CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm","20180628204117","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1530218477"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta id="viewport" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <title>Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously: First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves -- ScienceDaily</title> <meta name="description" content="A multicolor laser pointer you can use to change the color of the laser with a button click -- similar to a multicolor ballpoint pen -- is one step closer to reality thanks to a new tiny synthetic material." id="metasummary"/> <meta name="keywords" content="Optics; Chemistry; Physics; Materials Science; Engineering; Inorganic Chemistry; Graphene; Engineering and Construction" id="metakeywords"/> <meta name="last-modified" content="Thu, 28 Jun 2018 18:01:01 GMT"/> <meta name="expires" content="Thu, 28 Jun 2018 22:01:01 GMT"/> <meta property="og:title" id="og_title" content="Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously: First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" id="og_url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm"/> <meta property="og:image" id="og_image" content="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180628131101_1_540x360.jpg"/> <meta property="og:description" id="og_description" content="A multicolor laser pointer you can use to change the color of the laser with a button click -- similar to a multicolor ballpoint pen -- is one step closer to reality thanks to a new tiny synthetic material."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ScienceDaily"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ScienceDaily: Latest Science News" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/rss/"/> <link href="/web/20180628204117cs_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20180628204117cs_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20180628204117cs_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/css/yamm.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20180628204117cs_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/css/social-share-kit.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20180628204117cs_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/css/custom-201805181033.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/region.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> // prevent external framing of pages if (self === top) { var notFramed = true; } else { top.location = self.location; } // extract domain of page (to restrict ads to own domain) var domainArray = window.location.hostname.split('.').reverse(); var domainRoot = domainArray[1] + '.' + domainArray[0]; // for Sortable page segmentation var pageType = 'story'; </script><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WZW5FC5');</script><script async="async" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script async="async" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180628204117js_/https://tags-cdn.deployads.com/a/dfp.sciencedaily.com.js"></script><script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; // Initialize the deployads array, for asynchronous use var deployads = window.deployads || []; deployads.pageSegment = pageType; </script><script type="text/javascript"> // don't serve ads if framed, and only on own domain if (notFramed == true && domainRoot == 'sciencedaily.com') { // Proceed with GPT slot definitions and set targeting googletag.cmd.push(function() { var mapping_top_leaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [320, 50]). addSize([768, 200], [[728, 90], [468, 60]]). addSize([992, 200], [728, 90]). build(); window.mapping_top_leaderboard = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Top_Leaderboard', [728, 90], 'adslot-top-leaderboard'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_top_leaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_top_rectangle = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], []). addSize([992, 200], [[300, 600], [300, 250], [160, 600]]). build(); window.mapping_top_rectangle = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Top_Rectangle', [300, 250], 'adslot-top-rectangle'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_top_rectangle). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_mobile_top_rectangle = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([375, 200], [[300, 250], [336, 280]]). addSize([992, 200], []). build(); window.mapping_mobile_top_rectangle = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Mobile_Top_Rectangle', [300, 250], 'adslot-mobile-top-rectangle'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_mobile_top_rectangle). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_half_page = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], []). addSize([992, 200], [[300, 600], [300, 250], [160, 600]]). build(); window.mapping_half_page = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Half_Page', [300, 600], 'adslot-half-page'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_half_page). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_left_skyscraper = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], []). addSize([992, 200], [[160, 600], [120, 600]]). build(); window.mapping_left_skyscraper = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Left_Skyscraper', [160, 600], 'adslot-left-skyscraper'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_left_skyscraper). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_bottom_rectangle = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], []). addSize([992, 200], [[300, 600], [300, 250], [160, 600]]). build(); window.mapping_bottom_rectangle = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Bottom_Rectangle', [300, 250], 'adslot-bottom-rectangle'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_bottom_rectangle). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_mobile_middle_rectangle = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([375, 200], [[300, 250], [336, 280]]). addSize([992, 200], []). build(); window.mapping_mobile_middle_rectangle = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Mobile_Middle_Rectangle', [300, 250], 'adslot-mobile-middle-rectangle'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_mobile_middle_rectangle). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); var mapping_mobile_bottom_rectangle = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([375, 200], [[300, 250], [336, 280]]). addSize([992, 200], []). build(); window.mapping_mobile_bottom_rectangle = googletag.defineSlot('/1002721/ScienceDaily_Mobile_Bottom_Rectangle', [300, 250], 'adslot-mobile-bottom-rectangle'). defineSizeMapping(mapping_mobile_bottom_rectangle). addService(googletag.pubads()). setCollapseEmptyDiv(true); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("sections", ["matter_energy"]); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("topics", ["nature_of_light", "chemistry", "physics", "materials_science", "engineering", "inorganic_chemistry", "graphene", "engineering_and_construction"]); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().set("page_url", "https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("domain", domainRoot); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("sensitive", "false"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("allow_adx", "true"); // use Sortable's enableServices wrapper deployads.push(function () { deployads.gpt.enableServices() }); }); } </script> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WZW5FC5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header><div class="container white">  <div class="row header"> <div class="col-sm-5 col-md-4 no-padding-right"> <div class="logo"> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/" title="ScienceDaily"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/sd-logo.png" height="43" width="260" alt="ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily"/></a> <hr class="hr-logo"/> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="motto">Your source for the latest research news</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-7 col-md-8 no-padding-left hidden-xs"> <div class="sharing"> <div id="controls" class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="..."> <a class="btn btn-default topbar hidden-xs">Follow</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.facebook.com/sciencedaily" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://twitter.com/sciencedaily" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://plus.google.com/+sciencedaily" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Google+"><i class="fa fa-google-plus fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.linkedin.com/company/sciencedaily" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="LinkedIn"><i class="fa fa-linkedin fa-fw"></i></a> <a class="btn btn-default topbar hidden-xs">Subscribe</a> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/newsfeeds.htm" class="btn btn-default hidden-tiny" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="RSS Feeds"><i class="fa fa-rss fa-fw"></i></a> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/newsletters.htm" class="btn btn-default" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Newsletters"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fa-fw"></i></a> </div> </div> <div class="breaking-news hidden-xs"> <span class="pull-left"><strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/breaking/">Just In</a>:</strong></span> <span class="pull-left"> <ul id="justin_headlines" class="list-unstyled newsticker"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160319.htm">Female Seals Have Consistent Personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628120111.htm">I Am Human, Hear Me Roar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160302.htm">Cohesion of Earliest Neolithic Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160255.htm">Two New Miocene Mammals in Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160232.htm">Massive Quakes to Unlock Secrets of Outer Core</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160227.htm">Ancestor of Mountain Beaver Had a Large Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628120108.htm">Drug Partially Restores Hearing in Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628120102.htm">Spectral Cloaking: Making Objects Invisible</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160337.htm">Dangerous Protected Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628105025.htm">Meteorite Expands Window On Possible Mars Life</a></li> </ul></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="unit1"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-top-leaderboard" class="center-block"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-top-leaderboard") }); }); </script> </div> </div> <div id="message_box" class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div id="message">Follow all of ScienceDaily's <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/">latest research news</a></strong> and <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/science/" class="store">top science headlines</a></strong>!</div> </div> </div>  </header><div id="contents" class="container white"> <div class="row">  <div class="col-sm-8 main less-padding-right hyphenate">  <div class="head no-print"> <div class="pull-left head-left">Science News</div> <div class="pull-right head-right">from research organizations</div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <hr class="head-rule no-print"/> <h1 id="headline" class="headline">Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously</h1> <h2 id="subtitle" class="subtitle">First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves</h2> <dl class="dl-horizontal dl-custom"> <dt>Date:</dt> <dd id="date_posted">June 28, 2018</dd> <dt>Source:</dt> <dd id="source">DOE/Sandia National Laboratories</dd> <dt>Summary:</dt> <dd id="abstract">A multicolor laser pointer you can use to change the color of the laser with a button click -- similar to a multicolor ballpoint pen -- is one step closer to reality thanks to a new tiny synthetic material. </dd> <dt class="no-print">Share:</dt> <dd class="no-print"> <div id="share_top"> <div data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117oe_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm" class="ssk-sm ssk-group"> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-facebook"></a> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-twitter"></a> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-google-plus"></a> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-pinterest"></a> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-linkedin"></a> <a class="ssk ssk-icon ssk-email"></a> </div> </div> </dd> </dl> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 col-md-push-4"> <div class="fullstory">FULL STORY</div> <hr class="hr-fullstory"/> <div id="story_photo" class="hyphenate"> <div class="photo-image"><img class="img-responsive center-block" src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180628131101_1_540x360.jpg" width="539.43808532778" height="360" title="Click to enlarge" alt="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#myModal"/></div> <div class="photo-caption">Sandia National Laboratories postdoctoral appointee Polina Vabishchevich, left, and Senior Scientist Igal Brener made a metamaterial that mixes two lasers to produce 11 colors ranging from the near infrared, through the colors of the rainbow, to ultraviolet.</div> <div class="photo-credit"><em>Credit: Photo by Randy Montoya</em></div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  <div class="modal fade" id="myModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content modal-content-custom"> <div class="modal-image"><img class="img-responsive center-block" src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180628131101_1_900x600.jpg" width="1440" height="961"/></div> <div class="modal-text"> <div class="modal-caption">Sandia National Laboratories postdoctoral appointee Polina Vabishchevich, left, and Senior Scientist Igal Brener made a metamaterial that mixes two lasers to produce 11 colors ranging from the near infrared, through the colors of the rainbow, to ultraviolet.</div> <div class="modal-credit"><em>Credit: Photo by Randy Montoya</em></div> <div class="modal-close"><button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button></div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> <div id="story_text" class="hyphenate"> <p id="first" class="lead">A multicolor laser pointer you can use to change the color of the laser with a button click -- similar to a multicolor ballpoint pen -- is one step closer to reality thanks to a new tiny synthetic material made at Sandia National Laboratories.</p> <div class="mobile-top-rectangle hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-mobile-top-rectangle"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-mobile-top-rectangle") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div> <div id="text"> <p>A flashy laser pointer may be fun to envision, but changing the color of a laser has many other uses from discovering hidden archeology sites in dense forests and detecting signs of extraterrestrial life in the air to potentially speeding up and increasing the capacity of long-distance communication via fiber-optics networks.</p> <p>Research on the new light-mixing metamaterial was published in <em>Nature Communications</em> earlier today. The work was led by Sandia Senior Scientist Igal Brener along with collaborators at Friedrich Schiller University Jena. The paper reports how a metamaterial made up of an array of nanocylinders mixed two laser pulses of near infrared light to produce 11 waves of light ranging in color from the near infrared, through the colors of the rainbow, to ultraviolet.</p> <p>A metamaterial is a material made up of tiny, repeating structures that interact with electromagnetic waves in ways conventional materials cannot. The structures are much smaller than the wavelength of light they are designed to manipulate. They are somewhat similar to the natural structures that give blue morpho butterfly wings their spectacular iridescence. The wings have scales with tiny repeating structures, which reflect light to produce the blue color.</p> <p><strong>Metamaterial mixes light to produce 11 new wavelengths</strong></p> <p>For this optical mixer, the array of nanocylinders is made from gallium arsenide, a semiconductor used in many kinds of electronics. Gallium arsenide bends, or refracts, light strongly, which is essential for this kind of metamaterial, said Brener. Each nanocylinder is about 500 nanometers tall -- or 100 times smaller than the width of a human hair -- with a diameter of about 400 nanometers. They are laid out in a square pattern about 840 nanometers apart from one another.</p> <p>Current ways to mix light, such as those used for green laser pointers, use specially crafted crystals to perfectly align the light waves to allow mixing, said Brener. This is called phase matching. Because of physical rules, each crystal can only efficiently match the phases of one color of incoming light to produce one different color of light. Sandia's metamaterial works in a completely different manner.</p> <p>Instead, the team selected two near infrared lasers with wavelengths tuned to the metamaterial's resonant frequencies, or the wavelengths that bounce around inside the nanocylinders best, said Polina Vabishchevich, a Sandia postdoctoral appointee and first author on the paper. The light from these two lasers -- call them frequencies A and B -- mix to produce 11 colors from different mixing products including A+A, A+B, B+B, A+A+B, and A+B+B, among other complex mixing products.</p> <p>"With this tiny device and two laser pulses we were able to generate 11 new colors at the same time, which is so cool," said Vabishchevich. "We don't need to change angles or match phases."</p> <p><strong>Optical metamixer has potential for widespread research applications</strong></p> <p>The metamaterial was made using processes borrowed from semiconductor device fabrication. This fabrication was conducted at several Sandia facilities including Sandia's Microsystems Engineering, Sciences, and Applications complex and the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a Department of Energy Office of Science user facility jointly operated with Los Alamos National Laboratory.</p> <p>"If we didn't have access to the instrumentation we have at Sandia, this research would have been impossible," said Brener. "Without CINT's specialized femtosecond laser system, it would have been very challenging to perform these measurements." A femtosecond is one millionth of a billionth of a second and femtosecond lasers produce powerful light.</p> <p>Though the conversion efficiency for the optical metamixer is very low -- for example the resulting red-orange light is very weak compared to the incoming light -- Brener believes the efficiency can be greatly improved with further work, perhaps by stacking multiple layers of metamaterial.</p> <p>Many different kinds of chemical and biological research, from using specialized microscopes to study how diseases evade the immune system to studying the chemistry of combustion to improve vehicle efficiency, require light at specific wavelengths. This optical metamixer could convert light from lasers to a new wavelength where a laser might not be available or allow researchers to switch from one wavelength to another without having to buy a different laser, said Brener.</p> <p>Switchable, tunable lasers could also be useful in biological, chemical and atmospheric research; remote sensing; fiber-optics-based communication; even quantum optics.</p> <p>The research team included collaborators from Friedrich Schiller University Jena; John Reno, a CINT materials scientist who grew the semiconductors; Sandia physicist Mike Sinclair, who was involved in the modeling and theory; and two former Sandia researchers Sheng Liu and Gordon Keeler.</p> <p>This work was funded by DOE Office of Science.</p> </div> <div class="mobile-middle-rectangle hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-mobile-middle-rectangle"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-mobile-middle-rectangle") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div> <hr class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"/> <div id="story_source"> <p><strong>Story Source:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://share-ng.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/optical_mixer/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Materials</a> provided by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/http://www.sandia.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><strong>DOE/Sandia National Laboratories</strong></a>. <em>Note: Content may be edited for style and length.</em></p> </div>  <hr/> <div id="journal_references"><p><strong>Journal Reference</strong>:</p> <ol class="journal"> <li>Sheng Liu, Polina P. Vabishchevich, Aleksandr Vaskin, John L. Reno, Gordon A. Keeler, Michael B. Sinclair, Isabelle Staude, Igal Brener. <strong>An all-dielectric metasurface as a broadband optical frequency mixer</strong>. <em>Nature Communications</em>, 2018; 9 (1) DOI: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04944-9" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/s41467-018-04944-9</a> </li> </ol> <hr/> </div>  <div id="citations"> <div role="tabpanel" class="right-tabs clearfix"> <p class="pull-left"><strong>Cite This Page</strong>:</p>  <ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"> <li role="presentation" class="active"><a href="#citation_mla" aria-controls="citation_mla" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">MLA</a></li> <li role="presentation"><a href="#citation_apa" aria-controls="citation_apa" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">APA</a></li> <li role="presentation"><a href="#citation_chicago" aria-controls="citation_chicago" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Chicago</a></li> </ul> <div class="tab-content tab-citations"> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="citation_mla">DOE/Sandia National Laboratories. "Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously: First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 June 2018. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm>.</div> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="citation_apa">DOE/Sandia National Laboratories. (2018, June 28). Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously: First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves. <em>ScienceDaily</em>. Retrieved June 28, 2018 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm</div> <div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="citation_chicago">DOE/Sandia National Laboratories. "Light mixer generates 11 colors simultaneously: First nanostructured material for broad mixing of light waves." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180628131101.htm (accessed June 28, 2018).</div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div>   <div class="mobile-bottom-rectangle hidden-md hidden-lg"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-mobile-bottom-rectangle"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-mobile-bottom-rectangle") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> <br/> </div>  </div>  <div class="col-md-4 col-md-pull-8 less-padding-left no-print"> <div class="row hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-12"> <ul class="nav topics"> <li class="nav-header"> <a href="#">RELATED TOPICS</a> <ul id="related_topics" class="nav subnav"> <li> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/">Matter & Energy</a> <ul class="nav nav-condensed fa-ul"> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/nature_of_light/" rel="tag">Optics</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/chemistry/" rel="tag">Chemistry</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/physics/" rel="tag">Physics</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/materials_science/" rel="tag">Materials Science</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/engineering/" rel="tag">Engineering</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/inorganic_chemistry/" rel="tag">Inorganic Chemistry</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/graphene/" rel="tag">Graphene</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/engineering_and_construction/" rel="tag">Engineering and Construction</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-12"> <div class="left-skyscraper center-block hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-left-skyscraper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-left-skyscraper") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div> </div>  <div class="col-xs-6 col-md-12"> <ul class="nav topics"> <li class="nav-header"> <a href="#">RELATED TERMS</a> <ul id="related_terms" class="nav nav-condensed fa-ul"> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy.htm">Confocal laser scanning microscopy</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/shear_stress.htm">Shear stress</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/xenon.htm">Xenon</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/tropospheric_ozone.htm">Tropospheric ozone</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/nature.htm">Nature</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/germanium.htm">Germanium</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/nanoparticle.htm">Nanoparticle</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa-li fa fa-angle-right"></i><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/tensile_strength.htm">Tensile strength</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="fullstory">RELATED STORIES</div> <hr class="hr-fullstory"/> <div id="related_releases"> <h5 class="related-headline clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171016132644.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2017/10/171016132644_1_75x50.jpg" class="related-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Chemical Treatment Improves Quantum Dot Lasers</a></h5> <div class="related-summary"> <span class="story-date">Oct. 16, 2017 </span> One of the secrets to making tiny laser devices such as opthalmic surgery scalpels work even more efficiently is the use of tiny semiconductor particles, called quantum dots. In new research the ... <span class="more"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171016132644.htm">read more</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right red"></i></span> </div> <h5 class="related-headline clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170703085616.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2017/07/170703085616_1_75x50.jpg" class="related-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Record Laser on Chip Created</a></h5> <div class="related-summary"> <span class="story-date">July 3, 2017 </span> Researchers have developed the world’s most narrowband diode laser on a chip. This laser represents a breakthrough in the fast-growing field of photonics, and will bring applications like 5G ... <span class="more"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170703085616.htm">read more</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right red"></i></span> </div> <h5 class="related-headline clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170308114805.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2017/03/170308114805_1_75x50.jpg" class="related-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Research Lab Expands Palette for Color-Changing Glass</a></h5> <div class="related-summary"> <span class="story-date">Mar. 8, 2017 </span> New nanophotonics research could expand the color palette for companies in the fast-growing market for glass windows that change color at the flick of an electric switch. A team of researchers has ... <span class="more"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170308114805.htm">read more</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right red"></i></span> </div> <h5 class="related-headline clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130811150605.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2013/08/130811150605_1_75x50.jpg" class="related-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Magnetization Controlled at Picosecond Intervals</a></h5> <div class="related-summary"> <span class="story-date">Aug. 11, 2013 </span> A terahertz laser makes it possible to control a material's magnetization at a timescale of picoseconds (0.000,000,000,001 seconds). In their experiment, the researchers shone extremely short light ... <span class="more"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130811150605.htm">read more</a> <i class="fa fa-angle-double-right red"></i></span> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-md-6 less-padding-left no-print"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12"> <div class="aroundtheweb-title">FROM AROUND THE WEB</div> <hr class="aroundtheweb-rule"/> <div class="aroundtheweb-disclosure">Below are relevant articles that may interest you. ScienceDaily shares links and proceeds with scholarly publications in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.trendmd.com/how-it-works-readers?utm_source=ScienceDaily&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=SD_Widget" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">TrendMD network</a>.</div> <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>   <div class="col-sm-4 less-padding-left sidebar no-print hidden-xs"> <div class="pull-right btn-group btn-group-sm tools-top hidden-tiny hidden-xs" role="group" aria-label="..."> <a class="btn btn-default print black"><i class="fa fa-print"></i>   <span class="hidden-sm">Print</span> </a><a class="btn btn-default email black"><span class="fa fa-envelope"></span>   <span class="hidden-sm">Email</span></a> <a class="btn btn-default black" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#shareModal"><i class="fa fa-share"></i>   <span class="hidden-sm">Share</span></a> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <hr class="hr-tools-top"/> <div class="unit2 hidden-tiny hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-top-rectangle"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-top-rectangle") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div> <div class="head"> <div id="most_popular_heading" class="pull-left head-left">Most Popular</div> <div class="pull-right head-right">this week</div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <hr class="head-rule"/> <div id="most_popular_section1_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/" class="gray">SPACE & TIME</a> </div> <div id="most_popular_section1"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180621141043.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180621141043_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Einstein Proved Right in Another Galaxy</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620150053.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180620150053_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Last of Universe's Missing Ordinary Matter</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180621121901.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180621121901_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Nearly 80 Exoplanet Candidates Identified in Record Time</a></h5> </div> <div id="most_popular_section2_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/" class="gray">MATTER & ENERGY</a> </div> <div id="most_popular_section2"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620125907.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180620125907_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Possible Link Found Between Diabetes and Common White Pigment</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622174752.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180622174752_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>'Stealth' Material Hides Hot Objects from Infrared Eyes</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180625192825.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180625192825_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>'Electrogeochemistry' Captures Carbon, Produces Fuel, Offsets Ocean Acidification</a></h5> </div> <div id="most_popular_section3_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/" class="gray">COMPUTERS & MATH</a> </div> <div id="most_popular_section3"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620171004.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180620171004_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>New 'E-Dermis' Brings Sense of Touch, Pain to Prosthetic Hands</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620125926.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180620125926_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Crumple Up This Keyboard and Stick It in Your Pocket</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180620125949.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180620125949_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Quantum Step Forward in Protecting Communications from Hackers</a></h5> </div> <div class="half-page hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-half-page"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-half-page") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div> <div class="head"> <div id="strange_offbeat_heading" class="pull-left head-left">Strange & Offbeat</div> <div class="pull-right head-right"> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <hr class="head-rule"/> <div id="strange_offbeat_section1_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/space_time/" class="gray">SPACE & TIME</a> </div> <div id="strange_offbeat_section1"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160456.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180627160456_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Scientists Find Evidence of Complex Organic Molecules from Enceladus</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160357.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180627160357_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Milky Way Is Rich in Grease-Like Molecules</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160249.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180627160249_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Why Bacteria Survive in Space</a></h5> </div> <div id="strange_offbeat_section2_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/matter_energy/" class="gray">MATTER & ENERGY</a> </div> <div id="strange_offbeat_section2"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160502.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180627160502_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Personalized 'Deep Learning' Equips Robots for Autism Therapy</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160405.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180627160405_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Insight Into the Physics of the Higgs Particle</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180627160322.htm">Rough Terrain? No Problem for Beaver-Inspired Autonomous Robot</a></h5> </div> <div id="strange_offbeat_section3_head" class="side-subhead"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/computers_math/" class="gray">COMPUTERS & MATH</a> </div> <div id="strange_offbeat_section3"> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180625192819.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180625192819_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Closing the Loop for Robotic Grasping</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180622174752.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180622174752_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>'Stealth' Material Hides Hot Objects from Infrared Eyes</a></h5> <h5 class="clearfix"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180621121857.htm"><img src="/web/20180628204117im_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2018/06/180621121857_1_75x50.jpg" class="side-image" width="75" height="50" alt=""/>Engineering Bacteria to Exhibit Stochastic Turing Patterns</a></h5> </div>  <div class="bottom-rectangle hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="textrule"> <span>advertisement</span> </div>  <div id="adslot-bottom-rectangle"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { deployads.push(function() { deployads.gpt.display("adslot-bottom-rectangle") }); }); </script> </div> <hr class="hrrule"/> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="navwrapper"> <div id="topnav">  <nav class="navbar yamm navbar-default navbar-static navbar-custom"><div class="container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed menu" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navbar"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span>Menu  <i class="fa fa-bars"></i></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand visible-xs" href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/"><span class="icon-s">S<span class="icon-d">D</span></span></a> <ul class="nav navbar-nav hidden-xs"> <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="navbar-brand dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false"><span class="icon-s">S<span class="icon-d">D</span></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu brand" role="menu"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/">Home Page</a></li> <li class="divider"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/science/">Top Science News</a></li> <li class="divider"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/">Latest News</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="navbar" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="dropdown visible-xs"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Home <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/">Home Page</a></li> <li class="divider"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/science/">Top Science News</a></li> <li class="divider"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/">Latest News</a></li> </ul>  </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Health <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left" role="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <div class="yamm-content hyphenate"> <div>View all the latest <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/health/">top news</a></strong> in the health sciences, <span class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><br/></span>or browse the topics below:</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/">Health & Medicine</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/allergy/">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/alternative_medicine/">Alternative Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/birth_control/">Birth Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/cancer/">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/diabetes/">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/diseases_and_conditions/">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/heart_disease/">Heart Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/hiv_and_aids/">HIV and AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/obesity/">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/stem_cells/">Stem Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/">Mind & Brain</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/add_and_adhd/">ADD and ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/addiction/">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/alzheimer's/">Alzheimer's</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/autism/">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/depression/">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/headaches/">Headaches</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/intelligence/">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/psychology/">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/relationships/">Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/schizophrenia/">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/living_well/">Living Well</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/parenting/">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/pregnancy_and_childbirth/">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/sexual_health/">Sexual Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/skin_care/">Skin Care</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/men's_health/">Men's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/women's_health/">Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/nutrition/">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/diet_and_weight_loss/">Diet and Weight Loss</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/fitness/">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/healthy_aging/">Healthy Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/living_well/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li>  </ul>  </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Tech <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left" role="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <div class="yamm-content hyphenate"> <div>View all the latest <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/technology/">top news</a></strong> in the physical sciences & technology, <span class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><br/></span>or browse the topics below:</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/">Matter & Energy</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/aviation/">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/chemistry/">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/electronics/">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/fossil_fuels/">Fossil Fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/nanotechnology/">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/physics/">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/quantum_physics/">Quantum Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/solar_energy/">Solar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/technology/">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/wind_energy/">Wind Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/">Space & Time</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/astronomy/">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/black_holes/">Black Holes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/dark_matter/">Dark Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/extrasolar_planets/">Extrasolar Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/mars/">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/moon/">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/solar_system/">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/space_telescopes/">Space Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/stars/">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/sun/">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/">Computers & Math</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/artificial_intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/communications/">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/computer_science/">Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/hacking/">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/mathematics/">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/quantum_computers/">Quantum Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/robotics/">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/software/">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/video_games/">Video Games</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/virtual_reality/">Virtual Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li>  </ul>  </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Enviro <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left" role="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <div class="yamm-content hyphenate"> <div>View all the latest <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/environment/">top news</a></strong> in the environmental sciences, <span class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><br/></span>or browse the topics below:</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/">Plants & Animals</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/agriculture_and_food/">Agriculture and Food</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/animals/">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/biology/">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/biotechnology/">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/endangered_animals/">Endangered Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/extinction/">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/genetically_modified/">Genetically Modified</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/microbes_and_more/">Microbes and More</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/new_species/">New Species</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/zoology/">Zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/">Earth & Climate</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/climate/">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/earthquakes/">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/environmental_science/">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/geography/">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/geology/">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/global_warming/">Global Warming</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/hurricanes_and_cyclones/">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/ozone_holes/">Ozone Holes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/pollution/">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/weather/">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/">Fossils & Ruins</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/ancient_civilizations/">Ancient Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/anthropology/">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/archaeology/">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/dinosaurs/">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/early_humans/">Early Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/early_mammals/">Early Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/evolution/">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/lost_treasures/">Lost Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/origin_of_life/">Origin of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/paleontology/">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/fossils_ruins/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li>  </ul>  </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Society <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left" role="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <div class="yamm-content hyphenate"> <div>View all the latest <strong><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/top/society/">top news</a></strong> in the social sciences & education, <span class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><br/></span>or browse the topics below:</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/">Science & Society</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/arts_and_culture/">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/consumerism/">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/economics/">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/political_science/">Political Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/privacy_issues/">Privacy Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/public_health/">Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/racial_disparity/">Racial Disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/religion/">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/sports/">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/world_development/">World Development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/business_industry/">Business & Industry</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/biotechnology_and_bioengineering/">Biotechnology & Bioengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/computers_and_internet/">Computers & Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/energy_and_resources/">Energy & Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/engineering/">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/medical_technology/">Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/pharmaceuticals/">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/automotive_and_transportation/">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/business_industry/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  <div class="col-xs-4"> <div class="menu-section"><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/education_learning/">Education & Learning</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled menu-topics"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/animal_learning_and_intelligence/">Animal Learning & Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/creativity/">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/educational_psychology/">Educational Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/educational_technology/">Educational Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/infant_and_preschool_learning/">Infant & Preschool Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/mind_brain/learning_disorders/">Learning Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/science_society/stem_education/">STEM Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/education_learning/">... <em>more topics</em></a></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li>  </ul>  </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-expanded="false">Quirky <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/">Top News</a></li> <li class="divider"> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/human_quirks/">Human Quirks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/odd_creatures/">Odd Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/bizarre_things/">Bizarre Things</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/strange_offbeat/weird_world/">Weird World</a></li> </ul>  </li>  </ul> <form action="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/search/" method="get" class="navbar-form navbar-right" role="search"> <div class="form-group search"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" id="keyword" name="keyword" class="form-control hidden-xs" placeholder="Search"/><span class="input-group-btn"><button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button></span> <input type="hidden" id="list_view" value="summaries"/><input type="hidden" id="saved_summaries"/><input type="hidden" id="saved_headlines"/><input type="hidden" id="excluded_filenames" value=""/> </div> </div> </form> </div>  </div> </nav> </div> </div>  <footer><div class="container light-gray"> <div class="row footer-links"> <div class="col-sm-8 col-md-4"> <div class="footer-head">Free Subscriptions</div> <hr class="footer-rule"/> <p>Get the latest science news with ScienceDaily's free email newsletters, updated daily and weekly. Or view hourly updated newsfeeds in your RSS reader:</p> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-list"> <li> <i class="fa fa-envelope fa-fw"></i> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/newsletters.htm">Email Newsletters</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-rss fa-fw"></i> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/newsfeeds.htm">RSS Feeds</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 col-md-4"> <div class="footer-head">Follow Us</div> <hr class="footer-rule"/> <p>Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks:</p> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-list"> <li> <i class="fa fa-facebook fa-fw"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.facebook.com/sciencedaily">Facebook</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-twitter fa-fw"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://twitter.com/sciencedaily">Twitter</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-google-plus fa-fw"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://plus.google.com/+sciencedaily">Google+</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-linkedin fa-fw"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://www.linkedin.com/company/sciencedaily">LinkedIn</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-8 col-md-4"> <div class="footer-head">Have Feedback?</div> <hr class="footer-rule"/> <p>Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. Have any problems using the site? Questions?</p> <ul class="list-unstyled footer-list"> <li> <i class="fa fa-comment fa-fw"></i> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628204117/https://sciencedaily.wufoo.com/forms/sciencedaily-feedback/">Leave Feedback</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-phone fa-fw"></i> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/contact.htm">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container dark-gray"> <div class="bottom-links"> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/about.htm">About This Site</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/staff.htm">Editorial Staff</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/awards.htm">Awards & Reviews</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/contribute.htm">Contribute</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/advertise.htm">Advertise</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/privacy.htm">Privacy Policy</a>  |  <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms.htm">Terms of Use</a> </div> <div> <a href="/web/20180628204117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/copyright.htm">Copyright 2018 ScienceDaily</a> or by other parties, where indicated. All rights controlled by their respective owners.</div> <div>Content on this website is for information only. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice.</div> <div>Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners.</div> <div>Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated.</div> </div> </footer><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/jquery.min.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/ie10-viewport-bug-workaround.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/jquery.newsTicker.min.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/jQuery.print.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/social-share-kit.min.js"></script><script src="/web/20180628204117js_/https://www.sciencedaily.com/js/custom-201805181033.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var pxl = document.createElement('img'); pxl.async = true; pxl.src = '/img/180628131101.gif'; pxl.width = 1; pxl.height = 1; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(pxl, s); })(); </script> </body> </html>