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Falwell |ArgueDate=December 2 |ArgueYear=1987 |DecideDate=February 24 |DecideYear=1988 |FullName=[[Hustler Magazine]] and [[Larry C. Flynt]], Petitioners v. [[Jerry Falwell]] |USVol=485 |USPage=46 |ParallelCitations=108 S. Ct. 876; 99 [[L. Ed. 2d]] 41; 1988 [[U.S. LEXIS]] 941; 56 U.S.L.W. 4180; 14 Media L. Rep. 2281 |Prior=Judgment for plaintiff, [[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia|W.D. Va.]]; affirmed, 797 [[F.2d]] [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/797/1270/104900/ 1270] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]] 1986); rehearing denied, 4th Cir., 11-4-86; [[certiorari|cert.]] granted, {{ussc|480|945|1987|el=no}}. |Subsequent=None |Holding=Parodies of public figures which could not reasonably be taken as true are protected against civil liability by the First Amendment, even if intended to cause emotional distress. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. |OralArgument=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1987/1987_86_1278/argument |Majority=Rehnquist |JoinMajority=Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Stevens, O'Connor, Scalia |Concurrence=White |NotParticipating=Kennedy |LawsApplied=[[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|U.S. Const. amend. I]] }} '''''Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell''''', 485 U.S. 46 (1988), is a [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States|landmark decision]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in which the Court held that [[parodies]] of [[public figure]]s, even those intending to cause [[Intentional infliction of emotional distress|emotional distress]], are protected by the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First]] and [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendments]] to the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]]. In the case, ''[[Hustler (magazine)|Hustler]]'' magazine ran a full-page parody ad against televangelist and political commentator [[Jerry Falwell|Jerry Falwell Sr.]], depicting him as an [[incest]]uous drunk who had sex with his mother in an outhouse. The ad was marked as a parody that was "not to be taken seriously". In response, Falwell sued ''Hustler'' and the magazine's publisher [[Larry Flynt]] for intentional infliction of emotional distress, [[Defamation|libel]], and [[Right to privacy|invasion of privacy]], but Flynt defended the ad's publication as protected by the First Amendment. In an 8–0 decision, the Court held that the emotional distress inflicted on Falwell by the ad was not a sufficient reason to deny the First Amendment protection to speech that is critical of public officials and public figures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Stuart Jr. |date=February 25, 1988 |title=COURT, 8-0, EXTENDS RIGHT TO CRITICIZE THOSE IN PUBLIC EYE |pages=1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/us/court-8-0-extends-right-to-criticize-those-in-public-eye.html |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> Constitutional limits to defamation liability cannot be circumvented for claims arising from speech by asserting an alternative theory of tort liability such as intentional infliction of emotional distress. ==Background== [[File:Falwellhustler.jpg|thumb|left|Hustler's parody, depicted above, includes the unauthorized use of a publicity photograph of Falwell and a near-exact duplicate of the typesetting used in a concurrent Campari advertising campaign.<ref name="Cornell">{{ussc|name=Hustler Magazine v. Falwell|volume=485|page=46|pin=|year=1988}}. See also Deana Pollard Sacks, ''Snyder v. Phelps, the Supreme Court’s Speech-Tort Jurisprudence, and Normative Considerations'', 120 Yale Law Journal Online 193 (2010).</ref>]] Known for its explicit pictures of nude women, crude humor, and political satire, ''Hustler'', a monthly magazine published by [[Larry Flynt]], printed a parody ad in its November&nbsp;1983 issue<ref name=Philly/> that targeted Jerry Falwell, a prominent [[Christian fundamentalist]] [[televangelist]] and [[American conservativism|conservative]] political commentator.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1987/86-1278 |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=[[Oyez Project]] |publisher=[[Chicago-Kent College of Law]]}}</ref> The parody was mimicking the popular advertising campaigns that [[Campari]], an Italian liqueur, was running at the time that featured brief contrived interviews with various celebrities that always started with a question about their "first time", a [[double-entendre]] intended to give the impression that the celebrities were talking about their first sexual encounters before the reveal at the end that the discussion had actually concerned the celebrities' first time tasting Campari.<ref name="Philly">{{cite news |last=Castagnera |first=James |date=May 23, 2007 |title=Falwell vs. Flynt: See you in court |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/20070523_Falwell_vs__Flynt__See_you_in_court.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 15, 2023 }}</ref> The ''Hustler'' parody, created by writer Terry Abrahamson and art director Mike Salisbury,<ref>{{cite news |last=Langer |first=Adam |date=January 30, 1997 |title=Too lewd for Larry |newspaper=Chicago Reader |url=https://chicagoreader.com/news-politics/too-lewd-for-larry/}}</ref> included a headshot photo of Falwell and the transcript of a spoof interview, where, misunderstanding the interviewer's question about his "first time", "Falwell" casually shares details about his first sexual encounter, an incestuous rendezvous with his mother in the family outhouse while they were both "drunk off our God-fearing asses on Campari." In the spoof interview, "Falwell" goes on to say that he was so intoxicated that "Mom looked better than a Baptist whore with a $100&nbsp;donation," and that he decided to have sex with her because she had "showed all the other guys in town such a good time." When the interviewer asked if Falwell ever tried "it" again, once again mistaking the interviewer's intention, "Falwell" responded, "Sure ... lots of times. But not in the outhouse. Between mom and the shit, the flies were too much to bear." Finally, the interviewer clarifies that he's asking if Falwell had tried Campari again, "Falwell" answered, "I always get sloshed before I go out to the pulpit. You don't think I could lay down all that bullshit ''sober'', do you?"<ref name=Kang>{{cite web |first=John M. |last=Kang |year=2012 |title=Hustler v. Falwell: Worst case in the history of the world – maybe the universe |publisher=University of Nevada |place=Las Vegas, NV |department=William S. Boyd School of Law |website=unlv.edu |url=http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1510&context=nlj}}</ref> The ad carried a disclaimer in small print at the bottom of the page that said, "ad parody – not to be taken seriously", and the magazine's table of contents also listed the ad as: "Fiction; Ad and Personality Parody".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warshaw |first=Robert G. |year=1987 |title=Copyright Infringement: All is Fair as Falwell Hustles Flynt |url=https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1125&context=elr |journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review |volume=7 |issue=2}}</ref> Falwell sued Flynt, ''Hustler'' magazine, and Flynt's distribution company in the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia]] for libel, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Menand |first=Louis |date=February 6, 1997 |title=It's a wonderful life |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1997/feb/06/its-a-wonderful-life/?pagination=false |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |access-date=May 15, 2023}}</ref> Before trial, the court granted Flynt's motion for [[summary judgment]] on the claim of invasion of privacy, and the remaining two charges proceeded to trial. A jury ruled against Falwell on the libel claim, stating that the parody could not "reasonably be understood as describing actual facts about [Falwell] or actual events in which [he] participated."<ref name="UMKC">{{cite web |title=''Hustler'' magazine and Larry C. Flynt, petitioners v. Jerry Falwell |publisher=[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]] |website=umkc.edu |url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/falwell/sctfalwellvflynt.html}}</ref> On the claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the jury ruled in favor of Falwell and awarded him $150,000 in damages.<ref name="UMKC" /> Flynt appealed to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|Fourth Circuit]]. The Fourth Circuit affirmed, rejecting Flynt's argument that the actual-malice standard of ''[[New York Times Company v. Sullivan]],'' applied in cases of intentional infliction of emotional distress where the plaintiff was a public figure, as Falwell concededly was.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Falwell v. Flynt |vol=797 |reporter=F.2d |opinion=1270 |court=[[4th Cir.]] |date=1986 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/797/1270/104900/ |access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' standard focused too heavily on the truth of the statement at issue; for the Fourth Circuit, it was enough that Virginia law required the defendant to act intentionally. After the [[Fourth Circuit]] declined to rehear the case [[en banc]], the U.S. Supreme Court [[Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States#Selection of cases|granted]] Flynt's request to hear the case. ==Opinion of the court== "At the heart of the First Amendment is the recognition of the fundamental importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern. The freedom to speak one's mind is not only an aspect of individual liberty – and thus a good unto itself – but also is essential to the common quest for truth and the vitality of society as a whole. We have therefore been particularly vigilant to ensure that individual expressions of ideas remain free from governmentally imposed sanctions." The First Amendment envisions that the sort of robust political debate that takes place in a democracy will occasionally yield speech critical of public figures who are "intimately involved in the resolution of important public questions or, by reason of their fame, shape events in areas of concern to society at large". In ''New York Times'', the court held that the First Amendment gives speakers immunity from sanction with respect to their speech concerning public figures unless their speech is both false and made with "actual malice", i.e., with knowledge of its falsehood or with reckless disregard for the truth of the statement. Although false statements lack inherent value, the "breathing space" that freedom of expression requires in order to flourish must tolerate occasional false statements, lest there be an intolerable [[Chilling effect (term)|chilling effect]] on speech that does have constitutional value. To be sure, in other areas of the law, the specific intent to inflict emotional harm enjoys no protection. But with respect to speech concerning public figures, penalizing the intent to inflict emotional harm, without also requiring that the speech that inflicts that harm to be false, would subject political cartoonists and other satirists to large damage awards. "The appeal of the political cartoon or caricature is often based on exploitation of unfortunate physical traits or politically embarrassing events – an exploitation often calculated to injure the feelings of the subject of the portrayal". This was certainly true of the cartoons of [[Thomas Nast]], who skewered [[Boss Tweed]] in the pages of ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''. From a historical perspective, political discourse would have been considerably poorer without such cartoons. Even if Nast's cartoons were not particularly offensive, Falwell argued that the ''Hustler'' parody advertisement in this case was so "outrageous" as to take it outside the scope of First Amendment protection. But "outrageous" is an inherently subjective term, susceptible to the personal taste of the jury empaneled to decide a case. Such a standard "runs afoul of our longstanding refusal to allow damages to be awarded because the speech in question may have an adverse emotional impact on the audience". So long as the speech at issue is not "obscene" and thus not subject to First Amendment protection, it should be subject to the actual-malice standard when it concerns public figures. Clearly, Falwell was a [[public figure]] for purposes of First Amendment law. Because the district court found in favor of Flynt on the libel charge, there was no dispute as to whether the parody could be understood as describing facts about Falwell or events in which he participated. Accordingly, because the parody did not make false statements that were implied to be true, it could not be the subject of damages under the ''New York Times'' actual-malice standard. The court thus reversed the judgment of the Fourth Circuit.<ref name=Cornell/> ==Aftermath== === Dramatization === {{further|The People vs. Larry Flynt}} ''[[The People vs. Larry Flynt]]'', a 1996 film directed by [[Miloš Forman]] starring [[Woody Harrelson]] as Flynt and [[Edward Norton]] as Flynt's lawyer [[Alan Isaacman]] features the case prominently. [[Burt Neuborne]], a civil rights attorney, First Amendment advocate and law professor who contributed to Flynt's defense, reversed roles and played Jerry Falwell's lawyer in the film. === Flynt–Falwell relationship === After ''The People vs. Larry Flynt'' appeared, Falwell and Flynt began meeting in person to discuss philosophy. They visited colleges to publicly debate morality and the First Amendment, and exchanged Christmas cards and family photos. After Falwell's death in 2007, Flynt wrote in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'': "the ultimate result was one I never expected ... We became friends".<ref name="flynt20070520">{{cite news |author=Flynt |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Flynt |date=May 20, 2007 |title=The porn king and the preacher |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-may-20-op-flynt20-story.html |access-date=January 10, 2015}}</ref> ==See also== ;Caselaw *''[[New York Times Co. v. Sullivan]]'', 376 U.S. 254 (1964) — "actual malice" standard for press reporting about public figure to be libel. *''[[Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.]]'', 418 U.S. 323 (1974) — opinion is not libel; "actual malice" not necessary for defamation of private person if negligence is present. *''[[Westmoreland v. CBS]]'' (1985) *''[[Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.]]'', 497 U.S. 1 (1990) — existing law sufficient to protect free speech without recognizing opinion privilege against libel claims. ;Lists * [[List of United States Supreme Court cases]] * [[List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court]] * [[Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume]] * [[List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 485]] ;Other: * ''[[The Entry]]'' == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == *{{cite book |chapter=Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell |last=Brewer |first=Edward C. |title=Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions |url=https://archive.org/details/freespeechontria00park_009 |url-access=limited |editor=Parker, Richard A.|year=2003 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, AL |isbn=978-0-8173-1301-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/freespeechontria00park_009/page/n274 264]–280 }} * {{cite book|first=Stanley|last=Fish|author-link=Stanley Fish|chapter=Jerry Falwell's Mother|title=There's No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It's a Good Thing, Too|url=https://archive.org/details/theresnosuchthin00fish|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 1994}} == External links == {{Commons category|Hustler Magazine v. Falwell}} {{Wikinews category|Hustler Magazine v. Falwell}} {{wikiquote|Hustler Magazine v. Falwell}} *{{wikisource-inline|Hustler Magazine v. Falwell}} *{{caselaw source | case=''Hustler Magazine v. Falwell'', {{Ussc|485|46|1988|el=no}} | cornell =https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/485/46 | courtlistener = | findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/485/46.html | googlescholar = | justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/485/46/ | loc =http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep485/usrep485046/usrep485046.pdf | oyez =https://www.oyez.org/cases/1987/86-1278 }} {{United States tort case law}} {{US1stAmendment|press|state=expanded}} {{Portal bar|Comedy|Freedom of speech|Journalism|Law|Politics|Erotica and pornography|United States}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hustler Magazine V. Falwell}} [[Category:1988 in United States case law]] [[Category:United States defamation case law]] [[Category:United States Free Speech Clause case law]] [[Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court]] [[Category:Larry Flynt Publications]] [[Category:20th-century American trials]] [[Category:Jerry Falwell]] [[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]] [[Category:Trials in Virginia]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Falwell_v._Flynt" class="mw-redirect" title="Falwell v. Flynt">Falwell v. Flynt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Falwell_v._Flynt&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Falwell v. 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