CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Columba - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e270da0-9168-42b0-883a-ed41e6d964d8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Columba","wgTitle":"Columba","wgCurRevisionId":1259141089,"wgRevisionId":1259141089,"wgArticleId":6561,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Articles containing Manx-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Facebook ID not in Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles containing Latin-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference","Articles with LibriVox links","Medieval Gaels from Scotland","People from County Donegal","Pictish people","Abbots of Iona","Scottish folklore","6th-century writers in Latin","6th-century Irish abbots","6th-century Christian saints","Medieval Irish saints","Medieval Scottish saints","Burials in Iona","Irish expatriates in Scotland","6th-century Irish writers","521 births","597 deaths","Angelic visionaries","6th-century Scottish people","Irish Christian missionaries","Colombanian saints","Christian missionaries in Scotland","Medieval legends","Anglican saints","Poet priests","6th-century Christian abbots"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Columba","wgRelevantArticleId":6561,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Saint_Columba","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Columba","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q236326","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1788"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1192"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="954"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Columba - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Columba rootpage-Columba skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Columba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Columba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Columba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Columba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Columba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_van_Iona" title="Columba van Iona – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Columba van Iona" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halga_Columba" title="Halga Columba – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Halga Columba" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كولومبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولومبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_d%27Iona" title="Columba d'Iona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columba d'Iona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulm_(sant)" title="Koulm (sant) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koulm (sant)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Columba" title="Sant Columba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Columba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Kolumba" title="Svatý Kolumba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colum_Cille" title="Colum Cille – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colum Cille" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columban_von_Iona" title="Columban von Iona – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columban von Iona" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba" title="Columba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_de_Iona" title="Columba de Iona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columba de Iona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbao" title="Kolumbao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolumbao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolunba_Ionakoa" title="Kolunba Ionakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolunba Ionakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کولومبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کولومبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomba_d%27Iona" title="Colomba d'Iona – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colomba d'Iona" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumba_fan_Iona" title="Kolumba fan Iona – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kolumba fan Iona" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm_Cille" title="Colm Cille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colm Cille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Cille" title="Calum Cille – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calum Cille" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_de_Iona" title="Columba de Iona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columba de Iona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A3%B8%EB%B0%94_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="콜룸바 히엔시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜룸바 히엔시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Kolumba" title="Sveti Kolumba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumba" title="Kolumba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3lumkilli" title="Kólumkilli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kólumkilli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_di_Iona" title="Columba di Iona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columba di Iona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="קולומבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולומבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კოლუმბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumba" title="Kolumba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_Hiensis" title="Columba Hiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columba Hiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Kolumba" title="Szent Kolumba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomba_d%27Iona" title="Colomba d'Iona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Colomba d'Iona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="كولومبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولومبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_de_Iona" title="Columba de Iona – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Columba de Iona" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_van_Iona" title="Columba van Iona – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columba van Iona" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90" title="コルンバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルンバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_av_Iona" title="Columba av Iona – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columba av Iona" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilage_Kolumba" title="Heilage Kolumba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilage Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumba_opat_z_Hy" title="Kolumba opat z Hy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolumba opat z Hy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_de_Iona" title="Columba de Iona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Columba de Iona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columban_de_Iona" title="Columban de Iona – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Columban de Iona" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Колумба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba" title="Columba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Columba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba" title="Columba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Свети Колумба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свети Колумба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Kolumba" title="Sveti Kolumba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveti Kolumba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_(munkki)" title="Columba (munkki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columba (munkki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_(mission%C3%A4r)" title="Columba (missionär) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columba (missionär)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba" title="Columba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Columba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Колумба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4lumba" title="Côlumba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Côlumba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columba_(santo)" title="Columba (santo) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Columba (santo)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%AB%98%E9%9A%86" title="聖高隆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖高隆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%AB%98%E9%9A%86" title="聖高隆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖高隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columba" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Columba" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Columba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Columba" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Columba" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&oldid=1259141089" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Columba&id=1259141089&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColumba"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColumba"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Columba&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Columba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Columba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236326" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Columba&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Columba">Saint Columba</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish missionary monk, one of Ireland's three patron saints</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Columba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Columba (disambiguation)">Columba (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>.</span> <span>"Saint Columba" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Columba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Columba (disambiguation)">Saint Columba (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Columba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg/220px-Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="447" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Columba, Apostle to the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Apostle of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 521 AD<br /><a href="/wiki/Gartan" title="Gartan">Gartan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 597 AD (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Monk's robes, Celtic tonsure and crosier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bookbinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookbinder">bookbinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a>, Ireland and Scotland</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Columba</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Colmcille</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) was an <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and missionary evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is today <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the important <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">abbey</a> on <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>, which became a dominant religious and political institution in the region for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>. He was highly regarded by both the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, and is remembered today as a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratton-Flood1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratton-Flood1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columba studied under some of Ireland's most prominent church figures and founded several monasteries in the country. Around 563 AD he and his twelve companions crossed to Dunaverty near <a href="/wiki/Southend,_Argyll" title="Southend, Argyll">Southend, Argyll</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a> before settling in Iona in Scotland, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> kingdom of Dál Riata, where they founded a new abbey as a base for spreading <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> among the pagan <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Northern Pictish kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2000303_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2000303-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerKonstam201214_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerKonstam201214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained active in Irish politics, though he spent most of the remainder of his life in Scotland. Three surviving <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early-medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> are attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_in_Ireland">Early life in Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columba was born to Fedlimid and Eithne of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_Conaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél Conaill">Cenél Conaill</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Gartan" title="Gartan">Gartan</a>, a district beside Lough Gartan, in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Chonaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tír Chonaill">Tír Chonaill</a> (mainly modern <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>) in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, the northern <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. On his father's side, he is claimed as being the great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a>, a pseudo-historical <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">Irish high king</a> of the 5th century. Tradition holds that he was born in Gartan. One tradition holds that he was born on a flagstone called <i>Leac na Cumha</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">townland</a> of Lacknacoo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> in Temple-Douglas, in the County Donegal parish of <a href="/wiki/Conwal_and_Leck" title="Conwal and Leck">Conwal</a> (midway between Gartan and <a href="/wiki/Letterkenny" title="Letterkenny">Letterkenny</a>), by his teacher and foster-uncle <a href="/wiki/Cruithnech%C3%A1n" title="Cruithnechán">Cruithnechán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves185082_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves185082-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn1985_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn1985-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ordnance1986p_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordnance1986p-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columba lived in the remote district of what is now <a href="/wiki/Glencolmcille" title="Glencolmcille">Glencolmcille</a> for roughly five years, which was named after him. It is not known for sure if his name at birth was Colmcille or if he adopted this name later in life; <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a> (Eunan) of Iona thought it was his birth name but other Irish sources have claimed his name at birth was Crimthann (meaning 'fox').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdomnan_of_Iona1995_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdomnan_of_Iona1995-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> his name means 'dove', which is the same name as the Prophet Jonah (Jonah in Hebrew is also 'dove'), which Adomnán of Iona, as well as other early Irish writers, were aware of, although it is not clear if he was deliberately named after Jonah or not. <i>Columba</i> is also <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for dove. (See also the bird genus <i><a href="/wiki/Columba_(genus)" title="Columba (genus)">Columba</a></i>.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Columba%27s_church,_Gartan,_Donegal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg/220px-St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg/330px-St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg/440px-St_Columba%27s_church%2C_Gartan%2C_Donegal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The remains of St. Columba's Church, <a href="/wiki/Gartan" title="Gartan">Gartan</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When sufficiently advanced in letters he entered the monastic school of Movilla, at <a href="/wiki/Newtownards" title="Newtownards">Newtownards</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Movilla" title="Finnian of Movilla">Finnian of Movilla</a> who had studied at <a href="/wiki/Ninian" title="Ninian">Ninian</a>'s "Magnum Monasterium" on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>. He was about twenty, and a deacon when, having completed his training at Movilla, he travelled southwards into <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, where he became a pupil of an aged bard named Gemman. On leaving him, Columba entered the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Abbey" title="Clonard Abbey">Clonard</a>, governed at that time by <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian</a>, noted for sanctity and learning. Here he imbibed the traditions of the Welsh Church, for Finnian had been trained in the schools of <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> learning and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> flourished. Columba became a pupil at the monastic school at <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Abbey" title="Clonard Abbey">Clonard Abbey</a>, situated on the <a href="/wiki/River_Boyne" title="River Boyne">River Boyne</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a>. During the sixth century, some of the most significant names in the history of Celtic Christianity studied at the Clonard monastery. The average number of scholars under instruction at Clonard was said to be 300.<sup id="cite_ref-Gratton-Flood1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gratton-Flood1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columba was one of twelve students of <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian of Clonard</a> who became known as the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a>. He became a monk and eventually was <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">priest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another preceptor of Columba was <a href="/wiki/Mobh%C3%AD_Cl%C3%A1rainech" title="Mobhí Clárainech">Mobhí Clárainech</a>, whose monastery at <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin" title="Glasnevin">Glasnevin</a> was frequented by such famous men as <a href="/wiki/Cainnech_of_Aghaboe" title="Cainnech of Aghaboe">Cainnech of Aghaboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comgall" title="Comgall">Comgall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Ciar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="St Ciarán">Ciarán</a>. A pestilence which devastated Ireland in 544 caused the dispersion of Mobhi's disciples, and Columba returned to <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, the land of his kindred. He was a striking figure of great stature and powerful build, with a loud, melodious voice which could be heard from one hilltop to another.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation of several important monasteries marked the following years: <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, at the southern edge of <a href="/wiki/Inishowen" title="Inishowen">Inishowen</a>; Durrow, County Offaly; <a href="/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath" title="Kells, County Meath">Kells</a>, County Meath; and <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell199570_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell199570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Derry it is said that he planned a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, but did not proceed farther than <a href="/wiki/Tours,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tours, France">Tours</a>. From Tours, he brought a copy of those gospels that had lain on the bosom of <a href="/wiki/St._Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Martin of Tours">Martin</a> for 100 years. This relic was deposited in Derry.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Colmcille is also believed to have established a Church on <a href="/wiki/Inishkea_Islands" title="Inishkea Islands">Inishkea North</a>, County Mayo which is named St Colmcille's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some traditions assert that sometime around 560 Columba became involved in a quarrel with <a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Moville" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnian of Moville">Finnian of Moville</a> of <a href="/wiki/Movilla_Abbey" title="Movilla Abbey">Movilla Abbey</a> over a <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalter</a>. Columba copied the manuscript at the <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a> under Finnian, intending to keep the copy. Finnian disputed his right to keep it. There is a suggestion that this conflict resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%BAl_Dreimhne" title="Battle of Cúl Dreimhne">Battle of Cúl Dreimhne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairbre_Drom_Cliabh" title="Cairbre Drom Cliabh">Cairbre Drom Cliabh</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>) in 561, during which many men were killed. Richard Sharpe, translator of Adomnán's Life of St. Columba (referenced in the bibliography below) makes a stern caution at this point against accepting the many references that link the battle and Columba's leaving of Ireland, even though there is evidence in the annals that Columba supported his own king against the high king. Political conflicts that had existed for some time resulted in the clan Neill's battle against King Diarmait at Cooldrevny in 561. An issue, for example, was the king's violation of the right of sanctuary belonging to Columba's person as a monk on the occasion of the murder of Prince Curnan, Columba's kinsman.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Curnan of Connacht, who had fatally injured a rival in a hurling match and had taken refuge with Columba, was dragged from his protector's arms and slain by Diarmaid's men, in defiance of the rights of sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics">clerics</a> and scholars threatened to <a href="/wiki/Excommunicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicate</a> him for these deaths, but <a href="/wiki/Brendan_of_Birr" title="Brendan of Birr">Brendan of Birr</a> spoke on his behalf. Eventually, the process was deemed a miscarriage of justice. Columba's own conscience was uneasy, and on the advice of an aged hermit, Molaise, he resolved to expiate his sense of offence by departing Ireland. The term "exile" is used in some references. This, too, can be disputed, for the term "pilgrimage" is used more frequently in the literature about him. A marker at Stroove Beach on the <a href="/wiki/Inishowen_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inishowen Peninsula">Inishowen Peninsula</a> commemorates the place where Columba set sail for Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Ireland, but through the following years, he returned several times to visit the communities he had founded there.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columba's copy of the psalter has been traditionally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cathach_of_St._Columba" title="Cathach of St. Columba">Cathach of St. Columba</a>. In 574/575, during his return for the Synod of Drum Ceat, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Drumcliff_monastery,_County_Sligo" title="Drumcliff monastery, County Sligo">monastery of Drumcliff</a> in Cairbre, now County Sligo.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 563, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> with twelve companions (said to include <a href="/wiki/Odran_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Odran of Iona">Odran of Iona</a>) in a wicker <a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">currach</a> covered with leather. According to legend he first landed on the <a href="/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre" title="Mull of Kintyre">Kintyre</a> Peninsula, near <a href="/wiki/Southend,_Kintyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend, Kintyre">Southend</a>. However, being still in sight of Ulster, he moved farther north up the west coast of Scotland. The island of <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> was made over to him by his kinsman <a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Comgaill" title="Conall mac Comgaill">Conall mac Comgaill</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="List of kings of Dál Riata">King of Dál Riata</a>, who perhaps had invited him to come to Scotland in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-crawley_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a sense in which he was not leaving his native people, as the Ulster <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> had been inhabiting the west coast of Scotland for the previous couple of centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher198923–24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher198923–24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the services he provided guiding the only centre of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in the region, his reputation as a holy man led to his role as a diplomat among the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also many stories of miracles which he performed during his work to <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">convert</a> the Picts, the most famous being his encounter with an unidentified animal that some have equated with the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a> in 565. It is said that he banished a ferocious "water beast" to the depths of the <a href="/wiki/River_Ness" title="River Ness">River Ness</a> after it had killed a Pict and then tried to attack Columba's disciple, Lugne (see Vita Columbae Book 2 below). He visited the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> King <a href="/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei I of the Picts">Bridei</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, at his base in <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>, winning Bridei's respect, although not his conversion. He subsequently played a major role in the politics of the country. </p><p>He was also very energetic in his work as a missionary, and, in addition to founding several churches in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, he worked to turn his monastery at Iona into a school for missionaries. He was a renowned <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">man of letters</a>, having written several <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> and being credited with having <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">transcribed</a> 300 books. One of the few, if not the only, times he left Scotland was towards the end of his life, when he returned to Ireland to found the <a href="/wiki/Durrow_Abbey" title="Durrow Abbey">monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Durrow,_County_Offaly" title="Durrow, County Offaly">Durrow</a>. </p><p>According to traditional sources, Columba died in Iona on Sunday, 9 June 597, and was buried by his <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a> he created. However, Dr. Daniel P. Mc Carthy disputes this and assigns a date of 593 to Columba's death.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Annals record the first raid made upon Iona in 795, with further raids occurring in 802, 806 and 825.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columba's relics were finally removed in 849 and divided between Scotland and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland, the saint is commonly known as Colmcille. </p><p>Colmcille is one of the three patron saints of Ireland, after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colmcille is the patron saint of the city of <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, where he founded a monastic settlement in c. 540.<sup id="cite_ref-IP_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the city in <a href="/wiki/Irish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish</a> is <i>Doire Cholm Cille</i> and is derived from the native oak trees in the area and the city's association with Colmcille. The Catholic Church of Saint Colmcille's Long Tower, and the Church of Ireland St Augustine's Church both claim to stand at the spot of this original settlement. The Church of Ireland Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/St._Columb%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Columb's Cathedral">St. Columb's Cathedral</a>, and the largest park in the city, <a href="/wiki/St._Columb%27s_Park" title="St. Columb's Park">St. Columb's Park</a>, are named in his honour. The Catholic Boys' Grammar School, <a href="/wiki/St._Columb%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Columb's College">St. Columb's College</a>, has him as Patron and namesake. </p><p>St. Columba's National School in Drumcondra is a girls' school named after the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Colmcille's Primary School<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and St. Colmcille's Community School<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are two schools in <a href="/wiki/Knocklyon" title="Knocklyon">Knocklyon</a>, Dublin, named after him, with the former having an annual day dedicated to the saint on 9 June.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords, Dublin</a> was reputedly founded by Colmcille in 560 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell199570_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell199570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Colmcille's Boys' National School and St. Colmcille's Girls' National School, both located in the town of Swords, are also named after the Saint as is one of the local gaelic teams, Naomh Colmcille.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Columba Press, a religious and spiritual book company based in Dublin, is named after Colmcille.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a>, Ireland's national <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> has named one of its <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a> aircraft in commemoration of the saint (reg: EI-DUO).<sup id="cite_ref-IP_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland_2">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columba is credited as being a leading figure in the revitalisation of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacCallum" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacCallum">Clan Malcolm/Clan McCallum</a> claims its name from Columba and was reputedly founded by the descendants of his original followers.<sup id="cite_ref-IP_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also said that <a href="/wiki/Clan_Robertson" title="Clan Robertson">Clan Robertson</a> Clan Donnachaidh / Duncan are heirs of Columba. <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacKinnon">Clan MacKinnon</a> may also have some claim to being spiritual descendants of St Columba. Sir <a href="/wiki/Iain_Moncreiffe_of_that_Ilk" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk">Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk</a> speculated that Clan MacKinnon belonged to the kindred of Columba, noting the MacKinnon <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> bore the hand of Columba holding the <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">Cross</a>, and the several Mackinnon <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MacKinnons included Green Abbots who were never priests and who were corrupt. The Macdonald Lords of the Isles dealt with them, imprisoning one who was convicted of treachery since Iona was the spiritual seat of Clan Donald.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Argyll_and_the_Isles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles">Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles</a> is placed under the patronage of Saint Columba,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are numerous <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a> and parishes throughout the nation. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_England" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of England">Evangelical Lutheran Church of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also have parishes dedicated to him. The village of <a href="/wiki/Kilmacolm" title="Kilmacolm">Kilmacolm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)" title="Renfrewshire (historic)">Renfrewshire</a> is also derived from Colmcille's name.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St Columba's Hospice, a prominent hospice in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, is named after the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columba currently has two poems attributed to him: "Adiutor Laborantium" and "<a href="/wiki/Altus_Prosator" class="mw-redirect" title="Altus Prosator">Altus Prosator</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ailb_Help_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ailb_Help-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both poems are examples of <a href="/wiki/Abecedarian_hymn" title="Abecedarian hymn">Abecedarian hymns</a> in Latin written while Columba was at the <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona Abbey</a>. </p><p>The shorter of the two poems, "Adiutor Laborantium" consists of twenty-seven lines of eight syllables each, with each line following the format of an <a href="/wiki/Abecedarian_hymn" title="Abecedarian hymn">Abecedarian hymn</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a> save for lines 10–11 and 25–27. The content of the poem addresses God as a helper, ruler, guard, defender and lifter for those who are good and an enemy of sinners whom he will punish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancyGilbert199573_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancyGilbert199573-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Altus_Prosator" class="mw-redirect" title="Altus Prosator">Altus Prosator</a>" consists of twenty-three stanzas sixteen syllables long, with the first containing seven lines and six lines in each subsequent stanza. It uses the same format and alphabet as "Adiutor Laborantium" except with each stanza starting with a different letter rather than each line. The poem tells a story over three parts split into the beginning of time, the history of Creation, and the Apocalypse or end of time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Columba is honoured in the Anglican communion, including the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a>, on 9 June.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church of St. Columba in Ottawa is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Columba Anglican Church is located in Tofino, British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Columba's Episcopal Church is in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a St. Columba's Presbyterian Church in Peppermint Grove, Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saint-Columba Presbyterian Church in Palmerstone, <a href="/wiki/Vacoas-Phoenix" title="Vacoas-Phoenix">Vacoas-Phoenix</a> is part of the Presbyterian Church in <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columba is the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Youngstown" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown">Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown</a>, Ohio. The Cathedral there is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iona_University" title="Iona University">Iona University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle, New York</a>, is named after the island on which Columba established his first monastery in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is <a href="/wiki/Iona_College_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Iona College (Windsor, Ontario)">Iona College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iona_Presentation_College,_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="Iona Presentation College, Perth">Iona Presentation College, Perth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iona College Geelong in <a href="/wiki/Charlemont,_Victoria" title="Charlemont, Victoria">Charlemont, Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Pennsylvania" title="Bangor, Pennsylvania">Bangor, Pennsylvania</a>, there is a megalith park called Columcille, which is open to the public. </p><p>There are at least four <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe bands</a> named for him; one each from <a href="/wiki/Tullamore" title="Tullamore">Tullamore</a>, Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, Northern Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey" title="Kearny, New Jersey">Kearny, New Jersey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Columba%27s_School,_Delhi" title="St. Columba's School, Delhi">St. Columba's School</a>, one of the most prominent English-Medium schools in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, run by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Irish Christian Brothers</a>, is also named after the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Munich <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">GAA</a> is named <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="München">München</a> Colmcilles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint Columba's Feast Day, 9 June, has been designated as International Celtic Art Day. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Durrow" title="Book of Durrow">Book of Durrow</a>, great medieval masterpieces of Celtic art, are associated with Columba.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benjamin Britten composed <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hymn_of_St_Columba" title="A Hymn of St Columba">A Hymn of St Columba</a></i> for choir and organ in 1962, setting a poem by the saint, on the occasion of the 1,400th anniversary of his voyage to Iona.<sup id="cite_ref-Spicer_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spicer-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of information about Columba's life is the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Columba" title="Life of Columba">Life of Columba</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Vita Columbae</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a>, one of Columba's successors at Iona, in the style of "saints' lives" narratives that had become widespread throughout medieval Europe. Both the <i>Life of Columba</i> and <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (672/673–735) record Columba's visit to <a href="/wiki/Bridei_I_of_the_Picts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei I of the Picts">Bridei</a>. Whereas Adomnán just tells us that Columba visited Bridei, Bede relates a later, perhaps Pictish tradition, whereby Columba actually converts the Pictish king. Another early source is a poem in praise of Columba, most probably commissioned by Columba's kinsman, the King of the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a> clan. It was almost certainly written within three or four years of Columba's death and is the earliest vernacular poem in European history. It consists of twenty-five <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanzas</a> of four verses of seven syllables each, called the <a href="/wiki/Amra" title="Amra">Amra</a> Coluim Chille. </p><p>Through the reputation of its venerable founder and its position as a major European centre of learning, Columba's Iona became a place of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. Columba is historically revered as a warrior saint and was often invoked for victory in battle. Some of his relics were removed in 849 and divided between <a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a> and Ireland. Relics of Columba were carried before Scottish armies in the reliquary made at Iona in the mid-8th century called the Brecbennoch. Legend has it that the Brecbennoch was carried to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> (24 June 1314) by the vastly outnumbered Scots army and the intercession of Columba helped them to victory. Since the 19th century the "Brecbennoch of St. Columba" has been identified with the <a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Monymusk Reliquary</a>, although this is now doubted by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Antiphoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphoner">Antiphoner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inchcolm_Abbey" title="Inchcolm Abbey">Inchcolm Abbey</a>, the "Iona of the East" (situated on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>), a 14th-century prayer begins <i>O Columba spes Scotorum...</i> "O Columba, hope of the Scots".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie2016133_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie2016133-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland#Early_Christian_Ireland_(400–795)" title="History of Ireland">Early Christian Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_Ireland" title="List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland">List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Columba%27s_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Columba's School (disambiguation)">St. Columba's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/June_9" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/June 9">Saint Columba, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Scotland in the Early Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Colm Cille</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'church dove'; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Calum Cille</i>; <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>: <i lang="gv">Colum Keeilley</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Kolban</i> or at least partly reinterpreted as <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Kolbjørn</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKenyon2005" class="citation cs2">Kenyon, Sherrilyn (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6mYHORNa5IC&pg=PA358"><i>The Writer's Digest character naming sourcebook</i></a>, Writer's Digest Books, p. 358, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582976495" title="Special:BookSources/9781582976495"><bdi>9781582976495</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430224800/https://books.google.com/books?id=y6mYHORNa5IC&pg=PA358">archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writer%27s+Digest+character+naming+sourcebook&rft.series=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.pages=358&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781582976495&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Sherrilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6mYHORNa5IC%26pg%3DPA358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keltiskfromhet.no/ressurser/helligsky/pdf-filer/HlSky23_Columba.pdf"><i>Columba</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">NO</a>: Keltiskfromhet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019113050/http://www.keltiskfromhet.no/ressurser/helligsky/pdf-filer/HlSky23_Columba.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columba&rft.place=NO&rft.pub=Keltiskfromhet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keltiskfromhet.no%2Fressurser%2Fhelligsky%2Fpdf-filer%2FHlSky23_Columba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edmonds, Columba (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Columba, Abbot of Iona"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Columba,_Abbot_of_Iona">"St. Columba, Abbot of Iona" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Columba%2C+Abbot+of+Iona&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Columba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiggin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crosby_Quiggin" title="Edmund Crosby Quiggin">Quiggin, Edmund Crosby</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Columba, Saint"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Columba,_Saint">"Columba, Saint" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Columba%2C+Saint&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=737&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Quiggin&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Crosby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, Aidan D. S. (2013) Iona and the Shrine of Columba, c.800-1200, CORA, University College Cork: Cork Open Research Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10468/15058">https://hdl.handle.net/10468/15058</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gratton-Flood1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gratton-Flood1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gratton-Flood1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratton-Flood1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Grattan_Flood" title="W. H. Grattan Flood">Gratton-Flood, W.H.</a> (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Twelve Apostles of Erin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Twelve_Apostles_of_Erin">"Twelve Apostles of Erin" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twelve+Apostles+of+Erin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Gratton-Flood&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2000303-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles-Edwards2000303_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles-Edwards2000">Charles-Edwards 2000</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerKonstam201214-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerKonstam201214_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerKonstam2012">Wagner & Konstam 2012</a>, p. 14: states the Northern Pictish nations were still pagan while the southern Pictish kingdoms were Catholic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pilgrimagemedievalireland.com/2016/06/09/t-he-birthplace-of-st-colmcille-gartan-co-donegal/">"The Birthplace of ColmCille"</a>. 9 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birthplace+of+ColmCille&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpilgrimagemedievalireland.com%2F2016%2F06%2F09%2Ft-he-birthplace-of-st-colmcille-gartan-co-donegal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves185082-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves185082_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1850">Reeves 1850</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunn1985-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunn1985_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunn1985">Munn 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ordnance1986p-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ordnance1986p_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Ordnance Survey Memoirs for the Parishes of Desertmartin and Kilcronaghan</i>, Ballinascreen Historical Society, 1986</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+Memoirs+for+the+Parishes+of+Desertmartin+and+Kilcronaghan&rft.pub=Ballinascreen+Historical+Society&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdomnan_of_Iona1995-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdomnan_of_Iona1995_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdomnan_of_Iona1995">Adomnan of Iona 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edmonds, Columba (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Columba, Abbot of Iona"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Columba,_Abbot_of_Iona">"St. Columba, Abbot of Iona" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Columba%2C+Abbot+of+Iona&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Columba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span>}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/St-Columba-the-Isle-of-Iona/">"St Columba and the Isle of Iona"</a>. <i>Historic UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=St+Columba+and+the+Isle+of+Iona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofScotland%2FSt-Columba-the-Isle-of-Iona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawley-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawley_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley1954" class="citation book cs1">Crawley, John J (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/COLUMBA.htm">"Saint Columba, Abbot and Confessor—521-597 AD"</a>. <i>Lives of the Saints</i>. John J. Crawley & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808215823/http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/COLUMBA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span> – via EWTN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Columba%2C+Abbot+and+Confessor%E2%80%94521-597+AD&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.pub=John+J.+Crawley+%26+Co&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=John+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FCOLUMBA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidwell199570-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell199570_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidwell199570_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidwell1995">Sidwell 1995</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/homeandgardens/arid-30828659.html">"Islands of Ireland: Sands of time on Inishkea"</a>. <i>Irish Examiner</i>. 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Islands+of+Ireland%3A+Sands+of+time+on+Inishkea&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fproperty%2Fhomeandgardens%2Farid-30828659.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ouririshheritage.org/content/archive/place/miscellaneous-place/inishkea-islands-monastic-sites">"Inishkea Islands Monastic Sites"</a>. <i>Our Irish Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Irish+Heritage&rft.atitle=Inishkea+Islands+Monastic+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouririshheritage.org%2Fcontent%2Farchive%2Fplace%2Fmiscellaneous-place%2Finishkea-islands-monastic-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808135800/https://www.mayonews.ie/component/content/article?id=2183:oh-to-be-on-inishkea">"Oh, to be on Inishkea"</a>. <i>The Mayo News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayonews.ie/component/content/article?id=2183:oh-to-be-on-inishkea">the original</a> on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mayo+News&rft.atitle=Oh%2C+to+be+on+Inishkea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayonews.ie%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%3Fid%3D2183%3Aoh-to-be-on-inishkea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govisitinishowen.com/directory/stroove/">"Stroove"</a>. <i>Go Visit Inishowen</i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+Visit+Inishowen&rft.atitle=Stroove&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govisitinishowen.com%2Fdirectory%2Fstroove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryireland.com/topog/D/Drumcliffe-Carbery-Sligo.php">"Drumcliffe – Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drumcliffe+%E2%80%93+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ireland+%281837%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryireland.com%2Ftopog%2FD%2FDrumcliffe-Carbery-Sligo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher198923–24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher198923–24_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher1989">Fletcher 1989</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113152508/http://www.stcolumbaretreathouse.com/saint_columba.htm">"Who is St. Columba?"</a>. St. Columba Retreat House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolumbaretreathouse.com/saint_columba.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+St.+Columba%3F&rft.pub=St.+Columba+Retreat+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolumbaretreathouse.com%2Fsaint_columba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mc Carthy, Daniel P.,'The Chronology of Saint Columba's Life', in Moran, P. & Warntjes, I. (eds), <i>Early Medieval Ireland and Europe: Chronology, Contacts, Scholarship – Festschrift for Dáibhí Ó Cróinín</i>, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2015), pp. 3–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1988" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Andrew (1988). "Iona and the Vikings: Survival and Continuity". <i>Northern Studies</i>. <b>33</b>: 34–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Studies&rft.atitle=Iona+and+the+Vikings%3A+Survival+and+Continuity&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=34-54&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span>, see pp. 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/columba/">"Scotland's History – Columba"</a>. BBC. 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216073444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/columba/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+History+%E2%80%93+Columba&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fcolumba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IP_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IP_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IP_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IP_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonergan2017" class="citation news cs1">Lonergan, Aidan (9 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishpost.com/life-style/125140-2-125140">"11 facts about St Colmcille – the Irish patron saint who was banished from Ireland for starting a tribal war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Post" title="The Irish Post">The Irish Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523162333/https://www.irishpost.com/life-style/125140-2-125140">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Post&rft.atitle=11+facts+about+St+Colmcille+%E2%80%93+the+Irish+patron+saint+who+was+banished+from+Ireland+for+starting+a+tribal+war&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft.aulast=Lonergan&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishpost.com%2Flife-style%2F125140-2-125140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ionaroadschool.ie/">"Iona road St Columbas school Glasnevin Dublin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iona+road+St+Columbas+school+Glasnevin+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionaroadschool.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolmcilles.org/">"St Colmcilles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223116/http://www.stcolmcilles.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Colmcilles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolmcilles.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolmcilles.ie/">"St. Colmcille's Community School"</a>. 8 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513022907/http://stcolmcilles.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Colmcille%27s+Community+School&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolmcilles.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolmcilles.org/events.html">"Events"</a>. <i>ST. COLMCILLE'S S.N.S</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609213937/http://www.stcolmcilles.org/events.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ST.+COLMCILLE%27S+S.N.S&rft.atitle=Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolmcilles.org%2Fevents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180134/http://stcolmcillesgns.scoilnet.ie/blog/">"St. Colmcille's Girls' N.S. – Fáilte chuig suíomh idirlíon Scoil Cholmcille na gCailíní"</a>. <i>stcolmcillesgns.scoilnet.ie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stcolmcillesgns.scoilnet.ie/blog/">the original</a> on 6 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stcolmcillesgns.scoilnet.ie&rft.atitle=St.+Colmcille%27s+Girls%27+N.S.+%E2%80%93+F%C3%A1ilte+chuig+su%C3%ADomh+idirl%C3%ADon+Scoil+Cholmcille+na+gCail%C3%ADn%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstcolmcillesgns.scoilnet.ie%2Fblog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbabooks.com/who-we-are/">"Who We Are"</a>. <i>Columba Books</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125094312/https://columbabooks.com/who-we-are/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columba+Books&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolumbabooks.com%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Iain, Sir. <i>The Highland Clans</i>. London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1967. pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clan Donald & Iona Abbey 1200-1500 by Ian Ross Macdonnell, 2012, beginning at p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcdai.org.uk/saint-columba/">"Saint Columba"</a>. <i>Diocese of Argyll & the Isles</i>. 10 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523162333/https://rcdai.org.uk/saint-columba/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Argyll+%26+the+Isles&rft.atitle=Saint+Columba&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcdai.org.uk%2Fsaint-columba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://largs-church.co.uk/">"St Columba's Scottish Episcopal Church. Largs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Columba%27s+Scottish+Episcopal+Church.+Largs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flargs-church.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcolumbas.org.uk/">"St Columba's Church of Scotland, London"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Columba%27s+Church+of+Scotland%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolumbas.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lutheranchurch.org.uk/directory/east-kilbride/">"St Columba's Evangelical Lutheran Church, East Kilbride"</a>. 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Columba%27s+Evangelical+Lutheran+Church%2C+East+Kilbride&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flutheranchurch.org.uk%2Fdirectory%2Feast-kilbride%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_the_Gazetteer_for_Scotland" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of the Gazetteer for Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/parishes/parhistory752.html">"Kilmacolm history, Gazetteer for Scotland"</a>. University of Edinburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603123824/http://www.scottish-places.info/parishes/parhistory752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kilmacolm+history%2C+Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.au=The+Editors+of+the+Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Fparishes%2Fparhistory752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolumbashospice.org.uk">"St Columba's Hospice, Palliative Care in Edinburgh"</a>. <i>stcolumbashospice.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729122258/https://stcolumbashospice.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stcolumbashospice.org.uk&rft.atitle=St+Columba%27s+Hospice%2C+Palliative+Care+in+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolumbashospice.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ailb_Help-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ailb_Help_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2014" class="citation web cs1">Moore, T.M. (23 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ailbe.org/columns/item/5470-helper-of-workers">"Helper of Workers"</a>. <i>The Fellowship of Ailbe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140902/https://www.ailbe.org/columns/item/5470-helper-of-workers">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fellowship+of+Ailbe&rft.atitle=Helper+of+Workers&rft.date=2014-08-23&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=T.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ailbe.org%2Fcolumns%2Fitem%2F5470-helper-of-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancyGilbert199573-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClancyGilbert199573_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClancyGilbert1995">Clancy & Gilbert 1995</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesseling1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wesseling, Margaret (1988). "Structure and Image in the "Altus Prosator": Columba's Symmetrical Universe". <i>Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium</i>. <b>8</b>: 46–57. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557197">20557197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Harvard+Celtic+Colloquium&rft.atitle=Structure+and+Image+in+the+%22Altus+Prosator%22%3A+Columba%27s+Symmetrical+Universe&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=46-57&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20557197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wesseling&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stcolumbaottawa.ca/index.html">Church of St. Columba, Manor Park, Ottawa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcolumbatofino.ca/">St. Columba Anglican Church, Tofino, BC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columba.org/">St. Columba's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stcolumbaspresbyterian.com/">St. Columba's Presbyterian Church, Peppermint Grove, Washington</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presbyterian.mu/en/parishes/saint-columba-phoenix">"Saint-Columba, Phoenix – Parishes – Presbyterian Church of Mauritius"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint-Columba%2C+Phoenix+%E2%80%93+Parishes+%E2%80%93+Presbyterian+Church+of+Mauritius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presbyterian.mu%2Fen%2Fparishes%2Fsaint-columba-phoenix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stcolumbacathedral.org/history">"History"</a>. <i>Saint Columba Cathedral</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523164406/https://www.stcolumbacathedral.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saint+Columba+Cathedral&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolumbacathedral.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iona.edu/about/history-mission/catholic-heritage.aspx">"Catholic Heritage"</a>. <i>Iona College</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523164408/https://www.iona.edu/about/history-mission/catholic-heritage.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iona+College&rft.atitle=Catholic+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iona.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory-mission%2Fcatholic-heritage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iona.wa.edu.au/view/welcome/history-presentation">"History and the Presentation Sisters"</a>. <i>Iona Presentation College</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523163252/https://www.iona.wa.edu.au/view/welcome/history-presentation">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iona+Presentation+College&rft.atitle=History+and+the+Presentation+Sisters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iona.wa.edu.au%2Fview%2Fwelcome%2Fhistory-presentation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iona.vic.edu.au/welcome-to-iona-college-geelong/">"Welcome to Iona College Geelong"</a>. <i>Iona College Geelong</i>. 2 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165910/https://iona.vic.edu.au/welcome-to-iona-college-geelong/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iona+College+Geelong&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Iona+College+Geelong&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiona.vic.edu.au%2Fwelcome-to-iona-college-geelong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/StColmcillesPipeBand">St Colmcille's Pipe Band, Tullamore</a> on <a href="/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook (identifier)">Facebook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517125228/http://colmcillepipeband.com/">"colmcillepipeband.com"</a>. colmcillepipeband.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colmcillepipeband.com/">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=colmcillepipeband.com&rft.pub=colmcillepipeband.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colmcillepipeband.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stcolumcille.com/">"stcolumcille.com"</a>. stcolumcille.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808130337/http://www.stcolumcille.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=stcolumcille.com&rft.pub=stcolumcille.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstcolumcille.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capecodpipesanddrums.com">"capecodpipesanddrums.com"</a>. capecodpipesanddrums.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517034915/http://capecodpipesanddrums.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=capecodpipesanddrums.com&rft.pub=capecodpipesanddrums.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capecodpipesanddrums.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcolumbas.edu.in/about-school.html">"About School"</a>. <i>St. Columba's School, New Delhi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523164407/http://www.stcolumbas.edu.in/about-school.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Columba%27s+School%2C+New+Delhi&rft.atitle=About+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcolumbas.edu.in%2Fabout-school.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munichgaa.de/">"munichgaa.de"</a>. munichgaa.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214061229/http://www.munichgaa.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=munichgaa.de&rft.pub=munichgaa.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munichgaa.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celticartday.com/photos">"Why June 9"</a>. <i>International Day of Celtic Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523164407/https://www.celticartday.com/photos">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Day+of+Celtic+Art&rft.atitle=Why+June+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celticartday.com%2Fphotos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spicer-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spicer_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Spicer" title="Paul Spicer">Spicer, Paul</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/downloads/brittenchoralenglish.pdf">"A Hymn of St Columba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Britten Choral Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a>. pp. 8–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108174029/https://www.boosey.com/downloads/brittenchoralenglish.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britten+Choral+Guide&rft.atitle=A+Hymn+of+St+Columba&rft.pages=8-9&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fdownloads%2Fbrittenchoralenglish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nms.ac.uk/our_collections/highlights/monymusk_reliquary.aspx">The Monymusk Reliquary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183019/http://www.nms.ac.uk/our_collections/highlights/monymusk_reliquary.aspx">Archived</a> 2014-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the National Museum of Scotland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillespie2016133-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillespie2016133_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillespie2016">Gillespie 2016</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdomnán1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adomn%C3%A1n" title="Adomnán">Adomnán</a> (1874) [c. 700]. Reeves, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201040/"><i>Life of Saint Columba, Founder of Hy</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006181319/http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201040/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Saint+Columba%2C+Founder+of+Hy&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Adomn%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FT201040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdomnan_of_Iona1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adomnan_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Adomnan of Iona">Adomnan of Iona</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7yFjie05bcC&q=Crimthann"><i>Life of St Columba</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190741-3"><bdi>978-0-14-190741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+St+Columba&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190741-3&rft.au=Adomnan+of+Iona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7yFjie05bcC%26q%3DCrimthann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Alan Orr; Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, eds. (1991). <i>Adomnan's Life of Columba</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adomnan%27s+Life+of+Columba&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2000" class="citation book cs1">Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6yq2sKLlFkC&pg=PA303"><i>Early Christian Ireland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36395-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36395-2"><bdi>978-0-521-36395-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36395-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6yq2sKLlFkC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancyGilbert1995" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Thomas Owen; Gilbert, Márkus (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2piAAAAMAAJ"><i>Iona: The earliest poetry of a Celtic monastery</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748605316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748605316"><bdi>978-0748605316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iona%3A+The+earliest+poetry+of+a+Celtic+monastery&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0748605316&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Owen&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M%C3%A1rkus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2piAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFather_Colgan1844" class="citation book cs1">Father Colgan (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/saintlytriadorl00unkngoog#page/n10/mode/2up"><i>The Saintly Triad, Or The Lives of St. Patrick, St. Columbkille, and St. Bridget</i></a>. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saintly+Triad%2C+Or+The+Lives+of+St.+Patrick%2C+St.+Columbkille%2C+and+St.+Bridget&rft.place=Dublin&rft.date=1844&rft.au=Father+Colgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsaintlytriadorl00unkngoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowley1977" class="citation book cs1">Dowley, Tim, ed. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eerdmanshandbook00work"><i>Eerdman's handbook to the history of Christianity</i></a></span>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3450-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdman%27s+handbook+to+the+history+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3450-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feerdmanshandbook00work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1989" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Richard A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1wiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&q=columba"><i>Who's who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Shepheard-Walwyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85683-089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85683-089-1"><bdi>978-0-85683-089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Roman+Britain+and+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Shepheard-Walwyn&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85683-089-1&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1wiAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA23%26q%3Dcolumba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James Earle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC&pg=PA98"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1232-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926173457/https://books.google.com/books?id=JaliXwNMpFsC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1232-1&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaliXwNMpFsC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2016" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Donald S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qCtyDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Lochaber Lights</i></a>. Holy Fire Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603835121" title="Special:BookSources/9781603835121"><bdi>9781603835121</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926173457/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCtyDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lochaber+Lights&rft.pub=Holy+Fire+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781603835121&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqCtyDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunn1985" class="citation book cs1">Munn, Alfred Moore (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jCJhPAAACAAJ"><i>Notes on the Place Names of the Parishes and Townlands of the County of Londonderry</i></a>. Ballinascreen Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812163606/https://books.google.com/books?id=jCJhPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Place+Names+of+the+Parishes+and+Townlands+of+the+County+of+Londonderry&rft.pub=Ballinascreen+Historical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Munn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjCJhPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell1995" class="citation book cs1">Sidwell, Keith (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEbP_0FBNKcC&pg=PA70"><i>Reading Medieval Latin</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44747-8"><bdi>978-0-521-44747-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=fEbP_0FBNKcC&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Medieval+Latin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44747-8&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEbP_0FBNKcC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1850" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, William (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ActsOfTheArchbishopColton"><i>Acts of Archbishop Colton in His Metropolitan Visitation of the Diocese of Derry, A.D. 1397; With a Rental of the See Estates at that Time; Edited, from the Original Roll Preserved in the Archiepiscopal Record Closet of Armagh</i></a>. Irish Archaeological Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ActsOfTheArchbishopColton/page/n110">82</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Archbishop+Colton+in+His+Metropolitan+Visitation+of+the+Diocese+of+Derry%2C+A.D.+1397%3B+With+a+Rental+of+the+See+Estates+at+that+Time%3B+Edited%2C+from+the+Original+Roll+Preserved+in+the+Archiepiscopal+Record+Closet+of+Armagh&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Irish+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FActsOfTheArchbishopColton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerKonstam2012" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Paul; Konstam, Angus (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EafvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>Pictish Warrior AD 297-841</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-216-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-216-1"><bdi>978-1-78200-216-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926173534/https://books.google.com/books?id=EafvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictish+Warrior+AD+297-841&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78200-216-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Konstam%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEafvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroun1999" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit (1999), Thomas, Owen Clancy (ed.), <i>Spes Scotorum, Hope of Scots: Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland</i>, T&T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8"><bdi>0-567-08682-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spes+Scotorum%2C+Hope+of+Scots%3A+Saint+Columba%2C+Iona+and+Scotland&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-567-08682-8&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce2007" class="citation cs2">Bruce, James (2007), <i>Prophecy, Miracles, Angels & Heavenly Light? The Eschatology, Pneumatology and Missiology of Adomnan's Life of Columbia - Studies in Christian History and Thought</i>, Paternoster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597527316" title="Special:BookSources/9781597527316"><bdi>9781597527316</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy%2C+Miracles%2C+Angels+%26+Heavenly+Light%3F+The+Eschatology%2C+Pneumatology+and+Missiology+of+Adomnan%27s+Life+of+Columbia+-+Studies+in+Christian+History+and+Thought&rft.pub=Paternoster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781597527316&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bullough, Donald A. "Columba, Adomnan, and the Achievement of Iona," <i>Scottish Historical Review</i> 43, 44 (1964–65): 111–30, 17–33.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation cs2">Campbell, George F (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614060759/http://www.corbie.com/campbellbook.htm"><i>The First and Lost Iona</i></a>, Glasgow: Candlemas Hill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873586-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-873586-13-2"><bdi>1-873586-13-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corbie.com/campbellbook.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+and+Lost+Iona&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Candlemas+Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-873586-13-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corbie.com%2Fcampbellbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Finlay, Ian, <i>Columba</i> London: Gollancz, 1979.</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). <i>Pages from the Book of Kells</i>. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00AN4JVI0</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation cs2">Lewis, James (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN6RHgAACAAJ"><i>Paths of Exile: Narratives of St. Columba and the Praxis of Iona</i></a>, Cloverdale, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929569-24-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929569-24-3"><bdi>978-1-929569-24-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Exile%3A+Narratives+of+St.+Columba+and+the+Praxis+of+Iona&rft.pub=Cloverdale&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929569-24-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN6RHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Healy_(bishop)" title="John Healy (bishop)">Healy, John</a> (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The ancient Irish church/Chapter 5"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_ancient_Irish_church/Chapter_5">"Saint Columba" </a></span>. <i>The ancient Irish church</i> (1 ed.). London: Religious Tract Society. pp. 52–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Columba&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Irish+church&rft.place=London&rft.pages=52-69&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1996" class="citation cs2">Herbert, Máire (1996), <i>Iona, Kells, and Derry: The History and Hagiography of the Monastic "Familia" of Columba.</i>, Four Courts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851822447" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851822447"><bdi>978-1851822447</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iona%2C+Kells%2C+and+Derry%3A+The+History+and+Hagiography+of+the+Monastic+%22Familia%22+of+Columba.&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1851822447&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1990" class="citation cs2">Magnusson (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN6RHgAACAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Biographical Dictionary</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39518-6"><bdi>0-521-39518-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-39518-6&rft.au=Magnusson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN6RHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McLean, Scott A. "Columba 521–597," in <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (London: Routledge, 2003) online at Credo Reference. Historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranter1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Tranter, Nigel G.</a> (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJpjAAAAMAAJ"><i>Columba</i></a>, Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-40699-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-40699-2"><bdi>0-340-40699-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columba&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-340-40699-2&rft.aulast=Tranter&rft.aufirst=Nigel+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJpjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Columba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Columba">Columba</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Columba" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Columba">Columba</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201011/index.html">CELT: <i>On the Life of Saint Columba (Betha Choluim Chille)</i> (tr. W. Stokes)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T201040/index.html">CELT: <i>The Life of Columba, written by Adamnan</i> (tr. W. Reeves)</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04136a.htm">"St. Columba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Columba&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04136a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/earlychurch/features_earlychurch_iona.shtml">BBC: St Columba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813184854/http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id176.htm">St Columba on SaintsAlive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.a-wee-bit-of-ireland.com/eire_2007/gartan_05.html">Photo of the birthplace of Columcille at Gartan</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Life+of+Saint+Columba+Apostle+of+Scotland&author=FORBES&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Life of Saint Columba Apostle of Scotland</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundationsirishculture.ie/record/?id=52">The foundations of Irish Culture</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Iona" title="Abbot of Iona">Abbot of Iona</a> </b><br />died 597 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Baith%C3%A9ne_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Baithéne of Iona">Baithéne</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Template:Twelve Apostles of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Twelve Apostles of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve Apostles of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland" title="Twelve Apostles of Ireland">Twelve Apostles of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard" title="Finnian of Clonard">Finnian of Clonard</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Saigir" title="Ciarán of Saigir">Ciarán of Saighir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Ciarán of Clonmacnoise">Ciarán of Clonmacnoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_of_Birr" title="Brendan of Birr">Brendan of Birr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan of Clonfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_of_Terryglass" title="Columba of Terryglass">Columba of Terryglass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columba of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobh%C3%AD_Cl%C3%A1rainech" title="Mobhí Clárainech">Mobhí of Glasnevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruadh%C3%A1n_of_Lorrha" title="Ruadhán of Lorrha">Rowan of Lorrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen%C3%A1n_mac_Geirrcinn" title="Senán mac Geirrcinn">Senan of Iniscathay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninnidh" title="Ninnidh">Ninnidh the Saintly of Loch Erne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laisr%C3%A9n_mac_Nad_Fro%C3%ADch" title="Laisrén mac Nad Froích">Laisrén mac Nad Froích</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainnech_of_Aghaboe" title="Cainnech of Aghaboe">Cainnech of Aghaboe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Connachta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Connachta" title="Template:Connachta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Connachta" title="Template talk:Connachta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Connachta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Connachta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kindreds<br />and septs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bri%C3%BAin" title="Uí Briúin">Uí Briúin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Don_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor#The_O'Conor_Roe_line" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor">O'Conor Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair_Sligigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair Sligigh">O'Conor Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Muircheartaigh_U%C3%AD_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Muircheartaigh Uí Conchobhair">Murtagh O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraghty" title="Geraghty">MacGeraghty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnerty" title="Finnerty">O'Finnerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tighe_(surname)" title="Tighe (surname)">O'Teige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanagan_(surname)" title="Flanagan (surname)">O'Flanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Diarmada" title="Mac Diarmada">MacDermot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonagh" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonagh">MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacManus" title="MacManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Beirne" title="O'Beirne">O'Beirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Flaithbheartaigh" title="Ó Flaithbheartaigh">O'Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rourke" title="O'Rourke">O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly" title="O'Reilly">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Malley_(surname)" title="O'Malley (surname)">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGovern_(name)" title="McGovern (name)">MacGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKiernan_Clan" title="McKiernan Clan">MacKiernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Siorad%C3%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Sioradáin">O'Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach" title="Uí Fiachrach">Uí Fiachrach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McClellan" title="McClellan">MacClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hynes" title="Hynes">O'Heyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy" title="O'Shaughnessy">O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahill" title="Cahill">O'Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Dowd" title="O'Dowd">O'Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Fhirbhisigh" title="Mac Fhirbhisigh">MacFirbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Coyne" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Coyne">O'Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Carney" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Carney">O'Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Towey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Towey">O'Towey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Gaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Gaughan">O'Gaughan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Northern Uí Néill">Northern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_Conaill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél Conaill">Cenél <br />Conaill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Doherty_family" title="O'Doherty family">O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boyle_family" title="O'Boyle family">O'Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_family" title="Gallagher family">O'Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cen%C3%A9l_nE%C3%B3gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenél nEógain">Cenél <br />nEógain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Lochlainn" title="Mac Lochlainn">MacLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacNeil" title="Clan MacNeil">MacNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Sweeney" title="Clan Sweeney">MacSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Lamont" title="Clan Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Ewen_of_Otter" title="Clan Ewen of Otter">MacEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">O'Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly_(surname)" title="Donnelly (surname)">O'Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormley" title="Gormley">O'Gormley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunney" title="Lunney">O'Lunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hagan" title="O'Hagan">O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_(surname)" title="Quinn (surname)">O'Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_h%C3%81dhmaill" title="Ó hÁdhmaill">O'Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaul" title="McCaul">MacCaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Southern Uí Néill">Southern<br />Uí Néill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in" title="Clann Cholmáin">Clann Cholmáin</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Síl nÁedo Sláine">Síl nÁedo Sláine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Melaghlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Melaghlin">O'Melaghlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molloy" title="Molloy">O'Molloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoghegan" title="Geoghegan">MacGeoghegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Higgins_family" title="O'Higgins family">O'Higgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCary" title="McCary">MacCary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Amhlaoibh_and_Mac_Amhalghaidh_(Irish_septs)" title="Mac Amhlaoibh and Mac Amhalghaidh (Irish septs)">MacAuley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cana" title="Mac Cana">MacCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Cearbhaill" title="Mac Cearbhaill">MacCarroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_clans" title="McMahon clans">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguire_family" title="Maguire family">MacGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McManus" title="McManus">MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCaffrey" title="McCaffrey">McCaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">MacRory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonnell" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulrooney" title="Mulrooney">O'Mulrooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_(surname)" title="Monaghan (surname)">O'Monaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Loughlin" title="O'Loughlin">O'Leighnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Heany" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Heany">O'Heany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Boylan" title="O'Boylan">O'Boylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanratty" title="Hanratty">O'Hanratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_hAnluain" title="Ó hAnluain">O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Rogan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Rogan">O'Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Garvey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Garvey">O'Garvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Ceallaigh" title="Ó Ceallaigh">O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Domhnall%C3%A1in" title="Ó Domhnalláin">O'Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Houlihan_(dynasty)" title="O'Houlihan (dynasty)">O'Houlihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madadhan" title="Madadhan">O'Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Downey" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Downey">O'Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Ó Cléirigh">O'Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">O'Concannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Duibhgeann%C3%A1in" title="Ó Duibhgeannáin">O'Duigenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naughton" title="Naughton">O'Naughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullally" title="Mullally">O'Mullally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Mac Aodhagáin">MacEgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_(surname)" title="Kearney (surname)">O'Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Ó Maolconaire">O'Mulconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Cuindlis" title="Ó Cuindlis">Ó Cuindlis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_Tuirmech_Temrach" title="Óengus Tuirmech Temrach">Óengus Tuirmech Temrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89nna_Aignech" title="Énna Aignech">Énna Aignech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Feidlech" title="Eochu Feidlech">Eochu Feidlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochu_Airem" title="Eochu Airem">Eochu Airem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medb" title="Medb">Medb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findemna" title="Findemna">Findemna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothru" title="Clothru">Clothru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaid_Riab_nDerg" title="Lugaid Riab nDerg">Lugaid Riab nDerg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimthann_Nia_N%C3%A1ir" title="Crimthann Nia Náir">Crimthann Nia Náir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feradach_Finnfechtnach" title="Feradach Finnfechtnach">Feradach Finnfechtnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADachu_Finnolach" title="Fíachu Finnolach">Fíachu Finnolach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAathal_Techtmar" title="Túathal Techtmar">Túathal Techtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedlimid_Rechtmar" title="Fedlimid Rechtmar">Fedlimid Rechtmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles" title="Conn of the Hundred Battles">Conn of the Hundred Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_mac_Cuinn" title="Art mac Cuinn">Art mac Cuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_mac_Airt" title="Cormac mac Airt">Cormac mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Gráinne">Gráinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairbre_Lifechair" title="Cairbre Lifechair">Cairbre Lifechair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADacha_Sroiptine" title="Fíacha Sroiptine">Fíacha Sroiptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach_Tirech" title="Muiredach Tirech">Muiredach Tirech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Collas" title="The Three Collas">Colla Uais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_Mugmedon" title="Eochaid Mugmedon">Eochaid Mugmedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_of_the_Nine_Hostages" title="Niall of the Nine Hostages">Niall of the Nine Hostages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Columba of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%ADn%C3%A1n_of_Dunkeld" title="Crínán of Dunkeld">Crínán of Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ua_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Ua Néill">Brian Ua Néill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="Finn and Gráinne">Finn and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Diarmuid_and_Gr%C3%A1inne" title="The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne">The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rathcroghan" title="Rathcroghan">Rathcroghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_Castle" title="Donegal Castle">Donegal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongavlin_Castle" title="Mongavlin Castle">Mongavlin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyhogue_Fort" title="Tullyhogue Fort">Tullyhogue Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonalis_House" title="Clonalis House">Clonalis House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Creadran_Cille" title="Battle of Creadran Cille">Creadran Cille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knockavoe" title="Battle of Knockavoe">Knockavoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glentaisie" title="Battle of Glentaisie">Glentaisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)" title="Milesians (Irish)">Milesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rim%C3%B3n" title="Érimón">Heremonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Fiachrach_Suighe" title="Dal Fiachrach Suighe">Dal Fiachrach Suighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Connacht" title="List of kings of Connacht">Connacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailech" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailech">Ailech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clandeboye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tyrconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">East Breifne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">West Breifne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mide" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mide">Mide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Uisnech" title="Kings of Uisnech">Uisnech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brega" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Brega">Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Hibernia" title="Regiment of Hibernia">O'Neill's Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Connachta" title="Category:Connachta">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236326#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236326#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236326#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116787811">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79402324">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/288159474179627661372">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2784168049032238410007">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/232105670">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122374419">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2147266605135480895">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/310522689">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7612151778234818130003">8</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19652/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx8xYwbmJ6fRcq7gx7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118884948">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081695">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343033g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12343033g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35414585">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osd2015859512&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071750487">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90561856">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000571461&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7996lf0pgmp2q">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697696705606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810641013605606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85270">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279066905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614835606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/dba72e63-30c1-4361-81ec-e870dcde289e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944358">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.001890.v1">Ireland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118884948.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118884948">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032392133">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rf6135">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columba&oldid=1259141089">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columba&oldid=1259141089</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Gaels_from_Scotland" title="Category:Medieval Gaels from Scotland">Medieval Gaels from Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_County_Donegal" title="Category:People from County Donegal">People from County Donegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pictish_people" title="Category:Pictish people">Pictish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbots_of_Iona" title="Category:Abbots of Iona">Abbots of Iona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_folklore" title="Category:Scottish folklore">Scottish folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_writers_in_Latin" title="Category:6th-century writers in Latin">6th-century writers in Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Irish_abbots" title="Category:6th-century Irish abbots">6th-century Irish abbots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Christian_saints" title="Category:6th-century Christian saints">6th-century Christian saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Irish_saints" title="Category:Medieval Irish saints">Medieval Irish saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Scottish_saints" title="Category:Medieval Scottish saints">Medieval Scottish saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_in_Iona" title="Category:Burials in Iona">Burials in Iona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_expatriates_in_Scotland" title="Category:Irish expatriates in Scotland">Irish expatriates in Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Irish_writers" title="Category:6th-century Irish writers">6th-century Irish writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:521_births" title="Category:521 births">521 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:597_deaths" title="Category:597 deaths">597 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Angelic_visionaries" title="Category:Angelic visionaries">Angelic visionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Scottish_people" title="Category:6th-century Scottish people">6th-century Scottish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_Christian_missionaries" title="Category:Irish Christian missionaries">Irish Christian missionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colombanian_saints" title="Category:Colombanian saints">Colombanian saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_missionaries_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christian missionaries in Scotland">Christian missionaries in Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_legends" title="Category:Medieval legends">Medieval legends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_saints" title="Category:Anglican saints">Anglican saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poet_priests" title="Category:Poet priests">Poet priests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_Christian_abbots" title="Category:6th-century Christian abbots">6th-century Christian abbots</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manx-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manx-language text">Articles containing Manx-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Facebook_ID_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Facebook ID not in Wikidata">Facebook ID not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_without_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columba&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-5qjh9","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.404","walltime":"1.674","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6393,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":197128,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5158,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":250467,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1467.580 1 -total"," 32.22% 472.786 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.53% 169.149 35 Template:Cite_web"," 11.20% 164.346 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.63% 156.071 10 Template:Citation"," 9.27% 136.032 1 Template:Twelve_Apostles_of_Ireland"," 9.01% 132.289 1 Template:Efn"," 8.53% 125.173 5 Template:Langx"," 6.79% 99.662 17 Template:Cite_book"," 5.93% 87.024 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.921","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21019308,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdomnan_of_Iona1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdomnán1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonAnderson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroun1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles-Edwards2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancyGilbert1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawley1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowley1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFather_Colgan1844\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGratton-Flood1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealy1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenyon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonergan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunn1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiggin1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpicer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editors_of_the_Gazetteer_for_Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranter1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerKonstam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesseling1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Facebook\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Twelve Apostles of Ireland\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Uí Néill\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2j5kz","timestamp":"20241129153241","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Columba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Columba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q236326","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q236326","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-27T07:48:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T16:12:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ae\/Columba_at_Bridei%27s_fort.jpg","headline":"Gaelic Irish missionary monk"}</script> </body> </html>