CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dram (unit) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d088cb98-e4a5-45b7-9a59-c3e659128509","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dram_(unit)","wgTitle":"Dram (unit)","wgCurRevisionId":1256087258,"wgRevisionId":1256087258,"wgArticleId":700633,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with plain IPA","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Units of mass","Units of volume","Imperial units", "Customary units of measurement in the United States","Alcohol measurement","Cooking weights and measures"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dram_(unit)","wgRelevantArticleId":700633,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1255620","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dram (unit) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(unit)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(unit)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dram_unit rootpage-Dram_unit skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dram+%28unit%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dram+%28unit%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dram+%28unit%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dram+%28unit%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_unit_of_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_unit_of_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ancient unit of mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_unit_of_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_unit_of_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_unit_of_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>British unit of mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_unit_of_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_unit_of_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_unit_of_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern unit of mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_unit_of_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit_of_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit_of_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unit of volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit_of_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dram (unit)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="درام (وحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درام (وحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(Einheit)" title="Dram (Einheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dram (Einheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Δράμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δράμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="درام (یکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درام (یکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachme_(unit%C3%A9)" title="Drachme (unité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drachme (unité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(satuan)" title="Dram (satuan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dram (satuan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramma_(unit%C3%A0_di_misura)" title="Dramma (unità di misura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dramma (unità di misura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)" title="ドラム (単位) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラム (単位)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(m%C3%A5leenhet)" title="Dram (måleenhet) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dram (måleenhet)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram" title="Dram – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dram" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachma_(jednostka_masy)" title="Drachma (jednostka masy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drachma (jednostka masy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracma_(massa)" title="Dracma (massa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dracma (massa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83)" title="Драм (мера за тежину) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драм (мера за тежину)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ดรัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดรัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(%C4%91%C6%A1n_v%E1%BB%8B)" title="Dram (đơn vị) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dram (đơn vị)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%85%B0" title="打兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="打兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1255620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dram_(unit)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dram_(unit)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dram_(unit)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&oldid=1256087258" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dram_%28unit%29&id=1256087258&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDram_%28unit%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDram_%28unit%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dram_%28unit%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1255620" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unit of mass or volume in some measurement systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the related unit of currency, see <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">Ancient drachma</a>. For the currency used in Armenia, see <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dram (disambiguation)">Dram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>dram</b> (alternative British spelling <b>drachm</b>; <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecary symbol</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ʒ</a></b> or <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraktur in Unicode">ℨ</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abbreviated <b>dr</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-OEDdrachm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdrachm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-6–C-7">: C-6–C-7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a unit of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecaries' system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally both a <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDdram_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdram-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit of volume is more correctly called a <b>fluid dram</b>, <b>fluid drachm</b>, <b>fluidram</b> or <b>fluidrachm</b> (abbreviated <b>fl dr</b>, <b>ƒ 3</b>, or <b>fʒ</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-OEDdrachm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdrachm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-17">: C-17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PowellRoyalCollege1809_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowellRoyalCollege1809-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_unit_of_mass">Ancient unit of mass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient unit of mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ilyria Dyracchium drachm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg/278px-Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg/417px-Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg/556px-Ilyria.Dyracchium.Drachm_Ceka_360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Silver Drachm from Dyrrhachium, Illyria dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 229 BC</span>. Obverse: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΞΕΝΩΝ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Xenon</i></span>) cow standing right, looking back at calf which it suckles, eagle standing right above; Reverse: DUR PURBA, square containing double stellate pattern, club to left. Size: 20mm; Reference: Ceka 360</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Attic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek drachma</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δραχμή</span></span>) was a weight of 6 obols, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span> Greek <a href="/wiki/Mina_(unit)" title="Mina (unit)">mina</a>, or about 4.37 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mastronarde1993_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mastronarde1993-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman drachma</a> was a weight of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> Roman pounds, or about 3.41 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay1883_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay1883-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A coin weighing one drachma is known as a <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a>, drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Dirhem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhem">dirhem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">درهم</span>) was based on the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_unit_of_mass">British unit of mass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British unit of mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1878">Weights and Measures Act 1878</a> introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>dram</i> now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> of an avoirdupois ounce. An ounce consisted of 437.5 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grains</a>, thus making the dram approximately 27.34 grains.</li> <li><i>drachm</i> now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_unit_of_mass">Modern unit of mass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern unit of mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> system, the dram is the mass of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">256</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-6">: C-6 </span></sup> The dram weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">27<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grain_(mass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (mass)">grains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-6">: C-6 </span></sup> or exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000177184519531250♠"></span>1.771<span style="margin-left:.25em;">845</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">195</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">3125</span></span> grams.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-14">: C-14 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecaries' system</a>, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-nbs447_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbs447-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dram is the mass of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-7">: C-7 </span></sup> (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the <a href="/wiki/Troy_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy pound">troy pound</a> (lb t), and <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> (oz t), respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-6–C-7">: C-6–C-7 </span></sup> The dram apothecaries is equal to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000300000000000000♠"></span>3 <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">scruples</a> (s ap or ℈)</span> or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001600000000000000♠"></span>60 grains (gr)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-7">: C-7 </span></sup> or exactly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000388793460000000♠"></span>3.887<span style="margin-left:.25em;">9346</span></span> grams.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-14">: C-14 </span></sup> </p><p>"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.<sup id="cite_ref-BuzzacottBoyles2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuzzacottBoyles2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unit_of_volume">Unit of volume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unit of volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whisky_tasting_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Whisky_tasting_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A "wee dram", in Scotland the 35 ml measurement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>fluid dram</i> (or <i>fluid drachm</i> in British spelling<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is defined as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-5, C-7">: C-5, C-7 </span></sup> and is exactly equal to: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000369669119531250♠"></span>3.696<span style="margin-left:.25em;">691</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">195</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">3125</span> <a href="/wiki/Milliliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliter">ml</a></span> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._customary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. customary system">U.S. customary system</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-5, C-12">: C-5, C-12 </span></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994355163281250000♠"></span>3.551<span style="margin-left:.25em;">632</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">8125</span> ml</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">British Imperial system</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-7">: C-7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Teaspoonful" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaspoonful">teaspoonful</a> has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 <a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">minims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eclectic1876_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eclectic1876-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-5, C-7">: C-5, C-7 </span></sup> using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Eclectic1876_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eclectic1876-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span> US fluid ounces, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> US fluid drams,<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-18">: C-18 </span></sup> or 80 US minims.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C-5">: C-5 </span></sup> </p><p>While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">pill containers</a>. </p><p><i>Dram</i> is used informally to mean a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">liquor</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDdram_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDdram-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit is referenced by the phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Dram_shop" title="Dram shop">dram shop</a></i>, the U.S. legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python's</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Bruces%27_Philosophers_Song" title="Bruces' Philosophers Song">The Bruces' Philosophers Song</a>", there is the line "<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "gie" being the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing. "Little Maggie," a traditional song popular in <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>, refers to the title character as having a "dram glass in her hand."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series <a href="/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)" title="Archer (2009 TV series)"><i>Archer</i></a>, the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)"><i>Dune</i></a>, the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, a standard designed to allow symbols from all writing systems to be represented and manipulated by computers, the dram symbol has no dedicated symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the lowercase <a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ezh</a>, or "tailed z", (<span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span></span>) is used,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Unicode code table entry for <span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span></span> reads "LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH = dram sign".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the upper-case letter <i>z</i> in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> hand. i.e. <span style="font-size:120%"><span class="texhtml">ℨ</span></span> is also seen. Found in Unicode <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols" title="Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a> block, <span style="font-size:120%"><span class="texhtml">ℨ</span></span> is meant to be used in mathematics and phonetics, and is not recommended as an abbreviation for dram.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typedrawers.com/discussion/4676/unicode-where-is-the-drachma-sign">"Unicode: where is the Drachma sign?"</a> typedrawers.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William R. Newman et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typedrawers.com/home/leaving?allowTrusted=1&target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2008%2F08313-newton-alchemy.pdf">"Toward a Proposal for an Alchemy Unicode Plane."</a> 12 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0250.pdf">"IPA Extensions. Range: 0250–02AF"</a> The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDdrachm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdrachm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdrachm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">Simpson, John A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund S.C.</a>, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57373">"drachm, <i>n</i>."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50959346">50959346</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Spelt <i>drachm</i> or <i>dram</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=drachm%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50959346&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F57373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> Earlier version first published in <i><a href="/wiki/New_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="New English Dictionary">New English Dictionary</a></i>, 1897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf">"Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm"><i>Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices</i></a>. NIST Handbook. <b>44</b> (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4027">0271-4027</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58927093">58927093</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Mary Jo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC&pg=PA108">"UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC"><i>Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation</i></a> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolters Kluwer Health">Wolters Kluwer Health</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. 108–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6335-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-6335-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181600928">181600928</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=UNIT+2+Measurement+Systems%3A+The+Apothecary+System&rft.btitle=Math+for+Nurses%3A+A+Pocket+Guide+to+Dosage+Calculation+and+Drug+Preparation&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=108-9&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health+%26%23124%3B+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181600928&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6335-6&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCfCGwqNt4QC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDdram-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdram_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDdram_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">Simpson, John A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund S.C.</a>, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57471">"dram, <i>n</i>."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50959346">50959346</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dram%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50959346&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F57471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> Earlier version first published in <i><a href="/wiki/New_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="New English Dictionary">New English Dictionary</a></i>, 1897.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_College_of_Physicians_of_Dublin1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Ireland" title="Royal College of Physicians of Ireland">Royal College of Physicians of Dublin</a> (1850). "Weights and Measures". <i>The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland</i>. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xlvi. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015069402942">2027/mdp.39015069402942</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/599509441">599509441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weights+and+Measures&rft.btitle=The+Pharmacop%C5%93ia+of+the+King+and+Queen%27s+College+of+Physicians+in+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=xlvi&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015069402942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F599509441&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/fluidram">"fluidram"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster online</i>. Springfield, MA: <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44475779">44475779</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+online&rft.atitle=fluidram&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44475779&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fmedical%2Ffluidram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowellRoyalCollege1809-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PowellRoyalCollege1809_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellRoyal_College_of_Physicians_of_London1809" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Physicians of London">Royal College of Physicians of London</a> (1809). "Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]". <i>The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX</i>. Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.English (corr. and enl. 2nd ed.). London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fwu.89097444632">2027/wu.89097444632</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/622876101">622876101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weights%2C+Measures%2C+%26c.+%5Bmeasures+of+liquids+sect.%5D&rft.btitle=The+Pharmacop%C5%93ia+of+the+Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+London%2C+M.+DCCC.+IX&rft.place=London&rft.series=Pharmacopoeia+Londinensis.English&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=corr.+and+enl.+2nd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+and+Orme&rft.date=1809&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fwu.89097444632&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F622876101&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+London&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastronarde1993-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mastronarde1993_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._Mastronarde1993" class="citation book cs1">Donald J. Mastronarde (19 March 1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoat00mast/page/222"><i>Introduction to Attic Greek</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07844-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07844-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07844-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07844-4&rft.au=Donald+J.+Mastronarde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoat00mast%2Fpage%2F222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES.-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES._13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqiyh-kZ8LkC&pg=PA1062"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i></a> (3rd American ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1062<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1062&rft.edition=3rd+American&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnqiyh-kZ8LkC%26pg%3DPA1062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramsay1883-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramsay1883_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay_(classical_scholar)" title="William Ramsay (classical scholar)">Ramsay, William Wardlaw</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4IBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA206"><i>An elementary manual of Roman antiquities</i></a> (7th ed.). London: Charles Griffin and Company. p. 206<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+elementary+manual+of+Roman+antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=206&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Charles+Griffin+and+Company&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=William+Wardlaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4IBAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apothecariesweights.com/">"Apothecaries Weights"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apothecaries+Weights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apothecariesweights.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbs447-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbs447_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson1976" class="citation book cs1">Judson, Lewis V. (March 1976) [October 1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603064530/https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm">"Appendix 8"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp447/index.cfm"><i>Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NBS Special Publication. Vol. 447. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610190761">610190761</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+8&rft.btitle=Weights+and+Measures+Standards+of+the+United+States%3A+A+brief+history&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=NBS+Special+Publication&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610190761&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP447%2Fapp8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuzzacottBoyles2008-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BuzzacottBoyles2008_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzzacottBoyles2008" class="citation book cs1">Buzzacott, Francis H.; Boyles, Denis (3 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8zFuPTIbd0C&pg=PA271"><i>The Complete Sportsman's Encyclopedia</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-330-9"><bdi>978-1-59921-330-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Sportsman%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2008-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-330-9&rft.aulast=Buzzacott&rft.aufirst=Francis+H.&rft.au=Boyles%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8zFuPTIbd0C%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2866/schedule/made">"The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (Metrication) (Amendment) Order 1994"</a>. www.legislation.gov.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weights+and+Measures+Act+1985+%28Metrication%29+%28Amendment%29+Order+1994&rft.pub=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1994%2F2866%2Fschedule%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_KingdomDepartment_of_Trade_and_Industry1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made"><i>The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-053334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-053334-6"><bdi>978-0-11-053334-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33237616">33237616</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Units+of+Measurement+Regulations+1995&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Schedule%3A+Relevant+Imperial+Units%2C+Corresponding+Metric+Units+and+Metric+Equivalents&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33237616&rft.isbn=978-0-11-053334-6&rft.au=United+Kingdom&rft.au=Department+of+Trade+and+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1995%2F1804%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">Simpson, John A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund S.C.</a>, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/198423">"tea-spoon, <i>n</i>."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861186-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50959346">50959346</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>. <q><b>teaspoonful</b> <i>n</i>. as much as a tea-spoon will hold; in medical prescriptions taken as equal to 1 fluid-drachm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tea-spoon%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50959346&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F198423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span> Earlier version first published in <i><a href="/wiki/New_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="New English Dictionary">New English Dictionary</a></i>, 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eclectic1876-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eclectic1876_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eclectic1876_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidwell1876" class="citation journal cs1">Bidwell, W. H., ed. (July–December 1876). "Domestic Measurement of Medicine". <i>The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art</i>. <b>87</b>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Leavitt,_Trow,_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Leavitt, Trow, & Co.">Leavitt, Trow, & Co.</a>: 766–7. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b2870858">2027/uc1.b2870858</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700637572">700637572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eclectic+Magazine+of+Foreign+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art&rft.atitle=Domestic+Measurement+of+Medicine&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=766-7&rft.date=1876-07%2F1876-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b2870858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700637572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topwhiskies.com/blogs/whisky-blog/why-measure-called-dram">"Why is a measure of whisky called a dram?"</a>. <i>TopWhiskies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TopWhiskies&rft.atitle=Why+is+a+measure+of+whisky+called+a+dram%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopwhiskies.com%2Fblogs%2Fwhisky-blog%2Fwhy-measure-called-dram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2000" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, Francis D. (2000). <i>Successful Personal Injury Investigation: Master the Techniques of Finding the Facts that Win Cases for Plaintiff Attorneys</i> (First ed.). Oceanside, California: Diverse Publications. p. 804.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Successful+Personal+Injury+Investigation%3A+Master+the+Techniques+of+Finding+the+Facts+that+Win+Cases+for+Plaintiff+Attorneys&rft.place=Oceanside%2C+California&rft.pages=804&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Diverse+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbsen1993" class="citation book cs1">Erbsen, Wayne (1993). <i>Front Porch Songs, Jokes & Stories</i>. Native Ground. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Front+Porch+Songs%2C+Jokes+%26+Stories&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Native+Ground&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Erbsen&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008190652/http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/">"The Milliner - Koken Collection of American Fiddle Tunes"</a>. slippery-hill.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slippery-hill.com/M-K/">the original</a> on 8 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Milliner+-+Koken+Collection+of+American+Fiddle+Tunes&rft.pub=slippery-hill.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslippery-hill.com%2FM-K%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John. <i>Gie the fiddler a dram.</i> Rec. May 1939 by Herbert Halpert. Lib. of Cong. Web. 15 September 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.7452>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluegrasslyrics.com/song/little-maggie/">"Little Maggie – Bluegrass Lyrics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Maggie+%E2%80%93+Bluegrass+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluegrasslyrics.com%2Fsong%2Flittle-maggie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADram+%28unit%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dram" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dram">dram</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf">Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/h44-12.cfm"><i>Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices</i></a>. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/2642-ancient-coins-heads-and-tales-from-antique-lands">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202220649/http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/2642-ancient-coins-heads-and-tales-from-antique-lands">Archived</a> 2014-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_units" title="Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_units" title="Template talk:Imperial units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with US customary system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">Barleycorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">Fathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_length" title="Cable length">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">Nautical mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (area)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppus" title="Hoppus">Hoppus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmcft" title="Tmcft">Tmcft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_gallon" title="Trade gallon">Trade gallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chaldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruple_(unit)" title="Scruple (unit)">Fluid Scruple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fluid Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuck_(unit)" title="Stuck (unit)">Stuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound (mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(unit)" title="Quarter (unit)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hundred" title="Long hundred">Long hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_load" title="Ship load">Ship load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ton">Ton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Ksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-poundal" title="Foot-poundal">Foot-poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">Horsepower-hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenning (unit)">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound (force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_units" class="mw-redirect" title="English Engineering units">English Engineering units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second system (FPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_customary_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Template:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Template talk:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Customary_Units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Customary Units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_customary_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with imperial unit system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute mile">statute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_foot" title="Board foot">Board foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_cord" title="Face cord">Face cord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">Acre-foot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feet_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Feet per second">Feet per second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">Ton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">Short</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound-force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_(unit)" title="Kip (unit)">Kip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">Inch of mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Kilopounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(cloth)" title="Bolt (cloth)">Bolt (cloth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree (angle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">Foot-lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound (energy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_(unit)" title="Perm (unit)">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot (torque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton_of_refrigeration" title="Ton of refrigeration">Ton of refrigeration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wire_gauge" title="American wire gauge">American wire gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_jewelry_sizes" title="Body jewelry sizes">Body jewelry sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Foot–pound–second system of units">Foot–pound–second system of units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&oldid=1256087258">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&oldid=1256087258</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_mass" title="Category:Units of mass">Units of mass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_volume" title="Category:Units of volume">Units of volume</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_units" title="Category:Imperial units">Imperial units</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Customary_units_of_measurement_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States">Customary units of measurement in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_measurement" title="Category:Alcohol measurement">Alcohol measurement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cooking_weights_and_measures" title="Category:Cooking weights and measures">Cooking weights and measures</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2023">Articles with dead external links from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 03:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dram_(unit)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-486j8","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.911","walltime":"1.088","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6433,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":104508,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5042,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":113429,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 989.351 1 -total"," 30.45% 301.243 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.75% 145.938 3 Template:Lang"," 12.74% 126.055 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 12.15% 120.180 15 Template:Rp"," 11.18% 110.623 15 Template:R/superscript"," 9.93% 98.276 4 Template:Navbox"," 9.55% 94.486 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.00% 89.061 1 Template:Imperial_units"," 6.98% 69.026 11 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.558","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20897652,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fvkzk","timestamp":"20241122141557","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dram (unit)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dram_(unit)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1255620","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1255620","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-03T07:37:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T03:49:30Z","headline":"unit of mass or volume in different systems"}</script> </body> </html>