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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Priesthood_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lead_up_to_priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_up_to_priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lead up to priesthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_up_to_priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officiation_as_priest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officiation_as_priest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Officiation as priest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officiation_as_priest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_of_the_Goddess_Kali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_of_the_Goddess_Kali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Vision of the Goddess Kali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_of_the_Goddess_Kali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God-realization_via_various_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God-realization_via_various_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 God-realization via various traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-God-realization_via_various_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle God-realization via various traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-God-realization_via_various_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rama_Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rama_Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rama Bhakti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rama_Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tantra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaishnava_Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaishnava_Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Vaishnava Bhakti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaishnava_Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tota_Puri_and_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tota_Puri_and_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Tota Puri and Vedanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tota_Puri_and_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_meeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_meeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Initial meeting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_meeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation_into_sannyasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation_into_sannyasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Initiation into sannyasa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation_into_sannyasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experience_of_samadhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experience_of_samadhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Experience of samadhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experience_of_samadhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya_and_the_Divine_Mother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya_and_the_Divine_Mother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Maya and the Divine Mother </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya_and_the_Divine_Mother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tota_Puri_humbled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tota_Puri_humbled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Tota Puri humbled </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tota_Puri_humbled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_in_samadhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_in_samadhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Perception in samadhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_in_samadhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Islam and Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularization_and_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularization_and_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Popularization and final years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularization_and_final_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popularization and final years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popularization_and_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keshab_Chandra_Sen_and_the_"New_Dispensation"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keshab_Chandra_Sen_and_the_"New_Dispensation""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Keshab Chandra Sen and the "New Dispensation" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keshab_Chandra_Sen_and_the_"New_Dispensation"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swami_Vivekananda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swami_Vivekananda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Swami Vivekananda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swami_Vivekananda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_devotees_and_disciples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_devotees_and_disciples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other devotees and disciples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_devotees_and_disciples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Last days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception and teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transformation_into_neo-Vedantin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation_into_neo-Vedantin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transformation into neo-Vedantin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation_into_neo-Vedantin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_samadhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_samadhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Analysis of samadhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_samadhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Psychoanalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romain_Rolland_and_the_"Oceanic_feeling"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romain_Rolland_and_the_"Oceanic_feeling""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Romain Rolland and the "Oceanic feeling" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romain_Rolland_and_the_"Oceanic_feeling"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Analyst_and_the_Mystic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Analyst_and_the_Mystic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 The Analyst and the Mystic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Analyst_and_the_Mystic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kali's_Child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kali's_Child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Kali's Child </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kali's_Child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Teachings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 General and cited bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ramakrishna</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راماكريشنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راماكريشنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="ৰামকৃষ্ণ পৰমহংস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰামকৃষ্ণ পৰমহংস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамакрышна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамакрышна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамакрышна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамакрышна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шри Рамакришна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шри Рамакришна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0r%C3%AD_R%C3%A1makr%C5%A1na" title="Šrí Rámakršna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šrí Rámakršna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ραμακρίσνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραμακρίσνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%9Dna" title="Ramakriŝna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramakriŝna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راماکریشنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راماکریشنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Krishna_Paramhans" title="Ram Krishna Paramhans – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ram Krishna Paramhans" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2makrishna" title="Râmakrishna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Râmakrishna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8" title="રામકૃષ્ણ પરમહંસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રામકૃષ્ણ પરમહંસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98" title="라마크리슈나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마크리슈나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ռամակրիշնա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամակրիշնա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%A1na" title="Ramakrišna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramakrišna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ראמאקרישנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראמאקרישנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8" title="ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪರಮಹಂಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪರಮಹಂಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რამაკრიშნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამაკრიშნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамакришна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рамакришна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81makri%C5%A1na" title="Rāmakrišna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāmakrišna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%A1na" title="Ramakrišna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramakrišna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1makrisna" title="Rámakrisna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rámakrisna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2makrishna" title="Râmakrishna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Râmakrishna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB" title="ശ്രീരാമകൃഷ്ണ പരമഹംസൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്രീരാമകൃഷ്ണ പരമഹംസൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7" title="راماكريشنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راماكريشنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" title="Sri Ramakrishna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sri Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A" title="ラーマクリシュナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーマクリシュナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8" title="ରାମକୃଷ୍ଣ ପରମହଂସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାମକୃଷ୍ଣ ପରମହଂସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਮਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਮਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रामकृष्ण परमहंस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رام کرشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رام کرشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakryszna_Paramahansa" title="Ramakryszna Paramahansa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramakryszna Paramahansa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамакришна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамакришна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="श्रीरामकृष्णपरमहंसः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्रीरामकृष्णपरमहंसः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB" title="රාමක්‍රිශ්ණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාමක්‍රිශ්ණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1makri%C5%A1na" title="Rámakrišna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rámakrišna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%A1na" title="Ramakrišna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramakrišna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%A1na" title="Ramakrišna – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ramakrišna" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakri%C5%A1na" title="Ramakrišna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramakrišna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இராமகிருஷ்ணர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராமகிருஷ்ணர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Шри Рамакришна – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шри Рамакришна" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8" title="రామకృష్ణ పరమహంస – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రామకృష్ణ పరమహంస" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="รามกฤษณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รามกฤษณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8" title="ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪರಮಹಂಸ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಾಮಕೃಷ್ಣ ಪರಮಹಂಸ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" title="Sri Ramakrishna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sri Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рамакрішна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рамакрішна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86" title="رام کرشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رام کرشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ramakrishna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%B3" title="拉玛克里斯纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉玛克里斯纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ramakrishna (disambiguation)">Ramakrishna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC569; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ramakrishna</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/220px-Ramakrishna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/330px-Ramakrishna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/440px-Ramakrishna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1675" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ramakrishna at <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar" title="Dakshineswar">Dakshineswar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ramakrishna Chattopadhyay</div> (1836-02-18)18 February 1836 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company India</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 1886(1886-08-16) (aged 50) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (now West Bengal, India)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Throat_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Throat cancer">Throat cancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa" title="Paramahamsa">Paramahamsa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Temple</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lineage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81mi_Sampradaya" title="Daśanāmi Sampradaya">Daśanāmi Sampradaya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Guru</th><td class="infobox-data">Totapuri, Bhairavi Brahmani, and others</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Disciples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)#Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Advaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_drop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/230px-Double_drop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/345px-Double_drop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_drop.jpg/460px-Double_drop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="880" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Classical Advaita Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81mat%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāmatī">Bhāmatī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarana" title="Vivarana">Vivarana</a></li></ul> Shaivism/Tantra/Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a>)</li></ul> New movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)">Avidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">Ajativada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas" title="Mahāvākyas">Mahāvākyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchitananda">Satchitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Tvam_Asi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tat Tvam Asi">Tat Tvam Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three Bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect_in_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect in Advaita Vedanta">Cause and effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_neti" title="Neti neti">Neti neti</a></li></ul> Kashmir Shaivism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soham_(Sanskrit)" title="Soham (Sanskrit)">so'ham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Sravana, manana, nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna#Spiritual_practices" title="Pratyabhijna">"Unfoldment of the middle"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-enquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-enquiry">Self-enquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Moksha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anubhava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anubhava (page does not exist)">Anubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Jivanmukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja" title="Sahaja">Sahaja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasthanatrayi" title="Prasthanatrayi">Prasthanatrayi</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Bodha_Deepika" title="Advaita Bodha Deepika">Advaita Bodha Deepika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%97g-D%C5%97%C5%9Bya-Viveka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka">Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara of Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra_Gita" title="Ashtavakra Gita">Ashtavakra Gita</a></li></ul> Gaudapada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></li></ul> Adi Shankara <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upadesasahasri" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadesasahasri">Upadesasahasri</a></li> <li>Attributed to Shankara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekachudamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekachudamani">Vivekachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_bodha" title="Atma bodha">Atma bodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparokshanubhuti" title="Aparokshanubhuti">Aparokshanubhuti</a></li></ul> Advaita-Yoga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadhuta_Gita" title="Avadhuta Gita">Avadhuta Gita</a></li></ul> Kashmir Shaivism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijnahridayam" title="Pratyabhijnahridayam">Pratyabhijnahridayam</a></li></ul> Neo-Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda#Literary_works" title="Swami Vivekananda">Works by Vivekananda</a></li></ul> Inchegeri Sampradaya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasbodh" title="Dasbodh">Dasbodh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Teachers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Misra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandana Misra">Mandana Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sure%C5%9Bvara" title="Sureśvara">Sureśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmapadacharya" title="Padmapadacharya">Padmapadacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalananda" title="Amalananda">Amalananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathi_Tirtha" title="Bharathi Tirtha">Bharathi Tirtha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teachers_of_Advaita_Vedanta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta">Advaita teachers</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Swami Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Sivananda">Swami Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Swami Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Swami Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Sarvapriyananda" title="Swami Sarvapriyananda">Swami Sarvapriyananda</a></li></ul> Shaivism/Tantra/Nath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._W._L._Poonja" title="H. W. L. Poonja">H. W. L. Poonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnanabhiksu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanic movement</a></li></ul> Hinduism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> Buddhism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism#Schayer_-_Precanonical_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Precanonical Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Monasteries and Orders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Classical Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashanami Sampradaya">Dashanami Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapadacharya_Math" title="Gaudapadacharya Math">Gaudapadacharya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham" title="Sringeri Sharada Peetham">Sringeri Sharada Peetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhana_matha" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhana matha">Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaraka_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaraka Pitha">Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotirmath">Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ</a></li></ul> Modern Advaita Vedanta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsha_Vidya_Gurukulam" title="Arsha Vidya Gurukulam">Arsha Vidya Gurukulam</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls_Sr." title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_De_Smet" title="Richard De Smet">Richard De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Deutsch" title="Eliot Deutsch">Eliot Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Non-academic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Godman" title="David Godman">David Godman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE8ED; white-space:wrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0.7px #ccc;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita" title="Category:Advaita">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vishishtadvaita_Vedanta" title="Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta">Vishishtadvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaita_Shaivism" title="Category:Advaita Shaivism">Advaita Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Category:Kashmir Shaivism">Inchegeri Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Nondualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Nondualism (page does not exist)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita_teachers" title="Category:Neo-Advaita teachers">Neo-Advaita teachers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:Hinduism_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/20px-Hinduism_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/30px-Hinduism_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hinduism_symbol.png/40px-Hinduism_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="278" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ramakrishna (18 February 1836 – 16 August 1886<a href="#cite_note-belurmath.org-1">[1]</a>), also called Ramakrishna Paramahansa (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Ramôkṛṣṇo Pôromohôṅso; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[ramɔkriʂno pɔromoɦɔŋʃo]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/Ramakrishna.ogg\/Ramakrishna.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ramakrishna.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Ramakrishna.ogg/Ramakrishna.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna.ogg" title="File:Ramakrishna.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Rāmakṛṣṇa Paramahaṃsa), born Ramakrishna Chattopadhay,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-More_About_Ramakrishna'_1993,_page_23-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda2003311-4">[4]</a> was an Indian Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>. He was a devotee of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, but adhered to various religious practices from the Hindu traditions of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Śaiva_and_Śākta_tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric Shaktism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, as well as Christianity and Islam. He advocated the essential <a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">unity of religions</a> and proclaimed that world religions are "so many paths to reach one and the same goal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019-5">[5]</a> His parable-based teachings espoused the ultimate unity of diverse religions as being means to enable the realization of the same God. He is regarded by his followers as an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> (divine incarnation).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Epigraph</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I have practised all religions - Hinduism, Islam, Christianity - and I have also followed the paths of the different Hindu sects. I have found that it is the same God toward whom all are directing their steps, though along different paths. You must try all beliefs and traverse all the different ways once. Wherever I look, I see men quarrelling in the name of religion - Hindus, Mohammedans, Brahmos, Vaishnavas, and the rest. But they never reflect that He who is called Krishna is also called Siva, and bears the name of the Primal Energy, Jesus, and Allah as well - the same Rama with a thousand names. A lake has several Ghats. At one, the Hindus take water in pitchers and call it ' Jal ' ; at another the Mussalmans take water in leather bags and call it ' pani '. At a third the Christians call it ' water '. Can we imagine that it is not ' Jal ' , but only ' pani ' or ' water '? How ridiculous! The substance is One under different names, and everyone is seeking the same substance; only climate, temperament, and name create differences. Let each man follow his own path. If he sincerely and ardently wishes to know God, peace be unto him! He will surely realize Him." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Ramakrishna<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194247-7">[7]</a></cite></div> </div> Born in <a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>, Bengal Presidency, India, Ramakrishna was the fourth and youngest child of his parents. He encountered several <a href="/wiki/Religious_experiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious experiences">religious experiences</a> starting from his childhood, and later began his career, at age twenty, as a temple priest at the <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineshwar Kali Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>. The devotional temperament of Ramakrishna coupled with his intense religious practices at the temple premises led him to experience various <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">spiritual visions</a>. Soon a few religious teachers visited Ramakrishna and assured him the sanctity of his visions. In 1859, in accordance with then prevailing customs, Ramakrishna was married to <a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a>, a marriage that was never consummated. Tota Puri, a <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">vedanta</a> monk, initiated Ramakrishna into <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasa</a> in 1865. Ramakrishna later gained widespread acclaim amongst the temple visiting public as a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, attracting to him social leaders, elites, and common people alike. Although initially reluctant to consider himself a guru, he eventually taught his disciples and founded the monastic <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Ramakrishna died due to <a href="/wiki/Throat_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Throat cancer">throat cancer</a> on the night of 15 August 1886.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214-9">[9]</a> After his demise, his chief disciple <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> popularized his ideas in India and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg/220px-Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg/330px-Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg/440px-Kamarpukur_Ramakrishna_Hut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The small house (centre) at <a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>, where Ramakrishna lived. His family shrine (left), with birthplace temple on the right.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_childhood">Birth and childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and childhood">edit</a>]</div> Ramakrishna was born on 18 February 1836,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194218-11">[11]</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly district</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India, in a very poor and pious <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">Bengali Brahmin</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs2002430-12">[12]</a> He was the fourth and the youngest child of his parents, father Khudiram Chattopadhyaya, born in 1775, and mother Chandramani Devi, born in 1791. The couple's first son Ramkumar is said to have been born in 1805, a daughter Katyayani five years later, and a second son Rameswar in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda195221-13">[13]</a> Chandramani Devi was Khudiram's second wife. His first wife died young. Khudiram had ancestral property in the Dere Village of present day West Bengal, India. An unscrupulous landlord, Ramananda Roy, who was angry with Khudiram for refusing to commit perjury, brought a false petition against him in the court and took possession of his ancestral property. Bereft of all property, Khudiram and Chandramani Devi moved to Kamarpukur where a friend, Sukhlal Goswami, gifted them one Bigha and ten Chataks of land for their maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197824–26-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The parents of Ramakrishna are said to have experienced supernatural incidents and visions regarding his birth. In <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, his father Khudiram had a dream in which <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> Gadadhara (a form of lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) told him that he would be born as his son. Chandramani Devi is said to have had a vision of light entering her womb from the <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> in Yogider Shiv <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">mandir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee199346–47-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998243–244-16">[16]</a> In another vision following Ramakrishna's birth, his mother saw a strange tall person lying in the bed instead of the baby Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197850-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The family was devoted to the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the family deity was Sri Raghubir–an epithet of Rama, and the male children of Khudiram and Chandramani were given names that started with Ram or Rama: Ramkumar, Rameswar, and Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> There has been some dispute about the origin of the name Ramakrishna, but there is "...evidence which proves beyond doubt that the name 'Ramakrishna' was given to him by his father..."<a href="#cite_note-More_About_Ramakrishna'_1993,_page_23-3">[3]</a> Ramakrishna confirmed this himself, as recorded in "M"s diaries, "I was a pet child of my father. He used to call me Ramakrishnababu."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_spiritual_experience">First spiritual experience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First spiritual experience">edit</a>]</div> Around the age of six or seven, Ramakrishna experienced his first moment of spiritual trance. One morning while walking along the narrow ridges of a <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a>, eating some puffed rice from a small basket, he came across the sight of a flock of milky white cranes flying against the backdrop of a heavy rain laden black clouds, which soon engulfed the entire sky. The ensuing sight was so beautiful that he was absorbed into it and lost all his outer consciousness, before falling down with the rice scattered all over. People nearby who saw this came to his rescue and carried him home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013-19">[19]</a> At age nine, in accordance with Brahminical tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred thread">sacred thread</a> was vested on Ramakrishna, thus making him eligible for conducting ritual worship. He would later help his family in performing worship of their deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">[20]</a> As a result of his devotion in worship, he started to experience <a href="/wiki/Bhava_samadhi" title="Bhava samadhi">Bhava-Samadhi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Savikalpa_samadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savikalpa samadhi">Savikalpa-Samadhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197864-21">[21]</a> He reportedly had experiences of similar nature a few other times in his childhood—while worshipping the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Vishalakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishalakshi">Vishalakshi</a>, and portraying the God <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> in a drama during the <a href="/wiki/Shivaratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a> festival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhawuk2003-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Ramakrishna was sent to the village school where he learned to read and write, but had an aversion towards arithmetic and didn't progress beyond simple addition, multiplication and division. He read the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and other religious books with devotion. He observed the scholars and found that they were only interested in acquiring wealth and contrasted this with his father's standards of detachment and righteous conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197865–70-23">[23]</a> He later lost interest in this "bread-winning education".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013-19">[19]</a> He instead became proficient in making images, acting and painting. When he was fourteen years old, he started a drama group with some of his friends and left school to pursue it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197865–70-23">[23]</a> Ramakrishna had practically no formal education and spoke ungrammatical imperfect Bengali with a rustic accent.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>, being a transit-point on the well-established pilgrimage routes to <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, brought Ramakrishna into contact with many renunciate saints and holy men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200192-28">[28]</a> He became well-versed in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahabharata</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, hearing them from the wandering monks and the Kathaks–a class of men in ancient India who preached and sang the Purāṇas. He used to sing and enact the songs and scenes from the Purāṇas to the village women. A trader, Durgadas Pyne, who enforced a strict <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> on the women in his household, criticised those who would meet Ramakrishna to listen to the Purāṇas. Ramakrishna argued with him that women will be protected through good education and devotion to God, and not through Purdah. Once a challenge was thrown by Durgadas that it was impossible to look into his inner apartments, Ramakrishna accepted the challenge and dressed himself like a weaver woman, then fooled Durgadas with his disguise and entered the inner apartments of his house. Durgadas, defeated, allowed the women to go and listen to Ramakrishna's recitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197872–76-29">[29]</a> Ramakrishna's father died in 1843, a loss which he felt very strongly and made him reticent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197856-30">[30]</a> He would visit the nearby cremation ground alone to practice spiritual disciplines there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013-19">[19]</a> At this stage the family responsibilities fell on his elder brother, Ramkumar, who was about thirty-one years older than him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135-31">[31]</a> When Ramakrishna was in his teens, the family's financial position worsened, Ramkumar then started a Sanskrit school in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (Jhama pukur lane), whilst also serving as a <a href="/wiki/Purohit" class="mw-redirect" title="Purohit">priest</a> there. In 1852, Ramakrishna moved to Calcutta along with his brother to assist him with the priestly work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998250-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priesthood_and_marriage">Priesthood and marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Priesthood and marriage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead_up_to_priesthood">Lead up to priesthood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lead up to priesthood">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century Calcutta, there lived <a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rasmani</a>, a wealthy woman with a commanding personality. A widow with four daughters, she was the first of the many prominent women who played a major role in the life of Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Inheriting property from her husband, the Rani managed to endear herself to the people of the city through her exceptional managerial skills of the estate, her resistance against the British colonial authorities, and her various philanthropic works. Known well for her kindness, benevolence to the poor, and also for her religious devotion, she was much loved and revered by the people and proved herself to be worthy of the title "<a href="/wiki/Rani" title="Rani">Rani</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952114–115-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006176-35">[35]</a> Being an ardent devotee of the Goddess Kali, the Rani had the words, "Sri Rasmani Dasi, longing for the Feet of Kali”, inscribed in her estates official seal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952115-36">[36]</a> After having a vision of the Goddess Kali in a dream on the night before her departure for a pilgrimage to the Hindu holy city of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kashi</a>, she founded the now famous <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952116-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990195-38">[38]</a> Reportedly in the dream, the goddess instructed her that instead of visiting Kashi she better set up a stone idol of the Goddess at a beautiful place on the <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">banks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi River</a>, and make arrangements for the daily worship and <a href="/wiki/Pras%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasāda">prasada</a> offering there, then she would manifest in the deity and receive her worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952116-37">[37]</a> With great delight the Rani bought a large piece of land on the banks of Hooghly river at Dakshineswar and started the construction of a nine-spired temple where pilgrims could congregate to catch a glimpse of the Goddess. However for being born into a <a href="/wiki/Mahishya" title="Mahishya">Cāsi kaivarta</a> family, she was deemed unworthy by the local Brahmins to make food offerings to Kali.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> It was her heart's desire to offer prasada to Kali, and if she did so going against the norms of the Brahmanical society of the time, the devotees would no longer visit that temple, nor would a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_priest" title="Hindu priest">Brahmin priest</a> officiate there. To find a scriptural solution to her problem, the Rani sought written opinions of various pandits from different parts of the country. However, none of the opinions were in her favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117-39">[39]</a> When all hope was seemingly lost, she received a letter from Ramkumar, who assured her that the scriptural principles would be observed intact if she made a gift of the property to a Brahmin, who could then install the deity and make arrangements for food offerings. No blemish would then be incurred by those who partook the prasada there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117–118-40">[40]</a> She readily agreed to these conditions, displaying savviness in working around the rigidities of caste while adhering to its restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> The Rani thus decided to consecrate the temple and proceeded with her plans. While the search for a priest was on, a Brahmin named Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya who worked on the estate of the Rani, and her secretary Ramdhan Ghosh, both of whom were well acquainted with Ramkumar, requested him to officiate as a priest at the temple of the Rani, albeit temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952119–120-41">[41]</a> The devout Ramkumar agreed and later after the opening of the temple on the last day of May in 1855, on request by the Rani, he continued as its chief priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952120-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Ramkumar informed Ramakrishna that he was taking up the post of the priest and asked him to stay at the Kali Temple. At this injunction Ramakrishna strenuously objected and reminded Ramkumar that their father never officiated in the ceremonies of the purported 'lower castes' and refused to join him, but the will of Ramkumar prevailed in this matter.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952122-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officiation_as_priest">Officiation as priest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Officiation as priest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple,_Dakshineswar,_West_Bengal,_India_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/330px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg/440px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_Dakshineswar%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a>, built under the aegis of Rani Rasmani in 1855. Sri Ramakrishna lived a major part of his life here.</figcaption></figure> On Thursday, 31 May 1855, Ramkumar in the presence of his brother Ramakrishna officiated at the dedication ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">[20]</a> Despite having Brahmanical authority since its beginning, this temple remained accessible to all irrespective of caste, creed, and class.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Within three months after the consecration of the temple, Mathur Babu, the Rani's right-hand man was much impressed by Ramakrishna and appointed him with the task of dressing up the deity of Kali, and Hriday, the sixteen year old nephew of Ramakrishna was appointed as an assistant to both him and Ramkumar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952130-45">[45]</a> Soon, Ramkumar began to teach his brother the modes of worship and service of the Goddess, in the hope that he might perform them in his absence. To initiate him properly, a <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhaka" title="Sādhaka">Sadhaka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> named Kenaram Bhattacharya was invited. He was apparently charmed to see the religious fervor in Ramakrishna, who reportedly became ecstatic as soon as a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> was recited in his ear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194225-47">[47]</a> In order to get him more accustomed, Ramkumar later employed Ramakrishna on few occasions to perform the worship of Kali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134-46">[46]</a> As Ramkumar grew old and infirm to carry out the difficult duties at the Kali temple, Mathur with the permission of the Rani, requested him to move to the Vishnu temple in the complex for conducting worship, and appointed Ramakrishna to the office of priest. Ramkumar was glad with this arrangement, and after serving for one year since the consecration of the temple, he died suddenly in 1856 while preparing to go home on a leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998251-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_Goddess_Kali">Vision of the Goddess Kali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vision of the Goddess Kali">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>The idol of goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> as Bhavatāriṇi in the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">sanctum sanctorum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> At age 20, Ramakrishna who by now had witnessed more than one death in his family, realising the utter impermanence of life, became more engrossed in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. After the daily worship, he would sit in the temple looking intently at the deity and get absorbed in her, before losing himself in devotion whilst singing with profound emotion the songs composed by devotees like <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)">Kamalakanta</a>. He regarded their songs as an aid in his worship, and was certain about having the vision of Kali as Ramprasad did. With an ardent heart, he would say, "Thou showed thyself to Ramprasad, Mother, why then shouldst Thou not reveal Thyself to me? I don't want wealth, friends, relatives, enjoyment of pleasure, and the like. Do show Thyself to me." Being averse to wasting any time, after the closure of the temple during midday or at night, he would visit the nearby jungle to think and meditate on <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135–139-49">[49]</a> Before meditating, he would put down his clothes and the sacred thread aside, and meditate completely naked. When Hriday found this out, he confronted his uncle and asked him to explain his strange conduct. Ramakrishna answered that when one thinks about God, one should be free from all attachments and the eight servitudes of "hatred, fear, shame, aversion, egoism, vanity, noble descent, and good conduct." He viewed his sacred thread as a display of the ego of his Brahmin descent and thus kept it aside, saying when calling upon the Mother, one should discard all such bondages and call on Her with a focused mind. He assured his nephew that he would put them on after the end of his meditation. Hriday was aghast at hearing this and left him in dismay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952136–137-50">[50]</a> In this way, Ramakrishna spent his days and nights altogether in prayer, singing, and meditation while his longing for her vision kept increasing daily. It was not long before people around the temple started noticing his passion and adherence to devotion, which was quite unperturbed by the opinions of people around him. The Rani was informed by her son-in-law Mathur thus: "We have got an extraordinary worshipper; the Goddess will be awakened very soon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952139–140-51">[51]</a> As the days passed, Ramakrishna's food intake and sleep gradually declined and when not engaged in either worship or meditation, he was seen in a state of turmoil over whether he would get a vision of the Mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140-52">[52]</a> Seeing the evening sun, he would cry, "Mother, another day is gone and still I have not seen you!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990403-53">[53]</a> Eventually he would question, "Are you true, Mother, or is it all a fabrication of my mind, mere poetry without reality? If you do exist, why can't I see you?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">[20]</a> Soon his longing for her vision became extreme and he was engaged in either worship or meditation for almost twenty-four hours a day. Despaired, and feeling an unbearable pain at the thought that he might never have her vision, one day, as he later recounted: "In my agony, I said to myself, 'What is the use of this life?' Suddenly my eyes fell on the sword that hangs in the temple. I decided to end my life with it then and there. Like a madman, I ran to it and seized it. And then — I had a marvellous vision of the Mother and fell down unconscious." He became overwhelmed and before fainting, observed that to his spiritual sight, houses, doors, temples and everything else around vanishing into an empty void and "What I saw, was a boundless infinite conscious sea of light! However far and in whatever direction I looked, I found a continuous succession of effulgent waves coming forward, raging and storming from all sides with great speed. Very soon they fell on me and made me sink to the unknown bottom. I panted, struggled and fell unconscious. I did not know what happened then in the external world — how that day and the next slipped away. But, in my heart of hearts, there was flowing a current of intense bliss, never experienced before, and I had the immediate knowledge of the light that was Mother." When he regained consciousness, he was found uttering the word "Maa" (Mother) repeatedly in an aching voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140–141-54">[54]</a> Thoroughly convinced of Kali's existence, Ramakrishna now lived at her abode, all the time, and like a child disinclined to leave its mother, so was he disinclined to leave his Divine Mother Kali. Hovering in an ocean of bliss he guided various seekers to Kali, realising one cannot experience it anywhere but from Her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990143–144-55">[55]</a> When asked why he called the deity a "Mother", he answered that it was because the child is most free with the Mother, and she alone can cherish the child more than anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller1916118-56">[56]</a> People around him noted that he engaged in talks of spiritual matters only and never about any worldly issues, and while talking about Kali the Divine Mother, he would simply cry and be elated. When someone once asked him about Kali worship, he said:<blockquote> "I do not worship Kali made of clay and straw. My Mother is the conscious principle. My Mother is pure <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">Satchidananda</a> — Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. That which is infinite and deep is always dark-coloured. The extensive sky is dark-coloured and so is the deep sea. My Kali is infinite, all-pervading, and consciousness itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990404-57">[57]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_mother_sarada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/180px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/270px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/360px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Sarada Devi (1853–1920), wife and spiritual counterpart of Ramakrishna.</figcaption></figure> Rumors spread to Kamarpukur that Ramakrishna became unstable as a result of his spiritual practices at Dakshineswar. Ramakrishna's mother and his elder brother Rameswar decided to get Ramakrishna married, thinking that marriage would be a good steadying influence upon him by forcing him to take up responsibilities, and keep his attention on normal affairs rather than on his spiritual practices and visions. Ramakrishna himself mentioned that they would find the bride at the house of Ramchandra Mukherjee in <a href="/wiki/Jayrambati" title="Jayrambati">Jayrambati</a>, three miles to the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a>. The five-year-old bride, <a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Saradamani Mukhopadhyaya</a> (later known as Sarada Devi; she is also considered an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a>) was found, and the marriage was duly solemnised in 1859. Ramakrishna was twenty-three at this point, but this age difference for marriage was typical for nineteenth-century rural Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199418-58">[58]</a> They later spent three months together in Kamarpukur when Sarada Devi was fourteen, and Ramakrishna thirty-two. Ramakrishna became a very influential figure in Sarada's life, and she became a strong follower of his teachings. After the marriage, Sarada stayed at Jayrambati and joined Ramakrishna in Dakshineswar at the age of eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207–208-59">[59]</a> By the time his bride joined him, Ramakrishna had already embraced the monastic life of a <a href="/wiki/Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi">sannyasi</a>, and the marriage was never consummated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland192959-60">[60]</a> Once as a part of practicing the spiritual mood called mādhurā bhavā sādhana, Ramakrishna dressed and behaved as a woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993384-61">[61]</a> Disciple <a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a> quoted the Master as follows:<blockquote>How can a man conquer passion? He should assume the attitude of a woman. I spent many days as the handmaid of God. I dressed myself in women's clothes, put on ornaments and covered the upper part of my body with a scarf, just like a woman. With the scarf on, I used to perform the evening worship before the image. Otherwise, how could I have kept my wife with me for eight months? Both of us behaved as if we were the handmaid of the Divine Mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993385-62">[62]</a></blockquote> As a priest, Ramakrishna performed the ritual ceremony of the Shodashi Puja in his room, where he worshipped his wife Sarada Devi as the Divine Mother herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland192959-60">[60]</a> Ramakrishna regarded Sarada Devi as the Divine Mother in person, addressing her as the <a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Holy Mother</a>, and it was by this name that she became known to Ramakrishna's disciples. Sarada Devi outlived Ramakrishna by thirty-four years and played an important role in the development of the nascent religious movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="God-realization_via_various_traditions">God-realization via various traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: God-realization via various traditions">edit</a>]</div> In 1860, Ramakrishna returned to Dakshineswar and was again caught up in a spiritual tempest forgetting his wife, home, body, and surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">[20]</a> He once described his experiences during this most tumultuous period of his life thus: <blockquote>"No sooner had I passed through one spiritual crisis than another took its place. It was like being in the midst of a whirlwind, even my sacred thread was blown away. I could seldom keep hold of my dhoti [cloth]. Sometimes I would open my mouth, and it would be as if my jaws reached from heaven to the underworld. "Mother!" I would cry desperately. I felt I had to pull her in, as a fisherman pulls in fish with his dragnet. A prostitute walking the street would appear to me to be <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, going to meet her victorious husband. An English boy standing cross-legged against a tree reminded me of the boy <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and I lost consciousness. Sometimes I would share my food with a dog. My hair became matted. Birds would perch on my head and peck at the grains of rice which had lodged there during the worship. Snakes would crawl over my motionless body. An ordinary man couldn't have borne a quarter of that tremendous fervour; it would have burnt him up. I had no sleep at all for six long years. My eyes lost the power of winking. I stood in front of a mirror and tried to close my eyelids with my finger and I couldn't! I got frightened and said to Mother: "Mother, is this what happens to those who call on you? I surrendered myself to you, and you gave me this terrible disease!" I used to shed tears — but then, suddenly, I'd be filled with ecstasy. I saw that my body didn't matter — it was of no importance, a mere trifle. Mother appeared to me and comforted me and freed me from my fear."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014–15-65">[65]</a> </blockquote> Ramakrishna grew up practicing <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> towards Lord <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, and his duties as a priest at the Dakshineswar temple led him to practice worship of the Mother <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. While serving as a temple priest at Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna would encounter various itinerant <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a> who would visit his place and stay there for a while. Practicing their own modes of worship, several of them initiated Ramakrishna into various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the year 1861, a female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani, initiated Ramakrishna into <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction_page_18-68">[68]</a> Afterwards, he took up the practise of vatsalya bhava (attitude of a Parent towards the divine child) under a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> guru named Jatadhari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015-69">[69]</a> In 1865, a <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> monk named Tota Puri, initiated Ramakrishna into sannyasa and he attained <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Hinduism" title="Samadhi">Nirvikalpa Samadhi</a>, considered as culmination of spiritual practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952245-70">[70]</a> In 1866, Govinda Roy, a Hindu guru who practised <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, initiated Ramakrishna into Islam,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> further in 1873, Ramakrishna practiced Christianity and had the Bible read to him.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> After more than a decade of <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a> in various religious paths, each culminating in the realization of God by that path, his personal practices settled, and he is said to have remained in bhavamukha, a level of blissful samadhi.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> He would meditate in the Panchavati (a wooded and secluded area of the Dakshineswar Temple grounds), go to the Kali temple to offer flowers to the Mother, and wave incense to the assorted deities and religious figures, whose pictures hung in his room.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rama_Bhakti">Rama Bhakti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rama Bhakti">edit</a>]</div> At some point in the period between his vision of Kali and his marriage, Ramakrishna practised dāsya bhāva,<a href="#cite_note-78">[note 1]</a> during which he worshiped <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> with the attitude of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, who is considered to be the ideal devotee and servant of Rama. According to Ramakrishna, towards the end of this sadhana, he had a vision of <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, the consort of Rama, merging into his body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-isherwood-dasya-79">[78]</a> Bhairavi Brahmani, an ascetic who used to carry with her the Raghuvir <a href="/wiki/Sila_(murti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sila (murti)">Shila</a> - a stone idol representing lord Rama and all <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> deities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2001101-80">[79]</a> who is also well versed in the texts of <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya Vaishnavism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2001101-80">[79]</a> stated that Ramakrishna was experiencing a phenomenon that accompanies mahabhava, the supreme attitude of loving devotion towards the divine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674-81">[80]</a> and quoting from the bhakti shastras, she stated that other religious figures like <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a> had similar experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004723-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantra">Tantra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tantra">edit</a>]</div> Tantra focuses on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> and the object of tantric training is to transcend the barriers between the holy and unholy as a means of achieving liberation and to see all aspects of the natural world as manifestations of the divine shakti.<a href="#cite_note-jackson_18-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In the year 1861, an itinerant middle-aged female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani initiated Ramakrishna into <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Introduction_page_18-68">[68]</a> Under her guidance, Ramakrishna went through sixty-four major tantric sadhanas which were completed in 1863. For all the sixty-four sadhana, he took only three days each to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674–77-85">[84]</a> He began with <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a> and purascarana and many other rituals designed to purify the mind and establish self-control. He later proceeded towards tantric sadhanas, which generally include a set of heterodox practices called <a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">vamachara</a> (left-hand path), which utilise as a means of liberation, activities like eating of <a href="/wiki/Parched_grain" title="Parched grain">parched grain</a>, fish and meat along with drinking of wine and sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674-81">[80]</a> According to Ramakrishna and his biographers, Ramakrishna did not directly participate in the last two of those activities (some even say he didn't indulge in meat eating), all that he needed was a suggestion of them to produce the desired result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674-81">[80]</a> Ramakrishna acknowledged the left-hand tantric path, though it had "undesirable features", as one of the "valid roads to God-realization", he consistently cautioned his devotees and disciples against associating with it.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The Bhairavi also taught Ramakrishna the kumari-puja, a form of ritual in which the Virgin Goddess is worshipped symbolically in the form of a young girl. Under the tutelage of the Bhairavi, Ramakrishna also learnt <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini Yoga">Kundalini Yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674-81">[80]</a> The Bhairavi, with the <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yogic</a> techniques and the tantra, played an important part in the initial spiritual development of Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1998409-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaishnava_Bhakti">Vaishnava Bhakti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vaishnava Bhakti">edit</a>]</div> In 1864, Ramakrishna practised vātsalya bhāva under a Vaishnava guru Jatadhari.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> During this period, he worshipped a small metal image of Ramlālā (Rama as a child) in the attitude of a mother. According to Ramakrishna, he could feel the presence of child Rama as a living God in the metal image.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-gospel_intro-92">[91]</a> Ramakrishna later engaged in the practice of madhura bhāva, the attitude of the <a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">Gopis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">[76]</a> During the practise of this bhava, Ramakrishna dressed himself in women's attire for several days and regarded himself as one of the gopis of <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>. According to Ramakrishna, madhura bhava is one of the ways to root out the idea of sex, which is seen as an impediment in spiritual life.<a href="#cite_note-beyond_androcentrism-93">[92]</a> According to Ramakrishna, towards the end of this sadhana, he attained savikalpa samadhi (god seen with form and qualities)—vision and union with Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-roy-94">[93]</a> Ramakrishna visited <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nityananda" title="Nityananda"> Nityananda Prabhu</a>, the fifteenth-century founders of Bengali <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a> bhakti. According to Ramakrishna, he had an intense vision of two young boys merging into his body while he was crossing the river in a boat.<a href="#cite_note-roy-94">[93]</a> Earlier, after his vision of Kali, he is said to have cultivated the Santa bhava—the child attitude – towards Kali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tota_Puri_and_Vedanta">Tota Puri and Vedanta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tota Puri and Vedanta">edit</a>]</div> Towards the end of 1864, an itinerant monk named Tota Puri, a tall naked mendicant with tangled hair; a <a href="/wiki/Naga_sadhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga sadhu">Naga sadhu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahanirvani_Akhara" title="Mahanirvani Akhara">Mahanirvani Akhara</a>, born probably in Punjab, arrived at Dakshineswar while on a pilgrimage through various holy sites in India. He was the head of a monastery and claimed leadership over seven hundred sannyasis.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUH-263-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194240-97">[96]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasis</a> are renowned to be the knowers of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, and as beings who are thoroughly satisfied in themselves. They see the whole universe as Brahman and its manifestation through <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a>. They are always on move, traveling to different pilgrimage places, visiting various temples and meeting holy people in order to experience Brahman there. Tota Puri was one such man who was on a similar visit when he arrived at Dakshineswar. It was a traditional convention with him to not spend more than three days at any one place, and arrived at the Kali temple expecting to spend only three days there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952246,_247-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_meeting">Initial meeting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Initial meeting">edit</a>]</div> Arriving at the temple ghat, Tota Puri had a glimpse of the devotional face of Ramakrishna, and stepped up to him wondering if he can be a fit aspirant for learning Vedanta in Bengal, a province which was then saturated with Tantra. After observing Ramakrishna rigorously, he asked him on his own volition if he was interested in practicing any Vedantic disciplines. Ramakrishna replied, "I know nothing of what I should do or not; my Mother knows everything; I shall do as She commands." A startled Tota told him to go ask your mother then, at which Ramakrishna silently went into the temple and returned ecstatically with a joyful face and informed that his Mother said, "Go and learn; it is in order to teach you that the monk came here." Being aware that whom Ramakrishna was referring to as his Mother was the idol in the temple, Tota though fascinated at this childlike simplicity, opined his behaviour was due to ignorance and false beliefs. Being a learned man and of sharp intellect, Tota had no regard for any deity except for the <a href="/wiki/Ishvara#Schools_of_thought" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> of Vedanta. He looked upon the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> as a delusional figure and had no belief in her existence, much less worshipping or propitiating Her. However, he did not say anything about this to Ramakrishna as he felt his impressions of mind would anyway pass away once initiated into sannyasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952247-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initiation_into_sannyasa">Initiation into sannyasa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Initiation into sannyasa">edit</a>]</div> At the Panchavati, situated to the north of the temple garden, Ramakrishna was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasa</a> by Tota Puri. At the dawn of morning in the auspicious moment of <a href="/wiki/Brahmamuhurtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmamuhurtha">Brahmamuhurtha</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)#Hinduism" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a> fire lighted, he was guided through the various rites and ceremonies involved in the procedure of becoming a Sannyasi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952248-100">[99]</a> In accordance with the scriptural injunctions and tradition of successive generations, he offered as an oblation; to be free from the desire of having spouse, children, wealth, admiration from people, beautiful body and so on, and renounced them all. He then also offered his sacred thread and the tuft of hair on his head as part of the oblation. A pair of Kaupinas (cloth-covering worn over the privities) and an ochre cloth were then presented by the <a href="/wiki/Guru#In_Hinduism" title="Guru">guru</a> Tota to the <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhaka" title="Sādhaka">sadhaka</a> Ramakrishna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952251-101">[100]</a> who was then instructed by Tota thus: <blockquote> "<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the one substance which alone is eternally pure, eternally awakened, unlimited by time, space and causation, is absolutely real. Through <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a>, which makes the impossible possible, It causes, by virtue of its influence, to seem that It is divided into names and forms. Brahman is never really so divided. For, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Hinduism" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>, not even a drop, so to say, of time and space, and name and form produced by Maya is perceived. Whatever, therefore, is within the bounds of name and form can never be absolutely real. Shun it by a good distance. Break the firm cage of name and form with the overpowering strength of a lion and come out of it. Dive deep into the reality of the Self existing in yourself. Be one with It with the help of Samadhi. You will then see the universe consisting of name and form, vanish, as it were, into the void; you will see the consciousness of the little I merge in that of the immense I, where it ceases to function; and you will have the immediate knowledge of the indivisible <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">Existence-Knowledge-Bliss</a> as yourself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952250-102">[101]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experience_of_samadhi">Experience of samadhi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Experience of samadhi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg/220px-Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg/330px-Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg/440px-Panchavati_Ramakrishna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Panchavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchavati">Panchavati</a> and the hut, where Ramakrishna performed his <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">advaitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">sadhana</a>. The mud hut has been replaced by a brick one.</figcaption></figure> Quoting scriptures, Tota explained to his disciple the need to attain the <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-dual consciousness</a> as it alone can provide a person the supreme bliss. He tried to enable his disciple to experience the gains from his lifelong <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Definitions" title="Sādhanā">sadhana</a> right on that day, and attempted to make him attain Samadhi. He asked his disciple to free his mind from all functions, and merge it in the meditation of the Self. It so came to pass that when Ramakrishna sat for meditation, he could by no means make his mind stop from functioning. He would withdraw his mind easily from everything, but as soon as he did so, the intimately familiar form of the divine Mother, made up of pure consciousness, would appear before him as a living and moving being, making him unmindful of renunciation. Every time he sat for meditation, this happened all over again, and becoming nearly hopeless, he said to his guru, "No, it cannot be done; I cannot make the mind free from functioning and force it to dive into the Self." Criticizing his disciple very harshly for his defiance, Tota, now feverishly went about searching in the hut. After finding a broken piece of glass, he took it into his hand and forcibly pierced its needlelike pointed end on his disciple's forehead between the eyebrows and said, "Collect the mind here to this point With a firm determination." Ramakrishna, now determined, sat for meditation, and when as previously the form of the divine Mother appeared before his mind, he immediately cut her mentally into two with the sword of knowledge. According to Ramakrishna, there remained then "no function in the mind, which transcended quickly the realm of names and forms, making me merge in <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Hinduism" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952251-101">[100]</a> After being around for a long time near his disciple who's now merged into Samadhi, Tota came out of the hut and locked its door lest someone may enter. Taking his seat outside under the Panchavati, he awaited a call to open the door. Days passed by and nights rolled on and at the end of three days when there was no call, surprised and curious, he entered the hut and found Ramakrishna sitting in the exact same posture in which he left him, with no sign of breath whatsoever and face calm and radiant. Highly versed in the phenomena of Samadhi, Tota was astonished and thought, "Is it indeed true, what I see enacted before me? Has this great soul actually realized in a day what I could experience only as the fruit of forty years of austere Sadhana?" In disbelief, he now began to examine and inspect in detail, all the signs manifested in the body of Ramakrishna. He particularly examined if his heart was beating and whether there was the smallest amount of breath coming out through his nostrils. He touched and checked his body, which was now in a firm posture like a piece of fixed wood. Seeing no signs of change, nor any return of normal consciousness, Tota, brimming with joy and awe, exclaimed, "Is it in truth Samadhi? Is it the <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Asamprajñata_samādhi" title="Samadhi">Nirvikalpa Samadhi</a>, the ultimate result attained through the path of knowledge spoken of in the Vedanta? Ah, how very strange is the Maya of the Divine." He then began the process of bringing back his disciple to normal consciousness by chanting out loud the Mantra, "Hari Aum", the sound of which reverberated the entire space around Panchavati.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952252-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maya_and_the_Divine_Mother">Maya and the Divine Mother</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Maya and the Divine Mother">edit</a>]</div> After the experience of Nirvikalpa Samadhi, Ramakrishna realized that the great weaver of Maya is none other than Kali, the Divine Mother herself; that she projects it by Her will like a spider that spins a web out of itself, and She can no more be differentiated from Brahman than can the power of burning from fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194242-104">[103]</a> Observing Maya as a majestic and enigmatic statement of divinity, he was filled with reverence and love for it, unlike with disdain seen in other realised souls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194242-104">[103]</a> He observed that Maya functions in the world in two ways and named them as "Avidya Maya" and "Vidya Maya". Considering Avidya Maya to be represented by the lower forces like evil, greed, cruelty etc., which consign a man to the lower level of existence, and Vidya Maya to be represented by the higher forces like kindness, love and devotion, which elevate a man to the higher levels of existence, Ramakrishna felt that when an individual with the help of Vidya Maya could rid himself of Avidya Maya he would become Mayatita or free of Maya. He realised these two facets of Maya to be the two forces of creation, the two powers of Kali—Who stands beyond both of them, like the beaming sun behind the clouds of different colours and patterns, and shines through them all. Instead of looking upon the world as an illusion created by Brahman as per Vedanta, Ramakrishna looked upon it as the manifestation of the Divine Mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194243-105">[104]</a> He further elaborated his view on the Brahman of Vedanta and the Divine Mother of Tantra thus: <blockquote> "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive - neither creating nor preserving nor destroying - I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active - creating, preserving, and destroying - I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and the Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194244-106">[105]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tota_Puri_humbled">Tota Puri humbled</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tota Puri humbled">edit</a>]</div> Having seen the rapid progress of Ramakrishna in the Vedantic path, Tota Puri now started to have many serious discussions with him over devotion to the Divine Mother and the Vedantic Brahman. During the course of one such lively discussion, a servant of the temple garden visited them and took a piece of charcoal from the pit of the sacred <a href="/wiki/Dhuni" title="Dhuni">Dhuni</a> fire, which was then lit by the great ascetic himself to light his own tobacco. At this instance of the unholy act by the servant, Tota flew into rage and began to threaten the man severely; Ramakrishna, who was sitting aside and seeing all this fell onto the ground, rolling in laughter, and remarked how powerful the influence of Maya is over the behaviour of Tota, who was until then talking about how all people are manifestations of Brahman, but forgot everything and got angry at that servant. Tota, feeling embarrassed, vowed never to be angry again. Ramakrishna would go on to say, "Caught in the net of <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhoota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancha Bhoota">five elements</a>, Brahman weeps" and that no amount of self-knowledge will make the life of a man better until the grace of God is bestowed on him through the power of Maya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952483–484-107">[106]</a> After staying in the Bengal Province for a while, Tota Puri, who until then had never had any illness in his life caught dysentery, which made his life quite miserable. Thinking about taking his leave and moving away, he approached Ramakrishna but every time he did so he would either forget to mention it, or would feel prevented from speaking about it by someone within him, and then would go back hesitantly. Seeing his frail body and knowing about his condition, Ramakrishna with help of Mathur arranged for a special diet and medicines, all to no avail. Being well versed in Meditation, Tota Puri used to merge his mind into Samadhi at will and thus avoid feeling the pain in his body. However, on one night the pain in his intestines became so intense that his mind was no longer able to merge in Samadhi, and he decided to drown his "cage of bones and flesh" in the river Ganga and be free from the consciousness of having body. He thus set out and on reaching a bank of the river, started walking into it and kept walking further, all the way to almost the other side of the bank. Baffled that there seemed to be not enough water in the river to drown himself, he looked back and found, in one dazzling vision, the sight of the divine Mother, the one beyond <a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a>, filling up all the space round him. Feeling awe, and realising that the Brahman he had been worshipping all his life was none other than the divine Mother herself, with a grateful heart he turned back, and spent the remaining night meditating on the divine Mother near the dhuni under Panchavati.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952485–488-108">[107]</a> When Ramakrishna met Tota in the morning to enquire about his health, he was found a totally different person with no more illness. Reflecting on how imprudent he was to not accept the divine Mother, Tota explained to him the events that transpired the night before, and that by the grace of the Mother, he was now free from his disease. Ramakrishna, with a smile said, "Well, you did not accept the Mother before and argued with me saying that <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> was unreal! But you have now seen Her yourself and direct experience has got the better of your arguments. She has convinced me already of the fact that just as fire and its burning power are not different, so, Brahman and the power of Brahman are not different, but one and the same." Tota then asked Ramakrishna to exhort Her to give him permission to leave, as he now realised that it was Her will that he, who had never spent more than three days at a place, had spent eleven months there. Both of them then visited the temple and Tota, who until then considered the image of the Devi to be a delusion, prostrated himself in front of her idol along with Ramakrishna. A few days later, he took leave and left Dakshineswar. It was his first and the last visit to that place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952488-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_in_samadhi">Perception in samadhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Perception in samadhi">edit</a>]</div> Some time after the departure of Tota Puri from Dakshineswar, Ramakrishna owing to his lack of any restraining elements or desires in the world, decided to dwell in the plane of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Asamprajñata_samādhi" title="Samadhi">Nirvikalpa Samadhi</a>. As he attempted to do so, once again the form of the divine Mother, "beautiful, more beautiful than the most", started to appear in front of his mind, and he not having the heart to leave her behind and go ahead, would return. After much internal deliberation, with great courage, Ramakrishna again, while meditating, took up knowledge as the sword and cut her form into two, and then "there was nothing left in the mind then; and it rushed quickly up to the complete Nirvikalapa state."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952358–359-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194244-106">[105]</a> Ramakrishna remained in the Nirvikalapa state continually for a period of six months, a state of perception said to be from which no ordinary person returns back, as the body would then fall dead after twenty-one days, like a dry leaf from a tree. He remained unconscious of the outer world throughout this period, and stayed put like a dead man with matted hair and flies moving through his mouth and nostrils. He might have passed away then if not for the untiring efforts of an unknown monk who happened to be present in Dakshineswar at the time, and who on recognising the state in which Ramakrishna was, thought his body must be kept alive for the betterment of the world as the work of the Mother is still to be done with it, and made attempts every day to bring it back to awareness by beating him with a stick, and feed him in the resulting fleeting moments of consciousness, which though appeared very rarely for a few moments on some days. This period of being in the Nirvikalapa state came to an end after Ramakrishna received a command from the Mother to remain in <a href="/wiki/Samadhi#Bhāva_samādhi" title="Samadhi">Bhava Mukha</a>, a state of consciousness bordering between being absorbed into the absolute and remaining in the relative world, for the sake of enlightening people. This was followed by him having an affliction with a severe bout of dysentery. After suffering intense pain in the intestines continually for about six months, his mind gradually returned to the normal plane of consciousness, before that it used to rise and be fixated at the Nirvikalpa state every now and then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952359-111">[110]</a> Ramakrishna then firmed his awareness at the <a href="/wiki/Ajna" title="Ajna">sixth chakra</a> of Tantra, and lived with his consciousness oscillating between being either absorbed into the impersonal absolute or remain in personal devotion to the Mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194243–45-112">[111]</a> Later in his life, it was observed that while talking about or listening to subjects related to God, Ramakrishna with his face beaming a smile and body turning radiant, would become noticeably stiff and unconscious. When one of his disciples asked him why does it happen so and what does he experience in that state? Ramakrishna smiled and replied: <blockquote> "Well, it is called samadhi, the culmination of meditation. I borrow one-sixteenth part of the mind from the Divine Mother and talk and laugh with you, but the remaining portion rests with the Mother, meditating on her real essence as Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. When I talk or hear about the Mother, the whole mind goes to the Absolute and samadhi immediately ensues. Do you know what samadhi really is? It is complete absorption in Brahman. Do you know how I feel at that time? Suppose there is a basin of water on the seashore and a fish is confined in it. If the basin is accidentally broken, the fish finds its way to the unfathomable ocean. It then frolics in the height of joy, doesn't it? Similarly, during samadhi my mind leaps out of this body, as it were, and plunges into Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute. Hence the body appears like that. In other words, there is no body-consciousness, and the soul merges in the higher Self — the <a href="/wiki/Paramatman#Hinduism" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a> — in the <a href="/wiki/Sahasrara" title="Sahasrara">thousand-petalled</a> lotus of the head and experiences unspeakable bliss. That experience sends a wave of divine bliss to the face, and the body becomes radiant. This very self then becomes Shiva, the Absolute."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990346-113">[112]</a></blockquote> The periods of Samadhi would later become a regular part in the life of Ramakrishna, and people near him used to find him in a state of Samadhi every now and then, sometimes for almost twenty four hours a day. Once a government official found him remaining in a state of ecstasy for three days and three nights straight. When found deeply absorbed in Samadhi for a long period of time, his devotees would rub cow ghee, on his spine from neck to the lower back, and on knees down to the soles of his feet, pulling in a downward direction, so as to bring him back to the plane of normal consciousness. Ramakrishna used to say the natural tendency of his mind is towards the Nirvikalpa plane and once in Samadhi, he would not be inclined to come back to the normal plane of consciousness, but would return for the sake of his devotees, and sometimes even this will was not enough, so he would fill his mind with trivial desires like; "I will smoke tobacco", "I will drink water", "I will take this", "I will see so and so, "I will talk", and by repeatedly saying such things to his mind, he would make it gradually return to the plane of body consciousness. He would later often tell his devotees to "tie the Knowledge of non-duality in the corner of your cloth and then do whatever you want".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952360-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_and_Christianity">Islam and Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Islam and Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> In 1866, Govinda Roy, a Hindu man who was previously initiated into Islam and practised <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, initiated Ramakrishna into <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015-69">[69]</a> Ramakrishna learned about Govinda through the latter's regular visits to Dakshineswar. Being much impressed by seeing the faith and love for God in Govinda, Ramakrishna decided to practice Islam, reasoning: "This also is a path to realisation of God; the sportive mother, the source of infinite <a href="/wiki/Lila_(Hinduism)" title="Lila (Hinduism)">Lila</a>, has been blessing many people with the attainment of her lotus feet through this path also. I must see how through it she makes those who take refuge in her, attain their desired end."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260-115">[114]</a> Ramakrishna engaged himself in the practice of Islam according to its prescribed rules. He devotedly repeated the name of Allah, and said their prayers five times a day and remained in that state of mind for three days, after which he had full realisation through their path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015-69">[69]</a> During this practice, Ramakrishna had a vision of a luminous figure, and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Nikhilananda" title="Swami Nikhilananda">Swami Nikhilananda</a>'s biography speculates that the figure was 'perhaps Mohammed'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> According to these accounts, Ramakrishna "devoutly repeated the name of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, wore a cloth like the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, said their prayer five times daily, and felt disinclined even to see images of the Hindu gods and goddesses, much less worship them—for the Hindu way of thinking had disappeared altogether from my mind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1980124-119">[118]</a> After three days of practice he had a vision of a "radiant personage with grave countenance and white beard resembling <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">the Prophet</a> and merging with his body".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015463366pagen57_49]–62-120">[119]</a> He opined this vision to be of the all pervasive Brahman with <a href="/wiki/Brahman#Nirguna_and_Saguna_Brahman" title="Brahman">attributes</a>, as the vision eventually ended with him merging into the attributeless absolute <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kripal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Kripal">Kripal</a> writes that this "would have been a <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> experience through and through" for most Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995-116">[115]</a> After his experience of practicing Islam, Ramakrishna opined that knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> can make Hindus and Muslims sympathetic to one another as, "There is, as it were, a mountain of difference between them. Their thoughts and faiths, actions and behaviour have remained quite unintelligible to one another in spite of their living together for so long a time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260–261-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> At the end of 1873, Ramakrishna started the practice of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. After one of his devotees named Sambhu Chandra Mallick read the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to him, he got well acquainted with the life and teachings of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295-122">[121]</a> Once when the Bible was being read out loud to him, from the very beginning there were references to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a>. After hearing a little and finding that it talked of nothing but sin, he refused to listen to it anymore further, saying, "Just as in the case of snakebite, if the patient can be made to believe that there is no poison at all, he will be all right. Similarly, if one constantly thinks, I have taken the name of the Lord, so I am sinless, one becomes pure." He ideated that the more we give up such ideas as "I am sinful", "I am weak", the better it will be for all, as we all are children of God, thus not weak and sinful. He considered thinking of oneself as weak and sinful to be the greatest sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990171-123">[122]</a> In 1874, Ramakrishna experienced a strange vision at the parlour of Jadu Mallik's garden house, situated to the south of Kali temple in Dakshineswar. He was sitting there and looking keenly at a picture of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> hanging on the wall, when all of a sudden he saw it come to life with effulgent rays of light emerging from the image and merging into his heart. A few days later, while walking in the Panchavati, he reportedly had a vision of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> coming towards him, embracing and merging into his body. At this moment he reportedly lost his normal consciousness, entered into trance and remained for some time identified with the all pervasive <a href="/wiki/Brahman#Nirguna_and_Saguna_Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman with attributes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295,_296-124">[123]</a> In his own room amongst other divine pictures was one of Christ, and he burnt incense before it morning and evening. There was also a picture showing Jesus Christ saving <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a> from drowning in the water.<a href="#cite_note-roy-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularization_and_final_years">Popularization and final years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Popularization and final years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keshab_Chandra_Sen_and_the_"New_Dispensation"">Keshab Chandra Sen and the "New Dispensation"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Keshab Chandra Sen and the "New Dispensation"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg/170px-Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg/255px-Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg/340px-Ramakrishna_trance_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Ramakrishna in <a href="/wiki/Bhava_samadhi" title="Bhava samadhi">bhava samadhi</a> after singing about <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. His nephew Hriday, supporting him started uttering <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> in his ear, bringing him back to normal consciousness. With Brahmo Samaj devotees at the house of Keshab Chandra Sen, 21 September 1879.</figcaption></figure> In 1875, Ramakrishna met the influential <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Keshab_Chandra_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshab Chandra Sen">Keshab Chandra Sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rr_shep-127">[126]</a> <a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Keshab had accepted Christianity, and had separated from the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a>. Formerly, Keshab had rejected idolatry, but under the influence of Ramakrishna he accepted Hindu polytheism and established the "New Dispensation" (Nava Vidhan) religious movement, based on Ramakrishna's principles—"Worship of God as Mother", "All religions as true" and "Assimilation of Hindu polytheism into Brahmoism".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Keshab also publicised Ramakrishna's teachings in the journals of New Dispensation over a period of several years,<a href="#cite_note-jm_pb-130">[129]</a> which was instrumental in bringing Ramakrishna to the attention of a wider audience, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a> (English-educated classes of Bengal) and the Europeans residing in India.<a href="#cite_note-mm_56-57-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Following Keshab, other Brahmos such as Vijaykrishna Goswami started to admire Ramakrishna, propagate his ideals and reorient their socio-religious outlook. Many prominent people of Kolkata—<a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Mazumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratap Chandra Mazumdar">Pratap Chandra Mazumdar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivanath_Shastri" title="Sivanath Shastri">Sivanath Shastri</a> and Trailokyanath Sanyal—began visiting him during this time (1871–1885). Mazumdar wrote the first English biography of Ramakrishna, entitled The Hindu Saint in the Theistic Quarterly Review (1879), which played a vital role in introducing Ramakrishna to Westerners like the German <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jm_pb-130">[129]</a> Newspapers reported that Ramakrishna was spreading "Love" and "Devotion" among the educated classes of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and that he had succeeded in reforming the character of some youths whose morals had been corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-jm_pb-130">[129]</a> Ramakrishna also had interactions with <a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>, a renowned social worker. He had also met <a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Swami Dayananda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rr_shep-127">[126]</a> Ramakrishna is considered one of the main contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swami_Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Swami Vivekananda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Ramakrishna_and_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda">Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg/220px-Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg/330px-Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg/440px-Ramakrishna_Monastic_Disciples_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Some Monastic Disciples (L to R): <a href="/wiki/Trigunatitananda" title="Trigunatitananda">Trigunatitananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivananda" title="Shivananda">Shivananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turiyananda" title="Turiyananda">Turiyananda</a>, Brahmananda. Below <a href="/wiki/Saradananda" title="Saradananda">Saradananda</a>.</figcaption></figure> Among the Europeans who were influenced by Ramakrishna was Principal Dr. <a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">William Hastie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Church College, Kolkata">Scottish Church College, Kolkata</a>. In the course of explaining the word trance in the poem The Excursion by <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, Hastie told his students that if they wanted to know its "real meaning", they should go to "Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar." This prompted some of his students, including Narendranath Dutta (later <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>), to visit Ramakrishna. Despite initial reservations, <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> became Ramakrishna's most influential follower, popularizing a modern interpretation of Indian traditions which harmonised Tantra, Yoga and Advaita Vedanta. Vivekananda established the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna order">Ramakrishna order</a>, which eventually spread its mission posts throughout the world. Monastic disciples, who renounced their family and became the earliest monks of the Ramakrishna order, included Rakhal Chandra Ghosh (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Brahmananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Brahmananda">Swami Brahmananda</a>), Kaliprasad Chandra (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Abhedananda" title="Swami Abhedananda">Swami Abhedananda</a>), Taraknath Ghoshal (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Shivananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Shivananda">Swami Shivananda</a>), Sashibhushan Chakravarty (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramakrishnananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Ramakrishnananda">Swami Ramakrishnananda</a>), Saratchandra Chakravarty (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Saradananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Saradananda">Swami Saradananda</a>), Tulasi Charan Dutta (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Nirmalananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Nirmalananda">Swami Nirmalananda</a>), Gangadhar Ghatak (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Akhandananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Akhandananda">Swami Akhandananda</a>), Hari Prasana (<a href="/wiki/Swami_Vijnanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a>) Swami Turiyananda and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_devotees_and_disciples">Other devotees and disciples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other devotees and disciples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">Disciples of Ramakrishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahendranathgupta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mahendranathgupta.jpg/180px-Mahendranathgupta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Mahendranathgupta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a>, a householder devotee and the author of <a href="/wiki/Sri-Sri-Ramakrisna-kathamrta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri-Sri-Ramakrisna-kathamrta">Sri-Sri-Ramakrisna-Kathamrta</a>.</figcaption></figure> As his name spread, an ever-shifting crowd of all classes and castes visited Ramakrishna. Most of Ramakrishna's prominent disciples came between 1879 and 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969-64">[64]</a> Apart from the early members who joined the Ramakrishna Order, his chief disciples consisted of:<a href="#cite_note-gospel_intro-92">[91]</a> <ul><li>Grihasthas or The householders—<a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Lal_Sarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Lal Sarkar">Mahendra Lal Sarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Sen" title="Akshay Kumar Sen">Akshay Kumar Sen</a> and others.</li> <li>A small group of women disciples, including <a href="/wiki/Gauri_Ma" title="Gauri Ma">Gauri Ma</a> and Yogin Ma. A few of them were initiated into sanyasa through mantra deeksha. Among the women, Ramakrishna emphasised service to other women rather than tapasya (practice of austerities).<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauri_Ma" title="Gauri Ma">Gauri Ma</a> founded the Saradesvari Ashrama at <a href="/wiki/Barrackpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrackpur">Barrackpur</a>, which was dedicated to the education and upliftment of women.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li></ul> In preparation for monastic life, Ramakrishna ordered his monastic disciples to beg their food from door to door without distinction of caste. He gave them the saffron robe, the sign of the <a href="/wiki/Sanyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanyasi">Sanyasi</a>, and initiated them with Mantra Deeksha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929143–168-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_days">Last days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Last days">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg/220px-Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg/330px-Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg/440px-Disciples_at_Ramakrishna%27s_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Various disciples and devotees of Ramakrishna at his funeral.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg/220px-Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg/330px-Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg/440px-Cossipore_Garden_House_or_Udyan_Baati_-_the_garden_and_the_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Cossipore Udyan Bari (Cossipore Garden House) where Ramakrishna died & spent last year of his life</figcaption></figure> In the beginning of 1885 Ramakrishna suffered from <a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis#Classification" title="Pharyngitis">clergyman's throat</a>, which gradually developed into <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">throat cancer</a>. He was moved to <a href="/wiki/Shyampukur" title="Shyampukur">Shyampukur</a> near Kolkata, where some of the best physicians of the time, including Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a>, were engaged. When his condition aggravated, he was relocated to a large garden house at <a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a> on 11 December 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214-9">[9]</a> During his last days, he was looked after by his monastic disciples and Sarada Devi. Ramakrishna was advised by the doctors to keep the strictest silence, but ignoring their advice, he incessantly conversed with visitors.<a href="#cite_note-mm_56-57-131">[130]</a> According to traditional accounts, before his death, Ramakrishna transferred his spiritual powers to Vivekananda, and assured him of his avataric status. Requesting other monastic disciples to look upon Vivekananda as their leader,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Ramakrishna asked <a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> to look after the welfare of the disciples, saying, "keep my boys together", and asked him to "teach them".<a href="#cite_note-williams_325-137">[136]</a> Ramakrishna's condition gradually worsened, and he died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 at the <a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a> garden house. According to his disciples, this was <a href="/wiki/Mahasamadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamadhi">mahasamadhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214-9">[9]</a> His last word, on one account was "ma", while another states he uttered thrice, the word "Kali", before passing away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199056,_408-138">[137]</a> After the death of their master, the monastic disciples led by Vivekananda formed a fellowship at a half-ruined house at <a href="/wiki/Baranagar" title="Baranagar">Baranagar</a> near the river <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, with the financial assistance of the householder disciples. This became the first <a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Math</a> or monastery of the disciples who constituted the first <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Order" title="Ramakrishna Order">Ramakrishna Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_teachings">Reception and teachings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Reception and teachings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Views_on_Ramakrishna" title="Views on Ramakrishna">Views on Ramakrishna</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[note 2]</a> portrayed Ramakrishna as, "...a Bhakta, a worshipper or lover of the deity, much more than a Gñânin or a knower."<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197685-142">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">Postcolonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a> wrote that Ramakrishna was a "Bengali bhakta visionary" and that as a bhakta, "he turned chiefly towards Kali."<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indologist">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a> was the first Western scholar to interpret Ramakrishna's worship of the <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Divine Mother</a> as containing specifically <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-jackson_154-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Neeval also argued that tantra played a main role in Ramakrishna's spiritual development.<a href="#cite_note-jackson_154-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation_into_neo-Vedantin">Transformation into neo-Vedantin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transformation into neo-Vedantin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg/180px-Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg/270px-Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg/360px-Ramakrishna_at_studio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Ramakrishna, taken on 10 December 1881 at the studio of "The Bengal Photographers" in Radhabazar, Calcutta (Kolkata).</figcaption></figure> Vivekananda portrayed Ramakrishna as an Advaita Vedantin. Vivekananda's approach can be located in the historical background of Ramakrishna and Calcutta during the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar1999293-146">[144]</a> Neevel notes that the image of Ramakrishna underwent several transformations in the writings of his prominent admirers, who changed the 'religious madman' into a calm and well-behaving proponent of Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narasingha_Sil" title="Narasingha Sil">Narasingha Sil</a> has argued that Vivekananda revised and mythologised Ramakrishna's image after Ramakrishna's death.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> McDaniel notes that the Ramakrishna Mission is biased towards Advaita Vedanta, and downplays the importance of Shaktism in Ramakrishna's spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel201154-148">[146]</a> Malcolm McLean argued that the Ramakrishna Movement presents "a particular kind of explanation of Ramakrishna, that he was some kind of neo-Vedantist who taught that all religions lead to the same Godhead."<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Another set of commentators suggest that his philosophy is best understood as a nonsectarian Vedanta, which reconciles various philosophical perspectives. Commentators such as Satis Chandra Chatterjee and Jeffery Long have described Ramakrishna's philosophy as a harmonizing form of Vedanta, using terms like "Samanvayi Vedanta" or "Integral Vedanta". Ayon Maharaj, also known as <a href="/wiki/Swami_Medhananda" title="Swami Medhananda">Swami Medhananda</a>, supports these scholars' view, proposing that Ramakrishna's teachings are best understood through a nonsectarian Vedantic framework, specifically characterizing his philosophy as "Vijnana Vedanta".<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Carl Olson argued that in his presentation of his master, Vivekananda had hid much of Ramakrishna's embarrassing sexual oddities from the public, because he feared that Ramakrishna would be misunderstood.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Tyagananda and <a href="/wiki/Vrajaprana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrajaprana">Vrajaprana</a> argue that Oslon makes his "astonishing claim" based on Kripal's speculations in Kali's Child, which they argue are unsupported by any of the source texts.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar" title="Sumit Sarkar">Sumit Sarkar</a> argued that he found in the Kathamrita traces of a <a href="/wiki/Binary_opposition" title="Binary opposition">binary opposition</a> between unlearned oral wisdom and learned literate knowledge. He argues that all of our information about Ramakrishna, a rustic near-illiterate Brahmin, comes from urban <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">bhadralok</a> devotees, "...whose texts simultaneously illuminate and transform."<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amiya_Prosad_Sen" title="Amiya Prosad Sen">Amiya Prosad Sen</a> criticises Neevel's analysis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006-154">[152]</a> and writes that "it is really difficult to separate the Tantrik Ramakrishna from the Vedantic", since Vedanta and Tantra "may appear to be different in some respects", but they also "share some important postulates between them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200122-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_samadhi">Analysis of samadhi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Analysis of samadhi">edit</a>]</div> From his 10th or 11th year of school, <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trances</a> became a common part of his life, and by his final years <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna%27s_samadhi" title="Ramakrishna's samadhi">Ramakrishna's samadhi</a> periods occurred almost daily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhawuk2003-22">[22]</a> Early on, these experiences have been interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">epileptic seizures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198270-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivekananda2005482-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdiswarananda200565-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatrak2006-159">[157]</a> an interpretation which was rejected by Ramakrishna himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdiswarananda200565-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[note 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis">edit</a>]</div> In 1927 <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> discussed with Sigmund Freud the "oceanic feeling" described by Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-roland_mystic-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Kakar" title="Sudhir Kakar">Sudhir Kakar</a> (1991),<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kripal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Kripal">Jeffrey Kripal</a> (1995),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995-116">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narasingha_Sil" title="Narasingha Sil">Narasingha Sil</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESil1998-164">[161]</a> analysed Ramakrishna's mysticism and religious practices using psychoanalysis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonte-Pace200394-165">[162]</a> arguing that his mystical visions, refusal to comply with ritual copulation in Tantra, Madhura Bhava, and criticism of Kamini-Kanchana (women and gold) reflect homosexuality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romain_Rolland_and_the_"Oceanic_feeling"">Romain Rolland and the "Oceanic feeling"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Romain Rolland and the "Oceanic feeling"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a></div> The dialogue on <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> and Ramakrishna began in 1927 when <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s friend Romain Rolland wrote to him that he should consider spiritual experiences, or "the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_feeling" title="Oceanic feeling">oceanic feeling</a>", in his psychological works.<a href="#cite_note-roland_mystic-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Rolland described the trances and mystical states experienced by Ramakrishna and other mystics as an "'oceanic' sentiment", one which Rolland had also experienced.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Rolland believed that the universal human religious emotion resembled this "oceanic sense".<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> In his 1929 book La vie de Ramakrishna, Rolland distinguished between the feelings of unity and eternity which Ramakrishna experienced in his mystical states and Ramakrishna's interpretation of those feelings as the goddess Kali.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Analyst_and_the_Mystic">The Analyst and the Mystic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The Analyst and the Mystic">edit</a>]</div> In his 1991 book The Analyst and the Mystic, Indian psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Kakar" title="Sudhir Kakar">Sudhir Kakar</a> saw in Ramakrishna's visions a spontaneous capacity for creative experiencing.<a href="#cite_note-parsons_133-170">[167]</a> Kakar also argued that culturally relative concepts of eroticism and gender have contributed to the Western difficulty in comprehending Ramakrishna.<a href="#cite_note-sk-171">[168]</a> Kakar saw Ramakrishna's seemingly bizarre acts as part of a bhakti path to God.<a href="#cite_note-js_hawley_quote-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kali's_Child">Kali's Child</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kali's Child">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Kripal" title="Jeffrey J. Kripal">Jeffrey J. Kripal</a> in his controversial<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel201153-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalagangadharaClaerhout2008-174">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kali%27s_Child:_The_Mystical_and_the_Erotic_in_the_Life_and_Teachings_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna">Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna</a>, an interdisciplinary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons20057479-175">[172]</a> study of Ramakrishna's life "using a range of theoretical models", most notably psychoanalysis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban1998-176">[173]</a> argued that Ramakrishna's mystical experiences could be seen as symptoms of repressed <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoeroticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons20057479-175">[172]</a> "legitimat[ing] Ramakrishna's religious visions by situating psychoanalytic discourse in a wider Tantric worldview".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons20057479-175">[172]</a> Jeffrey J. Kripal argued that Ramakrishna rejected Advaita Vedanta in favour of <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Śaiva_and_Śākta_tantra" title="Tantra">Shakti Tantra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Kripal also argued in <a href="/wiki/Kali%27s_Child" title="Kali's Child">Kali's Child</a> that the Ramakrishna Movement had manipulated Ramakrishna's biographical documents and that they published them in incomplete and bowdlerised editions (claiming, among other things, hiding Ramakrishna's homoerotic tendencies), and that the Movement had suppressed <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Datta" title="Ram Chandra Datta">Ram Chandra Datta</a>'s Srisriramakrsna Paramahamsadever Jivanavrttanta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995-116">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] These views were disputed by several authors, scholars, and psychoanalysts, including Alan Roland,<a href="#cite_note-roland_mystic-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> Kelly Aan Raab,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaab1995321–341-179">[176]</a> Somnath Bhattacharyya,<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> J.S. Hawley,<a href="#cite_note-js_hawley_quote-172">[169]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Atmajnanananda" title="Swami Atmajnanananda">Swami Atmajnanananda</a>, who wrote that Jivanavrttanta had been reprinted nine times in Bengali as of 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtmajnanananda1997-181">[178]</a> Jeffrey Kripal translates the phrase kamini-kanchana as lover and gold. The literal translation is women and gold. In Ramakrishna's view, lust and greed are obstacles to God-realization. Kripal associates his translation of the phrase with Ramakrishna's alleged disgust for women as lovers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995281;_277–287-182">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Tyagananda" title="Swami Tyagananda">Swami Tyagananda</a> considered this to be a "linguistic misconstruction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyaganandaVrajaprana2010243-183">[180]</a> Ramakrishna also cautioned his women disciples against purusa-kanchana ("man and gold") and Tyagananda writes that Ramakrishna used Kamini-Kanchana as "cautionary words" instructing his disciples to conquer the "lust inside the mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyaganandaVrajaprana2010256–257-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[note 4]</a> The application of psychoanalysis has further been disputed by Tyagananda and <a href="/wiki/Vrajaprana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrajaprana">Vrajaprana</a> as being unreliable in understanding Tantra and interpreting cross-cultural contexts in <a href="/wiki/Interpreting_Ramakrishna:_Kali%27s_Child_Revisited" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited">Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited</a> (2010).<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings">Teachings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Teachings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Ramakrishna" title="Teachings of Ramakrishna">Teachings of Ramakrishna</a></div> The principal source for Ramakrishna's teaching is <a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Ramakrishna_Kathamrita" title="Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita">Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita</a>, which is regarded as a Bengali classic<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200132-190">[186]</a> and "the central text of the tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal19953-191">[187]</a> Gupta used the pen name "M", as the author of the Gospel. The text was published in five volumes from 1902 to 1932. Based on Gupta's diary notes, each of the five volumes purports to document Ramakrishna's life from 1882 to 1886. The most popular English translation of the Kathamrita is <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Sri_Ramakrishna" title="The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna">The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</a> by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Nikhilananda" title="Swami Nikhilananda">Swami Nikhilananda</a>. Nikhilananda's translation rearranged the scenes in the five volumes of the Kathamrita into a linear sequence. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Nikhilananda" title="Swami Nikhilananda">Swami Nikhilananda</a> worked with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Woodrow Wilson</a>, daughter of President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, who helped the swami to refine his literary style into "flowing American English". The mystic hymns were rendered into free verse by the American poet John Moffitt. Wilson and American mythology scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> helped edit the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-GS1-193">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> wrote in his Forward to the Gospel, "...'M' produced a book unique, so far as my knowledge goes, in the literature of hagiography. Never have the casual and unstudied utterances of a great religious teacher been set down with so minute detail."<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Lex_Hixon" title="Lex Hixon">Lex Hixon</a> writes that The Gospel of Ramakrishna is "spiritually authentic" and a "powerful rendering of the Kathamrita".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixon2002xiv-195">[191]</a> Malcolm Mclean and Jeffrey Kripal both argue that the translation is unreliable,<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal19954-197">[193]</a> though Kripal's interpretation is criticized by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Urban" title="Hugh Urban">Hugh Urban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban1998-176">[173]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Ramakrishna's teachings were imparted in rustic Bengali, using stories and parables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1998409-88">[87]</a> These teachings made a powerful impact on Kolkata's intellectuals, despite the fact that his ideas were far removed from issues of modernism or national independence.<a href="#cite_note-pmenon-198">[194]</a> According to contemporary reports, Ramakrishna's linguistic style was unique, even to those who spoke Bengali. It contained obscure local words and idioms from village Bengali, interspersed with philosophical Sanskrit terms and references to the Vedas, Puranas, and Tantras. For that reason, according to philosopher Lex Hixon, his speeches cannot be literally translated into English or any other language.<a href="#cite_note-Hixon_xi-199">[195]</a> Scholar Amiya P. Sen argued that certain terms that Ramakrishna may have used only in a metaphysical sense are being improperly invested with new, contemporaneous meanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006-154">[152]</a> Ramakrishna's primary biographers describe him as talkative and would reminisce for hours about his own eventful spiritual life, tell tales, explain Vedantic doctrines with humorous, and at times colorful illustrations, raising questions and answering them himself, crack jokes, sing songs, and mimic the ways of all types of worldly people, keeping the visitors enthralled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929143–168-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> As an example of Ramakrishna's teachings and fun with his followers, here's a quote about his visit to an exhibition, <blockquote>“I once visited the MUSEUM<a href="#cite_note-201">[note 5]</a> There was a display of fossils: living animals had turned into stone. Just look at the power of association! Imagine what would happen if you constantly kept the company of the holy.” Mani Mallick replied (laughing): “If you would go there again we could have ten to fifteen more years of spiritual instructions.”<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a></blockquote> And here's an example of his using off-color language to make a point. On Tuesday December 18, 1883, Ramakrishna and a few of his close followers made a visit to the Kolkata home of a very wealthy devotee. <blockquote>From the temple the Master went to Jadu Mallick's house. Jadu was surrounded by admirers, well-dressed dandies. He welcomed the master. Master (with a smile): "Why do you keep so many clowns and flatters with you?" Jadu (smiling): "That you may liberate them." (Laughter.) Master: "Flatters think that the rich man will loosen his purse-strings for them. But it is very difficult to get anything from him. Once a jackal saw a bullock and would not give up his company. The bullock roamed about and the jackal followed him. The jackal thought, 'There hang the bullock's testicles. Some time or other they will drop to the ground and I shall eat them.' When the bullock slept on the ground, the jackal lay down too, and when the bullock moved about, the jackal followed him. Many days passed in this way, but the bullock's testicles still clung to his body. The jackal went away disappointed. (All laugh.) That also happens to flatterers." <a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> </blockquote> Ramakrishna was skilled with words and had an extraordinary style of preaching and instructing, which may have helped convey his ideas to even the most skeptical temple visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969-64">[64]</a> His speeches reportedly revealed a sense of joy and fun, but he was not at a loss when debating with intellectual philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arindam_Chakrabarti" title="Arindam Chakrabarti">Arindam Chakrabarti</a> contrasted Ramakrishna's talkativeness with the Buddha's legendary reticence, and compared his teaching style to that of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> Ramakrishna's religious practice and worldview, contained elements of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>. Ramakrishna emphasised <a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">God-realisation</a>, stating that "To realize God is the one goal in life."<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Ramakrishna found that <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> all move towards the same God or divine, though using different ways:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019"I_have_practised_Hinduism,_Islam,_Christianity"-207">[202]</a> "So many religions, so many paths to reach one and the same goal," namely to experience God or Divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019-5">[5]</a> Ramakrishna further said, "All scriptures - the Vedas, the Puranas, the Tantras - seek Him alone and no one else."<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> The Vedic phrase "<a href="/wiki/Sat_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sat (Sanskrit)">Truth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">one</a>; only It is called by different names,"<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[note 6]</a> became a stock phrase to express Ramakrishna's inclusivism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019"I_have_practised_Hinduism,_Islam,_Christianity"-207">[202]</a> Ramakrishna preferred "the duality of adoring a Divinity beyond himself to the self-annihilating immersion of <a href="/wiki/Nirvikalpa_samadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvikalpa samadhi">nirvikalpa samadhi</a>, and he helped "bring to the realm of Eastern energetics and realization the <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daemonic</a> celebration that the human is always between a reality it has not yet attained and a reality to which it is no longer limited."<a href="#cite_note-cohen-213">[207]</a> Ramakrishna is quoted in the Nikhilananda Gospel, "The devotee of God wants to eat sugar, and not to become sugar."<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Ramakrishna taught that yatra jiv tatra Shiv (wherever there is a living being, there is <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>). His teaching, "Jive daya noy, Shiv gyane jiv seba" (not kindness to living beings, but serving the living being as Shiva Himself) is considered the inspiration for the philanthropic work carried out by his chief disciple Vivekananda.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> In the Kolkata scene of the mid to late nineteenth century, Ramakrishna was opinionated on the subject of Chakri. Chakri can be described as a type of low-paying servitude done by educated men—typically government or commerce-related clerical positions. On a basic level, Ramakrishna saw this system as a corrupt form of European social organisation that forced educated men to be servants not only to their bosses at the office, but also to their wives at home. What Ramakrishna saw as the primary detriment of Chakri, however, was that it forced workers into a rigid, impersonal clock-based time structure. He saw the imposition of strict adherence to each second on the watch as a roadblock to spirituality. Despite this, however, Ramakrishna demonstrated that Bhakti could be practised as an inner retreat to experience solace in the face of Western-style discipline and often discrimination in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> His spiritual movement indirectly aided nationalism, as it rejected caste distinctions and religious prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-pmenon-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna%27s_influence" title="Ramakrishna's influence">Ramakrishna's influence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple,_in_Kolkata_on_May_10,_2015_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/330px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg/440px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_visiting_the_Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple%2C_in_Kolkata_on_May_10%2C_2015_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, 14th Prime Minister of India, in reverence of Ramakrishna during an official visit to the Dakshineswar Kali temple.</figcaption></figure> Ramakrishna is considered an important figure in the Bengali Renaissance of 19th–20th century. Several organisations have been established in his name.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilym_1-3-217">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Mission</a> is the main organisation founded by Swami Vivekananda in 1897. The Mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education. The movement is considered one of the revitalisation movements of India. Amiya Sen writes that Vivekananda's "social service gospel" stemmed from direct inspiration from Ramakrishna and rests substantially on the "liminal quality" of the Master's message.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Other organisations include the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Ramakrishna Vedanta Society</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Abhedananda" title="Swami Abhedananda">Swami Abhedananda</a> in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Sarada_Math" title="Ramakrishna Sarada Math">Ramakrishna Sarada Math</a> founded by a rebel group in 1929, the Ramakrishna Vivekananda Mission formed by Swami Nityananda in 1976, and the Sri Sarada Math and Ramakrishna Sarada Mission founded in 1959 as a sister organisation by the Ramakrishna Math and Mission.<a href="#cite_note-Gwilym_1-3-217">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> wrote a poem on Ramakrishna, To the Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Deva:<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Diverse courses of worship from varied springs of fulfillment have mingled in your meditation. The manifold revelation of the joy of the Infinite has given form to a shrine of unity in your life where from far and near arrive salutations to which I join my own.</blockquote> During the 1937 Parliament of Religions, which was held at the Ramakrishna Mission in Calcutta, Tagore acknowledged Ramakrishna as a great saint because <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...the largeness of his spirit could comprehend seemingly antagonistic modes of sadhana, and because the simplicity of his soul shames for all time the pomp and pedantry of pontiffs and pundits.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a></blockquote> Max Müller,<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> have acknowledged Ramakrishna's contribution to humanity. Ramakrishna's influence is also seen in the works of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Dvorak" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Dvorak">Franz Dvorak</a> (1862–1927) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu gurus and saints">List of Hindu gurus and saints</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Vaishnava Bhakti traditions speak of five different moods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008197-75">[75]</a> referred to as bhāvas, different attitudes that a devotee can take up to express his love for God. They are: śānta, the "peaceful attitude"; dāsya, the attitude of a servant; sakhya, the attitude of a friend; vātsalya, the attitude of a mother toward her child; and madhura, the attitude of a woman towards her lover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> In his influential<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> 1896 essay "A real <a href="/wiki/Mahatma" title="Mahatma">mahatma</a>: Sri Ramakrishna Paramahansa Dev" and his 1899 book Râmakrishna: His Life and Sayings. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> According to Anil D. Desai, Ramakrishna suffered from psychomotor epilepsy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatrak2006-159">[157]</a> also called <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1962-160">[158]</a> See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDevinskySchachter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Devinsky, J.; Schachter, S. (2009). "Norman Geschwind's contribution to the understanding of behavioral changes in temporal lobe epilepsy: The February 1974 lecture". Epilepsy & Behavior. 15 (4): 417–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2009.06.006">10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19640791">19640791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22179745">22179745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Norman+Geschwind%27s+contribution+to+the+understanding+of+behavioral+changes+in+temporal+lobe+epilepsy%3A+The+February+1974+lecture&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22179745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19640791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2009.06.006&rft.aulast=Devinsky&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Schachter%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> for a description of characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_Lobe_Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal Lobe Epilepsy">Temporal Lobe Epilepsy</a>, including increased religiosity as "a very striking feature." See also <a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a>, for descriptions of behavioral phenomena evident in some temporal lobe epilepsy patients, and Jess Hill <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/encounter/the-link-between-temporal-lobe-epilepsy-and-mysticism/5956982">Finding God in a seizure: the link between temporal lobe epilepsy and mysticism</a> for some first-hand descriptions of epilepsy-induced "visions and trance-like states." </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Partha_Chatterjee_(scholar)" title="Partha Chatterjee (scholar)">Partha Chatterjee</a> wrote that the figure of a woman stands for concepts or entities that have "little to do with women in actuality" and "the figure of woman-and-gold signified the enemy within: that part of one's own self which was susceptible to the temptations of ever-unreliable worldly success".<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Carl T. Jackson interprets kamini-kanchana to refer to the idea of sex and the idea of money as delusions which prevent people from realising God.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> The word MUSEUM is in all caps to indicate it was said in English. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Referring to <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> Samhita <a href="/wiki/Mandala_1" title="Mandala 1">1.164.46</a>: "They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni, and he is heavenly nobly-winged <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garutman</a>. To what is One, sages give many a title. They call it Agni, Yama, Matarisvan.".<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Compare William A. Graham, who states that "the one" in verse 1.164.46 refers to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81c" title="Vāc">Vāc</a>, goddess of speech, appearing as "the creative force and absolute force in the universe." In later Vedic literature, "Speech or utterance is also identified with the supreme power or transcendent reality," and "equated with Brahman in this sense."<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-belurmath.org-1"><a href="#cite_ref-belurmath.org_1-0">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013919/http://belurmath.org/kids_section/birth-of-sri-ramakrishna/">"(07) Birth of Sri Ramakrishna » Kid's Section"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belurmath.org/kids_section/birth-of-sri-ramakrishna/">the original</a> on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2807%29+Birth+of+Sri+Ramakrishna+%C2%BB+Kid%27s+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelurmath.org%2Fkids_section%2Fbirth-of-sri-ramakrishna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/ffeb2002/f260220021.html">"Feature"</a>. pib.nic.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130158/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/ffeb2002/f260220021.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.nic.in&rft.atitle=Feature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Ffeature%2Ffeyr2002%2Fffeb2002%2Ff260220021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220020231/https://www.ramakrishna.org/rmk_nik.htm">"Sri Ramakrishna By Swami Nikhilananda"</a>. www.ramakrishna.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramakrishna.org/rmk_nik.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ramakrishna.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Ramakrishna+By+Swami+Nikhilananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishna.org%2Frmk_nik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangla2016" class="citation book cs1">Mangla, Dharam Vir (1 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6174CwAAQBAJ&q=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&pg=PT53">Great Saints & Yogis</a>. Lulu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365013515" title="Special:BookSources/9781365013515"><bdi>9781365013515</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191855/https://books.google.com/books?id=6174CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ramakrishna+++17th+february+1836&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Saints+%26+Yogis&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.isbn=9781365013515&rft.aulast=Mangla&rft.aufirst=Dharam+Vir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6174CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dramakrishna%2B%2B%2B17th%2Bfebruary%2B1836%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1">b</a> M's original Bengali diary page 661, Saturday, 13 February 1886 </li> <li id="cite_note-More_About_Ramakrishna'_1993,_page_23-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-More_About_Ramakrishna'_1993,_page_23_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-More_About_Ramakrishna'_1993,_page_23_3-1">b</a> More About Ramakrishna by Swami Prabhananda, 1993, Advaita Ashrama, page 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda2003311-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda2003311_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda2003">Saradananda 2003</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwami_Prabhavananda2019">Swami Prabhavananda 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramakrishna">"Ramakrishna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ramakrishna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRamakrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194247-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194247_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdonationsbm" class="citation web cs1">donationsbm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belurmath.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Belur Math - Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211533/https://belurmath.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belur+Math+-+Ramakrishna+Math+and+Ramakrishna+Mission&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.au=donationsbm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelurmath.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929201–214_9-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1929">Rolland 1929</a>, pp. 201–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2006209_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2006">Clarke 2006</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194218-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194218_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, pp. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs2002430-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeehs2002430_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeehs2002">Heehs 2002</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda195221-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda195221_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197824–26-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197824–26_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee199346–47-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterjee199346–47_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChatterjee1993">Chatterjee 1993</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998243–244-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1998243–244_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1998">Harding 1998</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197850-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197850_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, pp. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> More About Ramakrishna by Swami Prabhananda, 1993, Advaita Ashrama, First Chapter - Who Gave the Name Ramakrishna and When? </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199013_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197864-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197864_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhawuk2003-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhawuk2003_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhawuk2003_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBhawuk2003">Bhawuk 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197865–70-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197865–70_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197865–70_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, pp. 65–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2002" class="citation book cs1">Ernst, Waltraud (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q-GEAgAAQBAJ&dq=ramkrishna+no+formal+education&pg=PA52">Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800-2000</a>. Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-73602-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-73602-7"><bdi>978-1-134-73602-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plural+Medicine%2C+Tradition+and+Modernity%2C+1800-2000&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-73602-7&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Waltraud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq-GEAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dramkrishna%2Bno%2Bformal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Judith E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iekF9X3OwwMC">A Brief History of India</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0825-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0825-4"><bdi>978-1-4381-0825-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Judith+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiekF9X3OwwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouwSvoboda2003" class="citation book cs1">Fouw, Hart De; Svoboda, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBzSLNNbTWwC">Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India</a>. Lotus Press. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940985-69-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940985-69-8"><bdi>978-0-940985-69-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+Life%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Astrology+of+India&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-940985-69-8&rft.aulast=Fouw&rft.aufirst=Hart+De&rft.au=Svoboda%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBzSLNNbTWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2010" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&dq=ramkrishna+formal+education&pg=PT30">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2"><bdi>978-81-8475-250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Paramahamsa%3A+Sadhaka+of+Dakshineswar&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-250-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19HUeX3JygwC%26dq%3Dramkrishna%2Bformal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200192-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200192_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2001">Sen 2001</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197872–76-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197872–76_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, pp. 72–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda197856-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda197856_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1978">Saradananda 1978</a>, pp. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998250-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1998250_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1998">Harding 1998</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2022" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ruth (27 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj96EAAAQBAJ&dq=rani+Rashmoni+caste+rigidities+restrictions&pg=PA41">Guru to the World: The Life and Legacy of Vivekananda</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24747-5"><bdi>978-0-674-24747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+to+the+World%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Vivekananda&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24747-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXj96EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drani%2BRashmoni%2Bcaste%2Brigidities%2Brestrictions%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952114–115-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952114–115_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2006176-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2006176_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2006">Sen 2006</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952115-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952115_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952116-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952116_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952116_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990195-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990195_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117–118-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952117–118_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952119–120-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952119–120_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952120-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952120_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952122-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952122_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBOOKS" class="citation book cs1">BOOKS, HIGH DEFINITION. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM1fDwAAQBAJ&dq=dakshineswar+temple+for+all+caste+creed&pg=PA12">Swami Vivekanand: Swami Vivekanand</a>. High Definition Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vivekanand%3A+Swami+Vivekanand&rft.pub=High+Definition+Books&rft.aulast=BOOKS&rft.aufirst=HIGH+DEFINITION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM1fDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddakshineswar%2Btemple%2Bfor%2Ball%2Bcaste%2Bcreed%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952130-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952130_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952134_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194225-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194225_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1998251-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1998251_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1998">Harding 1998</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135–139-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952135–139_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 135–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952136–137-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952136–137_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952139–140-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952139–140_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990403-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990403_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140–141-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952140–141_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990143–144-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990143–144_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller1916118-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller1916118_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuller1916">Muller 1916</a>, pp. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990404-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990404_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson199418-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson199418_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1994">Jackson 1994</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207–208-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207–208_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2008">Spivak 2008</a>, pp. 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland192959-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland192959_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland192959_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1929">Rolland 1929</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993384-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993384_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1993">Goldman 1993</a>, p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993385-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1993385_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1993">Goldman 1993</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak2008207_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2008">Spivak 2008</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneiderman1969_64-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchneiderman1969">Schneiderman 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014–15-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199014–15_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0">^</a> Ramakrishna and His Disciples, Christopher Isherwood, Methuen & Company, Ltd, 1965 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810005140/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sanatana-dharma">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsanatana-dharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Introduction_page_18-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_page_18_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_page_18_68-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a>, Introduction, page 18 (the biographical section) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda199015_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, pp. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952245-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952245_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a>, Introduction, page 33 (the biographical section) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a>, Introduction, page 34 (the biographical section) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> 'Ramakrishna and His Disciples', Christopher Isherwood, Methuen & Company, Ltd 1965 page 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpivak2008197-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpivak2008197_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpivak2008">Spivak 2008</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel1976-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel1976_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel1976_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel1976_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel1976_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel1976_76-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeevel1976">Neevel 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllport1999" class="citation book cs1">Allport, Gordon W. (1999). "Its meaning for the West". Hindu Psychology. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aANjt2mn27MC&pg=PA180">180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Its+meaning+for+the+West&rft.btitle=Hindu+Psychology&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Allport&rft.aufirst=Gordon+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isherwood-dasya-79"><a href="#cite_ref-isherwood-dasya_79-0">^</a> Isherwood, pp. 70–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2001101-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2001101_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2001101_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2001">Sen 2001</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel197674_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel197674_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel197674_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel197674_81-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeevel1976">Neevel 1976</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJestice2004723-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJestice2004723_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, p. 723. </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson_18-83"><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_18_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1994">Jackson 1994</a>, p.18 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarenneColtman1977" class="citation book cs1">Varenne, Jean; Coltman, Derek (1977). Yoga and the Hindu Tradition. University of Chicago Press. p. 151. <q>we know that certain Tantric practices, condemned as shockingly immoral, are aimed solely at enabling the adept to make use of the energy required for their realisation to destroy desire within himself root and branch</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+the+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Varenne&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Coltman%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeevel197674–77-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeevel197674–77_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeevel1976">Neevel 1976</a>, pp. 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2001">Sen 2001</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHixon2002">Hixon 2002</a>, p. xliii </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart1998409-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart1998409_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart1998409_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmart1998">Smart 1998</a>, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1985" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Glyn (1985). A Source-book of modern Hinduism. Routledge. p. 63. <q>[Ramakrishna] received instructions in yogic techniques which enabled him to control his spiritual energy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source-book+of+modern+Hinduism&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2001">Sen 2001</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Isherwood, p. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-gospel_intro-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gospel_intro_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gospel_intro_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikhilananda" class="citation book cs1">Nikhilananda, Swami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183507/http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/introduction.htm">"Introduction"</a>. The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belurmath.org/gospel/introduction.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Sri+Ramakrishna&rft.aulast=Nikhilananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belurmath.org%2Fgospel%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyond_androcentrism-93"><a href="#cite_ref-beyond_androcentrism_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1977" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Arvind (1977). "Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: A Study in a Mystic's Attitudes towards Women". In Rita M. Gross (ed.). Beyond Androcentrism. Scholars Press (American Academy of Religion). pp. 118–119, 122, 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ramakrishna+Paramahamsa%3A+A+Study+in+a+Mystic%27s+Attitudes+towards+Women&rft.btitle=Beyond+Androcentrism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119%2C+122%2C+124&rft.pub=Scholars+Press+%28American+Academy+of+Religion%29&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_94-2">c</a> Parama Roy, Indian Traffic: Identities in Question in Colonial and Post-Colonial India Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1994">Jackson 1994</a>, p.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-EUH-263-96"><a href="#cite_ref-EUH-263_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1998">Harding 1998</a>, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194240-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194240_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952246,_247-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952246,_247_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 246, 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952247-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952247_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952248-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952248_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952251-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952251_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952251_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952250-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952250_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952252-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952252_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194242-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194242_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194242_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194243-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194243_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194244-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194244_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194244_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952483–484-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952483–484_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 483–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952485–488-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952485–488_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 485–488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952488-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952488_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952358–359-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952358–359_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 358–359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952359-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952359_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta194243–45-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta194243–45_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1942">Gupta 1942</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990346-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990346_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, pp. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952360-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952360_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal1995-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripal1995_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripal1995_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripal1995_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripal1995_116-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKripal1995">Kripal 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The vision recorded by Swami Saradananda has some variants in different texts and biographies. Jeffrey J. Kripal (1995), Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna. First edition. University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarup1986" class="citation book cs1">Swarup, Ram (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Identity_201605">Ramakrishna Mission: In search of a new identity</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Mission%3A+In+search+of+a+new+identity&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Swarup&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIdentity_201605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1980124-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1980124_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsherwood1980">Isherwood 1980</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015463366pagen57_49]–62-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinernetdli2015463366pagen57_49]–62_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1929">Rolland 1929</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463366/page/n57">49</a>–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260–261-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952260–261_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990171-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChetanananda1990171_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChetanananda1990">Chetanananda 1990</a>, pp. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295,_296-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaradananda1952295,_296_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaradananda1952">Saradananda 1952</a>, pp. 295, 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples, Gopal Stavig, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788175053342" title="Special:BookSources/9788175053342">9788175053342</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishna_Mission_Singapore2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ramakrishna Mission Singapore (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramakrishna.org.sg/Nirvana_Apr%202007.htm">"Lay Disciples of Ramakrishna"</a>. Nirvana. Ramakrishna Mission, Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921115105/http://www.ramakrishna.org.sg/Nirvana_Apr%202007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nirvana&rft.atitle=Lay+Disciples+of+Ramakrishna&rft.date=2007-04&rft.au=Ramakrishna+Mission+Singapore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishna.org.sg%2FNirvana_Apr%25202007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rr_shep-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rr_shep_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr_shep_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1929">Rolland 1929</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463366/page/n118">110</a>–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1915" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, John Nicol (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm0000farq">Modern Religious Movements in India</a>. Macmillan Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm0000farq/page/194">194</a>. <q>About 1875, Keshab Chandra Sen made his acquaintance and became very interested in him (Ramakrishna).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Religious+Movements+in+India&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=John+Nicol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernreligiousm0000farq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Masih2000" class="citation book cs1">Y. Masih (2000). A Comparative Study of Religions. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 198–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Y.+Masih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm_pb-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jm_pb_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_pb_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_pb_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Dr. Jayasree (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924025928/http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna's_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php">"Sri Ramakrishna's Impact on Contemporary Indian Society"</a>. Prabuddha Bharata. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna%27s_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php">the original</a> on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prabuddha+Bharata&rft.atitle=Sri+Ramakrishna%27s+Impact+on+Contemporary+Indian+Society&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Jayasree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.vedanta.ru%2Flibrary%2Fprabuddha_bharata%2Fsri_ramakrishna%2527s_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mm_56-57-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mm_56-57_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mm_56-57_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1898" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls14.htm">"Râmakrishna's Life"</a>. Râmakrishna his Life and Sayings. pp. 56–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725114727/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls14.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R%C3%A2makrishna%27s+Life&rft.btitle=R%C3%A2makrishna+his+Life+and+Sayings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Frls%2Frls14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebarryAinslie_Thomas_Embree1988" class="citation book cs1">Debarry, William Theodore; <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Thomas_Embree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie Thomas Embree">Ainslie Thomas Embree</a> (1988). Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_N._Hay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen N. Hay (page does not exist)">Stephen N. Hay</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06415-6"><bdi>978-0-231-06415-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition%3A+From+the+Beginning+to+1800&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06415-6&rft.aulast=Debarry&rft.aufirst=William+Theodore&rft.au=Ainslie+Thomas+Embree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetanananda1989" class="citation book cs1">Chetanananda, Swami (1989). They Lived with God. St. Louis: Vedanta Society of St. Louis. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Lived+with+God&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Vedanta+Society+of+St.+Louis&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Chetanananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Beckerlegge (2006), Swami Vivekananda's Legacy of Service, p.27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland1929143–168-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929143–168_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland1929143–168_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1929">Rolland 1929</a>, pp. 143–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSen2006">Sen 2006</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-williams_325-137"><a href="#cite_ref-williams_325_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1989" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. 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Great Swan. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Great+Swan&rft.pages=xiii&rft.aulast=Hixon&rft.aufirst=Lex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a> page v </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixon2002xiv-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHixon2002xiv_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHixon2002">Hixon 2002</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Malcolm Maclean, A Translation of the sri-sri-ramakrisna-kathamrita with explanatory notes and critical introduction. University of Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand. September 1983. p i–iv </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal19954-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripal19954_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKripal1995">Kripal 1995</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmenon-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmenon_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmenon_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Menon, Parvathi (1 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611020237/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-3127993.html">"A History of Modern India: Revivalist Movements and Early Nationalism"</a>. India Abroad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-3127993.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Abroad&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%3A+Revivalist+Movements+and+Early+Nationalism&rft.date=1996-11-01&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Parvathi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-3127993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hixon_xi-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Hixon_xi_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHixon1997" class="citation book cs1">Hixon, Lex (1997). "Introduction". Great Swan. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943914-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943914-80-0"><bdi>978-0-943914-80-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Great+Swan&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-943914-80-0&rft.aulast=Hixon&rft.aufirst=Lex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1994" class="citation journal cs1">Chakrabarti, Arindam (November 1994). "The dark mother flying kites : Sri ramakrishna's metaphysic of morals". <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(journal)" title="Sophia (journal)">Sophia</a>. 33 (3). Springer Netherlands: 14–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02800488">10.1007/BF02800488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170419827">170419827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sophia&rft.atitle=The+dark+mother+flying+kites+%3A+Sri+ramakrishna%27s+metaphysic+of+morals&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02800488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170419827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Arindam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> American Vedantist Issue #74, Summer 2018, Sri Ramakrishna – English Lessons <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://americanvedantist.org/2018/articles/sri-ramakrishna-english-lessons/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817025603/https://americanvedantist.org/2018/articles/sri-ramakrishna-english-lessons/">Archived</a> 17 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikhilananda1942" class="citation book cs1">Nikhilananda, Swami (1942). 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Vedanta Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87481-000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87481-000-4"><bdi>978-0-87481-000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedanta+for+the+Western+World%3A+A+Symposium+on+Vedanta&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Vedanta+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-87481-000-4&rft.aulast=Isherwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Arindam Chakrabarti, "The Dark Mother Flying Kites: Sri Ramakrishna's Metaphysic of Morals" Sophia, 33 (3), 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a> by Swami Nikhilananda, page 407 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019"I_have_practised_Hinduism,_Islam,_Christianity"-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019"I_have_practised_Hinduism,_Islam,_Christianity"_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwami_Prabhavananda2019"I_have_practised_Hinduism,_Islam,_Christianity"_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwami_Prabhavananda2019">Swami Prabhavananda 2019</a>, p. "I have practised Hinduism, Islam, Christianity". </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a> page 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of Ramakrishna">Gospel of Ramakrishna</a>, page 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164">Rig Veda Samhita 1.164.46</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235352/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164">Archived</a> 6 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wiki Source </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> William A. 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Sri Ma Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88343-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88343-00-3"><bdi>978-81-88343-00-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kathamrita.org/">the original</a> on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Sri+Ramakrishna+Kathamrita&rft.pub=Sri+Ma+Trust&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-88343-00-3&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Mahendranath+%28%22M.%22%29&rft.au=Dharm+Pal+Gupta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kathamrita.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1998" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). Kali, the Dark Goddess of Dakshineswar. 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Oxford University Press US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachingfreud00jont/page/n106">94</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freud+as+interpreter+of+religious+texts+and+practices&rft.btitle=Teaching+Freud&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jonte-Pace&rft.aufirst=Diane+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteachingfreud00jont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatrak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Katrak, Sarosh M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?issn=0972-2327;year=2006;volume=9;issue=4;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Katrak">"An eulogy for Prof. Anil D. Desai"</a>. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 9 (4): 253–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-2327.29215">10.4103/0972-2327.29215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70463133">70463133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172258/http://www.annalsofian.org/article.asp?issn=0972-2327;year=2006;volume=9;issue=4;spage=253;epage=254;aulast=Katrak">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Indian+Academy+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=An+eulogy+for+Prof.+Anil+D.+Desai&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0972-2327.29215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A70463133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Katrak&rft.aufirst=Sarosh+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annalsofian.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D0972-2327%3Byear%3D2006%3Bvolume%3D9%3Bissue%3D4%3Bspage%3D253%3Bepage%3D254%3Baulast%3DKatrak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripal1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Kripal" title="Jeffrey J. 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Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7825%2F2164-6279.1489">10.7825/2164-6279.1489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hindu-Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+%22Interpreting+Ramakrishna%3A+Kali%27s+Child+Revisited%22&rft.volume=24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7825%2F2164-6279.1489&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7825%252F2164-6279.1489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1916" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Max (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ramakrishnahisli005303mbp/page/n7/mode/2up">RAMAKRISHNA HIS LIFE AND SAYINGS</a>. St. Louis: Vedanta Society of St Louis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-175050-60-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-175050-60-0"><bdi>978-8-175050-60-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAMAKRISHNA+HIS+LIFE+AND+SAYINGS&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Vedanta+Society+of+St+Louis&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-8-175050-60-0&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Framakrishnahisli005303mbp%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müller, Max</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/index.htm">Ramakrishna: His Life and Sayings</a>. Great Britain: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7505-060-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7505-060-8"><bdi>81-7505-060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204045301/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2005. 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Delhi, India: Rupa & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1182-1"><bdi>978-81-291-1182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invading+the+Sacred%3A+An+Analysis+of+Hinduism+Studies+in+America&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1182-1&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Krishnan&rft.au=Antonio+de+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolland1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Rolland, Romain</a> (1929). The Life of Ramakrishna. Vedanta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85301-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85301-44-0"><bdi>978-81-85301-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Ramakrishna&rft.pub=Vedanta+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-81-85301-44-0&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Romain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Prabhavananda2019" class="citation cs2">Swami Prabhavananda (2019), Religion in Practice, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Swami+Prabhavananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradananda1952" class="citation cs2">Saradananda, Swami (1952), Sri Ramakrishna The Great Master, translated by Jagadananda, Swami, Sri Ramakrishna Math, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LPWMJQ">B000LPWMJQ</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Ramakrishna+The+Great+Master&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000LPWMJQ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Saradananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradananda1978" class="citation book cs1">Saradananda, Swami (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45088777">Sri Ramakrishna, the great master</a>. 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Mylapore: Sri Ramakrishni Math. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7120-480-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7120-480-5"><bdi>81-7120-480-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45088777">45088777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Ramakrishna%2C+the+great+master&rft.place=Mylapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishni+Math&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45088777&rft.isbn=81-7120-480-5&rft.aulast=Saradananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45088777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradananda2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Saradananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Saradananda">Saradananda, Swami</a> (2003). 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Studies in History. 15 (2): 293–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F025764309901500205">10.1177/025764309901500205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161780654">161780654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=Post-modernism+and+the+Writing+of+History&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F025764309901500205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161780654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderman1969" class="citation journal cs1">Schneiderman, Leo (1969). "Ramakrishna: Personality and Social Factors in the Growth of a Religious Movement". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 8 (1). London: Blackwell Publishing: 60–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1385254">10.2307/1385254</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1385254">1385254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Ramakrishna%3A+Personality+and+Social+Factors+in+the+Growth+of+a+Religious+Movement&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1385254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1385254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schneiderman&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2001" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (2001). Three essays on Sri Ramakrishna and his times. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185952876" title="Special:BookSources/8185952876"><bdi>8185952876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+essays+on+Sri+Ramakrishna+and+his+times&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=8185952876&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (June 2006). "Sri Ramakrishna, the Kathamrita and the Calcutta middle classes: an old problematic revisited". Postcolonial Studies. 9 (2): 165–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13688790600657835">10.1080/13688790600657835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144046925">144046925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Sri+Ramakrishna%2C+the+Kathamrita+and+the+Calcutta+middle+classes%3A+an+old+problematic+revisited&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13688790600657835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144046925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSil1998" class="citation book cs1">Sil, Narasingha (1998). Ramakrishna Revisited. Lanham: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761810520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761810520"><bdi>978-0761810520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Revisited&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0761810520&rft.aulast=Sil&rft.aufirst=Narasingha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2010" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2"><bdi>978-81-8475-250-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707034444/http://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Paramahamsa%3A+Sadhaka+of+Dakshineswar&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-250-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19HUeX3JygwC%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1998" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Ninian (28 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cC3uYLZJ8ZgC">The World's Religions</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63748-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63748-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707034359/http://books.google.com/books?id=cC3uYLZJ8ZgC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63748-0&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcC3uYLZJ8ZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+New+Essays+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1982" class="citation cs2">Smith, Bardwell L. (1982), Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+New+Essays+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17179241M/Other_Asias">Other Asias</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-10206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-10206-3"><bdi>978-1-405-10206-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL17179241M">17179241M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Asias&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17179241M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-405-10206-3&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=Gayatri+Chakravorty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL17179241M%2FOther_Asias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyaganandaVrajaprana2010" class="citation book cs1">Tyagananda; Vrajaprana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202043640/http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/">Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited</a>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3499-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3499-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/">the original</a> on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Ramakrishna%3A+Kali%27s+Child+Revisited&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3499-6&rft.au=Tyagananda&rft.au=Vrajaprana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpretingramakrishna.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1998" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Hugh (1998). "Review of Kripal's "Kālī's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna"". The Journal of Religion. 78 (2): 318–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F490220">10.1086/490220</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1205982">1205982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Review+of+Kripal%27s+%22K%C4%81l%C4%AB%27s+Child%3A+The+Mystical+and+the+Erotic+in+the+Life+and+Teachings+of+Ramakrishna%22&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F490220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1205982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivekananda2005" class="citation cs2">Vivekananda (2005), Prabuddha Bharata, vol. 110, Advaita Ashrama</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prabuddha+Bharata&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Vivekananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2006" class="citation book cs1">Zaleski, Philip (2006). "The Ecstatic". Prayer: A History. Mariner Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ecstatic&rft.btitle=Prayer%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_bibliography">General and cited bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: General and cited bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ramakrishna" title="Bibliography of Ramakrishna">Bibliography of Ramakrishna</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Gupta, Mahendranath</a> (1902–1932). <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Ramakrishna_Kathamrita" title="Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita">Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita</a>. Kathamrita Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Sri+Ramakrishna+Kathamrita&rft.pub=Kathamrita+Bhavan&rft.date=1902%2F1932&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Mahendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Gupta, Mahendranath</a> (1942), <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Sri_Ramakrishna" title="The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna">The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Nikhilananda" title="Swami Nikhilananda">Nikhilananda, Swami</a>, Chennai: <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Sri Ramakrishna Math</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-01-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-01-2"><bdi>978-0-911206-01-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Sri+Ramakrishna&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-0-911206-01-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Mahendranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saradananda" title="Saradananda">Saradananda, Swami</a> (1952) [1909–1919]. Sri Ramakrishna Leela Prasanga [<a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna,_the_Great_Master" title="Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master">Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Ramakrishna+Leela+Prasanga&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Mission&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Saradananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Neevel, Walter G.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). "The Transformation of Ramakrishna". Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Ramakrishna&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+New+Essays+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Neevel&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Bardwell+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amiya_P._Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiya P. Sen">Sen, Amiya P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19HUeX3JygwC&pg=PT56">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Sadhaka of Dakshineswar</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-250-2"><bdi>978-81-8475-250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+Paramahamsa%3A+Sadhaka+of+Dakshineswar&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-250-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19HUeX3JygwC%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Kripal" title="Jeffrey J. Kripal">Kripal, Jeffrey J.</a> (1995). Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kali%27s+Child%3A+The+Mystical+and+the+Erotic+in+the+Life+and+Teachings+of+Ramakrishna&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kripal&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Shourie, Arun</a> (2017), Two Saints: Speculations around and about Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Ramana Maharishi., Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Saints%3A+Speculations+around+and+about+Ramakrishna+Paramahamsa+and+Ramana+Maharishi.&rft.pub=Harper+Collins.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Shourie&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tyagananda; Vrajaprana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interpretingramakrishna.com/">Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited</a>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3499-6"><bdi>978-81-208-3499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Ramakrishna%3A+Kali%27s+Child+Revisited&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3499-6&rft.au=Tyagananda&rft.au=Vrajaprana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interpretingramakrishna.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ramakrishna on Himself. <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Ashrama" title="Advaita Ashrama">Advaita Ashrama</a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7505-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7505-812-5"><bdi>978-81-7505-812-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramakrishna+on+Himself&rft.pub=Advaita+Ashrama&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-81-7505-812-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamakrishna" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ramakrishna at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ramakrishna" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ramakrishna">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" class="extiw" title="q:Ramakrishna">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183126" class="extiw" title="d:Q183126">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490432">Ramakrishna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ramakrishna%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ramakrishna%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ramakrishna%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ramakrishna%22%29%20OR%20%28%221836-1886%22%20AND%20Ramakrishna%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ramakrishna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramakrishna506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramakrishna" title="Template:Ramakrishna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramakrishna" title="Template talk:Ramakrishna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramakrishna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramakrishna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramakrishna506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramakrishna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarpukur" title="Kamarpukur">Kamarpukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrambati" title="Jayrambati">Jayrambati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpataru_Day" title="Kalpataru Day">Kalpataru Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna%27s_samadhi" title="Ramakrishna's samadhi">Ramakrishna's samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Ramakrishna_and_Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Relationship between Ramakrishna and Vivekananda">Relationship between Ramakrishna and Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg/150px-Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg/225px-Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg/300px-Ramakrishna_image_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Ramakrishna" title="Teachings of Ramakrishna">Teachings of Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_Ramakrishna_Kathamrita" title="Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita">Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Sri_Ramakrishna" title="The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna">The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna%27s_influence" title="Ramakrishna's influence">Ramakrishna's influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna#Monastic_disciples" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">Monastic disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Abhedananda" title="Swami Abhedananda">Abhedananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adbhutananda" title="Adbhutananda">Adbhutananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaitananda" title="Advaitananda">Advaitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhandananda" title="Akhandananda">Akhandananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna#Swami_Brahmananda" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">Brahmananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranjanananda" title="Niranjanananda">Niranjanananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmalananda" title="Nirmalananda">Nirmalananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baburam_Maharaj_(Swami_Premananda)" title="Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)">Premananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishnananda" title="Ramakrishnananda">Ramakrishnananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saradananda" title="Saradananda">Saradananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivananda" title="Shivananda">Shivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subodhananda" title="Subodhananda">Subodhananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigunatitananda" title="Trigunatitananda">Trigunatitananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyananda" title="Turiyananda">Turiyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanananda" title="Vijnanananda">Vijnanananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Yogananda" title="Swami Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Ramakrishna#Householder_disciples" title="Disciples of Ramakrishna">Lay disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhar_Sen" title="Adhar Sen">Adhar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Sen" title="Akshay Kumar Sen">Akshay Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaram_Bose" title="Balaram Bose">Balaram Bose</a></li> <li>Devendra Nath Majumdar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Charan_Nag" title="Durga Charan Nag">Durga Charan Nag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaler_Ma" title="Gopaler Ma">Gopaler Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshab_Chandra_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshab Chandra Sen">Keshab Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Datta" title="Ram Chandra Datta">Ram Chandra Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Nath_Mitra" title="Surendra Nath Mitra">Surendra Nath Mitra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Institute_of_Culture" title="Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture">Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ramakrishna" title="Bibliography of Ramakrishna">Bibliography of Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna,_the_Great_Master" title="Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master">Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Paths_to_Infinite_Reality" title="Infinite Paths to Infinite Reality">Infinite Paths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali%27s_Child" title="Kali's Child">Kali's Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_Ramakrishna" title="Views on Ramakrishna">Views on Ramakrishna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ramakrishna" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Ramakrishna">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ramakrishna" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Ramakrishna">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa">Wikisource texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Ramakrishna98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Ramakrishna98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Ramakrishna</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swami_Vivekananda721" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swami_Vivekananda" title="Template:Swami Vivekananda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swami_Vivekananda" title="Template talk:Swami Vivekananda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swami_Vivekananda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swami Vivekananda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swami_Vivekananda721" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Swami_Vivekananda%27s_Ancestral_House_and_Cultural_Centre" title="Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda%27s_prayer_to_Kali_at_Dakshineswar" title="Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar">Prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda%27s_travels_in_India_(1888%E2%80%931893)" title="Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)">Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)</a></li> <li>Teachers <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Ramakrishna_and_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda">Relationship with Ramakrishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_at_the_Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)">at the Parliament of the World's Religions (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_in_California" title="Swami Vivekananda in California">in California</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg/100px-Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg/150px-Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg/200px-Swami_Vivekananda_1893_Scanned_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Works and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Teachings and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_and_philosophy_of_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda">Teachings and philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_and_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda and meditation">Vivekananda and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_legacy_of_Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Influence and legacy of Vivekananda">Influence and legacy of Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Kalpataru" title="Sangeet Kalpataru">Sangeet Kalpataru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartaman_Bharat" title="Bartaman Bharat">Bartaman Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Works_of_Swami_Vivekananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (page does not exist)">The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspired_Talks" title="Inspired Talks">Inspired Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_Yoga_(book)" title="Jnana Yoga (book)">Jnana Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Yoga_(book)" title="Karma Yoga (book)">Karma Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_from_Colombo_to_Almora" title="Lectures from Colombo to Almora">Lectures from Colombo to Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Master_(book)" title="My Master (book)">My Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_East_and_the_West" title="The East and the West">The East and the West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Poems/songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali_the_Mother_(poem)" title="Kali the Mother (poem)">"Kali the Mother"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandana_Bhava%E2%80%93Bandhana" title="Khandana Bhava–Bandhana">Khandana Bhava–Bandhana</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Play_is_Done" title="My Play is Done">My Play is Done</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hymn_of_Samadhi" title="The Hymn of Samadhi">The Hymn of Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sannyasin" title="The Song of the Sannyasin">The Song of the Sannyasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Fourth_of_July" title="To the Fourth of July">To the Fourth of July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachuk_Tahate_Shyama" title="Nachuk Tahate Shyama">Nachuk Tahate Shyama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Buddhism,_the_Fulfilment_of_Hinduism" title="Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism">Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ,_the_Messenger" title="Christ, the Messenger">Christ, the Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_not_the_crying_need_of_India" title="Religion not the crying need of India">Religion not the crying need of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Philosophy:_An_address_before_the_Graduate_Philosophical_Society" title="Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society">Vedanta Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arise,_awake,_and_stop_not_till_the_goal_is_reached" title="Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached">Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmano_mokshartham_jagat_hitaya_cha" title="Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha">Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahujana_sukhaya_bahujana_hitaya_cha" title="Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha">Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Ashrama" title="Advaita Ashrama">Advaita Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math,_Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Math, Mangaluru">Ramakrishna Math, Mangaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udbodhan" title="Udbodhan">Udbodhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society_of_New_York" title="Vedanta Society of New York">New York</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Disciples and friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Monastic disciples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhananda" title="Shuddhananda">Shuddhananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Virajananda" title="Swami Virajananda">Virajananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarupananda" title="Swarupananda">Swarupananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other disciples and friends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_of_Khetri" title="Ajit Singh of Khetri">Ajit Singh of Khetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasinga_Perumal" title="Alasinga Perumal">Alasinga Perumal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridas_Viharidas_Desai" title="Haridas Viharidas Desai">Haridas Viharidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Calv%C3%A9" title="Emma Calvé">Emma Calvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Goodwin" title="J. J. Goodwin">J. J. Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Wright" title="John Henry Wright">John Henry Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_MacLeod" title="Josephine MacLeod">Josephine MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Chapman_Bull" title="Sara Chapman Bull">Sara Chapman Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Christine" title="Sister Christine">Sister Christine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayananda" title="Abhayananda">Abhayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastie" title="William Hastie">William Hastie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Rock_Memorial" title="Vivekananda Rock Memorial">Vivekananda Rock Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Day_(India)" title="National Youth Day (India)">National Youth Day (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Airport" title="Swami Vivekananda Airport">Swami Vivekananda Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Road_metro_station" title="Swami Vivekananda Road metro station">Swami Vivekananda Road metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBD_Belapur" title="CBD Belapur">Swami Vivekanand Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekanandar_Illam" title="Vivekanandar Illam">Vivekanandar Illam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Setu" title="Vivekananda Setu">Vivekananda Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda statue">Swami Vivekananda statue (Golpark, Kolkata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/150th_birth_anniversary_of_Swami_Vivekananda" title="150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda">150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Youth_Employment_Week" title="Swami Vivekananda Youth Employment Week">Swami Vivekananda Youth Employment Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Express" title="Vivek Express">Vivek Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_(1955_film)" title="Swami Vivekananda (1955 film)">Swami Vivekananda</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireswar_Vivekananda" title="Bireswar Vivekananda">Bireswar Vivekananda</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_(1998_film)" title="Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)">Swami Vivekananda</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamiji_(film)" title="Swamiji (film)">Swamiji</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light:_Swami_Vivekananda" title="The Light: Swami Vivekananda">The Light: Swami Vivekananda</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biley_(drama)" title="Biley (drama)">Biley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireswar_(drama)" title="Bireswar (drama)">Bireswar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Namesake educational institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Swami_Vivekanand_Technical_University" title="Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University">Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_Educational_and_Research_Institute" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute">Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_Centenary_College" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College">Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekanand_Subharti_University" title="Swami Vivekanand Subharti University">Swami Vivekanand Subharti University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekanand_University,_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh">Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Degree_College,_Kukatpally" title="Vivekananda Degree College, Kukatpally">Vivekananda Degree College, Kukatpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Degree_College,_Puttur" title="Vivekananda Degree College, Puttur">Vivekananda Degree College, Puttur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Global_University" title="Vivekananda Global University">Vivekananda Global University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Institution" title="Vivekananda Institution">Vivekananda Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra_Vidyalaya" title="Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya">Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Vidya_Mandir" title="Vivekananda Vidya Mandir">Vivekananda Vidya Mandir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Books about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_on_Himself" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vivekananda on Himself">Swami Vivekananda on Himself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Philosophy_of_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda">Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Some_Wanderings_with_the_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda">Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_in_the_West:_New_Discoveries" title="Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries">Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pransakha_Vivekananda" title="Pransakha Vivekananda">Pransakha Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousing_Call_to_Hindu_Nation" title="Rousing Call to Hindu Nation">Rousing Call to Hindu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_as_I_Saw_Him" title="The Master as I Saw Him">The Master as I Saw Him</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankari_Prasad_Basu" title="Sankari Prasad Basu">Sankari Prasad Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Shankar_Mukherjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Shankar Mukherjee">Mani Shankar Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_Burke" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise Burke">Marie Louise Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Swami_Vivekananda" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Swami Vivekananda">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Swami_Vivekananda" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Swami Vivekananda">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Swami_Vivekananda" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Swami Vivekananda">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Swami_Vivekananda" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Swami Vivekananda">Wikisource texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengal_Renaissance44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template talk:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengal_Renaissance44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Gupta" title="Madhusudan Gupta">Madhusudan Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Datta" title="Akshay Kumar Datta">Akshay Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Derozio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgopal_Ghosh" title="Ramgopal Ghosh">Ramgopal Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghornath_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghornath Gupta (page does not exist)">Aghornath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lafont" title="Eugène Lafont">Eugène Lafont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanambrata_Brahmachari" title="Mahanambrata Brahmachari">Mahanambrata Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikrishna_Mitra" title="Kalikrishna Mitra">Kalikrishna Mitra</a></li> <li>Harish Chandra Mukherjee</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gour_Govinda_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gour Govinda Ray (page does not exist)">Gour Govinda Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Chandra_Sarkar" title="Akshay Chandra Sarkar">Akshay Chandra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajendra_Nath_Seal" title="Brajendra Nath Seal">Brajendra Nath Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraprasad_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraprasad Shastri">Haraprasad Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Vidyabhusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan (page does not exist)">Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_reform_movements93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Reform movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda movement">Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Anandamayee Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda#Organizations_founded" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Foundation">Hanuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyashodhak_Samaj" title="Satyashodhak Samaj">Satyashodhak Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li> <li>Shirdi Sai Baba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyaya_Movement" title="Swadhyaya Movement">Swadhyay Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" title="Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi" title="Ghar Wapsi">Ghar Wapsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> and revivalist writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gururaj_Ananda_Yogi" title="Gururaj Ananda Yogi">Ananda Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anukulchandra_Chakravarty" title="Anukulchandra Chakravarty">Anukulchandra Chakravarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Maa" title="Boro Maa">Boro Maa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Mata" title="Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Hariharananda Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhguru" title="Sadhguru">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Kalki Bhagawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj" title="Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba" title="Neem Karoli Baba">Neem Karoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li>Ram Chandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Sen, K. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Tagore, D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Vaswani" title="Sadhu Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vipulananda" title="Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_revivalists" title="Category:Hindu revivalists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence of Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183126#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3530" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183126#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183126#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11859799X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80094303">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140515v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140515v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00453647">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV126936">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an47753472">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701473&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637579205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/58314">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266808605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058581184606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21635965">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02233123?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e32caa7e-c0a3-49cf-83d3-81276dcaf33a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1489432">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11859799X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029869749">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6df8m7n">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&oldid=1276677127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&oldid=1276677127</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ramakrishna" title="Category:Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_births" title="Category:1836 births">1836 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1886_deaths" title="Category:1886 deaths">1886 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Hindu_religious_leaders" title="Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders">19th-century Hindu religious leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Advaitin_philosophers" title="Category:Advaitin philosophers">Advaitin philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bhakti_movement" title="Category:Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bengali_Hindus" title="Category:Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_mystics" title="Category:Hindu mystics">Hindu mystics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_revivalists" title="Category:Hindu revivalists">Hindu revivalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_reformers" title="Category:Hindu reformers">Hindu reformers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Hindu_spiritual_teachers" title="Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers">Indian Hindu spiritual teachers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Hindu_saints" title="Category:Indian Hindu saints">Indian Hindu saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita" title="Category:Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Advaita_teachers" title="Category:Neo-Advaita teachers">Neo-Advaita teachers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonduality_teachers" title="Category:Nonduality teachers">Nonduality teachers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_considered_avatars_by_their_followers" title="Category:People considered avatars by their followers">People considered avatars by their followers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Hooghly_district" title="Category:People from Hooghly district">People from Hooghly district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Category:Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spiritual_practice" 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[\"CITEREFFeuerstein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFouwSvoboda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuptaDharm_Pal_Gupta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeehs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHixon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsherwood1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsherwood1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJestice2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Rosselli1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonte-Pace2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakar1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatrak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKripal1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangla2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarianna_Torgovnick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1898\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeevel1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikhilananda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikhilananda1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaab1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajagopalachari1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamakrishna_Mission_Singapore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamyAntonio_de_Nicolas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolland1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaradananda1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaradananda1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaradananda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSil1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSil1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpivak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwami_Prabhavananda2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwarup1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyaganandaVrajaprana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarenneColtman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivekananda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY._Masih2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZaleski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdonationsbm\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Advaita\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bengal Renaissance\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 64,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Endash\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 13,\n [\"Hindu reform movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox Hindu leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Ramakrishna\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 6,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 160,\n [\"Sfnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"Swami Vivekananda\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","25.0"],["?","260","18.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.9"],["type","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","2.8"],["[others]","360","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-c5bb75bf5-gtn84","timestamp":"20250220053952","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ramakrishna","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramakrishna","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183126","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183126","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-23T16:00:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T05:39:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Ramakrishna.jpg","headline":"Indian mystic and religious preacher (1836\u20131886)"}</script> </body> </html>