CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Messapians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f4db5101-e641-4245-8039-9b73182dba4a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Messapians","wgTitle":"Messapians","wgCurRevisionId":1262257674,"wgRevisionId":1262257674,"wgArticleId":2293086,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons link is locally defined","Articles with Italian-language sources (it)","Ancient peoples of Italy","Salento","Tribes conquered by Rome"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Messapians","wgRelevantArticleId":2293086,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Messapii","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Messapians","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q737684","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Messapian_pottery.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="899"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Messapian_pottery.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Messapians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapians"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Messapians rootpage-Messapians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Messapians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Messapians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Messapians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Messapians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Taras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Taras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conflict with Taras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Taras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_by_the_Roman_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_by_the_Roman_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conquest by the Roman Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_by_the_Roman_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language and writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Messapians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Месапи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месапи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapi" title="Mesapi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mesapi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapis" title="Messapis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Messapis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapiov%C3%A9" title="Messapiové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Messapiové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapier" title="Messapier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Messapier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapier" title="Messapier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Messapier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μεσσάπιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσσάπιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapios" title="Mesapios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesapios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapianoj" title="Mesapianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mesapianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapiens" title="Messapiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Messapiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapi" title="Mesapi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mesapi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapii" title="Messapii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Messapii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapi" title="Messapi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messapi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מספים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מספים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapi" title="Mesapi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mesapi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapiai" title="Mesapiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mesapiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messz%C3%A1pok" title="Messzápok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Messzápok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapi%C3%ABrs" title="Messapiërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Messapiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapiere" title="Messapiere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Messapiere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Messapians" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapiowie" title="Messapiowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Messapiowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess%C3%A1pios" title="Messápios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Messápios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Мессапы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мессапы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesap%C3%ABt" title="Mesapët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesapët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapi" title="Mesapi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mesapi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Месапи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месапи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesapi" title="Mesapi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mesapi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapia" title="Messapia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Messapia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messapier" title="Messapier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Messapier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Мессапи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мессапи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%BA" title="梅萨比人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梅萨比人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q737684#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Messapians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Messapians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Messapians"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Messapians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Messapians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&oldid=1262257674" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Messapians&id=1262257674&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMessapians"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMessapians"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Messapians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Messapes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q737684" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapii&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Messapii">Messapii</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iapygian tribe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Messapian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Messapian (disambiguation)">Messapian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messapian_pottery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Messapian_pottery.JPG/250px-Messapian_pottery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Messapian_pottery.JPG/330px-Messapian_pottery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Messapian_pottery.JPG/500px-Messapian_pottery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian ceramics</a> in Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Oria,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oria, Italy">Oria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Messapians</b> were an <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygian</a> tribe who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. Two other Iapygian tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a>, inhabited central and northern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> respectively. All three tribes spoke the <a href="/wiki/Messapian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Messapian language">Messapian language</a>, but had developed separate <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> by the seventh century BC. The Messapians lived in the eponymous region <b>Messapia</b>, which extended from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Leuca" title="Santa Maria di Leuca">Leuca</a> in the southeast to <a href="/wiki/Ceglie_Messapica" title="Ceglie Messapica">Kailia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnatia" title="Gnatia">Egnatia</a> in the northwest, covering most of the Salento peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_and_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_and_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region includes the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecce" title="Province of Lecce">Province of Lecce</a> and parts of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brindisi" title="Province of Brindisi">Brindisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Taranto" title="Province of Taranto">Taranto</a> today. </p><p>Starting in the third century BC, Greek and Roman writers distinguished the indigenous population of the Salento peninsula differently. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, the names <i>Iapygians</i>, <i>Daunians</i>, <i>Peucetians</i> and <i>Messapians</i> were exclusively Greek and not used by the natives, who divided the Salento in two parts. The southern and <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> part of the peninsula was the territory of the <b>Salentinoi</b>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> to Leuca and from Leuca to <a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Manduria</a>. The northern part on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> belonged to the <b>Kalabroi</b> and extended from Otranto to Egnatia with its hinterland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]–39_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]–39-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conquest of the Salento by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 266 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distinction between the Iapygian tribes blurred as they were <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">assimilated</a> into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> society. Strabo makes it clear that in his time, the end of the first century BC, most people used the names <i>Messapia</i>, <i>Iapygia</i>, <i>Calabria</i> and <i>Salentina</i> interchangeably for the Salento.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo1924[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocStrab635_6.3.5]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo1924[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocStrab635_6.3.5]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Calabria</i> for the entire peninsula was made official when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided Italy in regions and gave the whole region of Apulia the name <i>Regio II Apulia et Calabria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColafemmina2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSYyAQAAQBAJpgPA1_1]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColafemmina2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSYyAQAAQBAJpgPA1_1]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeology still follows the original Greek tripartite division of tribes based on the archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA40_40]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA40_40]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names <i>Messapii</i> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Μεσσάπιοι</span>) and <i>Messapia</i> are usually interpreted as "(the place) Amid waters", <i>Mess-</i> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*medhyo-</i>, "middle" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>mes-</i>, "middle") (cf. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέσος">μέσος</a> <i>méssos</i> "middle"), and <i>-apia</i> from Proto-Indo-European <i>*ap-</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>" (cf. another <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>, <i>Salapia</i>, "salt water"). As <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> writes, this is the name (exonym) which the Tarentine Greeks used to refer collectively to the Iapygian communities which referred to themselves as <i>Calabri</i> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Καλαβροί</span>) and <i>Salentini</i> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Σαλεντίνοι</span>) (endonyms) and to their land as <i>Iapygia</i>. The exonym <i>Messapia</i> in Italy corresponds to other toponyms in areas of ancient Greece (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Messapio" title="Messapio">Messapio</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20141–2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20141–2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2020496_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2020496-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> tribal name <i>Kalabroi/Calabri</i> has been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabroi/Galabri</a></i> in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_(English)_(simple_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/330px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/500px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/560px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Illyrian colonization of Italy (9th century BC), according to some modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the Messapians is uncertain; it is probably due to uncertain and never clearly demonstrated migratory flows of <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> or Aegean-Anatolian origin that arrived in <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> on the threshold of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> around the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrian hypothesis, today the most accepted by scholars, is supported above all by linguistic considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also possible that the Messapians were the result of the fusion between Cretans and, subsequently, Illyrians. According to this hypothesis, the Cretans arrived in Italy in 3300 BC. and the Illyrians would conquer them centuries later. </p><p>The Cretan origin was essentially based on tradition and derived from a famous passage by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> on the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>«It is said, in fact, that Minos, who arrived in Sicania (which is now called Sicily) in search of Daedalus, died there by a violent death. After some time had passed, at the incitement of a god, all the Cretans, en masse, except those of Polychne and Praesus, who came with a large fleet to Sicania, besieged the city of Camicus for five years, which, at in my time, it was inhabited by Agrigentines. In the end, however, not being able to conquer it, nor to stay longer to fight against hunger, they would leave, abandoning the camp. When, during the navigation, they found themselves near the coast of Iapygia, a violent storm would have surprised them and slammed them against the land: so, the ships having broken, and no longer seeing any way to return to Crete, the city of Iria was founded in that place. , they remained there and became Iapygians-Messapians (changing their name) rather than Cretans and continentals rather than islanders. From Iria, they say, they founded the other colonies, which the Tarentines long after attempted to destroy, but suffered such a terrible defeat that there then occurred the most serious massacre of Greeks of all those we know of; not only of Tarentines, but also of citizens of Reggio: of the latter, who had come to give aid to the Tarentines forced by Micito son of Chero, 3000 died; the losses of the Tarentines could not even be counted. Micitus, who was from the house of Anassilaus, had been left by him as regent of Rhegium and is the same one who, driven out from Rhegium and settled in Tegea in Arcadia, consecrated the numerous statues in Olympia, which everyone knows.»</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> - VII, 170</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In addition to the Herodothean story, there is the story of the Cretan king <a href="/wiki/Idomeneus_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus of Crete">Idomeneus</a>, another piece of what we could define as the "Minoan cycle", that is, that literary tradition which sees the ethnogenesis of the Messapian people in the mixing between the Cretan settlers and the local indigenous people Salento. The sallentine humanist <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_De_Ferraris" class="extiw" title="it:Antonio De Ferraris">Antonio de Ferrariis</a>, referring to the ancient Messapic language, defines it as "the language used by the Sallentines before the coming of Idomeneus", thus using the figure of the latter as a symbol of Greek Salento of which he himself boasted belonging.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This additional version to the Herodotean one regarding the Cretan origin of the Messapians is provided by Marcus Terentius Varro from Rieti (116 BC – 27 BC). In fact, the Latin author tells of how the monarch Idomeneus, expelled from Crete following a civil uprising, had sought refuge together with his army in the Illyrian kingdom of King Divitius. From here, joining a further army generously offered by the Illyrian monarch, to which was added a large group of Locrian refugees, he set sail for Salento and settled there, displacing his army in twelve cities and thus giving life to the Messapic dodecapolis. The Cretan, Illyrian and Locrian refugees led by King Idomeneus, who became permanent inhabitants of the Salento districts, would finally collectively recognize themselves with the ethnonym of "Sallentines", since they had made friends "in salo", at sea".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest findings were made in archaeological excavations in some caves near <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roca_(archaeological_site)" title="Roca (archaeological site)">Roca</a>; the first stable settlements were identified in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavallino" title="Cavallino">Cavallino</a>, Vaste and <a href="/wiki/Muro_Leccese" title="Muro Leccese">Muro Leccese</a> and can be dated back to the 8th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 7th-6th century BC. we move from constructions in huts with a plinth in irregular stones, elevation in raw bricks (clay and straw) and roofing with intertwined branches (one was rebuilt in Vaste for educational purposes) to constructions with multiple rooms, quadrangular in shape, with low walls dry stone and brick and tile roofing.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Italic settlement of <a href="/wiki/Gnatia" title="Gnatia">Gnatia</a> was founded in the fifteenth century BC during the Bronze Age. It was captured and settled by the Iapyges, as they occupied large tracts of territory in Apulia. The Messapii developed a distinct identity from the Iapyges. <a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">Rudiae</a> was first settled from the late ninth or early eighth centuries BC. In the late sixth century BC, it developed into a much more important settlement. It flourished under the Messapii, but after their defeat by Rome it dwindled and became a small village. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Lupiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupiae">Lupiae</a> (Lecce) flourished at its expense. The Messapi did not have a centralised form of government. Their towns were independent <a href="/wiki/City-states" class="mw-redirect" title="City-states">city-states</a>. They had trade relationships with the Greek cities of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Taras">Conflict with Taras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict with Taras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 473 BC, the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> (which was on the border with Messapia) and its ally, <a href="/wiki/Rhegion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegion">Rhegion</a>, tried to seize some of the towns of the Messapii and Peucetii. However, the Iapyge tribes defeated them thanks to the superiority of their cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war against Tarentum continued until 467 BC. </p><p>During the Second <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, the Mesapii were allies of Athens. They provided archers for <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Athens' massive expeditionary force</a> sent to attack <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (415–13 BC). The expedition was a disaster and the entire force was destroyed. </p><p>In 356 BC, an alliance between Messapii and <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucani</a> led to the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Matapontus</a>. In 342 BC, Tarentum called for the aid of <a href="/wiki/Archidamus_III" title="Archidamus III">Archidamus III</a> of Sparta. Archidamus died in battle under the walls of the Messapian city of Manduria in 338 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 333 BC, Tarentum called <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I of Epirus</a> to help them in their war with their <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucani</a>. Alexander defeated the Messapii. He died in a battle against the Lucani in 330 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the campaign of Alexander I, the Messapii switched allegiance. They allied with Tarentum and <a href="/wiki/Cleonymus_of_Sparta" title="Cleonymus of Sparta">Cleonymus of Sparta</a>, who campaigned in the region in 303–02 BC to help Tarentum against, again, the Lucani.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_by_the_Roman_Republic">Conquest by the Roman Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest by the Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ancient_Italy,_Southern_Part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Map_of_Ancient_Italy%2C_Southern_Part.jpg/500px-Map_of_Ancient_Italy%2C_Southern_Part.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Map_of_Ancient_Italy%2C_Southern_Part.jpg/960px-Map_of_Ancient_Italy%2C_Southern_Part.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption><i>Map of Ancient Italy, Southern Part</i> by William R. Shepherd, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Samnite War">Second Samnite War</a> (327–304 BC) between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, the Messapii, Iapyges and Peucetii sided with the Samnites. Some of the cities of the Dauni sided with Rome and some of them sided with the Samnites. The city of <a href="/wiki/Canusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Canusium">Canusium</a> went over to the Romans in 318 BC. Silvium, a Peucetii frontier town, was under Samnite control, but it was captured by Rome in 306 BC. </p><p>During the Pyrrhic Wars (280–275 BC), the Messapii sided with Tarentum and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> the king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient epirus">Epirus</a>, in Greece,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who landed at Tarentum, ostensibly to help this city in her conflict with the Romans. According to ancient historians, his aim was to conquer Italy. Pyrrhus fought battles against the Romans and a campaign in Sicily. He had to give up the latter and was defeated by the Romans and left Italy. The Messapii were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> as fighting for Pyrrhus in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asculum" title="Battle of Asculum">Battle of Asculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 272 BC, the Romans captured Tarentum. In 267 BC, Rome conquered the Messapii and <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This city became Rome's port for sailing to the eastern Mediterranean. Subsequently, the Messapii were rarely mentioned in the historical record. They became Romanised. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s invasion of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> (218–201 BC), the Messapii remained loyal to the Romans. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>, where Hannibal routed the forces of the Romans and their <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> allies, was fought in the heart of the neighbouring Peucetii territory. The Roman survivors were welcomed into nearby Canusium. Part of the final stages of the war were fought out at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Gargano" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Gargano">Monte Gargano</a>, in the northernmost part of Apulia, in the territory of the Dauni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_writing">Language and writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language and writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Messapian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Messapian language">Messapian language</a> is generally considered similar to the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian languages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this has been debated as a mostly speculative grouping, as Illyrian languages are themselves poorly attested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard200811_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard200811-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian dialects</a> are still a relatable group with Messapian, due to toponyms in Apulia, some of towns that have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Messapic is to be considered as an independent <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language became extinct following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> conquest of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began during the late 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been preserved in about 300 inscriptions written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and dating from the 6th to the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Messapia was relatively urbanized and more densely populated compared to the rest of Iapygia. It possessed 26–28 walled settlements, while the remainder of Iapygia had 30–35 more dispersed walled settlements. The Messapian population has been estimated at 120,000 to 145,000 people before the Roman conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYntema2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzwqwCQAAQBAJpgPA383_383]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYntema2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzwqwCQAAQBAJpgPA383_383]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main Messapic cities included: </p> <ul><li><i>Alytia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alezio" title="Alezio">Alezio</a>)</li> <li><i>Brundisium/Brentesion</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavallino" title="Cavallino">Cavallino</a></li> <li><i>Hodrum/Idruntum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>)</li> <li><i>Hyria/Orria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oria,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oria, Italy">Oria</a>)</li> <li><i>Kaìlia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ceglie_Messapica" title="Ceglie Messapica">Ceglie Messapica</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Manduria</a></i></li> <li><i>Mesania</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mesagne" title="Mesagne">Mesagne</a>)</li> <li><i>Neriton</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nard%C3%B2" title="Nardò">Nardò</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">Rudiae</a></i> (outside <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a>)</li> <li><i>Mios/Myron</i> (<a href="/wiki/Muro_Leccese" title="Muro Leccese">Muro Leccese</a>)</li> <li><i>Thuria Sallentina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Roca_Vecchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roca Vecchia">Roca Vecchia</a>)</li> <li><i>Uzentum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a>)</li></ul> <p>Other Messapic settlements have been discovered near <a href="/wiki/Francavilla_Fontana" title="Francavilla Fontana">Francavilla Fontana</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Vito_dei_Normanni" title="San Vito dei Normanni">San Vito dei Normanni</a> and in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B10h8M_WUgVKZjRiNTBjYzktY2YwNC00NGNhLTkyNGMtZjg1ZGM1OTk2MWQ2&hl=en">Vaste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poggiardo" title="Poggiardo">Poggiardo</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Messapians is located in Apulia"><img alt="Messapians is located in Apulia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png/350px-Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png/525px-Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png/700px-Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png 2x" data-file-width="4353" data-file-height="4001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.493%;left:69.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ceglie_Messapica" title="Ceglie Messapica">1</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.569%;left:67.01%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="2"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Gnatia" title="Gnatia">2</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.357%;left:86.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="3"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">3</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.67%;left:28.245%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="4"><img alt="4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/wiki/Salapia" title="Salapia">4</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.516%;left:84.442%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="5"><img alt="5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valetium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valetium (page does not exist)">5</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.217%;left:32.258%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="6"><img alt="6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">6</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.855%;left:54.121%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="7"><img alt="7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Rutigliano" title="Rutigliano">7</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.124%;left:73.36%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="8"><img alt="8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">8</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.879%;left:73.36%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="9"><img alt="9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">9</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.756%;left:87.352%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="10"><img alt="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">10</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.394%;left:84.292%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="11"><img alt="11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Alezio" title="Alezio">11</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.629%;left:87.214%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="12"><img alt="12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">12</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.003%;left:93.206%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="13"><img alt="13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaste (page does not exist)">13</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Italien_Apulien.png" title="File:Relief map of Italien Apulien.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Main Messapic settlements and sites with Messapic inscriptions.</div></div></div> <table class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="sortable"># </th> <th scope="col" class="sortable">Settlement </th> <th scope="col">Information </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="References">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">1 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ceglie_messapica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceglie messapica">Ceglie</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_39_00_N_17_30_00_E_&title=Ceglie"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°39′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°30′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.65000°N 17.50000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.65000; 17.50000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Ceglie</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">2 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Gnatia" title="Gnatia">Gnatia</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_53_16_N_17_23_28_E_&title=Gnatia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°53′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°23′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.88778°N 17.39111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.88778; 17.39111</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gnatia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">3 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rudiae" title="Rudiae">Rudiae</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_20_2.4_N_18_8_49.2_E_&title=Rudiae"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°20′2.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°8′49.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.334000°N 18.147000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.334000; 18.147000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Rudiae</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">4 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Salapia" title="Salapia">Salapia</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_53_16_N_17_23_28_E_&title=Salapia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°53′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°23′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.88778°N 17.39111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.88778; 17.39111</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Salapia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">5 </th> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valetium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valetium (page does not exist)">Valetium</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_20_2.4_N_18_8_49.2_E_&title=Valetium"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°20′2.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°8′49.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.334000°N 18.147000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.334000; 18.147000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Valetium</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">6 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=41_13_00_N_16_04_00_E_&title=Salapia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°13′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°04′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.21667°N 16.06667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.21667; 16.06667</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Salapia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">7 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Rutigliano" title="Rutigliano">Rutigliano</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_56_00_N_16_54_00_E_&title=Rutigliano"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°56′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°54′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.93333°N 16.90000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.93333; 16.90000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Rutigliano</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">8 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_30_00_N_17_38_00_E_&title=Oria%2C+Apulia"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°30′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°38′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.50000°N 17.63333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.50000; 17.63333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Oria, Apulia</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">9 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Manduria" title="Manduria">Manduria</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_24_00_N_17_38_00_E_&title=Manduria"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°38′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.40000°N 17.63333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.40000; 17.63333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Manduria</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">10 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_21_00_N_18_10_00_E_&title=Lecce"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°21′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°10′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.35000°N 18.16667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.35000; 18.16667</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Lecce</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">11 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alezio" title="Alezio">Alezio</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_04_00_N_18_03_00_E_&title=Alezio"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°04′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°03′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.06667°N 18.05000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.06667; 18.05000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Alezio</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee"> <th scope="col">12 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=39_55_38_N_18_09_41_E_&title=Ugento"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°55′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°09′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.92722°N 18.16139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.92722; 18.16139</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Ugento</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">13 </th> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaste (page does not exist)">Vaste</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Messapians&params=40_03_1.58_N_18_23_23.823_E_&title=Vaste"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°03′1.58″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°23′23.823″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.0504389°N 18.38995083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.0504389; 18.38995083</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Vaste</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Italic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Italic peoples">Ancient Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapian shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opis_of_Messapia" title="Opis of Messapia">Opis of Messapia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_and_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA2_2],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA18_18]_and_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014">Carpenter, Lynch & Robinson 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">18</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]–39-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA38_38]–39_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014">Carpenter, Lynch & Robinson 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38</a>–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA46_46]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA46_46]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014">Carpenter, Lynch & Robinson 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">46</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrabo1924[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocStrab635_6.3.5]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrabo1924[httpswwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdocStrab635_6.3.5]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrabo1924">Strabo 1924</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+6.3.5">6.3.5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColafemmina2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSYyAQAAQBAJpgPA1_1]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColafemmina2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnSYyAQAAQBAJpgPA1_1]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColafemmina2012">Colafemmina 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSYyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA40_40]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWmSnBAAAQBAJpgPA40_40]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014">Carpenter, Lynch & Robinson 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">40</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20141–2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20141–2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2014">Matzinger 2014</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2020496-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2020496_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesini2020">Marchesini 2020</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaliu2012">Baliu 2012</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maggiulli, <i>Sull'origine dei Messapi</i>, 1934; D’Andria, <i>Messapi e Peuceti</i>, 1988; <i>I Messapi</i>, Taranto 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maggiulli, <i>Sull'origine dei Messapi</i>, 1934; D'Andria, <i>Messapi e Peuceti</i>, 1988; <i>I Messapi</i>, Taranto 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Villar, <i>Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa</i>, pp. 363-371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Non mi vergogno punto di propalare l’origine de’ nostri Maggiori. Siam Greci ed ognuno lo si deve a gloria recare. Platone il Dio de’ filosofi costumava sovente di ringraziare i Numi per queste tre cose: che Uomo e non bruto, che Maschio, e non Donna, che Greco e non barbaro fusse nato, e cresciuto. Il suo servidore, Eccellenza, che la Giapiggia descrive non da’ Mauri, non dalli Ethiopi, non dalli Allobrogi, o Sicambri, ma dalla Greca Nazione sorge, e deriva. Il Progenitore di chi tal dettaglio della Giapiggia li porge, non ignorò il Greco, e molto meno l’idioma Latino. Fù celebre non per valore dell’armi, ma fù difeso, e scortato dall’integrità della vita, e dalla bontà de’ costumi. Mi vergogno, Eccellenza, parlando seco lei senz’Arbitri dirle, come io nell’Italia abbia tratta la mia origine, e derivati i miei natali, sebbene alcuni scrittori posero il suolo Giapiggio fuor dell’Italia.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Antonio de Ferrariis, Liber de situ Iapygiae</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.Larva, "Messapia, terra tra i due mari". Paolo Pagliaro Editore, Galatina (LE), 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is said that the Sallentine nation was formed from three places: Crete, Illyricum, Italy. Idomeneus, driven into exile from the city of Blanda for sedition during the war against the Magnesians, arrived with a large army in Illyricum to king Divitius. Having received another army from him, and united at sea, due to the similarity of their conditions and projects, with a large group of Locrian refugees, he made pacts of friendship with them and moved to Locri. Having been abandoned, for fear of him, the city he occupied it and founded several centers including Iria and the very famous Castrum Minervae. He divided the army into three parts and twelve nations. They were called Sallentines, since they had made friends at sea". Marcus Terentius Varro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archeologia dei Messapi</i>, Bari 1989; <i>I Messapi</i>, Taranto 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thierry Van Compernolle, 2001, dall'insediamento Iapigio alla città messapica: dieci anni di scavi e ricerche archeologiche a Soleto (LE)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, The Histories, 7. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodoro Siculus, <i>Library of History</i>, 16.63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> of Nicomedia, The Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, 12.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Parallel Lives, The life of Pyrrhus, 13.5–6, 15.4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 20.1.1–6, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zonaras, Extracts of History, 8.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florus, Epitome of Roman History, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 15...To these can be added a larger body of inscriptions from south-east Italy in the Messapic language, which is generally considered to be Illyrian...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997378f_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 378f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterLynchRobinson201418_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014">Carpenter, Lynch & Robinson 2014</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodard200811-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodard200811_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008">Woodard 2008</a>, p. 11...A linking of the two languages, Illyrian and Messapic must however remain a linguistically unverifiable hypothesis..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385: "Overall, the complex of Albanian dialects remains a solid block of the Albanoid group still relatable with Messapic (observed in place naming in Apulia: some towns have no etymon outside Albanoid sources, for example in toponyms such as Manduria)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Baldi2018" class="citation book cs1">Philip Baldi (2018). <i>The Foundations of Latin</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110892604" title="Special:BookSources/9783110892604"><bdi>9783110892604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Latin&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783110892604&rft.au=Philip+Baldi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFronda2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fronda, Michael P. (2006). "Livy 9.20 and Early Roman Imperialism in Apulia". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>55</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2006-0026">10.25162/historia-2006-0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436827">4436827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159745099">159745099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Livy+9.20+and+Early+Roman+Imperialism+in+Apulia&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159745099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4436827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2006-0026&rft.aulast=Fronda&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYntema2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzwqwCQAAQBAJpgPA383_383]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYntema2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzwqwCQAAQBAJpgPA383_383]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYntema2008">Yntema 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwqwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA383">383</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201620_34-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2016">Matzinger 2016</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaliu2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baliu, Begzad (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/sq/9/9d/Begzad_Baliu._Onomastike_dhe_identitet_paust.pdf"><i>Onomastikë dhe identitet</i></a> [<i>Onomastics and Identity</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Albanian). Era. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951-04-071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951-04-071-6"><bdi>978-9951-04-071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onomastik%C3%AB+dhe+identitet&rft.pub=Era&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9951-04-071-6&rft.aulast=Baliu&rft.aufirst=Begzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikibooks%2Fsq%2F9%2F9d%2FBegzad_Baliu._Onomastike_dhe_identitet_paust.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, T. H.; Lynch, K. M.; Robinson, E. G. D., eds. (2014). <i>The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs</i>. New York City, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139992701" title="Special:BookSources/9781139992701"><bdi>9781139992701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italic+People+of+Ancient+Apulia%3A+New+Evidence+from+Pottery+for+Workshops%2C+Markets%2C+and+Customs&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781139992701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColafemmina2012" class="citation book cs1">Colafemmina, Cesare (2012). <i>The Jews in Calabria</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004234123" title="Special:BookSources/9789004234123"><bdi>9789004234123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Calabria&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004234123&rft.aulast=Colafemmina&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamboley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lamboley, Jean-Luc (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2002_num_80_1_4605">"Territoire et société chez les Messapiens"</a>. <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.2002.4605">10.3406/rbph.2002.4605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Territoire+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+chez+les+Messapiens&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.2002.4605&rft.aulast=Lamboley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_2002_num_80_1_4605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a>, eds. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>, (EIEC)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarchesini2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marchesini, Simona (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/378">"Messapico"</a>. <i>Palaeohispanica</i> (in Italian) (20): <span class="nowrap">495–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.378">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.378</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica&rft.atitle=Messapico&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.378&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft.aulast=Marchesini&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fpalaeohispanica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matzinger, Joachim (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8686856"><i>Einführung ins Messapische</i></a> (in German), Vienna</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+ins+Messapische&rft.place=Vienna&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8686856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Matzinger, Joachim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/matzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf"><i>Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Fakultät Albanologie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Die+Altbalkanischen+Sprachen&rft.inst=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen+-+Fakult%C3%A4t+Albanologie&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de%2Fdownloads%2Fmeldungen%2Fgastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016%2Fmatzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrumper2018" class="citation book cs1">Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAR-DwAAQBAJ&q=Manduria"><i>Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027263179" title="Special:BookSources/9789027263179"><bdi>9789027263179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Celto-Albanian+isoglosses+and+their+implications&rft.btitle=Structuring+Variation+in+Romance+Linguistics+and+Beyond%3A+In+Honour+of+Leonardo+M.+Savoia&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789027263179&rft.aulast=Trumper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAR-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DManduria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Morris L.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC"><i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199280759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199280759"><bdi>978-0199280759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199280759&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Morris+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXrJA_5LKlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge"><i>The Ancient Languages of Europe</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46932-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46932-6&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYntema2008" class="citation book cs1">Yntema, Douwe (2008). "Polybius and the Field Survey Evidence of Apulia". In de Ligt, Luuk; Northwood, Simon (eds.). <i>People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy, 300 BC–AD 14</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047424499" title="Special:BookSources/9789047424499"><bdi>9789047424499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polybius+and+the+Field+Survey+Evidence+of+Apulia&rft.btitle=People%2C+Land%2C+and+Politics%3A+Demographic+Developments+and+the+Transformation+of+Roman+Italy%2C+300+BC%E2%80%93AD+14&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789047424499&rft.aulast=Yntema&rft.aufirst=Douwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1924). Jones, H. L. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a></i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674992016" title="Special:BookSources/9780674992016"><bdi>9780674992016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=9780674992016&rft.au=Strabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Dijk, Willemijn (2010). "Tribale tradities en de beleving van het verleden Messapische cultusplaatsen in de 6de tot 3de eeuw voor Christus". <i>Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie</i> (in Dutch). <b>22</b> (43): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Mediterrane+Archeologie&rft.atitle=Tribale+tradities+en+de+beleving+van+het+verleden+Messapische+cultusplaatsen+in+de+6de+tot+3de+eeuw+voor+Christus&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=Willemijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>D'Andria, Francesco. "Greci ed indigeni in Iapigia". In: <i>Modes de contacts et processus de transformation dans les sociétés anciennes</i>. Actes du colloque de Cortone (24-30 mai 1981) Rome : École Française de Rome, 1983. pp. 287–297. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 67) [www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1983_act_67_1_2465]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamboley1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamboley, Jean-Luc (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1982_num_94_1_1317">"Les hypogées indigènes apuliens"</a>. <i>Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité</i> (in French). <b>94</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmefr.1982.1317">10.3406/mefr.1982.1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome%3A+Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Les+hypog%C3%A9es+indig%C3%A8nes+apuliens&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fmefr.1982.1317&rft.aulast=Lamboley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fmefr_0223-5102_1982_num_94_1_1317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamboley1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamboley, Jean-Luc (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/befar_0257-4101_1996_mon_292_1"><i>Recherches sur les Messapiens, IVe-IIe siècle avant J.-C</i></a>. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome (in French). Vol. 292. Rome: Ecole française de Rome. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefar.1996.1263">10.3406/befar.1996.1263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7283-0360-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7283-0360-6"><bdi>2-7283-0360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+les+Messapiens%2C+IVe-IIe+si%C3%A8cle+avant+J.-C.&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+des+%C3%89coles+fran%C3%A7aises+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes+et+de+Rome&rft.pub=Ecole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefar.1996.1263&rft.isbn=2-7283-0360-6&rft.aulast=Lamboley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefar_0257-4101_1996_mon_292_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamboley2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamboley, Jean-Luc (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2002_num_80_1_4605">"Territoire et société chez les Messapiens"</a>. <i>Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire</i>. Antiquité - Oudheid (in French). <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.2002.4605">10.3406/rbph.2002.4605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+philologie+et+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=Territoire+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+chez+les+Messapiens&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.2002.4605&rft.aulast=Lamboley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_2002_num_80_1_4605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessapians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mastronuzzi, Giovanni & Ciuchini, Paolo. (2011). "Offerings and rituals in a Messapian holy place: Vaste, Piazza Dante (Puglia, Southern Italy)". In: World Archaeology. 43. 676-701. [DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2011.624773]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messapians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Illyria_%26_Illyrians" class="extiw" title="commons:Illyria & Illyrians"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Illyria & Illyrians</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altosalentorivieradeitrulli.it/nuova_pagina_17.htm">Civiltà messapica</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illyrians208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illyrians" title="Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians" title="Template talk:Illyrians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illyrians208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Acroceraunia (page does not exist)">Ad Acroceraunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnissa, Illyria (page does not exist)">Arnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkelana (page does not exist)">Enkelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li> <li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd (page does not exist)">Lofkënd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matohasanaj (page does not exist)">Matohasanaj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)" title="Nikadin (archaeological site)">Nikadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klos, Mallakastër (page does not exist)">Klos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola (Pula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabije (page does not exist)">Rabije</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a></i> (? <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art" title="Category:Illyrian art">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li>Pottery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li> <li>Tattooing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (deity)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Issa" title="Siege of Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li> <li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prefectures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provinces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists" title="Category:Illyria-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrians" title="Category:Illyrians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737684#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737684#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4269752-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/442657">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messapians&oldid=1262257674">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messapians&oldid=1262257674</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="Category:Ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Salento" title="Category:Salento">Salento</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_conquered_by_Rome" title="Category:Tribes conquered by Rome">Tribes conquered by Rome</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Albanian-language_sources_(sq)" title="Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)">CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:Articles with Italian-language sources (it)">Articles with Italian-language sources (it)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2024, at 13:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messapians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Messapians</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-q644m","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.682","walltime":"0.875","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4883,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":186464,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5526,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":100893,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 680.083 1 -total"," 14.41% 97.978 10 Template:Cite_book"," 14.21% 96.623 3 Template:Langx"," 13.23% 90.001 30 Template:Sfn"," 13.08% 88.966 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.22% 69.520 1 Template:Italy_topics"," 8.22% 55.911 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.40% 50.309 1 Template:Location_map+"," 7.11% 48.369 1 Template:Commons"," 6.86% 46.637 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.409","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20014948,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBaliu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenterLynchRobinson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColafemmina2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFronda2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamboley1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamboley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamboley2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchesini2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Baldi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrabo1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYntema2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 13,\n [\"Illyrians\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Italy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 13,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 30,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5df67bdc7b-qwbhx","timestamp":"20250331212018","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Messapians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Messapians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q737684","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q737684","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-23T12:27:16Z","dateModified":"2024-12-10T13:30:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Messapian_pottery.JPG","headline":"ancient tribe of Southern Apulia"}</script> </body> </html>