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The Syriac language is a vital component of the broader Syriac cultural heritage. In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/1229242/499671/85765066/s200_aaron.butts.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Classical Syriac Language" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="“The Classical Syriac Language,” in Daniel King (ed.), The Syriac World (New York: Routledge, 2019). 222-242. The Syriac language is a vital component of the broader Syriac cultural heritage. In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/AaronButts" /> <meta name="description" content="“The Classical Syriac Language,” in Daniel King (ed.), The Syriac World (New York: Routledge, 2019). 222-242. The Syriac language is a vital component of the broader Syriac cultural heritage. In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader" /> <title>(PDF) The Classical Syriac Language</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'fc9704ab29969ace70ae5a7183a1ea87c53b7b1c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743976070000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743976070000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"“The Classical Syriac Language,” in Daniel King (ed.), The Syriac World (New York: Routledge, 2019). 222-242. The Syriac language is a vital component of the broader Syriac cultural heritage. In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader Aramaic (and Semitic) setting as well as its various socio-historical contexts, with a focus on Late Antiquity and, to a lesser extent, the Medieval period. In addition, particular attention is paid to several topics that are of immense importance to our understanding of the Syriac language but are rarely discussed, including periodization, written versus spoken varieties, geographic variation and diachronic change, and standardization.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Aaron Butts","url":"https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/AaronButts","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1229242/499671/85765066/s200_aaron.butts.jpg","sameAs":["http://pantheon.yale.edu/~ab949/","http://pantheon.yale.edu/~ab949/"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-07-08","headline":"The Classical Syriac Language","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58071707/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Semitic languages","Comparative Semitic Linguistics","Aramaic Dialectology","Aramaic","Syriac Studies","Northwest Semitic Epigraphy","Comparative Semitics","Syriac (Languages And Linguistics)","Semitic 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In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader Aramaic (and Semitic) setting as well as its various socio-historical contexts, with a focus on Late Antiquity and, to a lesser extent, the Medieval period. In addition, particular attention is paid to several topics that are of immense importance to our understanding of the Syriac language but are rarely discussed, including periodization, written versus spoken varieties, geographic variation and diachronic change, and standardization. ","ai_title_tag":"The Syriac Language in Historical Contexts"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Classical Syriac Language","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1229242]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "daring_sidebar"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.showExperimentalOverhaulLoginForm = true window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="safe-loswp--grid-container"><div class="safe-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="safe-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58071707,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Classical Syriac Language”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58071707/mini_magick20181227-5105-9jzgxt.png?1545927756" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="safe-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-lg">The Classical Syriac Language</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1229242" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/AaronButts"><img alt="Profile image of Aaron Butts" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1229242/499671/85765066/s65_aaron.butts.jpg" />Aaron Butts</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58071707,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58071707,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://www.academia.edu/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language","location":"/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language","scheme":"https","host":"www.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/26842432/The_Classical_Syriac_Language","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="CitationButton" data-props="{"entity_id":26842432,"citations":[{"name":"MLA","citation":"Butts, Aaron. 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The Syriac language is a vital component of the broader Syriac cultural heritage. In this contribution, I locate Syriac within its broader Aramaic (and Semitic) setting as well as its various socio-historical contexts, with a focus on Late Antiquity and, to a lesser extent, the Medieval period. In addition, particular attention is paid to several topics that are of immense importance to our understanding of the Syriac language but are rarely discussed, including periodization, written versus spoken varieties, geographic variation and diachronic change, and standardization. </p><div class="toggle-truncation-button js-toggle-truncation-button--abstract"><button class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button"><span>... </span><span class="safe-abstract--toggle-truncation-button-text">Read more</span></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-key-takeaways--container"><style type="text/css">.ds-loswp-section--container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%}@media(min-width: 1280px){.ds-loswp-section--container{padding-right:40px}}</style><div class="ds2-5-content-section"><div class="ds2-5-content-section__heading"><h2 class="ds2-5-content-section__heading__text">Key takeaways</h2></div><div class="ds2-5-content-section__main"><div class="ds2-5-content-section__main__content"><div class="ds-loswp-section--container"><ul class="ds2-5-body-md"><li>Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic, which is a member of the Semitic language family, which in turn belongs to the larger Afroasiatic language phylum.</li><li>Not only does the prefix <y> in the earlier inscriptions link Old Syriac with Middle Aramaic, but the occurrence of both <y> and <n> shows that Old Syriac was in a state of change and not (yet) linguistically standardised (Healey 2008).</li><li>One interesting feature of this standardisation is the orthography of Classical Syriac: not only is it extremely stable, especially with native Syriac words, but it is also conservative, resembling the Aramaic of centuries earlier more than its late Aramaic sister dialects (Beyer 1966).</li><li>Due to its earlier Aramaic history, Syriac inherited a number of words ultimately from Akkadian (Kaufman 1974).</li><li>A comparative approach to Syriac, which locates Syriac within its broader Aramaic (and Semitic) context, will also undoubtedly clarify a number of features (see similarly Goshen-Gottstein 1989: 239).</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="safe-right-rail--container"><div class="safe-right-rail--related-works"><h2 class="safe-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="safe-related-content--container"><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="122588961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122588961/Constructing_Syriac_in_Latin_Establishing_the_Identity_of_Syriac_in_the_West_over_a_Century_an_a_Half_c_1550_c_1700_An_account_of_Grammatical_an_Extra_Linguistic_Determinants">Constructing Syriac in Latin-Establishing the Identity of Syriac in the West over a Century an a Half (c. 1550-c. 1700). 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Moreover, in time, na</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Constructing Syriac in Latin-Establishing the Identity of Syriac in the West over a Century an a Half (c. 1550-c. 1700). An account of Grammatical an Extra-Linguistic Determinants","attachmentId":117225891,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122588961/Constructing_Syriac_in_Latin_Establishing_the_Identity_of_Syriac_in_the_West_over_a_Century_an_a_Half_c_1550_c_1700_An_account_of_Grammatical_an_Extra_Linguistic_Determinants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122588961/Constructing_Syriac_in_Latin_Establishing_the_Identity_of_Syriac_in_the_West_over_a_Century_an_a_Half_c_1550_c_1700_An_account_of_Grammatical_an_Extra_Linguistic_Determinants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="42102834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42102834/Brock_S_P_Kessel_G_M_and_Minov_S_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2019_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_23_1_2020_131_180">Brock, S.P., Kessel, G.M., and Minov, S., “Recent Publications on Syriac Topics: 2019,” Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 23:1 (2020), 131-180.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66932" href="https://scopus.academia.edu/SergeyMinov">Sergey Minov</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="369907" href="https://ias.academia.edu/GrigoryKessel">Grigory Kessel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Brock, S.P., Kessel, G.M., and Minov, S., “Recent Publications on Syriac Topics: 2019,” Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 23:1 (2020), 131-180.","attachmentId":62234469,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42102834/Brock_S_P_Kessel_G_M_and_Minov_S_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2019_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_23_1_2020_131_180","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42102834/Brock_S_P_Kessel_G_M_and_Minov_S_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2019_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_23_1_2020_131_180"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36472678" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36472678/The_Greco_Roman_Context_of_the_Syriac_Language">The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1229242" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/AaronButts">Aaron Butts</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">“The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language,” in M. Farina (ed.), Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue (Études syriaques 15: Paris, Geuthner, 2018). Forthcoming.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language","attachmentId":61246269,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36472678/The_Greco_Roman_Context_of_the_Syriac_Language","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36472678/The_Greco_Roman_Context_of_the_Syriac_Language"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="38655623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38655623/The_Syriac_Language_in_the_Context_of_the_Semitic_Languages">The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53141098" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/HolgerGzella">Holger Gzella</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages","attachmentId":58734582,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38655623/The_Syriac_Language_in_the_Context_of_the_Semitic_Languages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38655623/The_Syriac_Language_in_the_Context_of_the_Semitic_Languages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work " data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37559591" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37559591/Syriac_and_Syrians_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire">Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5095898" href="https://binghamton.academia.edu/NathanaelAndrade">Nathanael Andrade</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Syriac World</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire","attachmentId":57536364,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37559591/Syriac_and_Syrians_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37559591/Syriac_and_Syrians_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1845609" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1845609/Review_of_H_Murre_van_den_Berg_Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800_publ_in_H_Gzella_M_L_Folmer_eds_Aramaic_in_Its_Historical_and_Linguistic_Setting_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_2008_pp_335_351">Review of H.Murre-van den Berg “Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800 publ. in: H.Gzella, M.L.Folmer (eds.). Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008, pp. 335–351.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2274415" href="https://hse-ru.academia.edu/NikolaiSeleznyov">Nikolai Seleznyov</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">H. Murre-van den Berg’s article “Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800” (pp. 335–351) is an important contribution to the history of the Syriac literature and the culture of Christian Aramaeans in the modern era. Apart from the “Introduction” and the “Concluding Remarks,” her essay is divided in two parts: “The Use of Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic” and “The Function of the Languages.” ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of H.Murre-van den Berg “Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800 publ. in: H.Gzella, M.L.Folmer (eds.). Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008, pp. 335–351.","attachmentId":25837402,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1845609/Review_of_H_Murre_van_den_Berg_Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800_publ_in_H_Gzella_M_L_Folmer_eds_Aramaic_in_Its_Historical_and_Linguistic_Setting_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_2008_pp_335_351","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1845609/Review_of_H_Murre_van_den_Berg_Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800_publ_in_H_Gzella_M_L_Folmer_eds_Aramaic_in_Its_Historical_and_Linguistic_Setting_Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_2008_pp_335_351"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="99141307" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99141307/Problems_in_Syriac_Taxonomy_and_Parts_of_Speech_from_the_Nineteenth_Century_to_the_present">Problems in Syriac Taxonomy and Parts of Speech from the Nineteenth Century to the present</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="205738140" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FallaTerry">Terry Falla</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Problems in Syriac Taxonomy and Parts of Speech from the Nineteenth Century to the present","attachmentId":100306793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99141307/Problems_in_Syriac_Taxonomy_and_Parts_of_Speech_from_the_Nineteenth_Century_to_the_present","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99141307/Problems_in_Syriac_Taxonomy_and_Parts_of_Speech_from_the_Nineteenth_Century_to_the_present"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35258702" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35258702/Between_Aramaic_%CA%BEi%C3%B0ayn_and_Greek_%CE%B4%CE%AD_The_Linguistic_History_of_Syriac_den">Between Aramaic *ʾiðayn and Greek δέ: The Linguistic History of Syriac den</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1229242" href="https://uni-hamburg.academia.edu/AaronButts">Aaron Butts</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">in H. Teule, E. Keser-Kayaalp, K. Akalın, N. Doru, M. S. Toprak (eds.), Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context (Eastern Christian Studies 23; Louvain: Peeters, 2017). 13-30.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Between Aramaic *ʾiðayn and Greek δέ: The Linguistic History of Syriac den","attachmentId":55118925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35258702/Between_Aramaic_%CA%BEi%C3%B0ayn_and_Greek_%CE%B4%CE%AD_The_Linguistic_History_of_Syriac_den","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35258702/Between_Aramaic_%CA%BEi%C3%B0ayn_and_Greek_%CE%B4%CE%AD_The_Linguistic_History_of_Syriac_den"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="4879812" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4879812/The_New_Syriac_Primer_Introduction_to_Syriac">The New Syriac Primer: Introduction to Syriac</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2705355" href="https://bethmardutho.academia.edu/GeorgeKiraz">George A. Kiraz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">A truly useful introduction to the Syriac language is a rare find. Honed by years of personal experience with the language, George Kiraz’s introduction to the ancient language of the Christian church speaks with clarity and authority. This fruitful integration of scholarly introduction and practical application provides a primer that is more than a simple grammar or syntactic introduction to the language. Written in a style designed for beginners, Kiraz avoids technical language and strives for a reader-friendly inductive approach. The letters are introduced a few at a time and are reviewed in a way that reinforces their identity. Students are next introduced to the concepts of gender, number, and tense as well as how they appear in Syriac. The often troubling prefixes and suffixes of the language are lucidly explained, and readings from actual Syriac texts allow the student to experience the language first hand. Various genres and literary forms are introduced in this section. Bonus words are added at each stage to build an effective vocabulary as the reader works through the lessons. Next the grammar proper is introduced with the phonology and parts of speech of the language. Both Estrangelo and the East Syriac scripts are presented in a separate chapter, in order to avoid confusion. Unlike most grammars, the primer includes a practical chapter on how to use Syriac dictionaries, read manuscripts, and type Syriac on the computer using Meltho. A section on reading Garshuni, Syriac written in Arabic script, rounds out the main text. Appendices of the verbal paradigms make this very practical introduction a must-have for any beginner in Syriac. Glossaries of grammatical terms and Syriac-English comparisons make this book ideal for a textbook in beginning Syriac. The book comes with downloadable material so that readers may listen to all reading sentences and text passages in the book.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The New Syriac Primer: Introduction to Syriac","attachmentId":32152520,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4879812/The_New_Syriac_Primer_Introduction_to_Syriac","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4879812/The_New_Syriac_Primer_Introduction_to_Syriac"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1293287" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1293287/Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800">Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="670699" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/HeleenMurrevandenBerg">Heleen Murre-van den Berg</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic and Arabic in the Church of the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800","attachmentId":7945641,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1293287/Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1293287/Classical_Syriac_Neo_Aramaic_and_Arabic_in_the_Church_of_the_East_and_the_Chaldean_Church_between_1500_and_1800"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="6367228" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6367228/_with_S_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_">(with S.P. Brock) ‘Recent Books on Syriac Topics’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="369907" href="https://ias.academia.edu/GrigoryKessel">Grigory Kessel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 17.1 (2014), pp. 119-131</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(with S.P. Brock) ‘Recent Books on Syriac Topics’","attachmentId":33185638,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6367228/_with_S_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6367228/_with_S_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="22456331" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22456331/_with_Sebastian_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_2015_">(with Sebastian P. Brock) Recent Books on Syriac Topics [2015]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="369907" href="https://ias.academia.edu/GrigoryKessel">Grigory Kessel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(with Sebastian P. Brock) Recent Books on Syriac Topics [2015]","attachmentId":43073509,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22456331/_with_Sebastian_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22456331/_with_Sebastian_P_Brock_Recent_Books_on_Syriac_Topics_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="113248536" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113248536/Serto_before_Serto_Reexamining_the_Earliest_Development_of_Syriac_Script">Serto before Serto: Reexamining the Earliest Development of Syriac Script</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="210578822" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelPenn13">Michael Penn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Aramaic Studies, 2020</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Scholars have traditionally categorised early Syriac manuscripts as either Estrangela or Serto. The same categories dominate the prevailing narrative of how Syriac script is thought to have developed. Most see Estrangela as the earliest strata of Syriac and Serto as a later development. More recent scholarship explores how early manuscripts support neither this stark division between script styles nor a sequential development. Of particular challenge to this paradigm are a series of securely dated colophons and notes which use a script style different than the main part of the text. But previous work has looked at only five examples of this phenomenon. By expanding this investigation to 30 examples and drawing upon a recent compiled digital corpus of over 100,000 early Syriac letter forms, the present article explores how large data sets, digital analysis, and visual analytics can help one better understand the development of Aramaic scripts.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Serto before Serto: Reexamining the Earliest Development of Syriac Script","attachmentId":115698249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113248536/Serto_before_Serto_Reexamining_the_Earliest_Development_of_Syriac_Script","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113248536/Serto_before_Serto_Reexamining_the_Earliest_Development_of_Syriac_Script"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="32367651" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32367651/Review_Language_Change_in_the_Wake_of_Empire_Syriac_in_Its_Greco_Roman_Context">Review: Language Change in the Wake of Empire. Syriac in Its Greco-Roman Context</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53141098" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/HolgerGzella">Holger Gzella</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review: Language Change in the Wake of Empire. Syriac in Its Greco-Roman Context","attachmentId":52572243,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32367651/Review_Language_Change_in_the_Wake_of_Empire_Syriac_in_Its_Greco_Roman_Context","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32367651/Review_Language_Change_in_the_Wake_of_Empire_Syriac_in_Its_Greco_Roman_Context"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="36651175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36651175/Review_of_Syriac_Encounters_Papers_from_the_Sixth_North_American_Syriac_Symposium_Duke_University_26_29_June_2011">Review of Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium, Duke University, 26-29 June 2011</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5566190" href="https://asu.academia.edu/BlakeHartung">Blake Hartung</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium, Duke University, 26-29 June 2011","attachmentId":56584556,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36651175/Review_of_Syriac_Encounters_Papers_from_the_Sixth_North_American_Syriac_Symposium_Duke_University_26_29_June_2011","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36651175/Review_of_Syriac_Encounters_Papers_from_the_Sixth_North_American_Syriac_Symposium_Duke_University_26_29_June_2011"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="43332985" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43332985/2020_Hilkens_A_Language_Literacy_and_Historical_Apologetics_Hippolytus_of_Romes_lists_of_literate_peoples_in_the_Syriac_tradition_Journal_of_Eastern_Christian_Studies_72_1_2_1_32">2020. Hilkens, A. 'Language, Literacy and Historical Apologetics: Hippolytus of Rome's lists of literate peoples in the Syriac tradition,' Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 72(1-2), 1-32</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1014675" href="https://oeaw.academia.edu/AndyHilkens">Andy Hilkens</a></div><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">In Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the Syriac language was part of several debates, including one about the identity of the language of Creation. Not surprisingly, many Syriac authors argued for the primacy of Aramaic over Hebrew. One genre of texts whose contribution to this debate has been neglected until now is that of lists of the literate peoples of the earth, categorized as descendants of Shem, Ham and Japheth. We encounter these lists, which are based on material that stems from the Greek chronicle tradition and that was eagerly appropriated by Syriac historical and exegetical authors, in manuscripts that date from the ninth to the nineteenth century. Sometimes they are transmitted independently, for instance under the name of Eusebius of Caesarea or Epiphanius of Salamis. Sometimes they are part of a larger context where more material on the division of the earth (the Diamerismos) was transmitted into Syriac. This article draws two important conclusions. First, a division can be made in the material between a conservative ‘Greek’ tradition, represented by the Chronicle of Michael the Elder (d. 1199 C.E.), and a progressive Syriac tradition. Several changes can be tracked, not only in the process of transmission from Greek into Syriac, but also an internal Syriac evolution. These lists were often updated, so much so that different traditions within the progressive Syriac tradition emerge. What connects the Syriac tradition, however, and this is the second conclusion that this study offers, is that the progressive Syriac tradition clearly offsets the Syriac language (or at least the written language that was used by the Syrians) against that of the Hebrews and the Greeks. Without explicitly going into the issue of the identity of the primeval language, these lists imply the old age of the Syriac language, similarly to Hebrew and Greek.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2020. Hilkens, A. 'Language, Literacy and Historical Apologetics: Hippolytus of Rome's lists of literate peoples in the Syriac tradition,' Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 72(1-2), 1-32","attachmentId":63617127,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43332985/2020_Hilkens_A_Language_Literacy_and_Historical_Apologetics_Hippolytus_of_Romes_lists_of_literate_peoples_in_the_Syriac_tradition_Journal_of_Eastern_Christian_Studies_72_1_2_1_32","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43332985/2020_Hilkens_A_Language_Literacy_and_Historical_Apologetics_Hippolytus_of_Romes_lists_of_literate_peoples_in_the_Syriac_tradition_Journal_of_Eastern_Christian_Studies_72_1_2_1_32"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="62068125" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62068125/A_Tale_of_Three_Scripts_Syriac_Writing_from_a_Syriac_Perspective">A Tale of Three Scripts: Syriac Writing from a Syriac Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="403769" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/PierGiorgioBorbone">Pier Giorgio Borbone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">"Le calame et le ciseau: colophons syriaques offerts à Françoise Briquel Chatonnet", dirigé par S. Brelaud, J. Daccache, M. Debié, M. Farina, F. Ruani et E. Villey, 2021</p><p class="ds2-5-body-sm ds-related-work--abstract hide-on-large">Anyone who begins studying the Syriac language learns that Syriac is written in three scripts. In this article we aim to reflect on when and how this conception became established, and on how much it corresponds to the Syriac tradition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Tale of Three Scripts: Syriac Writing from a Syriac Perspective","attachmentId":105169518,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62068125/A_Tale_of_Three_Scripts_Syriac_Writing_from_a_Syriac_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62068125/A_Tale_of_Three_Scripts_Syriac_Writing_from_a_Syriac_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="31618057" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31618057/BROCK_S_P_KESSEL_G_MINOV_S_RECENT_PUBLICATIONS_ON_SYRIAC_TOPICS_2016_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_20_1_2017_257_315">BROCK, S.P., KESSEL, G., MINOV, S., "RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON SYRIAC TOPICS: 2016," Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 20.1 (2017) 257-315</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="369907" href="https://ias.academia.edu/GrigoryKessel">Grigory Kessel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66932" href="https://scopus.academia.edu/SergeyMinov">Sergey Minov</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"BROCK, S.P., KESSEL, G., MINOV, S., \"RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON SYRIAC TOPICS: 2016,\" Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 20.1 (2017) 257-315","attachmentId":51944972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31618057/BROCK_S_P_KESSEL_G_MINOV_S_RECENT_PUBLICATIONS_ON_SYRIAC_TOPICS_2016_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_20_1_2017_257_315","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31618057/BROCK_S_P_KESSEL_G_MINOV_S_RECENT_PUBLICATIONS_ON_SYRIAC_TOPICS_2016_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_20_1_2017_257_315"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="100453569" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100453569/Minov_S_and_Kessel_G_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2022_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_26_1_2023_189_283">Minov, S., and Kessel, G., “Recent Publications on Syriac Topics: 2022,” Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 26:1 (2023), 189-283.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66932" href="https://scopus.academia.edu/SergeyMinov">Sergey Minov</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="369907" href="https://ias.academia.edu/GrigoryKessel">Grigory Kessel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Minov, S., and Kessel, G., “Recent Publications on Syriac Topics: 2022,” Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 26:1 (2023), 189-283.","attachmentId":101273734,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100453569/Minov_S_and_Kessel_G_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2022_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_26_1_2023_189_283","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100453569/Minov_S_and_Kessel_G_Recent_Publications_on_Syriac_Topics_2022_Hugoye_Journal_of_Syriac_Studies_26_1_2023_189_283"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card js-safe-related-work-related-work hidden" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="4892255" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4892255/An_outline_to_the_forthcoming_Introduction_to_Aramaic_and_Syriac_Studies_">An outline to the forthcoming "Introduction to Aramaic and Syriac Studies"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="381142" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkopianA">Arman Akopian</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An outline to the forthcoming \"Introduction to Aramaic and Syriac Studies\"","attachmentId":32161317,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4892255/An_outline_to_the_forthcoming_Introduction_to_Aramaic_and_Syriac_Studies_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4892255/An_outline_to_the_forthcoming_Introduction_to_Aramaic_and_Syriac_Studies_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline safe-related-works--view-more-button js-safe-related-works-related-work--view-more-button"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">keyboard_arrow_down</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View more papers</span></button></div></div><div class="safe-related-topics--container"><h2 class="safe-related-topics--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="safe-related-topics--list"><div class="safe-related-topics--subgroup"><li class="safe-related-topics--list-item"><a class="ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link js-related-research-interest" data-entity-id="1709" 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