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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Амон (държава) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амон (държава)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Ammon" title="Regne d'Ammon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Ammon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3n" title="Ammón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ammón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ammon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon_(Staat)" title="Ammon (Staat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ammon (Staat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoni_riik" title="Ammoni riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ammoni riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ammon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="عمون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عمون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93" title="អាំម៉ូន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាំម៉ូន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Amom" title="Reino de Amom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Amom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon_(neam)" title="Ammon (neam) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ammon (neam)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Аммон (царство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аммон (царство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ammon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonin_kuningaskunta" title="Ammonin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ammonin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Аммон (царство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аммон (царство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q473353#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ammon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ammon (disambiguation)">Ammon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Ammon</div><div class="ib-country-names">𐤏𐤌𐤍</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th century BC</span> – 332 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ammon and its neighbors, around 830 BC[citation needed]"><img alt="Ammon and its neighbors, around 830 BC[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg/250px-Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg/375px-Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg/500px-Kingdoms_around_Israel_830_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="859" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Ammon and its neighbors, around 830 BC<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rabbath_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbath Ammon">Rabbath Ammon</a> (Amman)<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Around 1000 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanun" title="Hanun">Hanun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 740–720 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanipu">Sanipu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 680–640 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Amminadab I</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kingdom of Ammon flourishes </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">10th century BC</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">853 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">332 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Rabbat Ammon renamed to Philadelphia </div></th><td class="infobox-data">248–282 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg/220px-Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg/330px-Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg/440px-Rujm_Al-Malfouf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An Ammonite watch tower at <a href="/wiki/Rujm_Al-Malfouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rujm Al-Malfouf">Rujm Al-Malfouf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasralabdfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qasralabdfront.jpg/220px-Qasralabdfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qasralabdfront.jpg/330px-Qasralabdfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Qasralabdfront.jpg/440px-Qasralabdfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al_Abd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr al Abd">Qasr Al Abd</a> was built by the governor of Ammon in 200 BC</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Jordan" title="Category:History of Jordan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">History of <span class="fn org label">Jordan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Khazneh,_Petra,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg/95px-Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg/143px-Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg/190px-Al-Khazneh%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Prehistory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Ancient history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Classical period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmoneans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Christian Ghassanids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Islamic era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Emirate and mandate</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Transjordan)" title="Interregnum (Transjordan)">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan">Establishment of the Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Jordan_memorandum" title="Trans-Jordan memorandum">Trans-Jordan memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_rebellion" title="Kura rebellion">Kura rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_raids_on_Transjordan" title="Ikhwan raids on Transjordan">Ikhwan raids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Post-independence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Jordanian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Jordanian protests">2011–12 protests</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/17px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/26px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/34px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Jordan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Jordan" title="Template:History of Jordan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Jordan" title="Template talk:History of Jordan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Jordan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Jordan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ammon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a>: 𐤏𐤌𐤍 <i>ʻAmān</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עַמּוֹן</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ʻAmmōn</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عمّون</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʻAmmūn</i></span>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic-speaking</a> kingdom occupying the east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, between the torrent valleys of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Arnon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabbok">Jabbok</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaBiancaYounker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaBiancaYounker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief city of the country was <i>Rabbah</i> or <i>Rabbat Ammon</i>, site of the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan's capital. <a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Molech</a> are named in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as the gods of Ammon. The people of this kingdom are called <b>Children of Ammon</b> or <b>Ammonites</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Ammon" title="List of rulers of Ammon">List of rulers of Ammon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg/220px-Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg/330px-Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg/440px-Statue_of_an_Ammonite_deified_King_on_display_at_the_Jordan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of an Ammonite deified King on display at the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Museum">Jordan Museum</a>. The statue was found near the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Amman Citadel</a> and is thought to date to 8th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ammonites occupied the northern Central Trans-Jordanian Plateau from the latter part of the second millennium BC to at least the second century AD. </p><p>Ammon maintained its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (10th to 7th centuries BC) by paying tribute to the Assyrian kings at a time when that Empire raided or conquered nearby kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monolith" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurkh Monolith">Kurkh Monolith</a> lists the Ammonite king <a href="/wiki/Baasha_ben_Ruhubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baasha ben Ruhubi">Baasha ben Ruhubi</a>'s army as fighting alongside <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> allies against <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a> in 853 BC, possibly as vassals of <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a>, the Aramaean king of <a href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Damascus">Damascus</a>. In 734 BC the Ammonite king <a href="/wiki/Sanipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanipu">Sanipu</a> was a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> of Assyria, and Sanipu's successor <a href="/wiki/Pudu-ilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudu-ilu">Pudu-ilu</a> held the same position under <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–681</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 681–669</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Assyrian tribute-list exists from this period, showing that Ammon paid one-fifth as much tribute as Judah did.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Somewhat later, the Ammonite king <a href="/wiki/Amminadab_I_of_Ammon" title="Amminadab I of Ammon">Amminadab I</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">  650 BC</span>) was among the tributaries who suffered in the course of the great <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabian</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other kings attested to in contemporary sources are <a href="/wiki/Barachel_(Ammon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barachel (Ammon)">Barachel</a> (attested to in several contemporary <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hissalel" title="Hissalel">Hissalel</a>; Hissalel reigned about 620 BC, and is mentioned in an inscription on a <a href="/wiki/Tel_Siran_inscription" title="Tel Siran inscription">bronze bottle found at Tel Siran</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, along with his son, King <a href="/wiki/Amminadab_II_of_Ammon" title="Amminadab II of Ammon">Amminadab II</a>, who reigned around 600 BC. </p><p>Archaeology and history indicate that Ammon flourished during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> (626 to 539 BC). This contradicts the view, dominant for decades, that Transjordan was either destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, or suffered a rapid decline following Judah's destruction by that king. Newer evidence suggests that Ammon enjoyed continuity from the Neo-Babylonian to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> period of 550 to 330 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Barstad2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barstad2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason includes Ammon becoming a Babylonian province, shortly after being devastated by Nebuchadnezzar II in the 580s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accounts in the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Maccabees">First Book of Maccabees</a>, the Ammonites and their neighboring tribes are noted for having resisted the revival of Jewish power under <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas Maccabaeus">Judas Maccabaeus</a> in the period 167 to 160 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynast Hyrcanus founded <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al_Abd#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr al Abd">Qasr Al Abd</a>, and was a descendant of the Seleucid <a href="/wiki/Tobiad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobiad">Tobiad</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobiah</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> mentions in the 5th century BC as an Ammonite (ii. 19) from the east-Jordanian district. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> conquest of the Levant by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 63 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-roman2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammon lost its distinct identity through assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-AEM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the last notice of the Ammonites occurs in <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>'s <i>Dialogue with Trypho</i> (§ 119), in the second century CE; Justin affirms that they were still a numerous people.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg/220px-079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg/330px-079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg/440px-079.David_Attacks_the_Ammonites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>David punishing the Ammonites, by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first mention of the Ammonites in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> is in Genesis 19:37-38. It is stated there that they descended from <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Ben-Ammi</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot (biblical)">Lot</a> with his younger daughter who plotted with her sister to intoxicate Lot and, in his inebriated state, have intercourse with him to become pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibler_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Ammi literally means "<i>son of my people</i>". After the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, Lot's daughters' plot resulted in them conceiving and giving birth to Ammon and his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>. </p><p>The Ammonites settled to the east of the Jordan, invading the <a href="/wiki/Rephaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rephaim">Rephaim</a> lands east of Jordan, between the <a href="/wiki/Jabbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabbok">Jabbok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Mujib" title="Wadi Mujib">Arnon</a>, dispossessing them and dwelling in their place. Their territory originally comprising all from the Jordan to the wilderness, and from the River Jabbok south to the River Arnon. It was accounted a land of giants; and that giants formerly dwelt in it, whom the Ammonites called Zamzummim.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenlon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenlon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the Israelite <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorites</a> west of Jordan, under King <a href="/wiki/Sihon" title="Sihon">Sihon</a>, invaded and occupied <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">a large portion of the territory of Moab and Ammon</a>. The Ammonites were driven from the rich lands near the Jordan and retreated to the mountains and valleys to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenlon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenlon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion of the Amorites created a wedge and separated the two kingdoms of Ammon and Moab.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibler_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Bible, the Ammonites and the Israelites are portrayed as mutual antagonists. During the Exodus, the Israelites were prohibited by the Ammonites from passing through their lands. This mistreatment is one of the reasons given for why the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> forbids Jewish women from marrying Ammonite men.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the times of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, the Ammonites allied themselves with <a href="/wiki/Eglon_(king)" title="Eglon (king)">Eglon</a> of Moab in attacking Israel. The Ammonites maintained their claim to part of <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan (Bible)">Transjordan</a>, after it was occupied by the Israelites who obtained it from <a href="/wiki/Sihon" title="Sihon">Sihon</a>. During the days of <a href="/wiki/Jephthah" title="Jephthah">Jephthah</a>, the Ammonites occupied the lands east of the River Jordan and started to invade Israelite lands west of the river. Jephthah became the leader in resisting these incursions. </p><p>The constant harassment of the Israelite communities east of the Jordan by the Ammonites was the impetus behind the unification of the tribes under <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Nahash_of_Ammon" title="Nahash of Ammon">Nahash of Ammon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1010</span> – 990 BC) lay siege to <a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh-Gilead</a>. Nahash appears abruptly as the attacker of <a href="/wiki/Jabesh-Gilead" title="Jabesh-Gilead">Jabesh-Gilead</a>, which lay outside the territory he laid claim to. Having subjected the occupants to a <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, the population sought terms for <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a>, and were told by Nahash that they had a choice of death (by the sword) or having their right eyes gouged out. The population obtained seven days' grace from Nahash, during which they would be allowed to seek help from the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, after which they would have to submit to the terms of surrender. The occupants sought help from the people of Israel, sending messengers throughout the whole territory, and <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, a herdsman at this time, responded by raising an army which decisively defeated Nahash and his cohorts at <a href="/wiki/Adoni-Bezek#Bezek" title="Adoni-Bezek">Bezek</a>. </p><p>The strangely cruel terms given by Nahash for surrender were explained by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> as being the <i>usual practice</i> of Nahash. A more complete explanation came to light with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>: although not present in either the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">masoretic text</a>, an introductory passage, preceding this narrative, was found in a copy of the Books of Samuel among the scrolls found in <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">cave 4</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[N]ahash, king of Ammonites would put hard pressure on the descendants of Gad and the descendants of Ruben and would gouge everyone's right eye out, but no res(cuer) would be provided for Israel and there was not left anyone among the children of Israel in the Tr(ans Jordan) whose right eye Nahash the king of Ammonites did not gouge out but be(hold) seven thousand men (escaped the power of) Ammonites and they arrived at (Ya)besh Gilead. About a month later Nahash the Ammonite went up and besieged Jabesh-Gilead.</p></blockquote> <p>This eventually led to an alliance with Saul. Under his command, the Israelites relieved the siege and defeated the Ammonite king, eventually resulting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israelite kingdom</a>. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, the Ammonites humiliated David's messengers, and hired the Aramean armies to attack Israel. This eventually ended in a war and a year-long siege of <a href="/wiki/Rabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbah">Rabbah</a>, the capital of Ammon. The war ended with all the Ammonite cities being conquered and plundered, and the inhabitants being killed or put to forced labor at David's command.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to both 1 Kings 14:21-31 and 2 Chronicles 12:13, <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a> was an Ammonite. She was the only wife of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> to be mentioned by name in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> as having borne a child. She was the mother of Solomon's successor, <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Arameans of Damascus city-state deprived the Kingdom of Israel of their possessions east of the Jordan, the Ammonites became allies of <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Ben-hadad</a>, and a contingent of 1,000 of them served as allies of Syria in the great <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">battle</a> of the Arameans and Assyrians at <a href="/wiki/Qarqar" title="Qarqar">Qarqar</a> in 854 BC in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a>. </p><p>The Ammonites, Moabites and <a href="/wiki/Meunim" class="mw-redirect" title="Meunim">Meunim</a> formed a coalition against <a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a> of Judah. The coalition later was thrown to confusion, with the armies slaughtering one another.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were subdued and paid tribute to Jotham.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After submitting to <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> they were generally tributary to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. They joined in the general uprising that took place under <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>; but they submitted and then became tributary in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Esar-haddon" class="mw-redirect" title="Esar-haddon">Esar-haddon</a>. Their hostility to Judah is shown in their joining the Chaldeans to destroy it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their cruelty is denounced by the prophet Amos<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their destruction (with their return in the future) by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their murder of <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a dastardly act. They may have regained their old territory when Tiglath-pileser carried off the Israelites east of the Jordan into captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobiah the Ammonite united with <a href="/wiki/Sanballat_the_Horonite" title="Sanballat the Horonite">Sanballat</a> to oppose Nehemiah,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their opposition to the Jews did not cease with the establishment of the latter in Judea. </p><p>The Ammonites presented a serious problem to the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> because many marriages between Israelite men and Ammonite (and Moabite) women had taken place in the days of <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men had married women of the various nations without conversion, which made the children not Jewish. They also joined the Syrians in their wars with the Maccabees and were defeated by Judas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibler_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibler-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "sons of Ammon" would be subject to Israel during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah's rulership</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">according to the prophet Isaiah</a> (Isaiah 11:14). The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">book of Zephaniah</a> states that "Moab will assuredly be like Sodom, and the sons of Ammon like Gomorrah—Ground overgrown with weeds and full of salt mines, and a permanent desolation." (Zephaniah 2:9). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_interpretation">Modern interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biblical narrative has traditionally been considered literal fact, but is now generally interpreted as recording a gross popular irony by which the Israelites expressed their loathing of the morality of the Moabites and Ammonites. It has been doubted, however, whether the Israelites would have directed such irony to Lot himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Fenlon_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenlon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly because incest was not explicitly forbidden or stigmatized until the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>, i.e. centuries after the time of Abraham and Lot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_literature">Rabbinic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rabbinic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ammonites, still numerous in the south of Palestine in the second century CE according to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented a serious problem to the Pharisaic scribes because many marriages with Ammonite and Moabite wives had taken place in the days of <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> (Neh. 13). Still later, it is not improbable that when <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> had inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Ammonites, Jewish warriors took Ammonite women as wives, and their sons, sword in hand, claimed recognition as Jews notwithstanding the law (Deut. 23) that "an Ammonite or a Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord." Such a condition or a similar incident is reflected in the story told in the Talmud<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in the days of King <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, the legitimacy of David's claim to royalty was disputed on account of his descent from <a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a>, the Moabite; whereupon Ithra, an <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> girt with his sword, strode like an <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelite</a> into the schoolhouse of <a href="/wiki/Jesse_(biblical_figure)" title="Jesse (biblical figure)">Jesse</a>, declaring upon the authority of <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, the prophet, and his bet din (court of justice), that the law excluding the Ammonite and Moabite from the Jewish congregation referred only to the men—who alone had sinned in not meeting Israel with bread and water—and not to the women. The story reflects actual conditions in pre-<a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> times, conditions that led to the fixed rule stated in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>: "Ammonite and Moabite men are excluded from the Jewish community for all time; their women are admissible."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a>, the son of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, was born of an Ammonite woman<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also made it difficult to maintain the messianic claims of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">house of David</a>; but it was adduced as an illustration of divine Providence which selected the "two doves," Ruth, the Moabite, and <a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a>, the Ammonitess, for honorable distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruth's kindness as noted in the Book of Ruth by Boaz is seen in the Jewish Tradition as in rare contradistinction to the peoples of Moab (where Ruth comes from) and Amon in general, who were noted by the Torah for their distinct <i>lack</i> of kindness. Deut. 23:5: "Because they [the peoples of Amon and Moab] did not greet you with bread and water on the way when you left Egypt, and because he [the people of Moab] hired Balaam the son of Beor from Pethor in Aram Naharaim against you, to curse you." Rashi notes regarding Israel's travels on the way: "when you were in [a state of] extreme exhaustion." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a> was one of the four men who pretended to be gods.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was persuaded thereto particularly by the princes, who said to him. "Wert thou not a god thou couldst not come out alive from the Holy of Holies" <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">(Ex R. viii. 3)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does this set of letters and numbers mean? (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He was assassinated by two of his servants, one of whom was the son of an Ammonite woman and the other the offspring of a Moabite (2 Chron. 24:26); for God said: "Let the descendants of the two ungrateful families chastise the ungrateful Joash" (<a href="/wiki/Yalk." class="mw-redirect" title="Yalk.">Yalk.</a>, Ex. 262). Moab and Ammon were the two offspring of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>'s incest with his two daughters as described in Gen. 19:30–38. </p><p>Baalis, king of the Ammonites, envious of the Jewish colony's prosperity, or jealous of the might of the Babylonian king, instigated <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_son_of_Nethaniah" title="Ishmael son of Nethaniah">Ishmael, son of Nathaniel</a>, "of the royal seed," to make an end of the Judean rule in Palestine, Ishmael, being an unscrupulous character, permitted himself to become the tool of the Ammonite king in order to realize his own ambition to become the ruler of the deserted land. Information of this conspiracy reached <a href="/wiki/Gedaliah" title="Gedaliah">Gedaliah</a> through Johanan, son of Kareah, and Johanan undertook to slay Ishmael before he had had time to carry out his evil design; but the governor disbelieved the report, and forbade Johanan to lay hands upon the conspirator. Ishmael and his ten companions were royally entertained at Gedaliah's table. In the midst of the festivities Ishmael slew the unsuspecting Gedaliah, the Chaldean garrison stationed in Mizpah, and all the Jews that were with him, casting their bodies into the pit of Asa (Josephus, "Ant." x. 9, § 4). The Rabbis condemn the overconfidence of Gedaliah, holding him responsible for the death of his followers (Niddah 61a; comp. Jer. xli. 9). Ishmael captured many of the inhabitants of Mizpah, as well as "the daughters of the king" entrusted to Gedaliah's care by the Babylonian general, and fled to Ammon. Johanan and his followers, however, on receiving the sad tidings, immediately pursued the murderers, overtaking them at the lake of Gibeon. The captives were rescued, but Ishmael and eight of his men escaped to the land of Ammon. The plan of Baalis thus succeeded, for the Jewish refugees, fearing lest the Babylonian king should hold them responsible for the murder, never returned to their native land. In spite of the exhortations of Jeremiah they fled to Egypt, joined by the remnant of the Jews that had survived, together with Jeremiah and Baruch (Jer. xliii. 6). The rule of Gedaliah lasted, according to tradition, only two months, although Grätz argues that it continued more than four years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite language</a></div> <p>The few Ammonite names that have been preserved also include Nahash and <a href="/wiki/Hanun" title="Hanun">Hanun</a>, both from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ammonites' language is believed to be in the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite family</a>, closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a>. Ammonite may have incorporated certain <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> influences, including the use of <i>‘bd</i>, instead of commoner Biblical Hebrew <i>‘śh</i>, for "work". The only other notable difference with Biblical Hebrew is the sporadic retention of feminine singular <i>-t</i> (e.g., <i>šħt</i> "cistern", but <i>lyh</i> "high (fem.)".)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inscriptions found in the Ammonite language include an <a href="/wiki/Tel_Siran_inscription" title="Tel Siran inscription">inscription on a bronze bottle</a> dating to c. 600 BC<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel_Inscription" title="Amman Citadel Inscription">Amman Citadel Inscription</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources for what little is known of Ammonite religion are mostly the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and material evidence. In general it appears to have been rather typical <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">for Levantine religions</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moon_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon god">moon god</a> being the most prominent deities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy, for the most part, was based on agriculture and herding. Most people lived in small villages surrounded by farms and pastures. Like its sister-kingdom of Moab, Ammon was the source of numerous natural resources, including <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. It had a productive agricultural sector and occupied a vital place along the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a>, the ancient trade route connecting <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Edomites and Moabites, trade along this route gave them considerable revenue. Circa 950 BC Ammon showed rising prosperity, due to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and built a series of fortresses. Its capital was located in what is now the Citadel of <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Ammon" title="List of rulers of Ammon">List of rulers of Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seil_Amman" title="Seil Amman">Seil Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel-cheramim" title="Abel-cheramim">Abel-cheramim</a></li> <li>Ammon as a name used in the Book of Mormon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon_(Book_of_Mormon_explorer)" title="Ammon (Book of Mormon explorer)">Ammon (Book of Mormon explorer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammon_(Book_of_Mormon_missionary)" title="Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)">Ammon (Book of Mormon missionary)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_J._Lundberg" class="citation web cs1">Marilyn J. Lundberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126125659/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/ancient_texts/Citadel.shtml">"Ancient Texts Relating to the Bible: Amman Citadel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/ancient_texts/Citadel.shtml">the original</a> on 2010-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Texts+Relating+to+the+Bible%3A+Amman+Citadel&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.au=Marilyn+J.+Lundberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FLAS%2Fwsrp%2Feducational_site%2Fancient_texts%2FCitadel.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaBiancaYounker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaBiancaYounker_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaBiancaYounker1995" class="citation book cs1">LaBianca, Øystein S.; Younker, Randall W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqRIlVBRv34C&q=Ammon&pg=PA399">"The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)"</a>. In Levy, Tom (ed.). <i>The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land</i>. A&C Black. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718513887" title="Special:BookSources/9780718513887"><bdi>9780718513887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kingdoms+of+Ammon%2C+Moab+and+Edom%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+Late+Bronze%2FIron+Age+Transjordan+%28ca.+1400%E2%80%93500+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780718513887&rft.aulast=LaBianca&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein+S.&rft.au=Younker%2C+Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqRIlVBRv34C%26q%3DAmmon%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_testament.html">"The Old Testament Kingdoms of Jordan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506015442/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_testament.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+Kingdoms+of+Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinghussein.gov.jo%2Fhis_testament.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ammonites" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ammonites">Ammonites</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">863–</span>864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E864&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Schrader, <i>K.A.T.</i> pp. 141 et seq.; Delitzsch, <i>Paradies,</i> p. 294; Winckler, <i>Geschichte Israels,</i> p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barstad2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barstad2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarstad,_Hans_M.2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Barstad, Hans M.</a> (18 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6eoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">"The City State of Jerusalem in the Neo-Babylonian Empire: Evidence from the Surrounding States"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ahn" title="John J. Ahn">John J. Ahn</a>; Jill Middlemas (eds.). <i>By the Irrigation Canals of Babylon: Approaches to the Study of the Exile</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-19775-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-19775-7"><bdi>978-0-567-19775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+City+State+of+Jerusalem+in+the+Neo-Babylonian+Empire%3A+Evidence+from+the+Surrounding+States&rft.btitle=By+the+Irrigation+Canals+of+Babylon%3A+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+the+Exile&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft.isbn=978-0-567-19775-7&rft.au=Barstad%2C+Hans+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6eoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/4150068">"Ammon in Transition from Vassal Kingdom to Babylonian Province"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>335</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4150068">10.2307/4150068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150068">4150068</a> – via The University of Chicago Press Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Ammon+in+Transition+from+Vassal+Kingdom+to+Babylonian+Province&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4150068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4150068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F4150068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> 5:6; cf. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a></i> xii. 8. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roman2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roman2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkerBetlyon2006" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Samuel; Betlyon, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573"><i>The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 573. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884022985" title="Special:BookSources/9780884022985"><bdi>9780884022985</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&pg=PA573">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Frontier+in+Central+Jordan%3A+Final+Report+on+the+Limes+Arabicus+Project&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780884022985&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Betlyon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVZfx3Y6o5IC%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEM_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaBiancaYounker1995" class="citation conference cs1">LaBianca, Oystein S.; Younker, Randall W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/744029">"The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE)"</a>. In Thomas Levy (ed.). <i>The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land</i>. Leicester University Press. p. 114. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809031715/https://www.academia.edu/744029">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Kingdoms+of+Ammon%2C+Moab%2C+and+Edom%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+Late+Bronze%2FIron+Age+Transjordan+%28ca.+1400%E2%80%93500+BCE%29&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=LaBianca&rft.aufirst=Oystein+S.&rft.au=Younker%2C+Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F744029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Justin_Martyr" class="citation web cs1">St. Justin Martyr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/justinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html">"Dialogue with Trypho"</a>. <i>Early Christian Writings</i>. Peter Kirby<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Christian+Writings&rft.atitle=Dialogue+with+Trypho&rft.au=St.+Justin+Martyr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fjustinmartyr-dialoguetrypho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bibler-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bibler_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibler_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bibler_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibler.org/glossary/ammon.html">"www.Bibler.org - Dictionary - Ammon"</a>. 2012-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.Bibler.org+-+Dictionary+-+Ammon&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibler.org%2Fglossary%2Fammon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirabeau1867" class="citation book cs1">Mirabeau, Honoré (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/erotikabiblion00mirauoft#page/n11/mode/1up"><i>Erotika Biblion</i></a>. Chevalier de Pierrugues. Chez tous les Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erotika+Biblion&rft.pub=Chez+tous+les+Libraries&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Mirabeau&rft.aufirst=Honor%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ferotikabiblion00mirauoft%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenlon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenlon_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenlon_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenlon_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01431b.htm">Fenlon, John Francis. "Ammonites." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 14 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein2015" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Reuven Chaim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jbqnew.jewishbible.org/assets/Uploads/432/jbq_432_kleinmoab.pdf">"The Iniquities of Ammon and Moab"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jewish Bible Quarterly</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-3910">0792-3910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Bible+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Iniquities+of+Ammon+and+Moab&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0792-3910&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Reuven+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbqnew.jewishbible.org%2Fassets%2FUploads%2F432%2Fjbq_432_kleinmoab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Moore Cross, Donald W. Parry, Richard J. Saley and Eugene Ulrich, <i>Qumran Cave 4 – XII, 1-2 Samuel (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series, XVII</i>), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Samuel#12:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel">2 Samuel 12:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#20:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles 20:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1&letter=N">"Naama"</a>. <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813035717/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1&letter=N">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naama&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D1%26letter%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2020:1">2 Chronicles 20:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2027:5">2 Chronicles 27:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2024:2">2 Kings 24:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Amos%201:13">Amos 1:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2049:1–6">Jeremiah 49:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Ezekiel%2021:28–32">Ezekiel 21:28–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Zephaniah%202:8–11">Zephaniah 2:8–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2025:22–26">2 Kings 25:22–26</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Jeremiah%2040:14">Jeremiah 40:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Kings%2015:28">2 Kings 15:28</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Chronicles%205:26">1 Chronicles 5:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%204:1–14">Nehemiah 4:1–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Nehemiah%2013:23">Nehemiah 13:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King <a href="/wiki/Joash_of_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Joash of Judah">Joash of Judah</a> was one of the four men who pretended to be gods. He was persuaded thereto particularly by the princes, who said to him. "Wert thou not a god thou couldst not come out alive from the Holy of Holies" (Ex R. viii. 3). He was assassinated by two of his servants, one of whom was the son of an Ammonite woman and the other the offspring of a <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moabite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b24.htm#26">2 Chron. 24:26</a>; for God said: "Let the descendants of the two ungrateful families chastise the ungrateful Joash" (<a href="/wiki/Yalk." class="mw-redirect" title="Yalk.">Yalk.</a>, Ex. 262). Moab and Ammon were the two offspring of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>'s incest with his two daughters as described in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0119.htm#30">Gen. 19:30–38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dialogus cum Tryphone," ch. cxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeb. 76b, 77a; Ruth R. to ii. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">II Sam. xvii. 25; compare I Chron. ii. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeb. viii. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I Kings, xiv. 21-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Ḳ. 38b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1414-ammon-ammonites">Jewish encyclopedia Ammonites</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other three were Pharaoh; Hiram and Nebuchadnezzar (Louis Ginzberg's The Legends of the Jews From Moses to Esther; Notes for Volumes Three and Four(p.423)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6548-gedallah">Jewish Encyclopedia Gedallah</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1988" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, D, ed. (1988). "Les Langues Chamito-semitiques". <i>Les langues dans le monde ancien et modern, part 3</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Langues+Chamito-semitiques&rft.btitle=Les+langues+dans+le+monde+ancien+et+modern%2C+part+3&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAufrecht1989" class="citation book cs1">Aufrecht, WE (1989). <i>A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-089-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-089-2"><bdi>0-88946-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Corpus+of+Ammonite+Inscriptions&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88946-089-2&rft.aulast=Aufrecht&rft.aufirst=WE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmit1989" class="citation journal cs1">Smit, E. J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10318471_215">"The Tell Siran inscription. Linguistic and historical implications"</a>. <i>Journal for Semitics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Semitics&rft.atitle=The+Tell+Siran+inscription.+Linguistic+and+historical+implications&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Smit&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.10520%2FAJA10318471_215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tyson, Craig W. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030153">"The Religion of the Ammonites: A Specimen of Levantine Religion from the Iron Age II (Ca. 1000–500 BC)"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10030153">10.3390/rel10030153</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+the+Ammonites%3A+A+Specimen+of+Levantine+Religion+from+the+Iron+Age+II+%28Ca.+1000%E2%80%93500+BC%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10030153&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Craig+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel10030153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounker1999" class="citation book cs1">Younker, Randall W. (1999). "Review of Archaeological Research in Ammon". In Burton MacDonald; Randall W. Younker (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Sm7BOubDYcC&pg=PA1"><i>Ancient Ammon</i></a>. BRILL. p. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10762-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Review+of+Archaeological+Research+in+Ammon&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ammon&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10762-5&rft.aulast=Younker&rft.aufirst=Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Sm7BOubDYcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyson2014" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Craig W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSceAwAAQBAJ&q=The%20Ammonites%3A%20Elites%2C%20Empires%2C%20and%20Sociopolitical%20Change"><i>The Ammonites: Elites, Empires, and Sociopolitical Change (1000–500 BCE)</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65544-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-65544-8"><bdi>978-0-567-65544-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ammonites%3A+Elites%2C+Empires%2C+and+Sociopolitical+Change+%281000%E2%80%93500+BCE%29&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-567-65544-8&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Craig+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSceAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2520Ammonites%253A%2520Elites%252C%2520Empires%252C%2520and%2520Sociopolitical%2520Change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounker2022" class="citation book cs1">Younker, Randall W. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4beREAAAQBAJ&dq=the+ancient+israelite+world+edom&pg=PA600">"Ammonites in the World of Israel"</a>. In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). <i>The Ancient Israelite World</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">600–</span>618. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-77324-8"><bdi>978-1-000-77324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonites+in+the+World+of+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Israelite+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E600-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-77324-8&rft.aulast=Younker&rft.aufirst=Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4beREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bancient%2Bisraelite%2Bworld%2Bedom%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1414-ammon-ammonites">"Ammon, Ammonites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammon%2C+Ammonites&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1414-ammon-ammonites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ammon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ammon">Ammon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Hertz J.H. (1936) <i>The Pentateuch and Haftoras</i>. "Deuteronomy." Oxford University Press, London.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051107091756/http://www.hostkingdom.net/Jordan.html#Ammon">Ammon on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies</a> (also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003064338/http://www.ellone-loire.net/obsidian/Jordan.html#Ammon">[1]</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus#Late_Bronze" title="Damascus">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammon&oldid=1279932824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammon&oldid=1279932824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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