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De beweging is een tegenreactie op de publicatie 'rat race' en vraagt dat wetenschappers (weer) tijd nemen én krijgen om te onderzoeken en na te denken. Slow science ziet de publicatiedruk als een symptoom van de vermarkting van de universiteiten, en wil een moment van debat over de plaats van wetenschap in de maatschappij. AGORA wilde weten waar de slow science beweging in België nu staat. We nodigden twee onderzoekers uit om hier hun licht op te laten schijnen. Ben Derudder en Nick Schuermans discussieerden enkele jaren geleden in het tijdschrift 'Area' over de dominantie van het Web of Science in het wetenschapsbedrijf. We vroegen hen of slow science iets op gang bracht dat een nieuw licht doet schijnen op die discussie. Huidige protestbewegingen Schuermans: \"Laat mij duidelijk zijn. Ik wil niet voorkomen als de kleinzoon, laat staan één van de vaders van slow science. Eerder raakte ik na mijn doctoraat -toen het mij duidelijk werd dat ik verder wilde gaan in de academische wereld -zoals velen een beetje gewrongen tussen enerzijds wat ik moet doen in functie van mijn academische carrière en anderzijds wat ik graag zou willen doen als wetenschapper om bij te dragen aan de samenleving. Van daaruit voelde ik een zekere verbondenheid met de slow science beweging. Deze zet hieromtrent een aantal principes uit, die voor mij grotendeels weerspiegelen wat wetenschap zou moeten betekenen in de maatschappij. Dus heb ik het manifest ondertekend, en met plezier deelgenomen aan de debatten die hier verder op ingingen. Maar de laatste tijd heb ik het gevoel dat slow science wat is afgekabbeld. De principes zijn neergelegd, maar verder gebeurt er vanuit de beweging zelf niet veel meer. Tegelijk zijn de ideeën van slow science nu ook meer mainstream geworden. Er is bijvoorbeeld Rik Torfs [rector KU Leuven] die naar de beweging verwees aan het begin van het huidig academiejaar. Het debat is dus nu minder vrijblijvend; er moeten concrete eisen op tafel komen. Daar verwacht ik veel van de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs.\" Derudder: \"De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs is inderdaad een stuk concreter. Waar ik bij slow science wel ergens de verzuchtingen begreep, kon ik mij eerder moeilijk vinden in de principes die van daaruit werden uitgezet. Bij de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs ligt dat anders. Die ademt misschien nog wel de geest van slow science uit, maar vermijdt een fundamentele discussie over de rol van wetenschap in de maatschappij. Een debat over deze rol is misschien wel wenselijk, maar ik vrees dat dit weinig zaken zal opleveren waar iedereen het over eens kan zijn. De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs focust voornamelijk op hoe het personeelsbeleid wordt gevoerd. De druk op onderzoekers is enorm hoog, zowel in functie van de individuele carrièremogelijkheden, als door de eisen vanuit de faculteiten. Zij kaarten dit aan en vertalen het in concrete eisen. Dat slaat aan. Iedere academicus ondervindt dit in de","publication_date":"2014,,","publication_name":"AGORA Magazine","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"121294057"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"nl","title":"Een draagvlak voor trage wetenschap?","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [9072293]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":121294057,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Een draagvlak voor trage wetenschap?”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121294057/mini_magick20250211-1-fzmj9e.png?1739265055" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Een draagvlak voor trage wetenschap?</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9072293" href="https://ceps.academia.edu/TimCassiers"><img alt="Profile image of Tim Cassiers" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/9072293/2944769/3448454/s65_tim.cassiers.jpg" />Tim Cassiers</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, AGORA Magazine</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">3 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 127580792; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Slow science won het voorbije jaar momentum in de Belgische academische wereld. De beweging is een tegenreactie op de publicatie 'rat race' en vraagt dat wetenschappers (weer) tijd nemen én krijgen om te onderzoeken en na te denken. Slow science ziet de publicatiedruk als een symptoom van de vermarkting van de universiteiten, en wil een moment van debat over de plaats van wetenschap in de maatschappij. AGORA wilde weten waar de slow science beweging in België nu staat. We nodigden twee onderzoekers uit om hier hun licht op te laten schijnen. Ben Derudder en Nick Schuermans discussieerden enkele jaren geleden in het tijdschrift 'Area' over de dominantie van het Web of Science in het wetenschapsbedrijf. We vroegen hen of slow science iets op gang bracht dat een nieuw licht doet schijnen op die discussie. Huidige protestbewegingen Schuermans: "Laat mij duidelijk zijn. Ik wil niet voorkomen als de kleinzoon, laat staan één van de vaders van slow science. Eerder raakte ik na mijn doctoraat -toen het mij duidelijk werd dat ik verder wilde gaan in de academische wereld -zoals velen een beetje gewrongen tussen enerzijds wat ik moet doen in functie van mijn academische carrière en anderzijds wat ik graag zou willen doen als wetenschapper om bij te dragen aan de samenleving. Van daaruit voelde ik een zekere verbondenheid met de slow science beweging. Deze zet hieromtrent een aantal principes uit, die voor mij grotendeels weerspiegelen wat wetenschap zou moeten betekenen in de maatschappij. Dus heb ik het manifest ondertekend, en met plezier deelgenomen aan de debatten die hier verder op ingingen. Maar de laatste tijd heb ik het gevoel dat slow science wat is afgekabbeld. De principes zijn neergelegd, maar verder gebeurt er vanuit de beweging zelf niet veel meer. Tegelijk zijn de ideeën van slow science nu ook meer mainstream geworden. Er is bijvoorbeeld Rik Torfs [rector KU Leuven] die naar de beweging verwees aan het begin van het huidig academiejaar. Het debat is dus nu minder vrijblijvend; er moeten concrete eisen op tafel komen. Daar verwacht ik veel van de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs." Derudder: "De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs is inderdaad een stuk concreter. Waar ik bij slow science wel ergens de verzuchtingen begreep, kon ik mij eerder moeilijk vinden in de principes die van daaruit werden uitgezet. Bij de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs ligt dat anders. Die ademt misschien nog wel de geest van slow science uit, maar vermijdt een fundamentele discussie over de rol van wetenschap in de maatschappij. Een debat over deze rol is misschien wel wenselijk, maar ik vrees dat dit weinig zaken zal opleveren waar iedereen het over eens kan zijn. De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs focust voornamelijk op hoe het personeelsbeleid wordt gevoerd. De druk op onderzoekers is enorm hoog, zowel in functie van de individuele carrièremogelijkheden, als door de eisen vanuit de faculteiten. Zij kaarten dit aan en vertalen het in concrete eisen. Dat slaat aan. 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De beweging is een tegenreactie op de publicatie 'rat race' en vraagt dat wetenschappers (weer) tijd nemen én krijgen om te onderzoeken en na te denken. Slow science ziet de publicatiedruk als een symptoom van de vermarkting van de universiteiten, en wil een moment van debat over de plaats van wetenschap in de maatschappij. AGORA wilde weten waar de slow science beweging in België nu staat. We nodigden twee onderzoekers uit om hier hun licht op te laten schijnen. Ben Derudder en Nick Schuermans discussieerden enkele jaren geleden in het tijdschrift 'Area' over de dominantie van het Web of Science in het wetenschapsbedrijf. We vroegen hen of slow science iets op gang bracht dat een nieuw licht doet schijnen op die discussie. Huidige protestbewegingen Schuermans: "Laat mij duidelijk zijn. Ik wil niet voorkomen als de kleinzoon, laat staan één van de vaders van slow science. Eerder raakte ik na mijn doctoraat -toen het mij duidelijk werd dat ik verder wilde gaan in de academische wereld -zoals velen een beetje gewrongen tussen enerzijds wat ik moet doen in functie van mijn academische carrière en anderzijds wat ik graag zou willen doen als wetenschapper om bij te dragen aan de samenleving. Van daaruit voelde ik een zekere verbondenheid met de slow science beweging. Deze zet hieromtrent een aantal principes uit, die voor mij grotendeels weerspiegelen wat wetenschap zou moeten betekenen in de maatschappij. Dus heb ik het manifest ondertekend, en met plezier deelgenomen aan de debatten die hier verder op ingingen. Maar de laatste tijd heb ik het gevoel dat slow science wat is afgekabbeld. De principes zijn neergelegd, maar verder gebeurt er vanuit de beweging zelf niet veel meer. Tegelijk zijn de ideeën van slow science nu ook meer mainstream geworden. Er is bijvoorbeeld Rik Torfs [rector KU Leuven] die naar de beweging verwees aan het begin van het huidig academiejaar. Het debat is dus nu minder vrijblijvend; er moeten concrete eisen op tafel komen. Daar verwacht ik veel van de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs." Derudder: "De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs is inderdaad een stuk concreter. Waar ik bij slow science wel ergens de verzuchtingen begreep, kon ik mij eerder moeilijk vinden in de principes die van daaruit werden uitgezet. Bij de Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs ligt dat anders. Die ademt misschien nog wel de geest van slow science uit, maar vermijdt een fundamentele discussie over de rol van wetenschap in de maatschappij. Een debat over deze rol is misschien wel wenselijk, maar ik vrees dat dit weinig zaken zal opleveren waar iedereen het over eens kan zijn. De Actiegroep Hoger Onderwijs focust voornamelijk op hoe het personeelsbeleid wordt gevoerd. De druk op onderzoekers is enorm hoog, zowel in functie van de individuele carrièremogelijkheden, als door de eisen vanuit de faculteiten. Zij kaarten dit aan en vertalen het in concrete eisen. Dat slaat aan. 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(De mondelinge mededelingen, bv6. op seminaries en congressen,.laren we hierbii-buiten beschouwing).'W'anneer we deze communicatieprocessen</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alternatieve wetenschappelijke communicatie","attachmentId":116408916,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121565822/Alternatieve_wetenschappelijke_communicatie","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121565822/Alternatieve_wetenschappelijke_communicatie"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="123802413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123802413/Grenzen_aan_de_verklaringkracht_van_kennis">Grenzen aan de verklaringkracht van 'kennis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49308995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilfredDolfsma">Wilfred Dolfsma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis/ The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Grenzen aan de 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href="https://www.academia.edu/118275101/Aardrijkskunde_vecht_voor_positie">Aardrijkskunde vecht voor positie</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33204782" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TineB%C3%A9neker">Tine Béneker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geografie, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aardrijkskunde vecht voor positie","attachmentId":113941008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118275101/Aardrijkskunde_vecht_voor_positie","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127511283/Kennis_de_nieuwe_grondstof_der_lage_landen">Kennis, de nieuwe grondstof der lage landen</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="129835" href="https://liser.academia.edu/MartinDijst">Martin Dijst</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Agora, 1988</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Vechten tegen een dreigende degradatie Kennis, de nieuwe der Lage Landen grondstof In de jaren zeventig was het kerngebied van Europa in het noord-westen van het continent"gesitueerd. Dit Westeuropese kerngebied is aan veranderingen onderhevig. Het laat zich aanzien dat het gebied 'uiteengetrokken' wordt in twee afzonderlijke kerngebieden, van verschillende signatuur. We noemen ze respectievelijk de 'High Lands' en de 'Low Lands'. De algemene opvatting is dat binnen Europa een verschuiving van economische activiteiten naar het zuiden plaatsvindt. Landschappelijke en klimatologische kwaliteiten van het woonmilieu liggen mede ten grondslag aan de economische groei van de High Lands In het Alpengebled.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kennis, de nieuwe grondstof der lage landen","attachmentId":121234039,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127511283/Kennis_de_nieuwe_grondstof_der_lage_landen","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127511283/Kennis_de_nieuwe_grondstof_der_lage_landen"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="117317030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117317030/Wetenschappelijke_ondersteuning_herstelprogramma_s_kopvoorn_serpeling_en_kwabaal_in_2013">Wetenschappelijke ondersteuning herstelprogramma’s kopvoorn, serpeling en kwabaal in 2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40954612" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SabrinaNeyrinck">Sabrina Neyrinck</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Wetenschappelijke ondersteuning herstelprogramma's kopvoorn, serpeling en kwabaal in 2013. www.inbo.be 3 Bevissing en inspectie van de taplopen van het Kanaal naar Beverlo ..</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wetenschappelijke ondersteuning herstelprogramma’s kopvoorn, serpeling en kwabaal in 2013","attachmentId":113205295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117317030/Wetenschappelijke_ondersteuning_herstelprogramma_s_kopvoorn_serpeling_en_kwabaal_in_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117317030/Wetenschappelijke_ondersteuning_herstelprogramma_s_kopvoorn_serpeling_en_kwabaal_in_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="45339261" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45339261/_Wetenschappelijke_Tijdingen_1935_1963">“Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen” 1935-1963</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31803509" href="https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/GuyLeemans">Guy Leemans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen” 1935-1963","attachmentId":65878114,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45339261/_Wetenschappelijke_Tijdingen_1935_1963","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45339261/_Wetenschappelijke_Tijdingen_1935_1963"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="118720870" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118720870/Wetenschappers_keren_terug_naar_de_oerknal">Wetenschappers keren terug naar de oerknal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8241466" href="https://pxl.academia.edu/PeterDupont">Peter Dupont</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wetenschappers keren terug naar de oerknal","attachmentId":114281511,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118720870/Wetenschappers_keren_terug_naar_de_oerknal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118720870/Wetenschappers_keren_terug_naar_de_oerknal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":121294057,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":121294057,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_121294057" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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