</code> depending on your needs. If you don&#39;t mark these cookies and instead rely on default browser behavior to handle them, they can behave inconsistently across browsers and potentially trigger console warnings for each cookie.</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-text" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Set-Cookie: first_party_var=value; SameSite=Lax </code></pre> <p>Make sure to mark any cookies needed in a third-party context as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None; Secure</code>. Both attributes are required. If you just specify <code translate="no" dir="ltr">None</code> without <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Secure</code>, the cookie will be rejected. To account for differences in browser implementations, you might need to use some of the mitigating strategies described in <a href="#handle-incompatible-clients">Handle incompatible clients</a>.</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-text" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Set-Cookie: third_party_var=value; SameSite=None; Secure </code></pre> <h3 id="handle-incompatible-clients" data-text="Handle incompatible clients" tabindex="-1">Handle incompatible clients</h3> <p>Because these changes to include <code translate="no" dir="ltr">None</code> and update default behavior are still relatively new, different browsers handle them in different ways. You can refer to the <a href="https://www.chromium.org/updates/same-site/incompatible-clients">updates page on chromium.org</a> for a list of known issues, but this list might not be exhaustive.</p> <p>One possible workaround is to set each cookie in both the new and the old style:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-text" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Set-cookie: 3pcookie=value; SameSite=None; Secure Set-cookie: 3pcookie-legacy=value; Secure </code></pre> <p>Browsers implementing the newer behavior set the cookie with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> value. Browsers that don&#39;t implement the new behavior ignore that value and set the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">3pcookie-legacy</code> cookie. When processing included cookies, your site should first check for the presence of the new style of cookie and, then fall back to the legacy cookie if it can&#39;t find a new one.</p> <p>The following example shows how to do this in Node.js, using the <a href="https://expressjs.com">Express framework</a> and its <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/cookie-parser">cookie-parser</a> middleware:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-javascript" translate="no" dir="ltr"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">const express = require(&#39;express&#39;); const cp = require(&#39;cookie-parser&#39;); const app = express(); app.use(cp()); app.get(&#39;/set&#39;, (req, res) =&gt; { // Set the new style cookie res.cookie(&#39;3pcookie&#39;, &#39;value&#39;, { sameSite: &#39;none&#39;, secure: true }); // And set the same value in the legacy cookie res.cookie(&#39;3pcookie-legacy&#39;, &#39;value&#39;, { secure: true }); res.end(); }); app.get(&#39;/&#39;, (req, res) =&gt; { let cookieVal = null; if (req.cookies[&#39;3pcookie&#39;]) { // check the new style cookie first cookieVal = req.cookies[&#39;3pcookie&#39;]; } else if (req.cookies[&#39;3pcookie-legacy&#39;]) { // otherwise fall back to the legacy cookie cookieVal = req.cookies[&#39;3pcookie-legacy&#39;]; } res.end(); }); app.listen(process.env.PORT); </code></pre> <p>This approach requires you to do extra work setting redundant cookies and making changes at the point of both setting and reading the cookie. However, it should cover all browsers regardless of their behavior, and keep third-party cookies functioning.</p> <p>As an alternative, you can detect the client using the user agent string when a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Set-Cookie</code> header is sent. Refer to the <a href="https://www.chromium.org/updates/same-site/incompatible-clients">list of incompatible clients</a>, and use an appropriate user agent detection library for your platform, for example, the <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/ua-parser-js">ua-parser-js</a> library on Node.js. This approach only requires you to make one change, but user agent sniffing might not catch all affected users.</p> <aside class="key-point"><strong>Key Point:</strong><span> Regardless of which option you choose, we strongly recommend adding a way to log traffic levels using your legacy cookies, and removing your workaround when that traffic decreases past an acceptable threshold for your site.</span></aside> <h2 id="support" data-text="Support for SameSite=None in languages, libraries, and frameworks" tabindex="-1">Support for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None</code> in languages, libraries, and frameworks</h2> <p>The majority of languages and libraries support the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> attribute for cookies. However, because the addition of <code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite=None</code> is still relatively recent, you might need to work around some standard behavior for now. These behaviors are documented in the <a href="https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/samesite-examples"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> examples repository on GitHub</a>.</p> <h2 id="resources" data-text="Getting help" tabindex="-1">Getting help</h2> <p>Cookies are used everywhere on the web, and it&#39;s rare for any development team to have complete knowledge of where their site sets and uses them, especially in cross-site use cases. When you encounter an issue, it might be the first time anyone has encountered it, so don&#39;t hesitate to reach out:</p> <ul> <li>Raise an issue in the <a href="https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/samesite-examples"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> examples repository on GitHub</a>.</li> <li>Ask a question in the <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/samesite">&quot;samesite&quot; tag on StackOverflow</a>.</li> <li>For issues with Chromium&#39;s behavior, raise a bug in the <a href="https://issues.chromium.org/issues">Chromium issue tracker</a>.</li> <li>Follow Chrome&#39;s progress on the <a href="https://www.chromium.org/updates/same-site"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">SameSite</code> updates page</a>.</li> </ul> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. 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