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Juni 2020</time></a></span><span class="byline"> von <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/author/benjamingonzales">Benjamin Gonzales</a></span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">1962 im SPIEGEL – Versuch einer Analyse der zeitkritischen Berichterstattung des Nachrichtenmagazins DER SPIEGEL (MA-Arbeit)</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Thema und Ziel der Arbeit</h2> <p class="has-drop-cap">Das Nachrichtenmagazin Der SPIEGEL ist heute unzweifelhaft eines der bedeutendsten Medienprodukte Deutschlands. Bis in die neunziger Jahre blieb der SPIEGEL das einzige Nachrichtenmagazin, das sich dauerhaft in der Medienlandschaft der Bundesrepublik behaupten konnte. Was vor 72 Jahren als Nachrichtenmagazin im Stile englischer und amerikanischer »news magazines« begann, hat sich zu einem transmedialen Berichterstattungs- und Dokumentationsapparat ausgeweitet. Die Kernmarke – das Nachrichtenmagazin mit der prägnanten Optik – existiert mit leicht gewachsenem Umfang bis heute. Das Magazin hat sich eine Stellung als Leitmedium innerhalb der deutschen Presselandschaft erarbeitet, die weit in die Gründungsjahre zurückreicht und bis heute tradiert wird. Trotz dieser herausragenden Bedeutung mangelt es nach wie vor an unabhängigen, wissenschaftlich fundierten, historischen Überblicksstudien zur Geschichte des Nachrichtenmagazins. Nur selten wird nach Ursprüngen und Ursachen dieser »Erfolgsgeschichte« geforscht. Seine historisch gewachsene Attraktivität liegt aber schon in den Anfangsjahren begründet – vor allem in den fünfziger und frühen sechziger Jahren. <span id="more-132"></span></p> <p>Die Bedeutung der sogenannten »SPIEGEL-Affäre« für die Stellung des Magazins innerhalb der medial-gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmung bildet hierbei einen historischen Konsens, der die leitmediale Stellung in Teilen schon begründet. Aus den staatlichen Repressionen gegen das Magazin entstand eine bis dahin in der Bundesrepublik nicht dagewesene, öffentliche Auseinandersetzung um die Fragen nach Pressefreiheit und staatlichen Eingriffen in die Grundrechte des Bürgers. Die Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung im Oktober 1962 bildeten den Kulminationspunkt einer Auseinandersetzung des Magazins mit der politischen Elite der Bundesrepublik. Die »Opferrolle«, die der SPIEGEL einnahm, ist einerseits Beleg für dessen besondere Stellung innerhalb der medialen Landschaft. Eine Stellung, die durch die Affäre sogar noch verstärkt wurde. Andererseits ist diese Rolle das Ergebnis einer avantgardistischen Stellung des Magazins als Vorreiter eines journalistischen Wandels: Eines Wandels von einem unkritischen Konsensjournalismus hin zum kritisch-pluralistischen Journalismus. Dieser Wandel wird mit dem Begriff der sog. »Zeitkritik« beschrieben. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen zeitgenössischen Begriff, der medienhistorisch konzeptualisiert wurde. Diese Konzeption soll als Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung dienen.</p> <p>Ziel der Arbeit wird es also sein, die Zeitkritik zu definieren. Anschließend sollen aus dieser Definition Faktoren für eine empirisch-statistische Untersuchung abgeleitet werden. Zuletzt sollen die Ergebnisse sowie die Methode diskutiert werden. Besonders mit Blick auf die Frage, ob sie die Zeitkritik messbar machen und den beschriebenen Wandel abbilden können. Aber auch in Hinblick darauf, ob Sie neue historische Erkenntnisse zu Tage fördern bzw. bereits bestehende aus einer anderen Perspektive belegen.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Methode</h2> <p>Für die Stichprobe wurde die politische Berichterstattung des Jahrgangs 1962 im SPIEGEL analysiert. Relevant waren hier alle Beiträge, die sich mit Personen oder Institutionen befassten, die der Bundesregierung zuzuordnen sind. Die Analyse erfolgte in zwei Schritten: Im ersten Schritt wurden sämtliche in Frage kommenden Beiträge erfasst und Form, Personalisierung und Institutionalisierung dokumentiert. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden Beiträge, die sich inhaltlich stark mit den beschriebenen Personen und Institutionen auseinandersetzten nach Inhalt und Struktur analysiert.</p> <p>Die Methode entstammt zum einen der bereits beschriebenen Definition zeitkritischer Faktoren. Zum anderen diente die medienhistorische Studie <em>Lutz Korndörfers: 1968 im Spiegel der Presse</em>, und die darin entworfene Methode als Vorbild. Ebenso wie Korndörfer stellt die vorliegende Untersuchung auf die Messung von Häufigkeiten inhaltlicher und struktureller Elemente ab, um Realitätskonstruktion in Medien zu untersuchen.</p> <p>Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Schwerpunkte Personalisierung/Institutionalisierung, Wertung bzw. Kritik sowie die Darstellung von Konflikten gelegt.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Literatur (Auswahl)</h2> <p>Brinkbäumer, Klaus / Janssen, Hauke / Schnibben, Cordt (Hrsg.): 70 – Der Spiegel. 1947-2017. München, 2017.</p> <p>Doerry, Martin / Janssen, Hauke (Hrsg.): Die SPIEGEL-Affäre. Ein Skandal und seine Folgen. München, 2013.</p> <p>Herbert, Ulrich: Liberalisierung als Lernprozess. Die Bundesrepublik in der deutschen Geschichte – eine Skizze. In: Derselbe (Hrsg.): Wandlungsprozesse in Westdeutschland. Belastung, Integration, Liberalisierung: 1945-1980. 2. Aufl. Göttingen, 2003. S. 7-49.</p> <p>Hodenberg, Christina von: Konsens und Krise. Eine Geschichte der westdeutschen Medienöffentlichkeit 1945-1973. Göttingen 2006.</p> <p>Just, Dieter: Der Spiegel. Arbeitsweise, Inhalt, Wirkung. Hannover, 1967 [zugl. Diss. FU Berlin, 1965].</p> <p>Korndörfer, Lutz: 1968 im Spiegel der Presse. Die divergierenden Reaktionen deutscher und amerikanischer Printmedien auf die deutsche Protestbewegung und die Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA. Berlin, 2014 [zugl. Diss. Universität Regensburg, 2013].</p> <p>Redecker, Eva von: Praxis und Revolution [E-Book]. Frankfurt a. M. / New York, 2018 [zugl. Diss. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018].</p> <p>Schildt, Axel / Siegfried, Detlef / Lammers, Karl Christian (Hrsg.): Dynamische Zeiten. Die 60er Jahre in den beiden deutschen Gesellschaften. Hamburg, 2003.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Weiterführende Links</h2> <p>DER SPIEGEL. Archiv [1962]. [Vormals: Titelbilder und Heftarchive 1962]. <a href="https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/index-1962.html">https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/index-1962.html</a> (Zuletzt geprüft am 22.2.2020).</p> <p>Die SPIEGEL-Affäre. Alle Beiträge in SPIEGEL Online: h<a href="https://www.spiegel.de/thema/spiegel_affaere/">ttps://www.spiegel.de/thema/spiegel_affaere/</a></p> <p>Die SPIEGEL-Affäre von 1962. Und was danach geschah. In: dok Zentrum ansTageslicht.de: <a href="https://www.anstageslicht.de/themen/history/spiegel-affaere-1962/">https://www.anstageslicht.de/themen/history/spiegel-affaere-1962/</a> (Online am: 26.10.2012, aktualisiert am: 27.04.2019)</p> <p><a href="http://www.spiegel-affaere.de">http://www.spiegel-affaere.de/</a></p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><em>Bildnachweis:</em></h4> <p>Freiburg: Studentendemonstration vor dem Münster / Willy Pragher (Autor/Fotograf/Künstler). 16. November 1962. Landesarchiv Baden-Würtemberg. Staatsarchiv Freiburg. Fotosammlung Willy Pragher: Filmnegative III, Bildordner 0904. Archivalieneinheit <strong>W 134 Nr. 068203f</strong>. Lizenziert unter der <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Lizenz CC-BY</a> 3.0. Permalink: http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/plink/?f=5-343026 (Zuletzt geprüft am 15.06.2020)</p> <p class="has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color">Vortrag im Rahmen des <a href="https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/digital-history-forschungskolloquium">„Digital History“-Forschungskolloquiums</a><br /><strong>Zeit:</strong> Mittwoch, 17. Juni 2020, 16-18 Uhr<br /><strong>Ort:</strong> Zoom-Konferenz (Zugang auf <a href="mailto:digitalhistory@hu-berlin.de">Anfrage</a>)</p> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition schlägt Ihnen vor, diesen Beitrag wie folgt zu zitieren:</span><br/>Benjamin Gonzales (16. Juni 2020). 1962 im SPIEGEL – Versuch einer Analyse der zeitkritischen Berichterstattung des Nachrichtenmagazins DER SPIEGEL (MA-Arbeit). <em>Digital History Berlin</em>. Abgerufen am 3. 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