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Search results for: robust process

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text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: robust process</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16349</span> Introduction of Robust Multivariate Process Capability Indices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behrooz%20Khalilloo">Behrooz Khalilloo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Shahriari"> Hamid Shahriari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emad%20Roghanian"> Emad Roghanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Process capability indices (PCIs) are important concepts of statistical quality control and measure the capability of processes and how much processes are meeting certain specifications. An important issue in statistical quality control is parameter estimation. Under the assumption of multivariate normality, the distribution parameters, mean vector and variance-covariance matrix must be estimated, when they are unknown. Classic estimation methods like method of moment estimation (MME) or maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) makes good estimation of the population parameters when data are not contaminated. But when outliers exist in the data, MME and MLE make weak estimators of the population parameters. So we need some estimators which have good estimation in the presence of outliers. In this work robust M-estimators for estimating these parameters are used and based on robust parameter estimators, robust process capability indices are introduced. The performances of these robust estimators in the presence of outliers and their effects on process capability indices are evaluated by real and simulated multivariate data. The results indicate that the proposed robust capability indices perform much better than the existing process capability indices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20process%20capability%20indices" title="multivariate process capability indices">multivariate process capability indices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20M-estimator" title=" robust M-estimator"> robust M-estimator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outlier" title=" outlier"> outlier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20quality%20control" title=" multivariate quality control"> multivariate quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20quality%20control" title=" statistical quality control"> statistical quality control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81586/introduction-of-robust-multivariate-process-capability-indices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16348</span> Synthesis of the Robust Regulators on the Basis of the Criterion of the Maximum Stability Degree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Gayvoronsky">S. A. Gayvoronsky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20A.%20Ezangina"> T. A. Ezangina </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The robust control system objects with interval-undermined parameters is considers in this paper. Initial information about the system is its characteristic polynomial with interval coefficients. On the basis of coefficient estimations of quality indices and criterion of the maximum stability degree, the methods of synthesis of a robust regulator parametric is developed. The example of the robust stabilization system synthesis of the rope tension is given in this article. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20polynomial" title="interval polynomial">interval polynomial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controller%20synthesis" title=" controller synthesis"> controller synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis%20of%20quality%20factors" title=" analysis of quality factors"> analysis of quality factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20degree%20of%20stability" title=" maximum degree of stability"> maximum degree of stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20degree%20of%20stability" title=" robust degree of stability"> robust degree of stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20oscillation" title=" robust oscillation"> robust oscillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20accuracy" title=" system accuracy "> system accuracy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2551/synthesis-of-the-robust-regulators-on-the-basis-of-the-criterion-of-the-maximum-stability-degree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16347</span> Robust Control of a Parallel 3-RRR Robotic Manipulator via μ-Synthesis Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abbasi%20Moshaii">A. Abbasi Moshaii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Soltan%20Rezaee"> M. Soltan Rezaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mohammadi%20Moghaddam"> M. Mohammadi Moghaddam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Control of some mechanisms is hard because of their complex dynamic equations. If part of the complexity is resulting from uncertainties, an efficient way for solving that is robust control. By this way, the control procedure could be simple and fast and finally, a simple controller can be designed. One kind of these mechanisms is 3-<u>R</u>RR which is a parallel mechanism and has three revolute joints. This paper aims to robust control a 3-<u>R</u>RR planner mechanism and it presents that this could be used for other mechanisms. So, a significant problem in mechanisms control could be solved. The relevant diagrams are drawn and they show the correctness of control process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3-RRR" title="3-RRR">3-RRR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20equations" title=" dynamic equations"> dynamic equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanisms%20control" title=" mechanisms control"> mechanisms control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20uncertainty" title=" structural uncertainty"> structural uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51492/robust-control-of-a-parallel-3-rrr-robotic-manipulator-via-m-synthesis-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16346</span> Robust ANOVA: An Illustrative Study in Horticultural Crop Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Inamadar">Dinesh Inamadar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Venugopalan"> R. Venugopalan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Padmini"> K. Padmini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An attempt has been made in the present communication to elucidate the efficacy of robust ANOVA methods to analyze horticultural field experimental data in the presence of outliers. Results obtained fortify the use of robust ANOVA methods as there was substantiate reduction in error mean square, and hence the probability of committing Type I error, as compared to the regular approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outliers" title="outliers">outliers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20ANOVA" title=" robust ANOVA"> robust ANOVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horticulture" title=" horticulture"> horticulture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cook%20distance" title=" cook distance"> cook distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%20I%20error" title=" type I error"> type I error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21320/robust-anova-an-illustrative-study-in-horticultural-crop-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16345</span> Dynamic Process Monitoring of an Ammonia Synthesis Fixed-Bed Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bothinah%20Altaf">Bothinah Altaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gary%20Montague"> Gary Montague</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elaine%20B.%20Martin"> Elaine B. Martin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study involves the modeling and monitoring of an ammonia synthesis fixed-bed reactor using partial least squares (PLS) and its variants. The process exhibits complex dynamic behavior due to the presence of heat recycling and feed quench. One limitation of static PLS model in this situation is that it does not take account of the process dynamics and hence dynamic PLS was used. Although it showed, superior performance to static PLS in terms of prediction, the monitoring scheme was inappropriate hence adaptive PLS was considered. A limitation of adaptive PLS is that non-conforming observations also contribute to the model, therefore, a new adaptive approach was developed, robust adaptive dynamic PLS. This approach updates a dynamic PLS model and is robust to non-representative data. The developed methodology showed a clear improvement over existing approaches in terms of the modeling of the reactor and the detection of faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia%20synthesis%20fixed-bed%20reactor" title="ammonia synthesis fixed-bed reactor">ammonia synthesis fixed-bed reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20partial%20least%20squares%20modeling" title=" dynamic partial least squares modeling"> dynamic partial least squares modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recursive%20partial%20least%20squares" title=" recursive partial least squares"> recursive partial least squares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20modeling" title=" robust modeling"> robust modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37994/dynamic-process-monitoring-of-an-ammonia-synthesis-fixed-bed-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16344</span> Constructions of Linear and Robust Codes Based on Wavelet Decompositions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alla%20Levina">Alla Levina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Taranov"> Sergey Taranov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The classical approach to the providing noise immunity and integrity of information that process in computing devices and communication channels is to use linear codes. Linear codes have fast and efficient algorithms of encoding and decoding information, but this codes concentrate their detect and correct abilities in certain error configurations. To protect against any configuration of errors at predetermined probability can robust codes. This is accomplished by the use of perfect nonlinear and almost perfect nonlinear functions to calculate the code redundancy. The paper presents the error-correcting coding scheme using biorthogonal wavelet transform. Wavelet transform applied in various fields of science. Some of the wavelet applications are cleaning of signal from noise, data compression, spectral analysis of the signal components. The article suggests methods for constructing linear codes based on wavelet decomposition. For developed constructions we build generator and check matrix that contain the scaling function coefficients of wavelet. Based on linear wavelet codes we develop robust codes that provide uniform protection against all errors. In article we propose two constructions of robust code. The first class of robust code is based on multiplicative inverse in finite field. In the second robust code construction the redundancy part is a cube of information part. Also, this paper investigates the characteristics of proposed robust and linear codes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20code" title="robust code">robust code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20code" title=" linear code"> linear code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20decomposition" title=" wavelet decomposition"> wavelet decomposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaling%20function" title=" scaling function"> scaling function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=error%20masking%20probability" title=" error masking probability"> error masking probability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16512/constructions-of-linear-and-robust-codes-based-on-wavelet-decompositions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16343</span> Robust Variable Selection Based on Schwarz Information Criterion for Linear Regression Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shokrya%20Saleh%20A.%20Alshqaq">Shokrya Saleh A. Alshqaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Ali%20H.%20Ahmadini"> Abdullah Ali H. Ahmadini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Schwarz information criterion (SIC) is a popular tool for selecting the best variables in regression datasets. However, SIC is defined using an unbounded estimator, namely, the least-squares (LS), which is highly sensitive to outlying observations, especially bad leverage points. A method for robust variable selection based on SIC for linear regression models is thus needed. This study investigates the robustness properties of SIC by deriving its influence function and proposes a robust SIC based on the MM-estimation scale. The aim of this study is to produce a criterion that can effectively select accurate models in the presence of vertical outliers and high leverage points. The advantages of the proposed robust SIC is demonstrated through a simulation study and an analysis of a real dataset. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence%20function" title="influence function">influence function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20variable%20selection" title=" robust variable selection"> robust variable selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20regression" title=" robust regression"> robust regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schwarz%20information%20criterion" title=" Schwarz information criterion"> Schwarz information criterion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131338/robust-variable-selection-based-on-schwarz-information-criterion-for-linear-regression-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16342</span> Sensitivity Based Robust Optimization Using 9 Level Orthogonal Array and Stepwise Regression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20K.%20Lee">K. K. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20W.%20Han"> H. W. Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20L.%20Kang"> H. L. Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20A.%20Kim"> T. A. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Han"> S. H. Han</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For the robust optimization of the manufacturing product design, there are design objectives that must be achieved, such as a minimization of the mean and standard deviation in objective functions within the required sensitivity constraints. The authors utilized the sensitivity of objective functions and constraints with respect to the effective design variables to reduce the computational burden associated with the evaluation of the probabilities. The individual mean and sensitivity values could be estimated easily by using the 9 level orthogonal array based response surface models optimized by the stepwise regression. The present study evaluates a proposed procedure from the robust optimization of rubber domes that are commonly used for keyboard switching, by using the 9 level orthogonal array and stepwise regression along with a desirability function. In addition, a new robust optimization process, i.e., the I2GEO (Identify, Integrate, Generate, Explore and Optimize), was proposed on the basis of the robust optimization in rubber domes. The optimized results from the response surface models and the estimated results by using the finite element analysis were consistent within a small margin of error. The standard deviation of objective function is decreasing 54.17% with suggested sensitivity based robust optimization. (Business for Cooperative R&D between Industry, Academy, and Research Institute funded Korea Small and Medium Business Administration in 2017, S2455569) <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=objective%20function" title="objective function">objective function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonal%20array" title=" orthogonal array"> orthogonal array</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20model" title=" response surface model"> response surface model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20optimization" title=" robust optimization"> robust optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stepwise%20regression" title=" stepwise regression"> stepwise regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75399/sensitivity-based-robust-optimization-using-9-level-orthogonal-array-and-stepwise-regression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16341</span> A Robust Optimization Model for Multi-Objective Closed-Loop Supply Chain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Y.%20Badiee">Mohammad Y. Badiee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Golestani"> Saeed Golestani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mir%20Saman%20Pishvaee"> Mir Saman Pishvaee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years consumers and governments have been pushing companies to design their activities in such a way as to reduce negative environmental impacts by producing renewable product or threat free disposal policy more and more. It is therefore important to focus more accurate to the optimization of various aspect of total supply chain. Modeling a supply chain can be a challenging process due to the fact that there are a large number of factors that need to be considered in the model. The use of multi-objective optimization can lead to overcome those problems since more information is used when designing the model. Uncertainty is inevitable in real world. Considering uncertainty on parameters in addition to use multi-objectives are ways to give more flexibility to the decision making process since the process can take into account much more constraints and requirements. In this paper we demonstrate a stochastic scenario based robust model to cope with uncertainty in a closed-loop multi-objective supply chain. By applying the proposed model in a real world case, the power of proposed model in handling data uncertainty is shown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20management" title="supply chain management">supply chain management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closed-loop%20supply%20chain" title=" closed-loop supply chain"> closed-loop supply chain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-objective%20optimization" title=" multi-objective optimization"> multi-objective optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=goal%20programming" title=" goal programming"> goal programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20optimization" title=" robust optimization"> robust optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39139/a-robust-optimization-model-for-multi-objective-closed-loop-supply-chain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16340</span> Multi-Point Dieless Forming Product Defect Reduction Using Reliability-Based Robust Process Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misganaw%20Abebe%20Baye">Misganaw Abebe Baye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji-Woo%20Park"> Ji-Woo Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beom-Soo%20Kang"> Beom-Soo Kang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The product quality of multi-point dieless forming (MDF) is identified to be dependent on the process parameters. Moreover, a certain variation of friction and material properties may have a substantially worse influence on the final product quality. This study proposed on how to compensate the MDF product defects by minimizing the sensitivity of noise parameter variations. This can be attained by reliability-based robust optimization (RRO) technique to obtain the optimal process setting of the controllable parameters. Initially two MDF Finite Element (FE) simulations of AA3003-H14 saddle shape showed a substantial amount of dimpling, wrinkling, and shape error. FE analyses are consequently applied on ABAQUS commercial software to obtain the correlation between the control process setting and noise variation with regard to the product defects. The best prediction models are chosen from the family of metamodels to swap the computational expensive FE simulation. Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to determine the optimal process settings of the control parameters. Monte Carlo Analysis (MCA) is executed to determine how the noise parameter variation affects the final product quality. Finally, the RRO FE simulation and the experimental result show that the amendment of the control parameters in the final forming process leads to a considerably better-quality product. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimpling" title="dimpling">dimpling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-point%20dieless%20forming" title=" multi-point dieless forming"> multi-point dieless forming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability-based%20robust%20optimization" title=" reliability-based robust optimization"> reliability-based robust optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shape%20error" title=" shape error"> shape error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title=" variation"> variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wrinkling" title=" wrinkling"> wrinkling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54851/multi-point-dieless-forming-product-defect-reduction-using-reliability-based-robust-process-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16339</span> Comparing Xbar Charts: Conventional versus Reweighted Robust Estimation Methods for Univariate Data Sets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ece%20Cigdem%20Mutlu">Ece Cigdem Mutlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burak%20Alakent"> Burak Alakent</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maintaining the quality of manufactured products at a desired level depends on the stability of process dispersion and location parameters and detection of perturbations in these parameters as promptly as possible. Shewhart control chart is the most widely used technique in statistical process monitoring to monitor the quality of products and control process mean and variability. In the application of Xbar control charts, sample standard deviation and sample mean are known to be the most efficient conventional estimators in determining process dispersion and location parameters, respectively, based on the assumption of independent and normally distributed datasets. On the other hand, there is no guarantee that the real-world data would be normally distributed. In the cases of estimated process parameters from Phase I data clouded with outliers, efficiency of traditional estimators is significantly reduced, and performance of Xbar charts are undesirably low, e.g. occasional outliers in the rational subgroups in Phase I data set may considerably affect the sample mean and standard deviation, resulting a serious delay in detection of inferior products in Phase II. For more efficient application of control charts, it is required to use robust estimators against contaminations, which may exist in Phase I. In the current study, we present a simple approach to construct robust Xbar control charts using average distance to the median, Qn-estimator of scale, M-estimator of scale with logistic psi-function in the estimation of process dispersion parameter, and Harrell-Davis qth quantile estimator, Hodge-Lehmann estimator and M-estimator of location with Huber psi-function and logistic psi-function in the estimation of process location parameter. Phase I efficiency of proposed estimators and Phase II performance of Xbar charts constructed from these estimators are compared with the conventional mean and standard deviation statistics both under normality and against diffuse-localized and symmetric-asymmetric contaminations using 50,000 Monte Carlo simulations on MATLAB. Consequently, it is found that robust estimators yield parameter estimates with higher efficiency against all types of contaminations, and Xbar charts constructed using robust estimators have higher power in detecting disturbances, compared to conventional methods. Additionally, utilizing individuals charts to screen outlier subgroups and employing different combination of dispersion and location estimators on subgroups and individual observations are found to improve the performance of Xbar charts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=average%20run%20length" title="average run length">average run length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M-estimators" title=" M-estimators"> M-estimators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20estimators" title=" robust estimators"> robust estimators</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79020/comparing-xbar-charts-conventional-versus-reweighted-robust-estimation-methods-for-univariate-data-sets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16338</span> Alternative Robust Estimators for the Shape Parameters of the Burr XII Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20Zehra%20Do%C4%9Fru">Fatma Zehra Doğru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olcay%20Arslan"> Olcay Arslan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose alternative robust estimators for the shape parameters of the Burr XII distribution. We provide a small simulation study and a real data example to illustrate the performance of the proposed estimators over the ML and the LS estimators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burr%20xii%20distribution" title="burr xii distribution">burr xii distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20estimator" title=" robust estimator"> robust estimator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=m-estimator" title=" m-estimator"> m-estimator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=least%20squares" title=" least squares"> least squares</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30038/alternative-robust-estimators-for-the-shape-parameters-of-the-burr-xii-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16337</span> Variogram Fitting Based on the Wilcoxon Norm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazem%20Al-Mofleh">Hazem Al-Mofleh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Daniels"> John Daniels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20McKean"> Joseph McKean</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within geostatistics research, effective estimation of the variogram points has been examined, particularly in developing robust alternatives. The parametric fit of these variogram points which eventually defines the kriging weights, however, has not received the same attention from a robust perspective. This paper proposes the use of the non-linear Wilcoxon norm over weighted non-linear least squares as a robust variogram fitting alternative. First, we introduce the concept of variogram estimation and fitting. Then, as an alternative to non-linear weighted least squares, we discuss the non-linear Wilcoxon estimator. Next, the robustness properties of the non-linear Wilcoxon are demonstrated using a contaminated spatial data set. Finally, under simulated conditions, increasing levels of contaminated spatial processes have their variograms points estimated and fit. In the fitting of these variogram points, both non-linear Weighted Least Squares and non-linear Wilcoxon fits are examined for efficiency. At all levels of contamination (including 0%), using a robust estimation and robust fitting procedure, the non-weighted Wilcoxon outperforms weighted Least Squares. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-linear%20wilcoxon" title="non-linear wilcoxon">non-linear wilcoxon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20estimation" title=" robust estimation"> robust estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variogram%20estimation" title=" variogram estimation"> variogram estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wilcoxon%20norm" title=" wilcoxon norm"> wilcoxon norm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50377/variogram-fitting-based-on-the-wilcoxon-norm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16336</span> Robust Stabilization against Unknown Consensus Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Myung-Gon%20Yoon">Myung-Gon Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-Ho%20Moon"> Jung-Ho Moon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Kwon%20Ha"> Tae Kwon Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper considers a robust stabilization problem of a single agent in a multi-agent consensus system composed of identical agents, when the network topology of the system is completely unknown. It is shown that the transfer function of an agent in a consensus system can be described as a multiplicative perturbation of the isolated agent transfer function in frequency domain. Applying known robust stabilization results, we present sufficient conditions for a robust stabilization of an agent against unknown network topology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20agent%20control" title="single agent control">single agent control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent%20system" title=" multi-agent system"> multi-agent system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20function" title=" transfer function"> transfer function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20angle" title=" graph angle"> graph angle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11150/robust-stabilization-against-unknown-consensus-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11150.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16335</span> Robust Diagnosability of PEMFC Based on Bond Graph LFT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ould%20Bouamama">Ould Bouamama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Bressel"> M. Bressel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Hissel"> D. Hissel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hilairet"> M. Hilairet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel cell (FC) is one of the best alternatives of fossil energy. Recently, the research community of fuel cell has shown a considerable interest for diagnosis in view to ensure safety, security, and availability when faults occur in the process. The problematic for model based FC diagnosis consists in that the model is complex because of coupling of several kind of energies and the numerical values of parameters are not always known or are uncertain. The present paper deals with use of one tool: the Linear Fractional Transformation bond graph tool not only for uncertain modelling but also for monitorability (ability to detect and isolate faults) analysis and formal generation of robust fault indicators with respect to parameter uncertainties.The developed theory applied to a nonlinear FC system has proved its efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bond%20graph" title="bond graph">bond graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cell" title=" fuel cell"> fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20detection%20and%20isolation%20%28FDI%29" title=" fault detection and isolation (FDI)"> fault detection and isolation (FDI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20diagnosis" title=" robust diagnosis"> robust diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20analysis" title=" structural analysis"> structural analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29565/robust-diagnosability-of-pemfc-based-on-bond-graph-lft" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16334</span> Robust Control of a Dynamic Model of an F-16 Aircraft with Improved Damping through Linear Matrix Inequalities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20P.%20Andrade">J. P. P. Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20A.%20F.%20Campos"> V. A. F. Campos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents an application of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) for the robust control of an F-16 aircraft through an algorithm ensuring the damping factor to the closed loop system. The results show that the zero and gain settings are sufficient to ensure robust performance and stability with respect to various operating points. The technique used is the pole placement, which aims to put the system in closed loop poles in a specific region of the complex plane. Test results using a dynamic model of the F-16 aircraft are presented and discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F-16%20aircraft" title="F-16 aircraft">F-16 aircraft</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequalities" title=" linear matrix inequalities"> linear matrix inequalities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pole%20placement" title=" pole placement"> pole placement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title=" robust control"> robust control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58790/robust-control-of-a-dynamic-model-of-an-f-16-aircraft-with-improved-damping-through-linear-matrix-inequalities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58790.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16333</span> Unit Root Tests Based On the Robust Estimator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wararit%20Panichkitkosolkul">Wararit Panichkitkosolkul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract" style="text-indent:10.2pt">The unit root tests based on the robust estimator for the first-order autoregressive process are proposed and compared with the unit root tests based on the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. The percentiles of the null distributions of the unit root test are also reported. The empirical probabilities of Type I error and powers of the unit root tests are estimated via Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that all unit root tests can control the probability of Type I error for all situations. The empirical power of the unit root tests based on the robust estimator are higher than the unit root tests based on the OLS estimator.<o:p></o:p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoregressive" title="autoregressive">autoregressive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ordinary%20least%20squares" title=" ordinary least squares"> ordinary least squares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=type%20i%20error" title=" type i error"> type i error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20of%20the%20test" title=" power of the test"> power of the test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo%20simulation" title=" Monte Carlo simulation"> Monte Carlo simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3693/unit-root-tests-based-on-the-robust-estimator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16332</span> Digital Watermarking Based on Visual Cryptography and Histogram</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Rama%20Kishore">R. Rama Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunesh"> Sunesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, robust and secure watermarking algorithm and its optimization have been need of the hour. A watermarking algorithm is presented to achieve the copy right protection of the owner based on visual cryptography, histogram shape property and entropy. In this, both host image and watermark are preprocessed. Host image is preprocessed by using Butterworth filter, and watermark is with visual cryptography. Applying visual cryptography on water mark generates two shares. One share is used for embedding the watermark, and the other one is used for solving any dispute with the aid of trusted authority. Usage of histogram shape makes the process more robust against geometric and signal processing attacks. The combination of visual cryptography, Butterworth filter, histogram, and entropy can make the algorithm more robust, imperceptible, and copy right protection of the owner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20watermarking" title="digital watermarking">digital watermarking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20cryptography" title=" visual cryptography"> visual cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram" title=" histogram"> histogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=butter%20worth%20filter" title=" butter worth filter"> butter worth filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48320/digital-watermarking-based-on-visual-cryptography-and-histogram" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48320.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16331</span> Robust Design of a Ball Joint Considering Uncertainties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bong-Su%20Sin">Bong-Su Sin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong-Kyu%20Kim"> Jong-Kyu Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se-Il%20Song"> Se-Il Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwon-Hee%20Lee"> Kwon-Hee Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An automobile ball joint is a pivoting element used to allow rotational motion between the parts of the steering and suspension system. And it plays a role in smooth transmission of steering movement, also reduction in impact from the road surface. A ball joint is under various repeated loadings that may cause cracks and abrasion. This damages lead to safety problems of a car, as well as reducing the comfort of the driver's ride, and raise questions about the ball joint procedure and the whole durability of the suspension system. Accordingly, it is necessary to ensure the high durability and reliability of a ball joint. The structural responses of stiffness and pull-out strength were then calculated to check if the design satisfies the related requirements. The analysis was sequentially performed, following the caulking process. In this process, the deformation and stress results obtained from the analysis were saved. Sequential analysis has a strong advantage, in that it can be analyzed by considering the deformed shape and residual stress. The pull-out strength means the required force to pull the ball stud out from the ball joint assembly. The low pull-out strength can deteriorate the structural stability and safety performances. In this study, two design variables and two noise factors were set up. Two design variables were the diameter of a stud and the angle of a socket. And two noise factors were defined as the uncertainties of Young's modulus and yield stress of a seat. The DOE comprises 81 cases using these conditions. Robust design of a ball joint was performed using the DOE. The pull-out strength was generated from the uncertainties in the design variables and the design parameters. The purpose of robust design is to find the design with target response and smallest variation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ball%20joint" title="ball joint">ball joint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pull-out%20strength" title=" pull-out strength"> pull-out strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20design" title=" robust design"> robust design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20of%20experiments" title=" design of experiments"> design of experiments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12084/robust-design-of-a-ball-joint-considering-uncertainties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16330</span> Online Robust Model Predictive Control for Linear Fractional Transformation Systems Using Linear Matrix Inequalities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peyman%20Sindareh%20Esfahani">Peyman Sindareh Esfahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffery%20Kurt%20Pieper"> Jeffery Kurt Pieper</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the problem of robust model predictive control (MPC) for discrete-time linear systems in linear fractional transformation form with structured uncertainty and norm-bounded disturbance is investigated. The problem of minimization of the cost function for MPC design is converted to minimization of the worst case of the cost function. Then, this problem is reduced to minimization of an upper bound of the cost function subject to a terminal inequality satisfying the <em>l</em><sub>2</sub>-norm of the closed loop system. The characteristic of the linear fractional transformation system is taken into account, and by using some mathematical tools, the robust predictive controller design problem is turned into a linear matrix inequality minimization problem. Afterwards, a formulation which includes an integrator to improve the performance of the proposed robust model predictive controller in steady state condition is studied. The validity of the approaches is illustrated through a robust control benchmark problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20fractional%20transformation" title="linear fractional transformation">linear fractional transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequality" title=" linear matrix inequality"> linear matrix inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20model%20predictive%20control" title=" robust model predictive control"> robust model predictive control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20feedback%20control" title=" state feedback control"> state feedback control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69466/online-robust-model-predictive-control-for-linear-fractional-transformation-systems-using-linear-matrix-inequalities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16329</span> X-Corner Detection for Camera Calibration Using Saddle Points</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20S.%20Alturki">Abdulrahman S. Alturki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20S.%20Loomis"> John S. Loomis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses a corner detection algorithm for camera calibration. Calibration is a necessary step in many computer vision and image processing applications. Robust corner detection for an image of a checkerboard is required to determine intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In this paper, an algorithm for fully automatic and robust X-corner detection is presented. Checkerboard corner points are automatically found in each image without user interaction or any prior information regarding the number of rows or columns. The approach represents each X-corner with a quadratic fitting function. Using the fact that the X-corners are saddle points, the coefficients in the fitting function are used to identify each corner location. The automation of this process greatly simplifies calibration. Our method is robust against noise and different camera orientations. Experimental analysis shows the accuracy of our method using actual images acquired at different camera locations and orientations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camera%20calibration" title="camera calibration">camera calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corner%20detector" title=" corner detector"> corner detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20detector" title=" edge detector"> edge detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saddle%20points" title=" saddle points"> saddle points</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40538/x-corner-detection-for-camera-calibration-using-saddle-points" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16328</span> On the Design of Robust Governors of Steam Power Systems Using Polynomial and State-Space Based H∞ Techniques: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rami%20A.%20Maher">Rami A. Maher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibraheem%20K.%20Ibraheem"> Ibraheem K. Ibraheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a comparison study between the state-space and polynomial methods for the design of the robust governor for load frequency control of steam turbine power systems. The robust governor is synthesized using the two approaches and the comparison is extended to include time and frequency domains performance, controller order, and uncertainty representation, weighting filters, optimality and sub-optimality. The obtained results are represented through tables and curves with reasons of similarities and dissimilarities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title="robust control">robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20frequency%20control" title=" load frequency control"> load frequency control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steam%20turbine" title=" steam turbine"> steam turbine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%E2%88%9E-norm" title=" H∞-norm"> H∞-norm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20uncertainty" title=" system uncertainty"> system uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20disturbance" title=" load disturbance"> load disturbance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14319/on-the-design-of-robust-governors-of-steam-power-systems-using-polynomial-and-state-space-based-h-techniques-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16327</span> An Approach on Robust Multi Inversion of a Nonlinear Model for an Omni-Directional Mobile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20P.%20Silva">Fernando P. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valter%20J.%20S.%20Leite"> Valter J. S. Leite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erivelton%20G.%20Nepomuceno"> Erivelton G. Nepomuceno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a nonlinear controller design for an omnidirectional mobile is presented. The robot controller consists of an inner-loop controller and an outer-loop controller, the first is designed using state feedback (robust allocation) and the second controller is designed based on Robust Multi Inversion (RMI) approach. The objective of RMI controller is rendering the robust inversion of the dynamic, when the model is affected by uncertainties. A model nonlinear MIMO of an omni-directional robot (small-league of Robocup) is used to simulate the RMI approach. The parameters of linear and nonlinear model are varied to cause modelling uncertainties among the model and the real model (real system) generating an error in inner-loop controller signal that must be compensated by RMI controller. The simulation test results show that the RMI is capable of compensating the uncertainties and keep the system stable and controlled under uncertainties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20multi%20inversion" title="robust multi inversion">robust multi inversion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=omni-directional%20robot" title=" omni-directional robot"> omni-directional robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robocup" title=" robocup"> robocup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonlinear%20control" title=" nonlinear control"> nonlinear control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7104/an-approach-on-robust-multi-inversion-of-a-nonlinear-model-for-an-omni-directional-mobile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">586</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16326</span> Building Biodiversity Conservation Plans Robust to Human Land Use Uncertainty</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingxiao%20Ye">Yingxiao Ye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Doehring"> Christopher Doehring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelos%20Georghiou"> Angelos Georghiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugh%20Robinson"> Hugh Robinson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phebe%20Vayanos"> Phebe Vayanos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human development is a threat to biodiversity, and conservation organizations (COs) are purchasing land to protect areas for biodiversity preservation. However, COs have limited budgets and thus face hard prioritization decisions that are confounded by uncertainty in future human land use. This research proposes a data-driven sequential planning model to help COs choose land parcels that minimize the uncertain human impact on biodiversity. The proposed model is robust to uncertain development, and the sequential decision-making process is adaptive, allowing land purchase decisions to adapt to human land use as it unfolds. The cellular automata model is leveraged to simulate land use development based on climate data, land characteristics, and development threat index from NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center. This simulation is used to model uncertainty in the problem. This research leverages state-of-the-art techniques in the robust optimization literature to propose a computationally tractable reformulation of the model, which can be solved routinely by off-the-shelf solvers like Gurobi or CPLEX. Numerical results based on real data from the Jaguar in Central and South America show that the proposed method reduces conservation loss by 19.46% on average compared to standard approaches such as MARXAN used in practice for biodiversity conservation. Our method may better help guide the decision process in land acquisition and thereby allow conservation organizations to maximize the impact of limited resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data-driven%20robust%20optimization" title="data-driven robust optimization">data-driven robust optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity%20conservation" title=" biodiversity conservation"> biodiversity conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty%20simulation" title=" uncertainty simulation"> uncertainty simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20sequential%20planning" title=" adaptive sequential planning"> adaptive sequential planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144231/building-biodiversity-conservation-plans-robust-to-human-land-use-uncertainty" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16325</span> Video Text Information Detection and Localization in Lecture Videos Using Moments </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belkacem%20Soundes">Belkacem Soundes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guezouli%20Larbi"> Guezouli Larbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a robust and accurate method for text detection and localization over lecture videos. Frame regions are classified into text or background based on visual feature analysis. However, lecture video shows significant degradation mainly related to acquisition conditions, camera motion and environmental changes resulting in low quality videos. Hence, affecting feature extraction and description efficiency. Moreover, traditional text detection methods cannot be directly applied to lecture videos. Therefore, robust feature extraction methods dedicated to this specific video genre are required for robust and accurate text detection and extraction. Method consists of a three-step process: Slide region detection and segmentation; Feature extraction and non-text filtering. For robust and effective features extraction moment functions are used. Two distinct types of moments are used: orthogonal and non-orthogonal. For orthogonal Zernike Moments, both Pseudo Zernike moments are used, whereas for non-orthogonal ones Hu moments are used. Expressivity and description efficiency are given and discussed. Proposed approach shows that in general, orthogonal moments show high accuracy in comparison to the non-orthogonal one. Pseudo Zernike moments are more effective than Zernike with better computation time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20detection" title="text detection">text detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20localization" title=" text localization"> text localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lecture%20videos" title=" lecture videos"> lecture videos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudo%20zernike%20moments" title=" pseudo zernike moments"> pseudo zernike moments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109549/video-text-information-detection-and-localization-in-lecture-videos-using-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16324</span> Robust Control of a Single-Phase Inverter Using Linear Matrix Inequality Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chivon%20Choeung">Chivon Choeung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heng%20Tang"> Heng Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panha%20Soth"> Panha Soth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vichet%20Huy"> Vichet Huy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a robust control strategy for a single-phase DC-AC inverter with an output LC-filter. An all-pass filter is utilized to create an artificial β-signal so that the proposed controller can be simply used in dq-synchronous frame. The proposed robust controller utilizes a state feedback control with integral action in the dq-synchronous frame. A linear matrix inequality-based optimization scheme is used to determine stabilizing gains of the controllers to maximize the convergence rate to steady state in the presence of uncertainties. The uncertainties of the system are described as the potential variation range of the inductance and resistance in the LC-filter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-phase%20inverter" title="single-phase inverter">single-phase inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequality" title=" linear matrix inequality"> linear matrix inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title=" robust control"> robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all-pass%20filter" title=" all-pass filter"> all-pass filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127709/robust-control-of-a-single-phase-inverter-using-linear-matrix-inequality-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16323</span> A Robust Optimization for Multi-Period Lost-Sales Inventory Control Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunichi%20Ohmori">Shunichi Ohmori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirawadee%20Arunyanart"> Sirawadee Arunyanart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuho%20Yoshimoto"> Kazuho Yoshimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We consider a periodic review inventory control problem of minimizing production cost, inventory cost, and lost-sales under demand uncertainty, in which product demands are not specified exactly and it is only known to belong to a given uncertainty set, yet the constraints must hold for possible values of the data from the uncertainty set. We propose a robust optimization formulation for obtaining lowest cost possible and guaranteeing the feasibility with respect to range of order quantity and inventory level under demand uncertainty. Our formulation is based on the adaptive robust counterpart, which suppose order quantity is affine function of past demands. We derive certainty equivalent problem via second-order cone programming, which gives 'not too pessimistic' worst-case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20optimization" title="robust optimization">robust optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inventory%20control" title=" inventory control"> inventory control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply%20chain%20managment" title=" supply chain managment"> supply chain managment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second-order%20programming" title=" second-order programming"> second-order programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42923/a-robust-optimization-for-multi-period-lost-sales-inventory-control-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16322</span> Robust Control Design and Analysis Using SCILAB for a Mass-Spring-Damper System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoonsoo%20Kim">Yoonsoo Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces an open-source software package SCILAB, an alternative of MATLAB, which can be used for robust control design and analysis of a typical mass-spring-damper (MSD) system. Using the previously published ideas in this popular mechanical system is considered to provide another example of usefulness of SCILAB for advanced control design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title="robust control">robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SCILAB" title=" SCILAB"> SCILAB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass-spring-damper%20%28MSD%29" title=" mass-spring-damper (MSD)"> mass-spring-damper (MSD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=popular%20mechanical%20systems" title=" popular mechanical systems"> popular mechanical systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1958/robust-control-design-and-analysis-using-scilab-for-a-mass-spring-damper-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1958.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16321</span> Robust Stabilization of Rotational Motion of Underwater Robots against Parameter Uncertainties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riku%20Hayashida">Riku Hayashida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Hashimoto"> Tomoaki Hashimoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides a robust stabilization method for rotational motion of underwater robots against parameter uncertainties. Underwater robots are expected to be used for various work assignments. The large variety of applications of underwater robots motivates researchers to develop control systems and technologies for underwater robots. Several control methods have been proposed so far for the stabilization of nominal system model of underwater robots with no parameter uncertainty. Parameter uncertainties are considered to be obstacles in implementation of the such nominal control methods for underwater robots. The objective of this study is to establish a robust stabilization method for rotational motion of underwater robots against parameter uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title="robust control">robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization%20method" title=" stabilization method"> stabilization method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20robot" title=" underwater robot"> underwater robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameter%20uncertainty" title=" parameter uncertainty"> parameter uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119269/robust-stabilization-of-rotational-motion-of-underwater-robots-against-parameter-uncertainties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119269.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16320</span> System Identification and Quantitative Feedback Theory Design of a Lathe Spindle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khairudin">M. Khairudin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the system identification and design quantitative feedback theory (QFT) for the robust control of a lathe spindle. The dynamic of the lathe spindle is uncertain and time variation due to the deepness variation on cutting process. System identification was used to obtain the dynamics model of the lathe spindle. In this work, real time system identification is used to construct a linear model of the system from the nonlinear system. These linear models and its uncertainty bound can then be used for controller synthesis. The real time nonlinear system identification process to obtain a set of linear models of the lathe spindle that represents the operating ranges of the dynamic system. With a selected input signal, the data of output and response is acquired and nonlinear system identification is performed using Matlab to obtain a linear model of the system. Practical design steps are presented in which the QFT-based conditions are formulated to obtain a compensator and pre-filter to control the lathe spindle. The performances of the proposed controller are evaluated in terms of velocity responses of the the lathe machine spindle in corporating deepness on cutting process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lathe%20spindle" title="lathe spindle">lathe spindle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QFT" title=" QFT"> QFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20control" title=" robust control"> robust control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20identification" title=" system identification"> system identification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20793/system-identification-and-quantitative-feedback-theory-design-of-a-lathe-spindle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">543</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20process&amp;page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20process&amp;page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20process&amp;page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20process&amp;page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20process&amp;page=6">6</a></li> <li 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