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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Political situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_and_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_and_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>People and terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_and_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarawakian_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarawakian_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sarawakian opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarawakian_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beginning of hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing_campaign_of_infiltrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing_campaign_of_infiltrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ongoing campaign of infiltrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing_campaign_of_infiltrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_conflict_to_the_Malaysian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_conflict_to_the_Malaysian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_conflict_to_the_Malaysian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Claret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Claret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Operation Claret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Claret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easing_of_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easing_of_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Easing of tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easing_of_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Counter-measures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counter-measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counter-measures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counter-measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Command arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commonwealth order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>British tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_psychological_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_psychological_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>British psychological operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_psychological_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>British Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المواجهة الإندونيسية الماليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المواجهة الإندونيسية الماليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інданезійска-малайзійская канфрантацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інданезійска-малайзійская канфрантацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi" title="Konfrontasi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konfrontasi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesia-Malaisia_vastasseis" title="Indoneesia-Malaisia vastasseis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoneesia-Malaisia vastasseis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confrontaci%C3%B3n_indonesio-malaya" title="Confrontación indonesio-malaya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confrontación indonesio-malaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="رویارویی اندونزی و مالزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رویارویی اندونزی و مالزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi" title="Konfrontasi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Konfrontasi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84-%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%98" title="말레이시아-인도네시아 대치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이시아-인도네시아 대치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijsko-malezijski_sukob" title="Indonezijsko-malezijski sukob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indonezijsko-malezijski sukob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia" title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confronto_tra_Indonesia_e_Malaysia" title="Confronto tra Indonesia e Malaysia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confronto tra Indonesia e Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi_Indon%C3%A9sia-Malaysia" title="Konfrontasi Indonésia-Malaysia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Konfrontasi Indonésia-Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia" title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia" title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Konfrontasi Indonesia–Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontasi" title="Konfrontasi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Konfrontasi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfrontacja_indonezyjsko-malezyjska" title="Konfrontacja indonezyjsko-malezyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konfrontacja indonezyjsko-malezyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confronto_Indon%C3%A9sia-Mal%C3%A1sia" title="Confronto Indonésia-Malásia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confronto Indonésia-Malásia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индонезийско-малайзийская конфронтация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индонезийско-малайзийская конфронтация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian%E2%80%93Malesian_konfrontaatio" title="Indonesian–Malesian konfrontaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indonesian–Malesian konfrontaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_-_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தோனேசியா - மலேசியா மோதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தோனேசியா - மலேசியா மோதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індонезійсько-малайзійська конфронтація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індонезійсько-малайзійська конфронтація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1963–1966 military conflict</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of Malaysia">formation of Malaysia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg/300px-British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg/450px-British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg/600px-British_forces_in_Borneo_during_Confrontation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><br />A British soldier is winched up by a <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">Westland Wessex</a> helicopter during an operation in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, August 1964</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 January 1963 – 11 August 1966<br />(3 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007246It_was_an_outstanding_victory,_and_it_was_a_victory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007246It_was_an_outstanding_victory,_and_it_was_a_victory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <ul><li>Indonesia accepts formation of Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> was <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">replaced</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> following <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">G30S</a> coup attempt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> continues until 1989</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth of Nations">The Commonwealth of Nations</a></b> <div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b><hr /><b>Aligned parties:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">PKI</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">NKCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_and_Lyes_2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_and_Lyes_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fujio_Hara_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujio_Hara-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_People%27s_Guerrilla_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force">PGRS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fujio_Hara_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujio_Hara-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">PRB</a><sup id="cite_ref-PRB_Elections_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB_Elections-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Syed_Putra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuanku Syed Putra">Tuanku Syed Putra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Nasiruddin_of_Terengganu" title="Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu">Ismail Nasiruddin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein" title="Abdul Razak Hussein">Abdul Razak Hussein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Osman" title="Tunku Osman">Tunku Osman</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="271" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Harun">Mustapha Harun</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="271" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pengiran_Ahmad_Raffae" title="Pengiran Ahmad Raffae">Pengiran Ahmad Raffae</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="271" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Stephens" title="Fuad Stephens">Fuad Stephens</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah_%281963-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="271" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lo_Sui_Yin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lo Sui Yin">Peter Lo Sui Yin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abang_Openg" title="Abang Openg">Abang Openg</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak_%281870%E2%80%931946%2C_1963%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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Aidit</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wen_Ming_Chyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wen Ming Chyuan (page does not exist)">Wen Ming Chyuan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Wah_Kwai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lam Wah Kwai (page does not exist)">Lam Wah Kwai</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bong_Kee_Chok" title="Bong Kee Chok">Bong Kee Chok</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ang_Cho_Teng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ang Cho Teng (page does not exist)">Ang Cho Teng</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A._M._Azahari" title="A. M. Azahari">A. M. Azahari</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_North_Borneo_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yassin_Affandi" title="Yassin Affandi">Yassin Affandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>Military Total:</b> </p> <ul><li>114 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>181 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Civilians Total:</b> </p> <ul><li>36 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>53 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 140 killed (including 44 <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">gurkha</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MoD2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoD2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />52 wounded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> 23 killed<sup id="cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />8 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 12 killed<sup id="cite_ref-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />16 wounded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 9 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Konfrontasi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konfrontasi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />several wounded<br /> </p> <b><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a></b> 44 killed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />83 wounded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b>Total:</b> </p> <ul><li>590 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>222 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>771 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia–Malaysia_confrontation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1962</b> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Limbang" title="Raid on Limbang">Limbang</a></li> <p><b>1963</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Jawai" title="Battle of Long Jawai">Long Jawai</a></li></ul> <p><b>1964</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Labis" title="Landing at Labis">Labis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Straits_Crisis" title="Sunda Straits Crisis">Sunda Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_December_1964" title="Action of 13 December 1964">Singapore Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kesang_River" title="Landing at Kesang River">Kesang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Pontian" title="Landing at Pontian">Pontian</a></li></ul> <p><b>1965</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plaman_Mapu" title="Battle of Plaman Mapu">Plaman Mapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sungei_Koemba" title="Battle of Sungei Koemba">Sungei Koemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kindau" title="Battle of Kindau">Kindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babang" title="Battle of Babang">Babang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret"><i>Claret</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bau" title="Battle of Bau">Bau</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</b> or <b>Borneo confrontation</b> (known as <b><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Konfrontasi</i></span></b> in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s opposition to the creation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>. After Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> was deposed in 1966, the dispute ended peacefully. </p><p>The creation of Malaysia was a merger of the Federation of Malaya (now <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British Crown colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (collectively known as <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a>, now <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>) in September 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie197436–37_&_174_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie197436–37_&_174-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vital precursors to the conflict included Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">policy of confrontation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> from March to August 1962 and the Indonesia-backed <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a> in December 1962. Malaysia had direct military support from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Indonesia had indirect support from the USSR and China, thus making it an episode of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a>. </p><p>The conflict was an <a href="/wiki/Undeclared_war" title="Undeclared war">undeclared war</a> with most of the action occurring in the border area between Indonesia and East Malaysia on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> in Indonesia). However Indonesia also conducted lower intensity covert actions on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and in Singapore. The conflict was characterised by restrained and isolated ground combat, set within tactics of low-level <a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship" title="Brinkmanship">brinkmanship</a>. Combat was usually conducted by <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a>-sized operations on either side of the border. Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into Borneo sought to exploit how ethnically and religiously diverse Sabah and Sarawak were compared to that of Malaya and Singapore, with the intent of unravelling the proposed state of Malaysia. </p><p>The jungle terrain of Borneo and the lack of roads straddling the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_border" title="Indonesia–Malaysia border">Indonesia–Malaysia border</a> forced both Indonesian and Commonwealth forces to conduct long foot patrols. Both sides relied on light infantry operations and air transport, although Commonwealth forces enjoyed the advantage of better helicopter deployment and resupply to forward operating bases. Rivers were also used as a method of transport and infiltration. Although combat operations were primarily conducted by ground forces, airborne forces played a vital support role and naval forces ensured the security of the sea flanks. The <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British</a> provided most of the defensive effort, although Malaysian forces steadily increased their contributions, and there were periodic contributions from <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand</a> forces within the combined <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Strategic_Reserve" title="Far East Strategic Reserve">Far East Strategic Reserve</a> stationed then in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey199625_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey199625-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Indonesian attacks on East Malaysia relied heavily on local volunteers trained by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a>. Over time, the <a href="/wiki/Direct_action_(military)" title="Direct action (military)">infiltration forces</a> became more organised with the inclusion of a more substantial component of Indonesian forces. To deter and disrupt Indonesia's growing campaign of infiltrations, the British responded in 1964 by launching their own covert operations into Indonesian Kalimantan under the code name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a>. Coinciding with Sukarno announcing a 'year of dangerous living' and the <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a>, Indonesia launched an expanded campaign of operations into Peninsular Malaysia on 17 August 1964, albeit without military success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992306_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992306-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A build-up of Indonesian forces on the Kalimantan border in December 1964 saw the UK commit significant forces from the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Army_Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Army Strategic Command</a>. Australia and New Zealand deployed <a href="/wiki/Roulement" title="Roulement">roulement</a> combat forces from Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo in 1965–66. The intensity of the conflict began to subside following the coup d'état of <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">October 1965</a> and Sukarno's loss of power to General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. A round of serious peace negotiations between the two sides began in May 1966, and a final peace agreement was signed on 11 August 1966 with Indonesia formally recognising Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE–500 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heling_kingdom" title="Heling kingdom">Kalingga Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Siau" title="Kingdom of Siau">Kingdom of Siau</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1510–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Insulindia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East India Company rule</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British Bencoolen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1942<br />1945–1949</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i></a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_situation">Political situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <i>Konfrontasi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a> as a conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, and establishing Indonesia's credentials as a notable international power supporting its own agenda distinct from those of the <a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">First and Second World</a>. Indonesia was an important country in developing the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, hosting the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a> in 1955. Indonesia had relentlessly pursued its claim to Dutch New Guinea from 1950 to 1962, despite facing multiple setbacks in the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> in getting its claim recognised by the international community. </p><p>Following the Indonesian crisis in 1958, which had included the <a href="/wiki/Permesta" title="Permesta">Permesta</a> rebellion in eastern Indonesia and the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia</a>, Indonesia had emerged as a notable and rising military power in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain199767_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain199767-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), primarily through its Taiwan-based subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Transport" title="Civil Air Transport">Civil Air Transport</a> (CAT), had been covertly providing support to rebels on remote islands, seeking to weaken, if not outright oust President Sukarno's regime. Beginning in 1957, the CIA was increasing contact with military leaders in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> critical of the regime. By late 1957, the transport of weapons and ammunition to Sumatra by merchant ships and night submarines had become increasingly common, but the Americans believed that for their clandestine assistance to be truly effective, such operations required the use of British facilities in Singapore to refuel and support CAT missions launched in Bangkok, Taiwan, or the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-EnglishHistoricalReview-Nov99_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnglishHistoricalReview-Nov99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the influx of Soviet arms aid, Indonesia was able to advance its claim to Dutch New Guinea more forcefully. The diplomatic dispute reached its climax in 1962 when Indonesia launched a substantial campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations into Dutch New Guinea. While the infiltration forces were soundly defeated by Dutch and Papuan forces, Indonesia was able to lend credence to the threat of an Indonesian invasion of Dutch New Guinea. The Dutch, facing mounting diplomatic pressure from the Indonesians, and also the Americans, who were anxious to keep Indonesia from becoming Communist aligned, yielded and agreed to a diplomatic compromise, allowing the Indonesians to gain control of the territory in exchange for pledging to hold a self-determination plebiscite (the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a>) in the territory by 1969. Thus by the close of 1962, Indonesia had achieved a considerable diplomatic victory, which possibly emboldened its self-perception as a notable regional power. It was in the context of this recent diplomatic victory that Indonesia cast its attention to the British proposal for a unified Malaysian state. </p><p>Before the British government announced the <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a> policy in 1968, it had already begun re-evaluating their commitment to maintaining a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> as early as the late-1950s. As a part of its withdrawal from its Southeast Asian colonies, the UK moved to combine its colonies in North Borneo with the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> (which had become independent from Britain in 1957), and Singapore (which had become self-governing in 1959). In May 1961, the UK and Malayan governments proposed a larger federation called Malaysia, encompassing the states of Malaya, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Initially, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> was mildly supportive of the proposed federation, although the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) was firmly opposed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brunei, it was unclear whether Sultan <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien III">Omar Ali Saifuddien III</a> would support Brunei joining the proposed Malaysian state because of the implied reduction of his political office, and Brunei's oil revenues ensured Brunei's financial viability were it to choose independence. Furthermore, a Brunei politician, Dr. AM Azahari bin Sheikh Mahmud, while supporting a unified North Borneo, also opposed a wider Malaysian federation. In 1961, he had sounded out Indonesia about possible aid in training Borneo recruits; General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Nasution</a> hinted at moral support, and <a href="/wiki/Soebandrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Soebandrio">Soebandrio</a>, the Indonesian foreign minister and head of intelligence, hinted at supplying more substantial aid. Azahari was a leftist who had fought in Indonesia in their war for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these meetings, Indonesia began training a small volunteer force called the North Kalimantan National Army (TNKU) in Kalimantan. </p><p>On 8 December 1962, the TNKU staged an insurrection—the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a>. The insurrection was an abject failure, as the poorly trained and equipped forces were unable to capture key objectives such as the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>, the Brunei oil fields, or European hostages. Within hours of the insurrection being launched, British forces based in Singapore were mobilised for a prompt response. The failure of the insurrection was evident within 30 hours when <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> troops airlifted from Singapore secured Brunei town and ensured the Sultan's safety. </p><p>The degree of Indonesian support for the TNKU remains a subject of debate. While Indonesia at the time denied direct involvement, it did sympathise with the TNKU's objectives to destabilise the proposed Malaysian state. Following the TNKU's military setback in Brunei, on 20 January 1963 Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Subandrio" title="Subandrio">Subandrio</a> announced that Indonesia would pursue a policy of <i>Konfrontasi</i> with Malaysia, reversing Indonesia's previous policy of compliance with the British proposal. This was followed by the first recorded infiltration of Indonesian forces on 12 April 1963 when a police station in Tebedu, Sarawak, was attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaster200446_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaster200446-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_and_terrain">People and terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: People and terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, the island of Borneo was divided between four separate entities. <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, comprising four Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">provinces</a>, was located in the south of the island. In the north, were the Sultanate of Brunei (a British protectorate) and two colonies of the United Kingdom—British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> (later renamed Sabah) and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/300px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/450px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/600px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Borneo after cessation of hostilities; divided between Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. The control of the island was the main issue behind the war at the time.</figcaption></figure> <p>The three British territories totalled some 1.5 million people, about half of them <a href="/wiki/Dayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayaks">Dayaks</a>. Sarawak had a population of about 900,000, Sabah's was 600,000 and Brunei's was around 80,000. Among Sarawak's non-Dayak population, 31% were Chinese, and 19% were Malay. Among non-Dayaks in Sabah, 21% were Chinese, and 7% were Malay; Brunei's non-Dayak population was 28% Chinese and 54% Malay. There was a large Indonesian population in Tawau in southern Sabah and a large and economically active Chinese one in Sarawak. Despite their population size, Dayaks were spread through the country in village longhouses and were not politically organised.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sarawak was divided into five administrative divisions. Sabah, whose capital city was Jesselton (<a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>) on the north coast, was divided into several residencies; those of the interior and Tawau were on the border. </p><p>Apart from either end, the border with Indonesia generally followed a ridgeline throughout its length, rising to almost 2,500 metres in the Fifth Division. In the First Division, there were some roads, including a continuous road from Kuching to Brunei and around to Sandakan on the east coast of Sabah. There were no roads in the Fourth and Fifth Divisions or the Interior Residency, and in Third Division, there was only the coast road, which was some 150 miles from the border. Mapping was generally poor, as British maps of the country only showed tiny topographic detail. Indonesian maps were worse; veterans recall "a single black and white sheet for all of Kalimantan torn from a school textbook" in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003102_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003102-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalimantan was divided into four provinces, of which <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> bordered British Borneo. The capital of the West Kalimantan is <a href="/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a> on the west coast, about 100 miles (160 km) from the border, and the capital of East Kalimantan is <a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a> on the south coast, some 350 kilometres (220 mi) from the border. There were no roads in the border area other than some in the west, and no road existed linking East and West Kalimantan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The lack of roads and tracks suitable for vehicles on both sides of the border meant that movement was limited to foot tracks mostly unmarked on any map, as well as water and air movement. There were many large rivers on both sides of the border, and these were the primary means of movement. There were also quite a few small grass airstrips suitable for light aircraft, as dropping zones for parachuted supplies, and helicopters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The equator lies about 160 kilometres (100 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, and most of northern Borneo receives over 3,000 mm (120 in) of rain each year. Borneo is naturally covered by tropical rainforests. This covers the mountainous areas cut by many rivers with very steep-sided hills and hilltop ridges often only a few metres wide. The high rainfall means large rivers; these provide a principal means of transport and are formidable tactical obstacles. Dense <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove forest</a> covering vast tidal flats intersected with numerous creeks is a feature of many coastal areas, including Brunei and either end of the border. There are cultivated areas in valleys and around villages. In the vicinity of abandoned and current settlements are areas of dense secondary regrowth. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarawakian_opposition">Sarawakian opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sarawakian opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke" title="Charles Vyner Brooke">Charles Vyner Brooke</a> ceded the state to the British Crown believing it to be in the best interest of the people of Sarawak following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReece199372_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReece199372-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarawak became a Crown colony, ruled from the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, which in turn dispatched a <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> for Sarawak. The predominantly <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> anti-cession movement, which rejected the British takeover of Sarawak and had assassinated <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Stewart_(colonial_administrator)" title="Duncan Stewart (colonial administrator)">Duncan Stewart</a>, the first British <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> of Sarawak, may have been the forerunner of the subsequent anti-Malaysia movement in Sarawak, headed by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zaidi_Adruce" title="Ahmad Zaidi Adruce">Ahmad Zaidi Adruce</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Vernon L. Porritt and Hong-Kah Fong, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">cells</a> had been present among Sarawak's urban <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> communities since the 1930s and 1940s. Some of the earliest Communist groups in Sabah included the Anti-Fascist League, which later became the Races Liberation Army, and the Borneo Anti-Japanese League, which was made up of the North Borneo Anti-Japanese League and the West Borneo Anti-Japanese League. The latter was led by Wu Chan, who was deported by the Sarawak colonial government to China in 1952. Other Communist groups in Sarawak included the Overseas Chinese Youth Association, which was formed in 1946, and the Liberation League along with its youth wing, the Advanced Youth Association, which emerged during the 1950s. These organisations became the nuclei for two Communist guerrilla movements: the anti-Malaysia North Kalimantan People's Army (PARAKU) and the Sarawak People's Guerrillas (PGRS). These various Communist groups were designated by various British and other Western sources as the <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">Clandestine Communist Organisation</a> (CCO) or the Sarawak Communist Organisation (SCO).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFong2005183–192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFong2005183–192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_SPGF,_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_SPGF%2C_NKNA_and_TNI_taking_picture_together.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force (SPGF), North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> (TNI) taking photograph together marking the close relations between them during Indonesia under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The SCO was predominantly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> but also included <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> supporters. However, the SCO had little support from ethnic Malays and other indigenous Sarawak peoples. At its height, the SCO had 24,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s and 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> had spread among Chinese vernacular schools in Sarawak. Following World War II, Communist influence also penetrated the labour movement and the predominantly Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak United People's Party">Sarawak United People's Party</a>, the state's first political party, which was founded in June 1959. The Sarawak Insurgency began after the Brunei Revolt in 1962 and the SCO would fight alongside the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Bruneian rebels</a> and Indonesian forces during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFong2005183–192_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFong2005183–192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKheng2009132–152_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKheng2009132–152-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SCO and the Bruneian rebels supported and propagated the unification of all British Borneo territories to form an independent leftist North Kalimantan state. This idea was originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/A._M._Azahari" title="A. M. Azahari">A. M. Azahari</a>, leader of the Parti Rakyat Brunei (Brunei People's Party), who had forged links with <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s nationalist movement, together with Ahmad Zaidi, in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in the 1940s. However, the Brunei People's Party was in favour of joining Malaysia on the condition it was unified with the three territories of northern Borneo with their own sultan, and hence was strong enough to resist domination by Malaya, Singapore, Malay administrators or Chinese merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Federation" title="North Borneo Federation">North Kalimantan</a> (or Kalimantan Utara) proposal was seen as a post-<a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> alternative by local opposition against the Malaysia plan. Local opposition throughout the Borneo territories was primarily based on economic, political, historical and cultural differences between the Borneo states and Malaya, as well as the refusal to be subjected under peninsular political domination. Both Azahari and Zaidi went into exile in Indonesia during the confrontation. While the latter returned to Sarawak and had his political status rehabilitated, Azahari remained in Indonesia until his death on 3 September 2002. </p><p>In the aftermath of the Brunei Revolt, the remnants of the TNKU reached Indonesia. Possibly fearing British reprisals (which never came), many Chinese communists, possibly several thousand, also fled Sarawak. Their compatriots remaining in Sarawak were known as the CCO by the UK but called the PGRS—Pasukan Gelilya Rakyat Sarawak (Sarawak People's Guerrilla Force) by Indonesia. Soebandrio met with a group of their potential leaders in Bogor, and Nasution sent three trainers from Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat (RPKAD) Battalion 2 to Nangabadan near the Sarawak border, where there were about 300 trainees. Some three months later, two lieutenants were sent there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PGRS numbered about 800, based in West Kalimantan at Batu Hitam, with a contingent of 120 from the Indonesian intelligence agency and a small cadre trained in China. The PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) was firmly in evidence and led by an ethnic Arab revolutionary, Sofyan. The PGRS ran some raids into Sarawak but spent more time developing their supporters in Sarawak. The Indonesian military did not approve of the leftist nature of the PGRS and generally avoided them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict">Conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesian-Malaysian_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation">Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1964_during_the_Indonesian-Malaysian_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation">Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1965_during_the_Indonesian-Malaysian_Confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation">Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_hostilities">Beginning of hostilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beginning of hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sukarno's motives for beginning the confrontation are contested. Former Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung" title="Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung">Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung</a> argued years later that Sukarno intentionally muted Indonesia's opposition to the proposed Malaysian state while Indonesia was preoccupied with advancing its claim to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">West New Guinea</a>. Following Indonesia's diplomatic victory in the West New Guinea dispute, Sukarno may have been emboldened to extend Indonesia's dominance over its weaker neighbours. Conversely, Sukarno may have felt compelled by the ongoing pressure of the PKI and the general instability of Indonesian politics to divert attention towards a new foreign conflict. </p><p>In the late 1950s, Sukarno argued that Malaysia was a British puppet state, a neo-colonial experiment and that any expansion of Malaysia would increase British control over the region, with implications for Indonesia's national security. Sukarno strongly opposed the British decolonisation initiative involving the formation of the Federation of Malaysia that would comprise the Malay Peninsula and British Borneo. Sukarno accused Malaysia of being a British puppet state aimed at establishing neo-imperialism and neo-colonialism in Southeast Asia, and also at containing Indonesian ambition to be the regional hegemonic power.<sup id="cite_ref-HirakawaShimizu1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HirakawaShimizu1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also suggested that Sukarno's campaign against the formation of Malaysia was motivated by a desire to separate Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore as a separate country, hence not submitting to the British proposal for <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> calling it as <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> done by the British state as a way of spreading British hegemony in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> claimed eastern North Borneo, arguing that the Borneo colony had historical links with the Philippines through the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukarno,_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad,_p12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg/186px-Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg/279px-Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg/372px-Sukarno%2C_Sang_Saka_Melanglang_Djagad%2C_p12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav/Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav/Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Penggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APenggalan_Pidato_Presiden_Sukarno_Genta_Suara_Revolusi_Indonesia_pada_HUT_RI_Tahun_1963.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Extracts from President Sukarno's Speech at the Indonesian Revolution Anniversary in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>However, while Sukarno made no direct claims to incorporate northern Borneo into Indonesian Kalimantan, he saw the formation of Malaysia as an obstacle to the <a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" title="Maphilindo">Maphilindo</a>, a non-political, <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> union spanning Malaya, Philippines and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> initially did not oppose the concept and even initiated the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Accord" title="Manila Accord">Manila Accord</a>. While the Philippines did not engage in hostilities, it did defer recognising Malaysia as the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to Malaya. Consequently, Malaysia severed diplomatic ties with the Philippines. </p><p>Indonesia argued that the establishment of Malaysia allowed the United Kingdom to maintain her unique privileges regarding the use of the Singapore base and keep close ties to British defense needs in Southeast Asia constituted an implied threat. <a href="/wiki/Subandrio" title="Subandrio">Subandrio</a>, the Indonesian foreign minister, was careful to explain to American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Jones" title="Howard P. Jones">Howard P. Jones</a> that the confrontation policy was concerned with Malaya not Malaysia and was a reaction to Malayan and British anti-Djakarta, pro-rebel activity in 1958, and promotion of program to split off Sumatra as diplomatic efforts to settle the Malaysian dispute picked up steam in the summer of 1963 through ministerial and summit level talks in Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-EnglishHistoricalReview-Nov99_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnglishHistoricalReview-Nov99-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at <a href="/wiki/Tebedu" title="Tebedu">Tebedu</a> in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 64 km (40 miles) from Kuching and 3.2 km (2 miles) from the border with Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confrontation could be said to have started from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Indonesia's declaration of confrontation against the proposed Malaysian state on 20 January 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> in 1962 had reported on the viability of a Malaysian state, finding that there was sufficient support in the Borneo colonies for the creation of a larger Malaysian state. However, due to hardening Indonesian and Philippine opposition to the Malaysia proposal, a new round of negotiations was proposed to hear the Indonesian and Philippine points of opposition. To resolve the dispute the would-be member states of Malaysia met representatives of Indonesia and the Philippines in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> for several days, starting on 30 July 1963. Just days before the summit, on 27 July 1963, Sukarno had continued his inflammatory rhetoric, declaring that he was going to "crush Malaysia" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Ganyang Malaysia</i>). At the Manila meeting, the Philippines and Indonesia formally agreed to accept the formation of Malaysia if a majority in North Borneo and Sarawak voted for it in a referendum organised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. While the fact-finding mission by the UN was expected to begin on 22 August, Indonesian delaying tactics forced the mission to start on 26 August. Nevertheless, the UN expected the report to be published by 14 September 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun_Hanif_Omar_2007_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun_Hanif_Omar_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Manila meeting, the Malayan Government had set 31 August as the date on which Malaysia would come into existence (coinciding with Malaya's independence day celebrations of 31 August). However, at the Manila negotiations, it was persuaded by the Indonesian and Philippine Governments to postpone Malaysia's inauguration until 15 September 1963 by which time a UN mission was expected to report on whether the two Borneo colonies supported the Malaysia proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992260_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992260-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the conclusion of the Manila talks, the Malayan prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> announced that the proposed Malaysian state would come into existence on 16 September 1963, apparently irrespective of the latest UN report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1974174–175_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1974174–175-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Borneo and Sarawak, anticipating a pro-Malaysian UN report, declared their independence as part of Malaysia on the sixth anniversary of Malayan independence, 31 August 1963, before the UN report had been published.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun_Hanif_Omar_2007_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun_Hanif_Omar_2007-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 September the UN report was published, once again providing general endorsement of the proposed Malaysian state. <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> was formally established on 16 September 1963. Indonesia immediately reacted by expelling the Malaysian Ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. Two days later, rioters organised by the PKI burned the British embassy in Jakarta. Several hundred rioters ransacked the Singaporean embassy in Jakarta and the homes of Singaporean diplomats. In Malaysia, Indonesian agents were captured, and crowds attacked the Indonesian embassy in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongoing_campaign_of_infiltrations">Ongoing campaign of infiltrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ongoing campaign of infiltrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even as peace talks progressed and stalled, Indonesia maintained its campaign of infiltrations. On 14 August, a headman reported an incursion in the 3rd Division and a follow-up indicated they were about 50 strong. A series of contacts ensued as <a href="/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles">2/6 Gurkhas</a> deployed patrols and ambushes, and after a month, 15 had been killed and three captured. The Gurkhas reported that they were well trained and professionally led, but their ammunition expenditure was high, and their fire discipline broke down. The prisoners reported 300 more invaders within a week and 600 in a fortnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973170_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973170-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Jawai" title="Battle of Long Jawai">Battle of Long Jawai</a> was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Major Mulyono Soerjowardojo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200780–85_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200780–85-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proclamation of Malaysia in September 1963 meant that Malaysian Army units deployed former British Borneo now known as East Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajid2007154_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajid2007154-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deliberate attack by Indonesian forces on Malaysian troops did not enhance Sukarno's "anti-imperialist" credentials, although the Indonesian government tried blaming their <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps" title="Indonesian Marine Corps">Navy Commando Corps</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Korps Komando</i></span>, KKO) as enthusiastic idealists acting independently. They also produced Azahari, who claimed that Indonesian forces were playing no part in active operations. Sukarno next launched a peace offensive and, in late January, declared he was ready for a ceasefire (despite having denied direct Indonesia involvement). Talks started in Bangkok, but border violations continued, and the talks soon failed. They resumed mid-year in Tokyo and failed within days but allowed time for a Thai mission to visit Sarawak and witness, well-equipped Indonesian soldiers withdrawing across the border, which they had crossed a short distance away earlier in the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973179–181,_188_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973179–181,_188-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Indonesian armed forces led by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yani" title="Ahmad Yani">Ahmad Yani</a> became increasingly concerned with the worsening domestic situation in Indonesia and began secretly contacting the Malaysian government, while obstructing the confrontation, reducing it to a minimal level.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was implemented to preserve an already exhausted army which had recently conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trikora" title="Operation Trikora">Operation Trikora</a> in Western New Guinea, while also maintaining its political position in Indonesian politics, especially against the Communist Party of Indonesia, the ardent supporters of the confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_conflict_to_the_Malaysian_Peninsula">Expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_Rangers,_Malay-Thai_border_(AWM_MAL-65-0046-01).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG/220px-Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG/330px-Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG/440px-Malaysian_Rangers%2C_Malay-Thai_border_%28AWM_MAL-65-0046-01%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Rangers" title="Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Rangers</a> (subsequently part of Malaysian Rangers) comprising <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Ibans</a> leap from a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois" title="Bell UH-1 Iroquois">Bell UH-1 Iroquois</a> helicopter to guard the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Thailand_border" title="Malaysia–Thailand border">Malay–Thai</a> border.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 May 1964, amid ongoing hostilities, Sukarno proclaimed the People's Dual Command or <i>Dwi Komando Rakyat</i> (Dwikora). The Dwikora contained Sukarno's call to defend the Indonesian Revolution and support revolutions in Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah to destroy Malaysia. Co-ordinated to coincide with Sukarno's announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Vivere_pericoloso" title="Vivere pericoloso">'Year of Living Dangerously'</a> during Indonesian Independence Day celebrations, Indonesian forces began a campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations of the Malaysian Peninsula on 17 August 1964. On 17 August 1964, a seaborne force of about 100, composed of air force <a href="/wiki/Kopasgat#PGT_Regimental_Combat_Team_(RTP-PGT)" title="Kopasgat">Rapid Response Troop</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pasukan Gerak Tjepat</i></span>, PGT) paratroopers, KKO and about a dozen Malaysian communists, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> by boat, <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Pontian" title="Landing at Pontian">landing at Pontian</a> in three parties in the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003161_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003161-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being greeted as liberators, however, they were contained by various Commonwealth forces, and all but four of the infiltrators were captured within a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971146_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971146-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September, three <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> aircraft set off from Jakarta for <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, flying low to avoid detection by radar. The following night, two of the C-130 reached their objective with their onboard PGT paratroopers, who jumped off and landed around <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Labis" title="Landing at Labis">Labis</a> in Johor (about 160 kilometres (100 miles) north of Singapore). The remaining C-130 crashed into the Strait of Malacca while trying to evade interception by an RAF <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Javelin FAW 9</a> launched from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Tengah">RAF Tengah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003161_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003161-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a lightning storm, the drop of 96 paratroopers was widely dispersed. This resulted in them landing close to 1/10 Gurkhas, who were joined by 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Infantry_Regiment" title="Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment">Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment</a> (1 RNZIR) stationed near Malacca with <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="28th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">28 (Commonwealth) Brigade</a>. Operations were commanded by four Malaysian Brigade, but it took a month for the security forces to capture or kill 90 of the 96 paratroopers, with two men killed during the action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007135–138_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007135–138-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971148–150_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971148–150-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003206–213_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003206–213-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesia's expansion of the conflict to the Malaysian Peninsula sparked the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Straits_Crisis" title="Sunda Straits Crisis">Sunda Straits Crisis</a>, involving the anticipated transit of the Sunda Strait by the British aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victorious_(R38)" title="HMS Victorious (R38)">HMS <i>Victorious</i></a> and two destroyer escorts. Commonwealth forces were readied for airstrikes against Indonesian infiltration staging areas in Sumatra if further Indonesian infiltrations of the Malaysian Peninsula were attempted. A tense three-week standoff occurred before the crisis was peacefully resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992319_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992319-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the final months of 1964, the conflict once again appeared to have reached a stalemate, with Commonwealth forces having placed Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into East Malaysia in check for the moment, and more recently, the Malaysian Peninsula.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the fragile equilibrium looked likely to change once again in December 1964 when Commonwealth intelligence began reporting a build-up of Indonesian infiltration forces in Kalimantan opposite Kuching, which suggested the possibility of an escalation in hostilities. Two additional British battalions were subsequently deployed to Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorian199155_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorian199155-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2002272_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002272-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, due to the landings in Malaysia and Indonesia's continued troop build-up, Australia and New Zealand also agreed to begin deploying combat forces to Borneo in early 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007165_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007165-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Claret">Operation Claret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation Claret"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/220px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/440px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_(Seaforth_and_Camerons)" title="Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)">Queen's Own Highlanders</a> 1st Battalion conduct a patrol to search for enemy positions in the jungle of Brunei.</figcaption></figure> <p>Operation Claret was a long-running series of secretive cross-border raids conducted by Commonwealth forces in Borneo from June 1964 to early 1966. These raids were undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>—including the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a>, Australian <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Air_Service" title="New Zealand Special Air Service">New Zealand Special Air Service</a>—as well as regular <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>. During the early phases of the conflict, Commonwealth and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the border and to protect population centres from Indonesian attacks. However, by 1965 they had decided to take more aggressive action, crossing the border to obtain information and in "hot pursuit" of withdrawing Indonesian infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First approved in May 1965, and expanded to include cross-border ambushing in July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These patrols—which were highly classified at the time—often involved small reconnaissance teams crossing the border from the Malaysian states of Sarawak or Sabah into Indonesian Kalimantan in order to detect Indonesian forces about to enter East Malaysia. Initially, penetration was limited to 2,700 metres (3,000 yards) but was later extended to 5,500 metres (6,000 yards), and again to 9,100 metres (10,000 yards) after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plaman_Mapu" title="Battle of Plaman Mapu">Battle of Plaman Mapu</a> in April 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199941_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199941-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996232–233_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996232–233-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional follow-up forces of <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> size were then directed into position to ambush the Indonesians, either as they crossed the border or often while they were still in Kalimantan. Such operations were to be "deniable" and were conducted under a policy of "aggressive defence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the sensitivity of these operations and the potential consequences if they were exposed, they were controlled at the highest level and conducted within strict parameters known as the "Golden Rules", while the participants were sworn to secrecy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner200283–84_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner200283–84-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claret was largely successful in gaining the initiative for the Commonwealth forces before being suspended late in the war, inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians and keeping them on the defensive on their side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996307_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996307-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operations were only publicly disclosed by Britain in 1974, while the Australian government did not officially acknowledge its involvement until 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates2006333_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates2006333-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easing_of_tensions">Easing of tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Easing of tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Avro_Vulcan_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> bomber lands at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Butterworth">RAF Butterworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, c 1965. The presence of these <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a> was a considerable deterrent to the Indonesians.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1965, the conflict was at a stand still. The newly elected President of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, was keen to ease tension and, to some extent, differed from his predecessor by not pursuing the North Sabah claim as fervently. In doing so, the new government planned to recognise the Federation of Malaysia. On February 5, it was announced that the Philippines would inform Indonesia a day in advance of its normalization of relations with Kuala Lumpur. Now truly isolated, Sukarno's denounced Marcos's actions in his speech, much to the surprise of Manila. Sukarno's speech triggered a renewed wave of pledges of support for confrontation, with youth and religious organizations denouncing Marcos's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"If Marcos wants to aid Malaysia, that's his business, but we will continue to crush Malaysia, even if we have to fight alone."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sukarno, on his opinion of Ferdinand Marcos, <sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein-2009_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg/220px-Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg/330px-Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg/440px-Volunteers_of_Dwikora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian volunteers ready to infiltrate and depart for the <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>-Brunei border in <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a> harbour, July 1965.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 30 September 1965, an <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">attempted coup</a> took place in Jakarta. Six senior Indonesian military leaders were killed, while General Nasution narrowly escaped from his would-be captors. In the ensuing confusion, Sukarno agreed to allow Suharto to assume emergency command and control of Jakarta and the armed forces stationed there. Blame for the failed coup was attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> (PKI), and in the following weeks and months a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">imprisonment and lynching</a> of PKI members and sympathisers broke out across Jakarta and Indonesia. With Suharto's grip on power in Jakarta and Indonesia delicately poised, the scale and intensity of Indonesia's campaign of infiltrations into East Borneo began to ease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973215_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973215-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The train of events set off by the failed coup led to Suharto's gradual consolidation of power and marginalisation of Sukarno. At the same time, the anti-communist purge spread throughout Indonesia. Suharto's steady consolidation of power after the events of 30 September allowed him to form a <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">new government</a> and in March 1967 Suharto was able to form a new cabinet that excluded Sukarno. </p><p>On 28 May 1966, at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, the Malaysian and Indonesian governments declared the conflict was over. However, it was unclear if <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> was in full control of Indonesia (rather than Sukarno), and vigilance in Borneo could not be relaxed. With Suharto's co-operation a peace treaty was signed on 11 August and ratified two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/220px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/330px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg/440px-Australian_soldier_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>An Australian soldier manning an <a href="/wiki/FN_MAG" title="FN MAG">L7 General Purpose Machine Gun</a> (GPMG) at a forward position.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Suharto's rise to power Claret operations continued and, in March 1966, a Gurkha battalion was involved in some of the fiercest fighting of the campaign during two raids into Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973213–214_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973213–214-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor action by Indonesian forces continued in the border area, including an attempt at counter-battery fire against a 105 mm gun position in Central Brigade (reports from locals said the British return fire had turned over the Indonesian gun, thought to be 76 mm). </p><p>At the beginning of 1966, with Indonesia's political hiatus beginning to stabilise (it had stopped a major RPKAD operation to capture a British prisoner), the RPKAD linked up with PGRS to establish guerrilla forces in Sabah and Sarawak. The Sabah effort never crossed the border; however, two groups entered Sarawak in February and May and obtained support from local sympathisers. The first group, despite losses in several contacts, lasted until June and exfiltrated on hearing about the end of Konfrontasi. Survivors of the second, after contact with Australian troops, also made it back to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003158–161_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003158–161-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the final Indonesian incursion was in May and June. Signs of a substantial force were found crossing into Central Brigade. This was some 80 strong, mostly volunteers, led by Lieutenant Sombi (or Sumbi) and a team from 600 Raider Company. They moved fast towards Brunei with <a href="/wiki/7th_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles">1/7 Gurkhas</a> pursuing and ambushing them; almost all were accounted for. In response to this, a final Claret operation was launched, which was an artillery ambush by 38 Light Battery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter-measures">Counter-measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Counter-measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_arrangements">Command arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Command arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg/220px-Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg/330px-Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg/440px-Malaysian_Border_Scouts_comprising_indigenous_peoples_of_Borneo_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Some 1,500 men from the indigenous tribes of Sabah and Sarawak were recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian government</a> as Border Scouts under the command of Richard Noone and other officers from the <a href="/wiki/Senoi_Praaq" title="Senoi Praaq">Senoi Praaq</a> to counter the Indonesian infiltrations.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early January 1963, the military forces in northern Borneo, having arrived in December 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt, were under the command of Commander British Forces Borneo (COMBRITBOR), Major General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Walker_(British_Army_officer)" title="Walter Walker (British Army officer)">Walter Walker</a>, who was Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) based on <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> Island and reported directly to the Commander in Chief Far East Forces, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Luce" title="David Luce">David Luce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996239–240_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996239–240-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luce was routinely replaced by Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Varyl_Begg" title="Varyl Begg">Varyl Begg</a> in early 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small197160_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small197160-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of 1963, Brigadier Pat Glennie, normally the Brigadier General Staff in Singapore, arrived as Deputy DOBOPS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Politico-military authority lay with the Emergency Committees in Sarawak and North Borneo, including their governors, who were the Commanders in Chief for their colonies. In Brunei, there was a State Advisory Council answerable to the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199529_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199529-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After independence, supreme authority changed to the Malaysian National Defence Council in Kuala Lumpur with State Executive Committees in Sabah and Sarawak. Military direction was from the Malaysian National Operations Committee jointly chaired by the Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff, General <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Osman" title="Tunku Osman">Tunku Osman</a>, and the Inspector General of Police, Sir Claude Fenner. The British Commander in Chief Far East Forces was a member. DOBOPS regularly attended its meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200775_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200775-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_order_of_battle">Commonwealth order of battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commonwealth order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_during_Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle during Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation">Order of battle during Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_(AWM_NAVY05185).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG/220px-Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG/330px-Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG/440px-Australian_soldiers_ferried_in_small_craft_to_guard_Sabah_%28AWM_NAVY05185%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers being ferried in a small craft, from troop transport <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(R17)" title="HMAS Sydney (R17)">HMAS <i>Sydney</i></a> on its arrival in North Borneo (Sabah) as part of their defence aid programme to Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> <p>British forces in Borneo included Headquarters (HQ) 3 Commando Brigade in Kuching with responsibility for the western part of Sarawak, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions, and HQ 99 Gurkha Infantry Brigade in Brunei responsible for the East, 4th and 5th Divisions, Brunei and Sabah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200739_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200739-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These HQs had deployed from Singapore in late 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt. The ground forces were initially limited to just five British and Gurkha infantry battalions usually based in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorian199149_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorian199149-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an armoured car squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200734_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200734-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The police also deployed several light infantry of <a href="/wiki/General_Operations_Force" title="General Operations Force">Police Field Force</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench201117_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench201117-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as additional resources became available the size of the force available to Walker expanded, and by the end of 1964 British forces had grown to approximately 14,000 troops organised into three brigades (increased to four in 1965).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval effort, under DOBOPS command, was primarily provided by minesweepers used to patrol coastal waters and larger inland waterways around Wallace Bay. A <a href="/wiki/Guardship" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardship">guardship</a> – a frigate or destroyer – was stationed off Tawau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey199857–58_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey199857–58-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the confrontation, no British military units had been stationed in Sabah or Sarawak. As the conflict developed increasing numbers of troops were required. There were three types of British Army deployment: Units stationed in the Far East for two years did a single 4-month tour (this applied to Australian and New Zealander foces); Gurkha units (all permanently stationed in the Far East) did 6 month tours, generally once every twelve months; UK based units (from <a href="/wiki/Army_Strategic_Command_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Strategic Command (United Kingdom)">Army Strategic Command</a>) did 12 month tours including 6 weeks jungle warfare training in Peninsular Malaysia. </p><p>The initial air component based in Borneo consisted of detachments from squadrons stationed in Malaya and Singapore. These included <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Twin_Pioneer" title="Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer">Twin Pioneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Pioneer" title="Scottish Aviation Pioneer">Single Pioneer</a> transport aircraft, probably two or three <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Beverley" title="Blackburn Beverley">Blackburn Beverley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hastings" title="Handley Page Hastings">Handley Page Hastings</a> transports, and about 12 helicopters of various types. One of Walker's first "challenges" was curtailing the RAF's centralised command and control arrangements and insisting that aircraft tasking for operations in Borneo was by his HQ, not by the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)" title="Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)">RAF Air Command Far East</a> HQ in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973159–160_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973159–160-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other aircraft of many types stationed in Malaya and Singapore provided sorties as necessary, including routine transport support into Kuching and Labuan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rotary wing support included 60 naval and air force troop-lift helicopters and another 40 smaller army variants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_(AWM_P01499.005).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG/220px-Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG/330px-Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG/440px-Captured_Indonesian_Infiltrators_%28AWM_P01499.005%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Captured Indonesian infiltrators near <a href="/wiki/Kesang_River" title="Kesang River">Kesang River</a>, Terendak, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> on 29 October 1964 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="Royal Australian Regiment">Royal Australian Regiment</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Patrols within Malaysia were supplied while in the field by RN Wessex and RAF <a href="/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(helicopter)" title="Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)">Whirlwind</a> helicopters, initially dropping supplies to the patrols from low level, and later after the patrols had cleared a landing area in the dense jungle, by landing. A test Joint Service deployment of a <a href="/wiki/SR.N5" title="SR.N5">Westland SR.N5</a> hovercraft at <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a> was also trialled under Major <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Simpson (British Army officer)">John Simpson</a>. </p><p>In addition to the ground and air force units, between 1963 and 1966 there were up to 80 ships from the Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Malay Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey199855_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey199855-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these were patrol craft, minesweepers, frigates and destroyers patrolling the coast-line to intercept Indonesian insurgents. One of the two Commando Carriers, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Albion_(R07)" title="HMS Albion (R07)">HMS <i>Albion</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(R08)" title="HMS Bulwark (R08)">HMS <i>Bulwark</i></a>, was also committed throughout the confrontation usually in their transport role for troops, helicopters and army aircraft between Singapore and Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmar2008192_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmar2008192-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early stages of the conflict, Indonesian forces were under the command of Lieutenant General Zulkipli in Pontianak, on the coast of West Kalimantan about 200 km (120 mi) from the border. The Indonesian irregulars, led by Indonesian officers, were thought to number about 1,500, with an unknown number of regular troops and local defence irregulars. They were deployed the entire length of the border in eight operational units, mostly facing the 1st and 2nd Divisions. The units had names such as "Thunderbolts", "Night Ghosts" and "World Sweepers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973168_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973168-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the conflict developed, the poorly trained and equipped 'volunteers' had been replaced by regular units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996204_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996204-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesian forces deployed along the border in Kalimantan increased significantly towards the end of 1964, with estimates of between 15,000 and 30,000 men, up from around 2,500 men in mid-1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1974215_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1974215-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_(AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG/220px-Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG/330px-Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG/440px-Murut_tribesman_consulting_the_map_of_Sabah_with_Australian_Engineer_%28AWM_CUN-65-0899A-MC%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut tribesman</a> consulting the terrain map of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> (North Borneo) with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers" title="Royal Australian Engineers">Royal Australian Engineers</a> member.</figcaption></figure> <p>A factor in the containment of the Indonesian forces was the use of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Signals">Royal Signals</a> were able to intercept the Indonesian military communications. The <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cyphers</a> were decrypted by the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) listening stations in Singapore, one of which was <a href="/wiki/RAF_Chia_Keng" title="RAF Chia Keng">RAF Chia Keng</a> which was linked directly to the RAF Far East Air Force headquarters at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Changi" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Changi">RAF Changi</a>. Intelligence from this may have been used in planning some aspects of Claret cross-border operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_tactics">British tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: British tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after assuming command in Borneo, General Walker issued a directive listing the ingredients for success, based on his experience in the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>: </p> <ul><li>Unified operations (army, navy and air force operating fully together)</li> <li>Timely and accurate information (the need for continuous reconnaissance and intelligence collection)</li> <li>Speed, mobility and flexibility</li> <li>Security of bases</li> <li>Domination of the jungle</li> <li>Winning the hearts and minds of the people (this was added several months later).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198495_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198495-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Walker recognised the difficulties of limited forces and a long border and, in early 1963, was reinforced with an SAS squadron from the UK, which rotated with another mid-year. When the SAS temporarily adopted 3-man instead of 4-man patrols, they could not closely monitor the border. Increasing the capability of the infantry to create a surveillance network was also considered essential. </p><p>Walker raised the Border Scouts, building on Harrison's force of <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabits</a>, who had mobilised to help intercept the fleeing TNKU forces from the Brunei Revolt. He also utilised the experience of the Royal Marines as well as knowledge and skill of the <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Rangers" title="Sarawak Rangers">Sarawak Rangers</a> who had served during the Malayan Emergency. This was approved by the Sarawak government in May as "auxiliary police". Walker selected Lieutenant Colonel John Cross, a Gurkha officer with immense jungle experience, for the task. A training centre was established in a remote area at Mount Murat in the 5th Division and staffed mainly by SAS. Border Scouts were attached to infantry battalions and evolved into an intelligence-gathering force by using their local knowledge and extended families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973165–166_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973165–166-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Police Special Branch, which had proved so effective during the Malayan Emergency in recruiting sources in the communist organisation, was expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198497_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198497-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British jungle tactics were developed and honed during the Malayan Emergency against a clever and elusive enemy. They emphasised travelling lightly, being undetectable and going for many days without resupplying. Being undetectable meant being silent (hand signals, no rattling equipment) and 'odour free'—perfumed toiletries were forbidden (they could be detected a kilometre away by good jungle fighters), and sometimes eating food cold to prevent cooking smells. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg/220px-Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg/330px-Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg/440px-Royal_Army_Medical_Corps_examines_a_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">Royal Army Medical Corps</a> captain examines a Murut child whose parents have fled from <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Indonesian Borneo</a> to Sarawak, the British have <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">won the hearts of people</a> in the border.</figcaption></figure> <p>In about 1962, at the end of <a href="/wiki/National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service">National Service</a>, British infantry battalions had reorganised into three rifle companies, a support company and an HQ company with logistic responsibilities. Battalion HQ included an intelligence section. Each rifle company was composed of 3 platoons of 32 men each, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">light machine guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/L1A1_Self-Loading_Rifle" title="L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle">self-loading rifles</a>. The support company had a mortar platoon with six medium mortars (<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_3_inch_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortar">3-inch mortar</a> until replaced by <a href="/wiki/L16_81mm_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="L16 81mm Mortar">81-mm mortar</a> around the end of 1965) organised into three sections, enabling a section to be attached to a rifle company if required. Similarly organised was an anti-tank platoon; there was also an <a href="/wiki/Assault_pioneer" title="Assault pioneer">assault pioneer</a> platoon. The machine gun platoon was abolished, but the impending delivery of the <a href="/wiki/FN_MAG" title="FN MAG">7.62 mm GPMG</a>, with sustained fire kits held by each company, was to provide a medium machine gun capability. In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a> remained available. The innovation in the new organisation was the formation of the battalion reconnaissance platoon,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in many battalions a platoon of "chosen men". In Borneo, mortars were usually distributed to rifle companies, and some battalions operated the rest of their support company as another rifle company. </p><p>The basic activity was platoon patrolling; this continued throughout the campaign, with patrols being deployed by helicopter, roping in and out as necessary. Movement was usually single file; the leading section rotated but was organised with two lead scouts, followed by its commander and then the remainder in a fire support group. Battle drills for "contact front" (or rear), or "ambush left" (or right) were highly developed. Poor maps meant navigation was important; however, the local knowledge of the Border Scouts in Borneo compensated for the poor maps. So tracks were sometimes used unless ambush was considered possible, or there was the possibility of mines. Crossing obstacles such as rivers was also handled as a battle drill. At night, a platoon harboured in a tight position with all-round defence. </p><p>Contact while moving was always possible. However, offensive action usually took two forms: either an attack on a camp or an ambush. The tactic for dealing with a camp was to get a party behind it then charge the front. However, ambushes were probably the most effective tactic and could be sustained for many days. They targeted tracks and, particularly in parts of Borneo, waterways. Track ambushes were close range, 10 to 20 m (11 to 22 yd), with a <a href="/wiki/Kill_zone" title="Kill zone">killing zone</a> typically 20 to 50 m (22 to 55 yd) long, depending on the expected strength of the target. The trick was to remain undetected when the target entered the ambush area and then open fire all together. </p><p>Fire support was limited for the first half of the campaign. A commando light battery with <a href="/wiki/OTO_Melara_Mod_56" title="OTO Melara Mod 56">105 mm Pack Howitzers</a> had deployed to Brunei at the beginning of 1963 but returned to Singapore after a few months when the mopping-up of the Brunei Revolt ended. Despite the escalation in Indonesian attacks after the formation of Malaysia, little need was seen for fire support: the limited range of the guns (10 km (6.2 mi)), the limited availability of helicopters and the size of the country meant that having artillery in the right place at the right time was a challenge. However, a battery from one of the two regiments stationed in Malaysia returned to Borneo in early to mid-1964. These batteries rotated until the end of the confrontation. In early 1965, a complete UK-based regiment arrived. The short-range and substantial weight of the 3-inch mortars meant they were of minimal use. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm/220px--Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Sukarno_konfrontasi,_indonesia's_undeclared_war,_ABC_1966.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sukarno_konfrontasi,_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war,_ABC_1966.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm/Sukarno_konfrontasi%2C_indonesia%27s_undeclared_war%2C_ABC_1966.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>1966 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> report discussing the Indonesian political context of <i>Konfrontasi</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artillery had to adopt new tactics. Almost all guns were deployed in single gun sections within a company or platoon base. The sections were commanded by one of the battery's junior officers, warrant officers or sergeants. Sections had about ten men and did their own technical fire control. They were moved underslung by <a href="/wiki/Westland_Wessex" title="Westland Wessex">Wessex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Belvedere" title="Bristol Belvedere">Belvedere</a> helicopters as necessary to deal with incursions or support operations. Forward observers were in short supply, but it seems that they always accompanied normal infantry <a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Claret operations</a> and occasionally special forces ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, artillery observers rarely accompanied patrols inside Sabah and Sarawak unless they were in pursuit of a known incursion and guns were in range. Observation parties were almost always led by an officer and were only two or three men strong. </p><p>Communications were a problem; radios were not used within platoons, only rearwards. Ranges were invariably beyond the capability of manpack VHF radios (<a href="/wiki/Larkspur_radio_system" title="Larkspur radio system">A41 and A42</a>, copies of AN/PRC 9 and 10), although the use of relay or rebroadcast stations helped where they were tactically possible. Patrol bases could use the World War II vintage <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Set_No._62" title="Wireless Set No. 62">HF No 62 Set</a> (distinguished by having its control panel labelled in English and Russian). Until the manpack A13 arrived in 1966, the only lightweight HF set was the Australian A510, which did not provide voice, only Morse code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_psychological_operations">British psychological operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: British psychological operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> and MI6 during the confrontation was brought to light in a series of exposés by Paul Lashmar and Oliver James in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> beginning in 1997 and has also been covered in journals on military and intelligence history. </p><p>The revelations included an anonymous Foreign Office source stating that the decision to unseat President Sukarno was made by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> and then executed under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>. According to the exposés, the UK had already become alarmed with the announcement of the "Konfrontasi" policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lashmar1998_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lashmar1998-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> memorandum of 1962 indicated that Macmillan and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> were increasingly alarmed by the possibility of the confrontation with Malaysia spreading, and agreed to "liquidate President Sukarno, depending on the situation and available opportunities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2003195_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2003195-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg/220px-Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg/330px-Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg/440px-Anti_Indonesian_Infiltration_during_Confrontation%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indonesian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indonesian sentiment">Anti-Indonesian infiltration</a> into Malaysia demonstration by a group of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay women</a> in 1965. The banner reads "Our womenfolk are ready to defend Malaysia. Long live <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku</a>! Destroy <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>!"</figcaption></figure> <p>To weaken the regime, the UK Foreign Office's <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a> (IRD) coordinated <a href="/wiki/Psychological_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological operations">psychological operations</a> (psyops) in concert with the British military, to spread <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a> casting the PKI, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>, and Sukarno in a bad light. These efforts were to duplicate the successes of the British psyop campaign in the Malayan Emergency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These efforts were coordinated from the British High Commission in Singapore, where the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> filed their reports on the crisis in Indonesia. According to Roland Challis, the BBC correspondent who was in Singapore at the time, journalists were open to manipulation by the IRD due to Sukarno's refusal to allow them into the country: "In a curious way, by keeping correspondents out of the country Sukarno made them the victims of official channels, because almost the only information you could get was from the British ambassador in Jakarta."<sup id="cite_ref-Lashmar1998_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lashmar1998-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These manipulations included the BBC reporting that communists were planning to slaughter the citizens of Jakarta. The accusation was based on a forgery planted by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Reddaway" title="Norman Reddaway">Norman Reddaway</a>, a propaganda expert with the IRD. He later bragged in a letter to the British ambassador in Jakarta, Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gilchrist" title="Andrew Gilchrist">Andrew Gilchrist</a>, that it "went all over the world and back again", and was "put almost instantly back into Indonesia via the BBC".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaster2004168_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaster2004168-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilchrist himself informed the Foreign Office on 5 October 1965: "I have never concealed from you my belief that a little shooting in Indonesia would be an essential preliminary to effective change."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilger200333–34_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilger200333–34-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2000, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> at the time of the war, confirmed that the IRD was active during this time. He officially denied any role by MI6, and denied "personal knowledge" of the British arming of the Army's right-wing faction, though he did comment that if there were such a plan, he "would certainly have supported it".<sup id="cite_ref-TheIndependent-16Apr00_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-16Apr00-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although MI6 was strongly implicated in this scheme by the use of the IRD (seen as an MI6 office), any role by MI6 itself is officially denied by the UK government, and papers relating to it have yet to be declassified by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheIndependent-16Apr00_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIndependent-16Apr00-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Army">British Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: British Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_M1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Indonesian_M1.jpg/220px-Indonesian_M1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Indonesian_M1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="58" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="M1 Garand rifle">M1 Garand rifle</a> (possibly a B59, a modified Garand made by Beretta in Indonesia) captured by the British SAS. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One squadron of the British Army's 22 Special Air Service regiment was deployed to Borneo in early 1963 in the aftermath of the Brunei Revolt to gather information in the border area about Indonesian infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens200339–55_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens200339–55-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a British Army presence until the end of the campaign. Faced with a border of 1,563 kilometres (971 mi), they could not be everywhere, and at this time, 22 SAS had only three squadrons. Also present were the Special Boat Service (SBS) of the Royal Marine Commandos. They had two sections based in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2005154–155_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2005154–155-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tactical HQ of 22 SAS deployed to Kuching in 1964 to take control of all SAS and SBS operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens2003153_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens2003153-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003263_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003263-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortage of SAS and SBS personnel was exacerbated by the need for them in South Arabia, in many ways, a far more demanding task in challenging conditions against a cunning and aggressive opponent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The solution was to create new units for Borneo. The first to be employed in Borneo were the Pathfinder Platoon of the Guards Independent Parachute Company, which already existed as the pathfinder force of 16th Parachute Brigade. Next, the Gurkha Independent Parachute Company was raised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens200372_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens200372-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sections of the SBS were also used, but mostly for amphibious tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2005153–169_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2005153–169-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the Parachute Regiment battalions formed patrol companies (C in the 2nd and D in the 3rd).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007174_&_224_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007174_&_224-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation eased in 1965 when the Australian and New Zealand governments agreed that their forces could be used in Borneo, enabling both Australian and New Zealand SAS squadrons to rotate through Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003256_&_263_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003256_&_263-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SAS activities were mostly covert reconnaissance and surveillance patrols by four-person teams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some larger scale raiding missions took place, including amphibious ones by the SBS. Once Claret operations were authorised, most missions were inside Kalimantan, although they conducted operations over the border before Claret from about early 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973187_&_196_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973187_&_196-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conflict lasted nearly four years; however, following Sukarno's replacement with General Suharto, Indonesian interest in pursuing the war with Malaysia declined, and combat eased. Peace negotiations were initiated during May 1966 before a final peace agreement was ratified on 11 August 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2001342_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2001342-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Indonesians had conducted a few amphibious raids and an airborne operation against Malaya, the war remained limited throughout its duration and remained largely a land conflict. For either side to have escalated to large scale air or naval attacks "would have incurred disadvantages greatly outweighing the marginal military effect that they might have produced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Secretary of State for Defence at the time, Denis Healey, described the campaign as "one of the most efficient uses of military forces in the history of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198499_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198499-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Commonwealth forces peaked at 17,000 deployed in Borneo, with another 10,000 more available in Malaya and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>. The reason given is: <b>Casualty numbers in text conflict with those in the table and infobox. Casualty numbers throughout the article have been changed frequently, often without altering the citation, and in some cases do not add up. The original sources seem to be books that are not available online.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="float: right; margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Origin </th> <th scope="col">Killed </th> <th scope="col">Wounded </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">UK</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Gurkha</a> </th> <td>140<sup id="cite_ref-MoD2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoD2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td> <td>44<br />83 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> </th> <td>23<sup id="cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a> </th> <td>12<sup id="cite_ref-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rest </th> <td>29 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td><b>248</b> </td> <td><b>180</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_(AWM_P02429.002).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG/220px-Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG/330px-Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG/440px-Withdrawal_of_Naval_Forces_in_Malaysian_Borneo_%28AWM_P02429.002%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The withdrawal parade in <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> at the end of the confrontation after their successful mission.</figcaption></figure> <p>Total British Commonwealth military casualties were 280 killed and 180 wounded, the greatest number of them were British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurkha losses were 43 killed and 83 wounded, losses among other British armed forces were 19 killed and 44 wounded. Australian casualties were 16 killed, of whom 7 were killed in action, and 9 wounded. New Zealand casualties were 7 killed and another 7 wounded or injured.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWM_war_casualties_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM_war_casualties-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining casualties were that of the Malaysian military, police, and Border Scouts. A significant number of British casualties occurred during helicopter accidents, including a Belvedere crash that killed several SAS commanders and a Foreign Office official, possibly a member of MI6. A Wessex collision also killed several men from 2nd Parachute Battalion, and a Westland Scout crash, on 16 July 1964, near Kluang airfield, killed the two crewmen from 656 Sqn AAC. Finally, in August 1966, there remained two British and two Australian soldiers missing and presumed dead, with the Australians (both from the SASR) having probably drowned while crossing a swollen river.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_2nd_Squad_SAS_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM_2nd_Squad_SAS-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of a Royal Marine were recovered some 20 years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Altogether, 36 civilians were killed, 53 wounded and 4 captured, with most being local inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesian casualties were estimated at 590 killed, 222 wounded and 771 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of British Commonwealth soldiers were awarded gallantry awards for actions during the campaign. No Distinguished Flying Cross or naval awards were made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All Indonesian military or police personnel involved in the conflict were given the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia#Obsolete_decorations_for_military_service" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Northern Borneo Military Campaign Medal</a> (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Satyalancana Wira Dharma</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And two Indonesian marines (<a href="/wiki/Usman_Haji_Muhammad_Ali" title="Usman Haji Muhammad Ali">Usman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harun_Thohir" title="Harun Thohir">Harun</a>) were honoured as <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Memorials</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A soldier statue in Tawau Confrontation Memorial in Sabah, Malaysia, marking the victory during the battle in Kalabakan, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo."><img alt="A soldier statue in Tawau Confrontation Memorial in Sabah, Malaysia, marking the victory during the battle in Kalabakan, Tawau, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg/120px-Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg/180px-Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg/240px-Tawau_KonfrontasiMemorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A soldier <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a> in Tawau Confrontation Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Sabah,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah, Malaysia">Sabah, Malaysia</a>, marking the victory during the battle in <a href="/wiki/Kalabakan" title="Kalabakan">Kalabakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">Malaysian Borneo</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A memorial in Ansip Ferry, Keningau, Malaysian Borneo, to the Royal Australian Engineers who served in Sabah by constructing a 123.2-kilometre road between Keningau and Sapulut from 1964 to 1966."><img alt="A memorial in Ansip Ferry, Keningau, Malaysian Borneo, to the Royal Australian Engineers who served in Sabah by constructing a 123.2-kilometre road between Keningau and Sapulut from 1964 to 1966." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg/180px-Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg/270px-Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg/360px-Keningau_Sabah_Ansip-Ferry-Memorial_by-Abegnido-Chow_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4545" data-file-height="3331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A memorial in Ansip Ferry, <a href="/wiki/Keningau" title="Keningau">Keningau</a>, Malaysian Borneo, to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers" title="Royal Australian Engineers">Royal Australian Engineers</a> who served in Sabah by constructing a 123.2-kilometre road between Keningau and <a href="/wiki/Sapulut" title="Sapulut">Sapulut</a> from 1964 to 1966.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A memorial in Kundasang, Malaysian Borneo to the Commonwealth forces who served in Sabah, especially the Australians together with British, Malaysians and New Zealanders."><img alt="A memorial in Kundasang, Malaysian Borneo to the Commonwealth forces who served in Sabah, especially the Australians together with British, Malaysians and New Zealanders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg/120px-Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg/180px-Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg/240px-Kundasang_Sabah_WarMemorial-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A memorial in <a href="/wiki/Kundasang" title="Kundasang">Kundasang</a>, Malaysian Borneo to the Commonwealth forces who served in Sabah, especially the Australians together with British, Malaysians and New Zealanders.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Monument to the victims of the Konfrontasi" in Singapore"><img alt=""Monument to the victims of the Konfrontasi" in Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg/180px-Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg/270px-Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg/360px-Singapore%27s_Konfrontasi_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Monument to the victims of the <i>Konfrontasi</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwikora_Monument,_North_Kalimantan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwikora monument in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan province of Indonesia."><img alt="Dwikora monument in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan province of Indonesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png/180px-Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png/270px-Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png/360px-Dwikora_Monument%2C_North_Kalimantan.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dwikora monument in <a href="/wiki/Nunukan_Regency" title="Nunukan Regency">Nunukan Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_in_Asia" title="Cold War in Asia">Cold War in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1964_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Combat operations in 1964 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_in_1965_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Combat operations in 1965 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Strategic_Reserve" title="Far East Strategic Reserve">Far East Strategic Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations#The_Sukarno_Era" title="Indonesia–New Zealand relations">Indonesia–New Zealand relations#The Sukarno Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military history of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Federation</a>, the three separate entities <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a> participated independently</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia#Expulsion" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Until 1965</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200393–95_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003156_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_and_Lyes_2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_and_Lyes_2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2006">Fowler 2006</a>, pp. 11, 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973129_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett1986124_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbett1986">Corbett 1986</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujio_Hara-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fujio_Hara_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fujio_Hara_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHara2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hara, Fujiol (December 2005). "The North Kalimantan Communist Party and the People's Republic of China". <i>The Developing Economies</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (1): 489–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x">10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x">10.1111/j.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153955103">153955103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Developing+Economies&rft.atitle=The+North+Kalimantan+Communist+Party+and+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=489-513&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153955103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1746-1049.2005.tb00956.x&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=Fujiol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRB_Elections-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRB_Elections_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sejarah Indonesia : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah09.shtml">"The Sukarno Years"</a>. Retrieved 30 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007246It_was_an_outstanding_victory,_and_it_was_a_victory-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007246It_was_an_outstanding_victory,_and_it_was_a_victory_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 246, It was an outstanding victory, and it was a victory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndretta_Schellinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Andretta Schellinger (12 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ODPECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>Aircraft Nose Art: American, French and British Imagery and Its Influences from World War I through the Vietnam War</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 152–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9771-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9771-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-9771-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082114/https://books.google.com/books?id=ODPECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Nose+Art%3A+American%2C+French+and+British+Imagery+and+Its+Influences+from+World+War+I+through+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9771-3&rft.au=Andretta+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DODPECwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996318_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennisGrey1996">Dennis & Grey 1996</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1986806-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarver1986806_13-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarver1986">Carver 1986</a>, p. 806.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoulton1967349_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoulton1967">Moulton 1967</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoD2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoD2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoD2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/416474/20150326_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II_O.pdf"><i>UK Armed Forces Operational deaths post World War II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Defence. 2015. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+Armed+Forces+Operational+deaths+post+World+War+II&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F416474%2F20150326_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II_O.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-awm.gov.au-indonesian-confrontation_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/indonesian-confrontation">"Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66 | Australian War Memorial"</a>. <i>www.awm.gov.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Confrontation%2C+1963%E2%80%9366+%26%23124%3B+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fatwar%2Findonesian-confrontation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo">"NZ and Confrontation in Borneo – Confrontation in Borneo | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"</a>. <i>nzhistory.govt.nz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=NZ+and+Confrontation+in+Borneo+%E2%80%93+Confrontation+in+Borneo+%26%23124%3B+NZHistory%2C+New+Zealand+history+online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fwar%2Fconfrontation-in-borneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konfrontasi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Konfrontasi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032730/http://www.safvl.org.sg/uploads/files/konfrontasi_speech.pdf">"Speech by the President of the SAF Veterans' League, Brigadier-General (NS) Winston Toh, At the Konfrontasi Memorial Ceremony on 10 March 2016, 1825hrs |"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safvl.org.sg/uploads/files/konfrontasi_speech.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Merdeka and Malaysia Day. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)"><i>The Star</i></a>. 8 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992260-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992260_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1992">Edwards 1992</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1974174–175-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1974174–175_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1974">Mackie 1974</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973170-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973170_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200780–85-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200780–85_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, pp. 80–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajid2007154-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajid2007154_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajid2007">Majid 2007</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973179–181,_188-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973179–181,_188_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 179–181, 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Franklin B. 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Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789793780566" title="Special:BookSources/9789793780566"><bdi>9789793780566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Dilemma+of+Dependence%3A+From+Sukarno+to+Soeharto&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789793780566&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Franklin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mXdDNqELTIC%26q%3DIndonesia%2Barmy%2Bsecret%2Bcontact%2Bmalaysia%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2007" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, Harold (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJptHWc4i1EC&q=Indonesia+army+secret+contact+malaysia&pg=PA74"><i>The Army and Politics in Indonesia</i></a>. 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href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971146-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971146_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971">James & Sheil-Small 1971</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007135–138-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007135–138_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, pp. 135–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971148–150-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small1971148–150_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971">James & Sheil-Small 1971</a>, pp. 148–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003206–213-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003206–213_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPugsley2003">Pugsley 2003</a>, pp. 206–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992319-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1992319_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1992">Edwards 1992</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorian199155-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorian199155_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorian1991">Gregorian 1991</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002272-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2002272_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007165-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007165_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003255_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPugsley2003">Pugsley 2003</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199941-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199941_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996232–233-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996232–233_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennisGrey1996">Dennis & Grey 1996</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner200283–84-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner200283–84_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorner2002">Horner 2002</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996307-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996307_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennisGrey1996">Dennis & Grey 1996</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2005" class="citation news cs1">Forbes, Mark (23 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Truth-still-a-casualty-of-our-secret-war/2005/03/22/1111254025436.html">"Truth still a casualty of our secret war"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902075629/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Truth-still-a-casualty-of-our-secret-war/2005/03/22/1111254025436.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Truth+still+a+casualty+of+our+secret+war&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FTruth-still-a-casualty-of-our-secret-war%2F2005%2F03%2F22%2F1111254025436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates2006333-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoates2006333_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoates2006">Coates 2006</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-2009-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-2009_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein-2009_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Franklin B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xz8zHFfnDwC&q=offer&pg=PA34"><i>Indonesia Abandons Confrontation: An Inquiry Into the Functions of Indonesian Foreign Policy</i></a>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-45-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-45-2"><bdi>978-602-8397-45-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia+Abandons+Confrontation%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+the+Functions+of+Indonesian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-602-8397-45-2&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Franklin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xz8zHFfnDwC%26q%3Doffer%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973215-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973215_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973213–214-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973213–214_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy2003158–161-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy2003158–161_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996239–240-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996239–240_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennisGrey1996">Dennis & Grey 1996</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small197160-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesSheil-Small197160_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971">James & Sheil-Small 1971</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199529-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMockaitis199529_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMockaitis1995">Mockaitis 1995</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200775-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200775_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200739-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200739_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorian199149-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorian199149_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorian1991">Gregorian 1991</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200734-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl200734_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench201117-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench201117_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrench2011">French 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey199857–58-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey199857–58_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey1998">Grey 1998</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973159–160-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973159–160_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey199855-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey199855_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey1998">Grey 1998</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolmar2008192-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolmar2008192_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolmar2008">Polmar 2008</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973168-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973168_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996204-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennisGrey1996204_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennisGrey1996">Dennis & Grey 1996</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie1974215-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie1974215_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1974">Mackie 1974</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198495-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198495_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPimlott1984">Pimlott 1984</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973165–166-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973165–166_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198497-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198497_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPimlott1984">Pimlott 1984</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Infantry Training Volume IV Tactics, The Infantry Battalion in Battle, 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lashmar1998-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lashmar1998_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lashmar1998_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLashmarOliver1998" class="citation news cs1">Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-destroyed-sukarno-1188448.html">"How we destroyed Sukarno"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100106/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-destroyed-sukarno-1188448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+we+destroyed+Sukarno&rft.date=1998-12-01&rft.aulast=Lashmar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Oliver%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fhow-we-destroyed-sukarno-1188448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2003195-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2003195_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum2003">Blum 2003</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaster2004168-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaster2004168_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaster2004">Easter 2004</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilger200333–34-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilger200333–34_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPilger2003">Pilger 2003</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheIndependent-16Apr00-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheIndependent-16Apr00_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheIndependent-16Apr00_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLashmarOliver2000" class="citation news cs1">Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (16 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113003704/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/how-we-lied-to-put-a-killer-in-power-719407.html">"How we lied to put a killer in power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/how-we-lied-to-put-a-killer-in-power-719407.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+we+lied+to+put+a+killer+in+power&rft.date=2000-04-16&rft.aulast=Lashmar&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Oliver%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fhow-we-lied-to-put-a-killer-in-power-719407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens200339–55-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens200339–55_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens2003">Dickens 2003</a>, pp. 39–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2005154–155-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2005154–155_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2005">Parker 2005</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens2003153-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens2003153_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens2003">Dickens 2003</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003263-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003263_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPugsley2003">Pugsley 2003</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens200372-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens200372_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens2003">Dickens 2003</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2005153–169-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2005153–169_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker2005">Parker 2005</a>, pp. 153–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007174_&_224-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Bijl2007174_&_224_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, pp. 174 & 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003256_&_263-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugsley2003256_&_263_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPugsley2003">Pugsley 2003</a>, pp. 256 & 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973187_&_196-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973187_&_196_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 187 & 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2001342-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2001342_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2001">Goldsworthy 2001</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimlott198499-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimlott198499_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPimlott1984">Pimlott 1984</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007">van der Bijl 2007</a>, p. 241. Note incorrect Australian casualty figures cited as 22 killed (including 7 killed in action).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWM_war_casualties-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWM_war_casualties_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Australian casualty figures see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/research/infosheets/war_casualties.asp">"Australians at war: casualties as a result of service with Australian units"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090702163332/http://www.awm.gov.au/research/infosheets/war_casualties.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australians+at+war%3A+casualties+as+a+result+of+service+with+Australian+units&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fresearch%2Finfosheets%2Fwar_casualties.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWM_2nd_Squad_SAS-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWM_2nd_Squad_SAS_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_21858indonesian_confrontation.asp">"Unit Information—2nd Squadron, Special Air Service Regiment, Confrontation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060629/http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_21858indonesian_confrontation.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unit+Information%E2%80%942nd+Squadron%2C+Special+Air+Service+Regiment%2C+Confrontation&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Funits%2Funit_21858indonesian_confrontation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f26620e2b6ac/node/542/pp-no-17-tahun-1964-satyalancana-wira-dharma">Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 1964 Tentang Satyalancana Wira Dharma</a> (Government Regulation 17) (in Indonesian). Government of Indonesia. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peraturan+Pemerintah+Nomor+17+Tahun+1964+Tentang+Satyalancana+Wira+Dharma&rft.pub=Government+of+Indonesia&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hukumonline.com%2Fpusatdata%2Fdetail%2Flt4f26620e2b6ac%2Fnode%2F542%2Fpp-no-17-tahun-1964-satyalancana-wira-dharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024070926/https://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/detail/lt4f26620e2b6ac/node/542/pp-no-17-tahun-1964-satyalancana-wira-dharma">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hukumonline.com%2Fpusatdata%2Fdetail%2Flt4f26620e2b6ac%2Fnode%2F542%2Fpp-no-17-tahun-1964-satyalancana-wira-dharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2003" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg"><i>Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842773697" title="Special:BookSources/9781842773697"><bdi>9781842773697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+US+Military+and+CIA+Interventions+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781842773697&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain1997" class="citation book cs1">Cain, Frank (1997). <i>Menzies in War and Peace</i>. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864485738" title="Special:BookSources/9781864485738"><bdi>9781864485738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menzies+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=St+Leonards%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781864485738&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver1986" class="citation book cs1">Carver, Michael (1986). "Conventional Warfare in the Nuclear Age". In Paret, Peter (ed.). <i>The Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691027647" title="Special:BookSources/9780691027647"><bdi>9780691027647</bdi></a>. <q>Casualties were 114 killed and 181 wounded, a high proportion Gurkha. There were also 36 civilians killed, 53 wounded, and 4 captured, almost all local inhabitants. It was estimated that 590 Indonesians were killed, 222 wounded, and 771 captured.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conventional+Warfare+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.btitle=The+Makers+of+Modern+Strategy%3A+From+Machiavelli+to+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780691027647&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2003" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Ken (2003). <i>Kompassus – Inside Indonesia's Special Forces</i>. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799589880" title="Special:BookSources/9789799589880"><bdi>9789799589880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kompassus+%E2%80%93+Inside+Indonesia%27s+Special+Forces&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789799589880&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2006" class="citation book cs1">Coates, John (2006). <i>An Atlas of Australia's Wars</i> (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-555914-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-555914-9"><bdi>978-0-19-555914-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Australia%27s+Wars&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-555914-9&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1986" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Robin (1986). <i>Guerilla Warfare: from 1939 to the Present Day</i>. London: Orbis Book Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-469-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85613-469-2"><bdi>978-0-85613-469-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerilla+Warfare%3A+from+1939+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orbis+Book+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-85613-469-2&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisGrey1996" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (1996). <i>Emergency and Confrontation: Australian Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966</i>. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-302-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-302-1"><bdi>978-1-86373-302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+and+Confrontation%3A+Australian+Military+Operations+in+Malaya+and+Borneo+1950%E2%80%931966&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-302-1&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_et_al.2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=South+Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2003" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Peter (2003) [1983]. <i>SAS Secret War in South-East Asia: 22 Special Air Service Regiment in the Borneo Campaign, 1963–1966</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853675737" title="Special:BookSources/9781853675737"><bdi>9781853675737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS+Secret+War+in+South-East+Asia%3A+22+Special+Air+Service+Regiment+in+the+Borneo+Campaign%2C+1963%E2%80%931966&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781853675737&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaster2004" class="citation book cs1">Easter, David (2004). <i>Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960–1966</i>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-623-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-623-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-623-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Confrontation+with+Indonesia%2C+1960%E2%80%931966&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-623-2&rft.aulast=Easter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1992" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Peter (1992). <i>Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1965</i>. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975. Vol. One. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-184-3"><bdi>978-1-86373-184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crises+and+Commitments%3A+The+Politics+and+Diplomacy+of+Australia%27s+Involvement+in+Southeast+Asian+Conflicts+1948%E2%80%931965&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.series=The+Official+History+of+Australia%27s+Involvement+in+Southeast+Asian+Conflicts+1948%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-184-3&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fong, Hong-Kah (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224123919/http://www.cseas.ncnu.edu.tw/journal/v02_no1/5.pp183-192%E6%9B%B8%E8%A9%95new.pdf">"Book Review: Vernon L. Porritt "The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940–1990"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 183–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1811-5713">1811-5713</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cseas.ncnu.edu.tw/journal/v02_no1/5.pp183-192%E6%9B%B8%E8%A9%95new.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Vernon+L.+Porritt+%22The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Sarawak+1940%E2%80%931990%22&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-192&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1811-5713&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Hong-Kah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cseas.ncnu.edu.tw%2Fjournal%2Fv02_no1%2F5.pp183-192%25E6%259B%25B8%25E8%25A9%2595new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2006" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Will (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFpPF9tDgZkC"><i>Britain's Secret War: The Indonesian Confrontation 1962–66</i></a>. Men-at-Arms. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846030482" title="Special:BookSources/9781846030482"><bdi>9781846030482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Secret+War%3A+The+Indonesian+Confrontation+1962%E2%80%9366&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781846030482&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFpPF9tDgZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2011" class="citation book cs1">French, David (2011). <i>The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967</i>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199587964" title="Special:BookSources/9780199587964"><bdi>9780199587964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Way+in+Counter-Insurgency%2C+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199587964&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorian1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gregorian, Raffi (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/download/14933/16002">"CLARET Operations and Confrontation, 1964–66"</a>. <i>Conflict Quarterly</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 46–72. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0227-1311">0227-1311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Quarterly&rft.atitle=CLARET+Operations+and+Confrontation%2C+1964%E2%80%9366&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-72&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0227-1311&rft.aulast=Gregorian&rft.aufirst=Raffi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.hil.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FJCS%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F14933%2F16002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (1998). <i>Up Top. the Royal Australian Navy and Southeast Asian Conflicts 1955–1972</i>. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-290-4"><bdi>978-1-86448-290-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+Top.+the+Royal+Australian+Navy+and+Southeast+Asian+Conflicts+1955%E2%80%931972&rft.place=St+Leonards%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.series=The+Official+History+of+Australia%27s+Involvement+in+Southeast+Asian+Conflicts+1948%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86448-290-4&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goldsworthy, David (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facingnorthcentu00davi"><i>Facing North: A Century of Australian Engagement with Asia</i></a></span>. Vol. One, 1901 to the 1970s. Carlton South, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522850086" title="Special:BookSources/9780522850086"><bdi>9780522850086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+North%3A+A+Century+of+Australian+Engagement+with+Asia&rft.place=Carlton+South%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780522850086&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffacingnorthcentu00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horner" title="David Horner">Horner, David</a> (2002). <i>SAS: Phantoms of War: A History of the Australian Special Air Service</i> (Second ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-647-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-647-7"><bdi>978-1-86508-647-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS%3A+Phantoms+of+War%3A+A+History+of+the+Australian+Special+Air+Service&rft.place=St+Leonards%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86508-647-7&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971" class="citation book cs1">James, Harold; Sheil-Small, Denis (1971). <i>The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation 1962–1966</i>. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-074-8"><bdi>978-0-87471-074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undeclared+War%3A+The+Story+of+the+Indonesian+Confrontation+1962%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Totowa&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87471-074-8&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.au=Sheil-Small%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720190715/http://www.magisterseniusu.com/uploads/1/8/0/0/1800340/buku-matthew_jones-conflict_and_confrontation_in_south_east_asia_1961-1965.pdf"><i>Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965: Britain: the United States and the Creation of Malaysia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80111-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80111-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magisterseniusu.com/uploads/1/8/0/0/1800340/buku-matthew_jones-conflict_and_confrontation_in_south_east_asia_1961-1965.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Confrontation+in+South+East+Asia%2C+1961%E2%80%931965%3A+Britain%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Creation+of+Malaysia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80111-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magisterseniusu.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F8%2F0%2F0%2F1800340%2Fbuku-matthew_jones-conflict_and_confrontation_in_south_east_asia_1961-1965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheng2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kheng, Cheah Boon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220110219/http://nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/14_Cheah_3.pdf">"The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948–90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 132–152. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1174-8915">1174-8915</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/14_Cheah_3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Insurgency+in+Malaysia%2C+1948%E2%80%9390%3A+Contesting+the+Nation-State+and+Social+Change&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-152&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1174-8915&rft.aulast=Kheng&rft.aufirst=Cheah+Boon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzasia.org.nz%2Fdownloads%2FNZJAS-June09%2F14_Cheah_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1974" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, J.A.C. (1974). <i>Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963–1966</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638247-0"><bdi>978-0-19-638247-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konfrontasi%3A+The+Indonesia-Malaysia+Dispute+1963%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-638247-0&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajid2007" class="citation book cs1">Majid, Harun Abdul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lksBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil</i></a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716231" title="Special:BookSources/9780857716231"><bdi>9780857716231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion+in+Brunei%3A+The+1962+Revolt%2C+Imperialism%2C+Confrontation+and+Oil&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780857716231&rft.aulast=Majid&rft.aufirst=Harun+Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlksBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockaitis1995" class="citation book cs1">Mockaitis, Thomas R. (1995). <i>British Counterinsurgency in the Post-imperial Era</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719039195" title="Special:BookSources/9780719039195"><bdi>9780719039195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Post-imperial+Era&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780719039195&rft.aulast=Mockaitis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulton1967" class="citation book cs1">Moulton, J.L.; Barclay, C.N.; Yool, W.M., eds. (1967). "Extracts from: Statement on the Defence Estimates 1967 (Cmd. 2902)". <i>Brassey's Annual, the Armed Forces Year-Book, 1967</i>. London: William Clowes & Sons Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extracts+from%3A+Statement+on+the+Defence+Estimates+1967+%28Cmd.+2902%29&rft.btitle=Brassey%27s+Annual%2C+the+Armed+Forces+Year-Book%2C+1967&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Clowes+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2005" class="citation book cs1">Parker, John (2005) [2003]. <i>S.B.S.: The Inside Story of the Special Boat Service</i>. London: Bounty Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753712979" title="Special:BookSources/9780753712979"><bdi>9780753712979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.B.S.%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Special+Boat+Service&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bounty+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780753712979&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilger2003" class="citation book cs1">Pilger, John (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newrulersofworld00john"><i>The New Rulers of the World</i></a></span>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844120" title="Special:BookSources/9781859844120"><bdi>9781859844120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Rulers+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781859844120&rft.aulast=Pilger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewrulersofworld00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1984" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, John, ed. (1984). <i>British Military Operations 1945–1985</i>. London: Bison. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-147-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-147-7"><bdi>978-0-86124-147-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Military+Operations+1945%E2%80%931985&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bison&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86124-147-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1973" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (1973). <i>Fighting General – The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker</i> (First ed.). London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211295-6"><bdi>978-0-00-211295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+General+%E2%80%93+The+Public+and+Private+Campaigns+of+General+Sir+Walter+Walker&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211295-6&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Poulgrain, G. J. (2014). The genesis of konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia, 1945–1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolmar2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Polmar, Norman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7quhWS-BoC"><i>Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events</i></a>. Vol. II: 1946–2006. Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574886658" title="Special:BookSources/9781574886658"><bdi>9781574886658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers%3A+A+History+of+Carrier+Aviation+and+Its+Influence+on+World+Events&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781574886658&rft.aulast=Polmar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z7quhWS-BoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugsley2003" class="citation book cs1">Pugsley, Christopher (2003). <i>From Emergency to Confrontation: The New Zealand Armed Forces in Malaya and Borneo 1949–66</i>. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195584530" title="Special:BookSources/9780195584530"><bdi>9780195584530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Emergency+to+Confrontation%3A+The+New+Zealand+Armed+Forces+in+Malaya+and+Borneo+1949%E2%80%9366&rft.place=South+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195584530&rft.aulast=Pugsley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece1993" class="citation book cs1">Reece, R.H.W. (1993). <i>The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580474-4"><bdi>978-0-19-580474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name+of+Brooke%3A+The+End+of+White+Rajah+Rule+in+Sarawak&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-580474-4&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=R.H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Neil (1999). <i>Nothing Short of War: With the Australian Army in Borneo 1962–66</i>. Brighton: Mostly Unsung Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876179-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876179-07-6"><bdi>978-1-876179-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+Short+of+War%3A+With+the+Australian+Army+in+Borneo+1962%E2%80%9366&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Mostly+Unsung+Military+History&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-876179-07-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Bijl2007" class="citation book cs1">van der Bijl, Nick (2007). <i>Confrontation, The War with Indonesia 1962–1966</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-595-8"><bdi>978-1-84415-595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation%2C+The+War+with+Indonesia+1962%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-595-8&rft.aulast=van+der+Bijl&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142629/http://unyearbook.un.org/unyearbook.html?name=1960index.html">General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142634/http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_FOREWORD.pdf">General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44)</a></li> <li>Anonymous. 1964. <i>Gelora Konfrontasi Mengganjang Malaysia</i>. Djakarta: Departemen Penerangan. (Contains Joint Statements of the Manila Agreements, Indonesian presidential decrees and all transcripts of Sukarno's public speeches from July 1963 to May 1964 pertaining the Konfrontasi)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoohan2004" class="citation book cs1">Doohan, J.T. (2004). <i>Mud Sweat & Tears: An account of 24 Construction Squadron Royal Australian Engineer's Borneo Tour of Duty 1965</i>. Brisbane: John Doohan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43718-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-43718-7"><bdi>978-0-646-43718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mud+Sweat+%26+Tears%3A+An+account+of+24+Construction+Squadron+Royal+Australian+Engineer%27s+Borneo+Tour+of+Duty+1965&rft.place=Brisbane&rft.pub=John+Doohan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-646-43718-7&rft.aulast=Doohan&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaster2005" class="citation journal cs1">Easter, David (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/keep-the-indonesian-pot-boiling(4f5c0b6b-73ef-4608-b795-f38f10ebffde).html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Keep the Indonesian Pot Boiling': Western Covert Intervention in Indonesia, October 1965 – March 1966"</a>. <i>Cold War History</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 55–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1468274042000283144">10.1080/1468274042000283144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2745">1468-2745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153555254">153555254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+History&rft.atitle=%27Keep+the+Indonesian+Pot+Boiling%27%3A+Western+Covert+Intervention+in+Indonesia%2C+October+1965+%E2%80%93+March+1966&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-73&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153555254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-2745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1468274042000283144&rft.aulast=Easter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fkeep-the-indonesian-pot-boiling%284f5c0b6b-73ef-4608-b795-f38f10ebffde%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonHeron2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Ralph; Heron, John (2007). <i>Jungle Conflict: The Durham Light Infantry in Borneo 1965–66</i>. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901888-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901888-55-3"><bdi>978-1-901888-55-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jungle+Conflict%3A+The+Durham+Light+Infantry+in+Borneo+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.place=Sunderland&rft.pub=Business+Education+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-901888-55-3&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.au=Heron%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horner" title="David Horner">Horner, David</a> (1995). <i>The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery</i>. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-917-7"><bdi>978-1-86373-917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunners%3A+A+History+of+Australian+Artillery&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-917-7&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (2011) [1991]. <i>The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948–1966</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848845558" title="Special:BookSources/9781848845558"><bdi>9781848845558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency+and+Indonesian+Confrontation%3A+The+Commonwealth%27s+Wars+1948%E2%80%931966&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781848845558&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-{{{id}}}"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/43959/supplement/4947">"No. 43959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 21 April 1966. p. 4947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+43959&rft.pages=4947&rft.date=1966-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F43959%2Fsupplement%2F4947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulSpirit2008" class="citation web cs1">Paul, James; Spirit, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509170831/http://britains-smallwars.com/Borneo/Plaman.html">"Britains Small Wars – Plaman Mapu"</a>. Britains-SmallWars.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Borneo/Plaman.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britains+Small+Wars+%E2%80%93+Plaman+Mapu&rft.pub=Britains-SmallWars.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Spirit%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britains-smallwars.com%2FBorneo%2FPlaman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorritt2004" class="citation book cs1">Porritt, V.L. (2004). <i>The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak 1940–1990</i>. Victoria: Monash Asia Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-27-0"><bdi>978-1-876924-27-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Sarawak+1940%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Monash+Asia+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-876924-27-0&rft.aulast=Porritt&rft.aufirst=V.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulgrain1998" class="citation book cs1">Poulgrain, G. (1998). <i>The Genesis of Konfrontasi: Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia 1945–1965</i>. London: C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-510-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-510-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-510-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+Konfrontasi%3A+Malaysia%2C+Brunei%2C+Indonesia+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-510-7&rft.aulast=Poulgrain&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315093603/http://www.historicaleye.com/sukarno.html">"The Gurkha battle in Borneo"</a>. Historical Eye.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaleye.com/sukarno.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gurkha+battle+in+Borneo&rft.pub=Historical+Eye.com&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicaleye.com%2Fsukarno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1985" class="citation book cs1">Smith, E. (1985). <i>Counter-Insurgency Operations. 1, Malaya and Borneo</i>. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711014626" title="Special:BookSources/9780711014626"><bdi>9780711014626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter-Insurgency+Operations.+1%2C+Malaya+and+Borneo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780711014626&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamKhooCheongFazil1965" class="citation news cs1">Sam, Jackie; Khoo, Philip; Cheong, Yip Seng; Fazil, Abul; Pestana, Roderick; Lee, Gabriel (11 March 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650311.2.3.aspx">"Terror Bomb kills 2 Girls at Bank"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(reprint)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Terror+Bomb+kills+2+Girls+at+Bank&rft.date=1965-03-11&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.au=Khoo%2C+Philip&rft.au=Cheong%2C+Yip+Seng&rft.au=Fazil%2C+Abul&rft.au=Pestana%2C+Roderick&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.nl.sg%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19650311.2.3.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquire2018" class="citation book cs1">Squire, Thomas A. (2018). <i>Always a Commando : the life of Singapore army pioneer Clarence Tan</i>. Marshall Cavendish Editions. pp. 163–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814779319" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814779319"><bdi>978-9814779319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Always+a+Commando+%3A+the+life+of+Singapore+army+pioneer+Clarence+Tan&rft.pages=163-199&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9814779319&rft.aulast=Squire&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubritzky2000" class="citation book cs1">Subritzky, J. (2000). <i>Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–1965</i>. London: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22784-5"><bdi>978-0-312-22784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Sukarno%3A+British%2C+American%2C+Australian+and+New+Zealand+Diplomacy+in+the+Malaysian-Indonesian+Confrontation%2C+1961%E2%80%931965&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22784-5&rft.aulast=Subritzky&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_Ming2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Tan Ming, Jean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/34483"><i>Singapore's Role in Indonesia's Confrontation of Malaysia and the Impact of Confrontation on Singapore-Indonesia Relations</i></a> (PhD thesis). National University of Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Singapore%27s+Role+in+Indonesia%27s+Confrontation+of+Malaysia+and+the+Impact+of+Confrontation+on+Singapore-Indonesia+Relations&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tan+Ming&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarbank.nus.edu.sg%2Fhandle%2F10635%2F34483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tuck, C. (2004). "Borneo 1963–66: Counter-insurgency Operations and War Termination". <i>Small Wars and Insurgencies</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 89–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0959231042000275588">10.1080/0959231042000275588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9558">1743-9558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143480227">143480227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+and+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Borneo+1963%E2%80%9366%3A+Counter-insurgency+Operations+and+War+Termination&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=89-111&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143480227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-9558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0959231042000275588&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a> (1969–mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">ISIS war</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIS">Military intervention against ISIS</a> (2014–present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;;background:#c44; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Template talk:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Malaysia and Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Malaysia" title="Communism in Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism in Malaysia</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Singapore" title="Category:Communism in Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Wars and incidents <br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Malayan_National_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Sarawak_People%27s_Guerilla_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Malaysia" title="Category:Wars involving Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Wars</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_movement_in_Malaya_during_World_War_II" title="Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II">Anti-Japanese resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Days%27_War" title="Fourteen Days' War">Fourteen Days' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li>Communist insurgency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Malaysia (1968-1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayan_Emergency" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency"><span style="color:white">Malayan <br /> Emergency</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Background & causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Volunteer_Force" title="Special Operations Volunteer Force">Special Operations Volunteer Force</a></li> <li>Commonwealth Military Involvement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_Malaysia" title="Military history of New Zealand in Malaysia">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Siput_incident" title="Sungai Siput incident">Sungai Siput incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lau_Yew" title="Death of Lau Yew">Death of Lau Yew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labis_incident" title="Labis incident">Labis incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_ambush" title="Penang ambush">Penang ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sir_Henry_Gurney" title="Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney">Assassination of Sir Henry Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Kepong_incident" title="Bukit Kepong incident">Bukit Kepong incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Semur_River" title="Battle of Semur River">Battle of Semur River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Termite" title="Operation Termite">Operation Termite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_ambush" title="Pipeline ambush">Pipeline ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Templer_Plan" title="The Templer Plan">The Templer Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Hashim#Death" title="Abdul Rahman Hashim">Assassination of Abdul Rahman Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Chong_Kong#Assassination" title="Khoo Chong Kong">Assassination of Khoo Chong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)#National_Monument" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">Bombing of National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubir_shootdown" title="Gubir shootdown">Gubir shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Malay_Regiment" title="10th Malay Regiment">10th Malay Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Yuen" title="Min Yuen">Min Yuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">Revolutionary Faction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Malayan People's Liberation Front">MPLF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">CPM/ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Communist_Party" title="Malaysian Communist Party">Malaysian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Singapore Federation of Trade Unions">Singapore Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysian_communists" title="Category:Malaysian communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Key people</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peninsular <br />Malaysia <br />and <br />Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_CD" title="Abdullah CD">Abdullah CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Teck" title="Lai Teck">Lai Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiah_Fakeh" title="Shamsiah Fakeh">Shamsiah Fakeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Boestamam" title="Ahmad Boestamam">Ahmad Boestamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Maidin" title="Rashid Maidin">Rashid Maidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtaruddin_Lasso" title="Mokhtaruddin Lasso">Mokhtaruddin Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarulzaman_Teh" title="Kamarulzaman Teh">Kamarulzaman Teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Samah_Mohd_Kassim" title="Abu Samah Mohd Kassim">Abu Samah Mohd Kassim</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Ahmad" class="extiw" title="ms:Musa Ahmad">Musa Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Chik" class="extiw" title="ms:Ibrahim Chik">Ibrahim Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Ganapathy" title="S. A. Ganapathy">S. A. Ganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriani_Abdullah" title="Suriani Abdullah">Suriani Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Yew" title="Lau Yew">Lau Yew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Meng" title="Lee Meng">Lee Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tien" title="Chen Tien">Chen Tien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwo" title="Yeung Kwo">Yeung Kwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Chong_Pik" title="Fong Chong Pik">Fong Chong Pik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eu_Chooi_Yip" title="Eu Chooi Yip">Eu Chooi Yip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_Chin_Siong" title="Lim Chin Siong">Lim Chin Siong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahi_Annuar" title="Wahi Annuar">Wahi Annuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Indera" title="Muhammad Indera">Mat Indera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Balan" title="R. G. Balan">R. G. Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Veerasenan" title="P. Veerasenan">P. Veerasenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devan_Nair" title="Devan Nair">Devan Nair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Malaysian <br />Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Kee_Chok" title="Bong Kee Chok">Bong Kee Chok</a></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Yang Chu Chung</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Wen Ming Chyuan</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Yap Choon Hau</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Lam Wah Kwai</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Ang Chu Ting</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Wong Lieng Kui</span></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Cheung Ah Wah</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Youth_and_Students_of_Southeast_Asia_Fighting_for_Freedom_and_Independence" title="Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence">Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Socialist_Club" title="University Socialist Club">University Socialist Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subramaniam_v_Public_Prosecutor" title="Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor">Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Malaysia–Soviet Union relations">Malaysia–Soviet Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">China–Malaysia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">China–Singapore relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chia_Thye_Poh" title="Chia Thye Poh">Chia Thye Poh</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party" title="Sarawak United Peoples' Party">Sarawak United Peoples' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidong_Island" title="Bidong Island">Bidong Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">1975 AIA building hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_slavery_case" title="Lambeth slavery case">Lambeth slavery case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">Peace agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></li> <li><span style="color:gray">Peace Declaration of Sri Aman 1973</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#c44; color:white;;width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Malaya_(film)" title="Operation Malaya (film)"><i>Operation Malaya</i> (1953 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Piece_of_Ribbon" title="A Piece of Ribbon"><i>A Piece of Ribbon</i> (1963 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_7th_Dawn" title="The 7th Dawn"><i>The 7th Dawn</i> (1964 drama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Communist" title="The Last Communist"><i>The Last Communist</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apa_Khabar_Orang_Kampung" title="Apa Khabar Orang Kampung"><i>Apa Khabar Orang Kampung</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Februari" title="29 Februari"><i>29 Februari</i> (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda_Putera" title="Tanda Putera"><i>Tanda Putera</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists" title="The Garden of Evening Mists"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2011 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%911949" class="extiw" title="zh:新村1949"><i>The New Village</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Evening_Mists_(film)" title="The Garden of Evening Mists (film)"><i>The Garden of Evening Mists</i> (2019 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#c44; color:white;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/23px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Malaysia portal</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Singapore portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:; color:;;background:; color:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Communism in Indonesia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Indonesia" title="Category:Wars involving Indonesia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Wars</span></a> and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbang_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbang raid">Limbang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Jawai" title="Battle of Long Jawai">Battle of Long Jawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Labis" title="Landing at Labis">Landing at Labis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_December_1964" title="Action of 13 December 1964">Action of 13 December 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sungei_Koemba" title="Battle of Sungei Koemba">Battle of Sungei Koemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kindau" title="Battle of Kindau">Battle of Kindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babang" title="Battle of Babang">Battle of Babang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claret" title="Operation Claret">Operation Claret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bau" title="Battle of Bau">Battle of Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Souths_Affair" title="Three Souths Affair">Three Souths Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Indonesian_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="1965–66 Indonesian mass killings">1965–66 Indonesian mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Socialist Party of Indonesia">Socialist Party of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murba_Party" title="Murba Party">Murba Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Party" title="Acoma Party">Acoma Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbupri" title="Sarbupri">Sarbupri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_All-Indonesian_Workers_Organization" title="Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization">Central All-Indonesian Workers Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_communists" title="Category:Indonesian communists"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: ; text-decoration: inherit;">Key people</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siauw_Giok_Tjhan" title="Siauw Giok Tjhan">Siauw Giok Tjhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darsono" title="Darsono">Darsono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimin" title="Alimin">Alimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin_Harahap" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap">Amir Sjarifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipa_Nusantara_Aidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipa Nusantara Aidit">D. N. Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Lukman" title="M. H. Lukman">M. H. Lukman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musso" title="Musso">Musso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njoto" title="Njoto">Njoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samikidin" title="Samikidin">Samikidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaun" title="Semaun">Semaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaruzaman_Sjam" title="Kamaruzaman Sjam">Kamaruzaman Sjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Kartodikromo" title="Marco Kartodikromo">Marco Kartodikromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakri_Wahab" title="Bakri Wahab">Bakri Wahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudisman" title="Sudisman">Sudisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikana" title="Wikana">Wikana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Affiliation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Brunei People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Melayu_Muda" title="Kesatuan Melayu Muda">Kesatuan Melayu Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party" title="North Kalimantan Communist Party">North Kalimantan Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Youth_and_Students_of_Southeast_Asia_Fighting_for_Freedom_and_Independence" title="Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence">Calcutta Southeast Asian Youth Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONEFO" title="CONEFO">CONEFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasakom" title="Nasakom">Nasakom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Communism in Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:; color:;;width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pengkhianatan_G30S/PKI" title="Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI">Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Year_of_Living_Dangerously_(film)" title="The Year of Living Dangerously (film)">The Year of Living Dangerously</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puisi_Tak_Terkuburkan" title="Puisi Tak Terkuburkan">Puisi Tak Terkuburkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Act_of_Killing" title="The Act of Killing">The Act of Killing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Look_of_Silence" title="The Look of Silence">The Look of Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:; color:;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysian_protests_and_rallies" title="Template:Malaysian protests and rallies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysian_protests_and_rallies" title="Template talk:Malaysian protests and rallies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian_protests_and_rallies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian protests and rallies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia&#95;_Protests_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Protests_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Protests in Malaysia"> Protests in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuala Lumpur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">1946–47 anti-Malayan Union protests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_All-Malaya_Hartal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 All-Malaya Hartal (page does not exist)">1947 All-Malaya Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Keranda_152_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Keranda 152 rally (page does not exist)">1967 Keranda 152 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_Malaysian_students_pre-election_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 Malaysian students pre-election demonstrations (page does not exist)">1969 Malaysian students pre-election demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May 1969 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_PMUM_Anti-Tunku_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 PMUM Anti-Tunku demonstrations (page does not exist)">1969 PMUM Anti-Tunku demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_PMUM_vs_PBMUM_Papan_Tanda_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 PMUM vs PBMUM Papan Tanda demonstrations (page does not exist)">1970 PMUM vs PBMUM Papan Tanda demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Malaysian constitutional crisis (page does not exist)">1971 Malaysian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 Malaysian constitutional crisis (page does not exist)">1983 Malaysian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1993 Malaysian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">1998–2000s Reformasi demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Bersih_rally" title="2007 Bersih rally">2007 BERSIH 1.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_HINDRAF_rally" title="2007 HINDRAF rally">2007 HINDRAF rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_14_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black 14 rally (page does not exist)">2008 Black 14 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_Malaysian_fuel_hike_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 Malaysian fuel hike protests (page does not exist)">2008 Malaysian fuel hike protests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Keranda_152_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Keranda 152 rally (page does not exist)">2009 Keranda 152 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_anti-ISA_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 anti-ISA rally (page does not exist)">2009 anti-ISA rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_anti-Menteri_Besar_Terengganu_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 anti-Menteri Besar Terengganu rally (page does not exist)">2009 anti-Menteri Besar Terengganu rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Air_Untuk_Rakyat_rally" title="2010 Air Untuk Rakyat rally">2010 Water for People rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_anti-Peaceful_Assembly_Act_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 anti-Peaceful Assembly Act rally (page does not exist)">2011 anti-Peaceful Assembly Act rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_2.0_rally" title="Bersih 2.0 rally">2011 BERSIH 2.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Dataran" title="Occupy Dataran">Occupy Dataran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Anwar_901_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Anwar 901 rally (page does not exist)">2012 Free Anwar 901 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_3.0_rally" title="Bersih 3.0 rally">2012 BERSIH 3.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_anti-Lynas_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 anti-Lynas rally (page does not exist)">2012 anti-Lynas rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_anti-Jamalul_Kiram_III_infiltration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration (page does not exist)">2013 anti-Jamalul Kiram III infiltration protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Uprising_rally,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Uprising rally, 2013">2013 KL 112, People’s Uprising rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%27s_Post_General_Election_rally_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysia's Post General Election rally 2013">2013 Blackout 505 rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops_Turun,_anti-price_hike_rally_2013" title="Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally 2013">2013 Ops Turun, anti-price hike rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Pencil_protest" title="Red Pencil protest">2014 Red Pencil protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2014" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2014">2014 May Day anti-GST rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Rakyat_Hakim_Negara_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally (page does not exist)">2015 Rakyat Hakim Negara rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_anti-GST_rally_2015" title="May Day anti-GST rally 2015">2015 Kita Lawan, May Day anti-GST rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkap_Najib_rally" title="Tangkap Najib rally">2015 #TangkapNajib rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Low_Yat_Plaza_riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Low Yat Plaza riot (page does not exist)">2015 Low Yat Plaza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_4_rally" title="Bersih 4 rally">2015 BERSIH 4.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_People%27s_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 United People's rally">2015 United People's rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Shutdown_Sungai_Besi_rally" title="2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally">2015 Shutdown Sungai Besi rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_anti-TPPA_rally" title="2016 anti-TPPA rally">2016 anti-TPPA rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Keranda_152_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Keranda 152 rally (page does not exist)">2016 Keranda 152 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Muafakat_Selamatkan_Malaysia_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally (page does not exist)">2016 Muafakat Selamatkan Malaysia rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Hancur_GST,_Undur_Najib,_Undur_Rosmah,_Bebas_Anwar,_Hidup_Rakyat_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally (page does not exist)">2016 Hancur GST, Undur Najib, Undur Rosmah, Bebas Anwar, Hidup Rakyat rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersih_5_rally" title="Bersih 5 rally">2016 BERSIH 5.0 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-ICERD_rally" title="2018 anti-ICERD rally">2018 anti-ICERD rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2019_climate_strikes#Malaysia" title="September 2019 climate strikes">September 2019 climate strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawan protests">2021 Lawan protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 Perak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Perak_constitutional_crisis#1BLACKMalaysia_protest_and_arrests" title="2009 Perak constitutional crisis">2009 1BLACKMalaysia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_Penang_riots" title="1867 Penang riots">1867 Penang riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">1967 Penang Hartal riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sarawak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">1946–50 anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rainforest_blockades_in_Sarawak" title="Indigenous rainforest blockades in Sarawak">Sarawak rainforest blockades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Sarawak_for_Sarawakians_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally (page does not exist)">2015 Sarawak for Sarawakians rally</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sabah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1963 anti-Indonesia infiltration demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Teluk_Gong_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations (page does not exist)">1967 Teluk Gong demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Baling_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Baling demonstrations (page does not exist)">1974 Baling demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Tasek_Utara,_Johor_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations (page does not exist)">1974 Tasek Utara, Johor demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memali_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Memali incident">1985 Memali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Sultan_of_Kelantan_demonstrations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations (page does not exist)">1993 Sultan of Kelantan demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Kampung_Rawa_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Kampung Rawa riots (page does not exist)">1998 Kampung Rawa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Terengganu_riot" title="2007 Terengganu riot">2007 Terengganu riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_cow%27s_head_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 cow's head protests">2009 cow's head protests</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_anti-PPSMI_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 anti-PPSMI rally (page does not exist)">2009 anti-PPSMI rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Gathering_of_a_Million_Faithful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful (page does not exist)">2011 Gathering of a Million Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Orange_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Orange rally (page does not exist)">2012 Orange rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_Green_Rally_to_Putrajaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya (page does not exist)">2012 Green Rally to Putrajaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_People%27s_Lands_rally&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 People's Lands rally (page does not exist)">2012 People's Lands rally</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Taman_Medan_anti-cross_protest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest (page does not exist)">2015 Taman Medan anti-cross protest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_Penang_villagers_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 Penang villagers protests (page does not exist)">2015 Penang villagers protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Seafield temple riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism#Malaysia" title="Student activism">Student activism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Durian_(film)" title="The Big Durian (film)"><i>The Big Durian</i> (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepuluh_Tahun_Sebelum_Merdeka_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka (film) (page does not exist)"><i>Sepuluh Tahun Sebelum Merdeka</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Gods" title="Malaysian Gods"><i>Malaysian Gods</i> (2009 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanda_Putera" title="Tanda Putera"><i>Tanda Putera</i> (2013 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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